პოლიტიკის

დოკუმენტების
კრებული
აპრილი 2019
saqarTvelos politikis instituti (GIP) aris arakomerciuli, arapartiuli, kv-
leviTi da analitikuri organizacia, romelic 2011 wlis dasawyisSi daarsda. GIP
cdilobs saqarTveloSi demokratiuli institutebis organizaciuli safuZvlebis
gaZlierebas da efeqturi mmarTvelobis principebis ganviTarebas politikuri kv-
levisa da advokatirebis gziT. organizacia aseve xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis mSeneblobisa da demokratiuli procesebis ganviTarebaSi saxalxo Car-
Tulobas. 2013 wlis dekembridan saqarTvelos politikis instituti aris euTos
akademiuri institutebisa da analitikuri organizaciebis qselis wevri.

publikacia momzadda `nacionaluri fondis demokratiisTvis~ finansuri mxar-

daWeriT. aq gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba, ar emTxveo-
des „saqarTvelos politikis institutisa“ da „nacionaluri fondis demokrati-
isTvis“ Tvalsazriss.

redaqtori: korneli kakaCia

avtorebi: salome minesaSvili
levan kaxiSvili
biZina lebaniZe
nino robaqiZe

gamomcemloba: grifoni

© Georgian Institute of Politics, 2019

Tel: +995 599 99 02 12
Email: info@gip.ge
www.gip.ge

winasityvaoba
msoflioSi mimdinare demokratiulma
procesebma 2000-iani wlebis Sua peri-
odidan moyolebuli dRemde, saerTaSo-
riso Tanamegobrobis umetes nawilSi
regresi ganicada. saerTaSoriso ufle-
badamcveli organizaciis `fridom hau-
sis~1 (freedom house) kvlevis mixedviT,
globaluri Tavisuflebis maCvenebeli
meTormete welia mcirdeba. demokrati-
is regresi populizmma da masTan daka-
vSirebulma negatiurma movlenebma im
saxelmwifoebSic ki gamoiwvia, sadac
miiCnevdnen, rom demokratias fesvebi
Rrmad hqonda gadgmuli.
politikuri populizmis mzardma
avtoritaritarulma tendenciebma daa-
susta liberaluri demokratiuli Ri-
rebulebebi da gazarda populisturi
moZraobebis ricxvi mTel msoflioSi.
Sesabamisad moqalaqeebs mkveTrad Se-
umcirdaT ndoba tradiciuli poli-
tikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi
institutebis mimarT. es uaryofiTi
tendenciebi gamovlinda ara mxolod
konsolidirebul demokratiebSi, ro-
goricaa SeerTebuli Statebi da evro-
pis wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, aramed hi-
briduli reJimis mqone iseT qveynebSi,
rogoric saqarTveloa.
demokratiuli stagnaciis globaluri
tendenciis fonze, saqarTvelom, ro-
melic ramdenime wlis win aRmosavleT
samezobloSi demokratizaciis saukeTe-
so magaliTad miiCneoda, bolo wlebSi
1
Michael J. Abramowitz, Democracy in Crisis. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/free-
dom-world/freedom-world-2018
2
Georgia: Key Developments in 2018 Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/
georgia
3
Eastern Partnership Index 2017. Georgia. P.56 Available at: https://eap-csf.eu/eastern-partnership-index/#-
section-fillup-1
3
regionis bevri sxva qveynis msgavsad
aseve ganicada stagnacia2. miuxedavad
imisa, rom qveyanam evropeizaciis dRis
wesrigSi garkveuli davalebebis Ses-
rulebis TvalsazrisiT warmatebebs mi-
aRwia, demokratiis konsolidirebul
formasTan mainc ver mivida3. amasTanave
polarizaciasTan da populizmis zrdas-
Tan dakavSirebuli arsebuli probleme-
bi daemata im politikur garemos, rome-
lic saqarTvelos arakonsolidirebuli
demokratiisaTvis isedac arasaxarbie-
lo iyo.
politikur partiebs Soris arsebuli
polarizaciis maRali xarisxi saqarTve-
los demokratizaciis procesis ZiriT-
ad Semaferxebel dabrkolebad rCeba da
stabiluri politikuri da partiuli
sistemis Camoyalibebas uSlis xels. 2018
wlis saprezidento arCevnebi ndobis
krizisisa da ukiduresi eqstremaluri
polarizaciis naTeli magaliTi iyo. ma-
Sin, rodesac politikuri konkurencia
nebismieri moqmedi demokratiis nawilia,
saqarTveloSi man pluralizmis nacvlad
negatiuri polarizacia gamoiwvia, rasac
Tan daerTo sazogadoebrivi azris Sez-
Rudva da ZiriTadi politikuri moTama-
Seebisa da zogadad politikuri velis
fragmentacia, romelic dRemde rCeba
ZiriTad dabrkolebad sazogadoebrivi
ndobis mopovebis procesSi. negatiurma
saarCevno kampaniam, xistma politikurma
ritorikam da oponentebis demonizebis
mcdelobebma, rac axasiaTebda arCevnebs,
4
struturirebuli saarCevno programebi-
sa da sakiTxze orientirebuli debatebi-
sTvis adgili aRar datova. amasTanave,
Semcirda amomrCevelTa SesaZlebloba
gaekeTebinaT informirebuli arCevani4.
negatiurma winasaarCevno garemom Seqmna
nayofieri niadagi politikuri apaTiisa
da moqalaqeTa nihilizmisTvis da Sesa-
bamisad, politikuri partiebis mimarT
sazogadoebrivi keTilganwyoba Semcir-
da. rogorc bolodroindelma gamokv-
levam aCvena saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
mxolod camet procents sjera, rom
partiebi moqalaqeTa interesebs war-
moadgenen5.
arsebuli ndobis krizisi kidev ufro
gaRrmavda mediis polarizaciiT. umete-
si wamyvani mediasaSualebebi gansa-
kuTrebiT ki televiziebi an afilire-
bulebi arian politikur partiebTan
an aTanxmeben maT saredaqcio politi-
kas politikur dRis wesrigTan da amiT
qarTuli sazogadoebis polarizacias
uwyoben xels. saerTaSoriso saarCevno
sadamkvirveblo misiebma satelevizio
programebSi agresiuli da Zalado-
brivi ritorikis masobrivi gamoyenebas
araerTxel gausves xazi6. garda amisa,
wamyvani mediasaSualebebi politikuri
Zalebis mier marTuli saarCevno kam-
paniebis instrumentebi gaxdnen, rasac
Sedegad mohyva is, rom maT mier gad-
mocemuli daubalansebeli informacia
dezinformaciadaa miCneulia sazoga-
doebis umetesi nawilis mier.
polarizaciis uaryofiT Sedegebs aseve
ver gaeqcnen samoqalaqo da sazogadoe-
brivi organizaciebi, romlebsac manam-
de awuxebdaT sazogadoebis mxridan maT
mimarT arsebuli ndobis simwire. po-
larizebuli da mikerZoebuli mediasa-
Sualebebi da samoqalaqo organizacie-
bi Cveulebriv ufro mowyvladebi arian
uaryofiTi zegavlenis mimarT. Sesabam-
isad masmedias da samoqalaqo seqtors
mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZlia
am procesSi. miuxedavad imisa rom xSir-
ad rTulia polarizaciisa da plural-
izmis gamijvna, magram amis mcdelobam
SesaZloa mniSvnelovani dadebiTi gav-
lena iqonios polarizaciis pluraliz-
mad gadaqcevis procesSi da Sesabamisad,
demokratiuli Rirebulebebis waxalise-
bisa da mdgradi sazogadoebrivi ndobis
Seqmnis politikur procesSi.
demokratiuli sistema upirveles
yovlisa dafuZnebulia stabilur,
konkurentunarian partiul sistemaze
da Zlier, damoukidebel mediaze, ro-
melic xels uwyobs amorCevlebis kar-
gad informirebas. amgvar partiul
sistemas da medias SeuZliaT uzrunve-
lyon mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba
da pasuxismgebloba. Tumca, garemoSi,
sadac mTavari moqmedi pirebi ganic-
dian ndobis kriziss, rCeba Tavisufa-
li sivrce sxva moqmedi pirebisaTvis,
romelTac SeuZliaT gansxavebuli
sazogadoebrivi azri Camoayalibon,
maT Soris, radikaluri jgufebisa da

4
OSCE/ODIHR International Election Observation Mission. Georgia – Presidential Elections, Second Round.
Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions. November, 2018. Available at: https://www.osce.org/
odihr/elections/georgia/404642?download=true
5
OSCE/ODIHR International Election Observation Mission. Georgia – Presidential Elections, Second Round.
Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions. November, 2018. Available at: https://www.osce.org/
odihr/elections/georgia/404642?download=true
6
OSCE/ODIHR International Election Observation Mission. Georgia – Presidential Elections, Second Round.
Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions. November, 2018. Available at: https://www.osce.org/
odihr/elections/georgia/404642?download=true
populistebisaTvis, romlebic acxa-
deben rom `xalxis saxeliT~ moqmede-
ben. amgvari radikaluri jgufebi se-
riozuli gamowveva gaxda dasavluri
demokratiebisTvis. msgavsi tendencia
ucxo araa saqarTvelosTvisvisac da
naTlad SeimCneva sazogadoebrivi cx-
ovrebis yvela doneze. miuxedavad imi-
sa rom, radikaluri populizmis war-
moSobis pirveladi mizezebi, aseve misi
gavlena SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyo
evropasa da saqarTveloSi, faqtia rom
memarjvene radikaluri jgufebis aqti-
uroba erTmniSvnelovnad vnebs rogorc
politikuri sistemis stabilurobas,
aseve demokratiul Rirebulebebs.
polarizaciasa da radikalizacias mivy-
varT ndobis naklebobasTan ara mxolod
politikuri partiebSi an mediaSi, aramed
sakuTriv qveyanaSi arsebul demokra-
tiul procesTan mimarTebaSic. amerik-
is erovnuldemokratiuli institutis
(NDI) mier bolo gamokiTxvis mixed-
viT, moqalaqeebis mxolod 43 procents
sjera, rom saqarTvelo aris demokra-
tiuli, xolo 46 procents ki ara7. qa-
rTuli demokratiisadmi rwmenis defi-
citi 2013 wlis Semdeg yvelaze maRal
donezea, rac demokratiuli procesebis
mimarT ndobis aRdgenis aucilebloba-
ze praqtikuli, sakiTxze orientire-
buli platformebis ganviTarebisa da
amomrCevelTa ndobis amaRlebis sa-
Sualebaze migvaniSnebs. swored aseT
rTul garemoSi, `saqarTvelos poli-
tikis institutma~, `nacionaluri fon-
di demokratiisTvis“ mxardaWeriT,
proeqtis — „polarizacia rogorc saqa-
rTvelos demokratiuli procesebis
7
National-Democratic Institute. Public Opinion Polls. December 2018. Available at: https://www.ndi.org/
sites/default/files/NDI%20Georgia_Political%20Poll%20Presentation_December%202018_English_Final.pdf
damabrkolebeli faqtori“ farglebSi,
moamzada winamdebare publikacia.
publikacia moicavs oTx politikis do-
kuments, romlebic polarizaciisa da
radikaluri populizmTan dakavSirebu-
li problemebsa da am kuTxiT qveyana-
Si arsebul viTarebas mimoixilaven da
aseve iZlevian garkveul rekomendaciebs
ZiriTad sakiTxebze. maT Soris iseT
sakiTxebze- Tu rogor unda aRmoifxvras
sazogadobaSi arsebuli ndobis krizisi,
rogor gavumklavdeT radikalur pop-
ulizms da politikuri polarizaciis
efeqtebs saqarTveloSi. publikacia gan-
sakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs saqa-
rTvelos politikuri partiebis mimarT
ndobis Semcirebis efeqtze demokrati-
uli procesebis mimarT da mzardi na-
cionalisturi populizmis gavlenaze
saqarTvelos evrointegracis procesSi.
publikacia gankuTvnilia saxelmwifo
moxeleebisTvis, masmediis, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da akademiuri sferos
warmomadgenlebis, analitikosebis, da
sakiTxiT dainteresebuli farTo sazo-
gadoebisTvis, aseve, yvela im pirisTvis,
romelic saqarTvelos demokratiuli
ganviTarebis procesSi monawileobs da
masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT aris
dainteresebuli.
korneli kakaCia
saqarTvelos politikis
institutis direqtori
ultramemarjvene populizmis
socialuri
safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi

salome minesaSvili1

mokle Sinaarsi
saqarTvelosTvis arc populisturi da
arc ultramemarjvene moZraobebia ax-
ali, Tumca maTi kombinacia SedarebiT
bolodroindeli tendenciaa. 2016 wels
ultramemarjvene populistur par-
tiad miCneulma gaerTianebam moaxerxa
parlamentSi adgilis mopoveba maSin,
bolo sami wlis manZilze gacilebiT
gaizarda ultramemarjvene jgufe-
bis xilvadoba. kvleva ganixilavs imas,
Tu ramdenad asaxaven es ultramemar-
jvene da nacionalisturi populisturi
jgufebi sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul
socialur Rirebulebebs; da ramdenad
icvleba is Sexedulebebi sazogadoeba-
Si, romlebic zogadad momZlavrebul
ultramemarjvene populizms ukavSir-
deba. sazogadoebrivi kvlevebis mimox-
ilva cxadyofs, rom qarTveli mosax-
leobis Rirebulebebi myar safuZvels
qmnis radikaluri ultramemarjvene
9
moZraobebisTvis. zogierTi social-
ur konservatiuli Rirebuleba Rr-
mad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi da
wlebis manZilze ar icvleba, Tumca
ufro SemaSfoTebelia bolodroinde-
li cvlileba: sazogadoeba ufro meti
skepticizmiT uyurebs migrantebs, es
ki ultramemarjvene jgufebis mier ga-
JRerebuli mTavari sakiTxia. amasTan,
mosaxleobis TvalSi uaresdeba social-
uri da ekonomiuri mdgomareoba, mcir-
deba ndoba politikosebis, politiku-
ri institutebisa da Tanamoqalaqeebis
mimarT, es faqtorebi ki xSirad gamoi-
yeneba momZlavrebuli populizmis asax-
snelad. marTalia ultramemarjvene
populistebi amJamad saqarTveloSi
marginalur poziciebze rCebian, magram
sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebis cvli-
lebasTan erTad izrdeba maTi mxardaW-
eris mobilizebis potenciali.

Sinaarsi
dasavleTs ultramemarjvene, naciona-
listuri populizmis talRam gadauara,
rac breqsitSi, aSS-s prezidentad don-
ald trampis arCevasa da evropaSi ul-
tramemarjvene partiebis momZlavrebaSi
gamoixateba. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
populizmi da arc ultramemarjvene
moZraobebi saqarTvelosTvis axali
araa, am oris kombinacia da maTi le-
gitimacia sakanonmdeblo uflebebiT,
bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze axal
tendencias warmoadgens. 2016 wlis sa-
parlamento arCevnebis Semdeg, saqarT-
velos patriotTa aliansma, romelic
ultramemarjvene populistur partiad
moiazreba, moaxerxa 5%-iani zRvaris
gadalaxva da sakanonmdeblo organoSi
adgilebis mopoveba maSin, rodesac ram-
denime liberaluri partia parlaments
miRma darCa. es yvelaferi ultramemar-
jvene jgufebis gazrdili xilvadobis
fonze xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ase-
Ti jgufebis arseboba saqarTvelosTvis
axali araa, radikaluri ultraultram-
emarjvene moZraobebi gansakuTrebiT
bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi gaaqti-
urdnen.2 miuxedavad imisa, rom ul-
tramemarjvene jgufebi saqarTveloSi
kvlav marginalur jgufebad rCebian,
isini TandaTan viTardebian da naTlad

1
salome minesaSvili _ saqarTvelos politikis institutis analitikosi.
2
siWinava, d. da tangiaSvili, n. (2018). antidasavluri diskursi qarTulenovan socialur mediaSi.
interviu. radio Tavisufleba. https://bit.ly/2MJHFVZ
10
warmoaCenen ufro metad gaaqtiurebis
mniSvnelovan potencials.3
ultramemarjvene populizmis mom-
Zlavreba dakavSirebulia araerT
faqtorTan, romelsac gavlena aqvs
ganviTarebadi qveynebis sazogadoe-
bebze. finansuri krizisis Semdeg war-
moqmnili ekonomikuri siduxWire naw-
ilobriv xsnis radikaluri partiebis
mimarT mxardaWeris zrdas, Tumca am
fenomens aseve xsnian liberalizmisa da
momZlavrebuli socialuri konservat-
izmis sapasuxod warmoqmnili kulturu-
li dapirispirebiT, gansakuTrebiT
imigrantebis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. sx-
vebi, am fenomens zemoT aRwerili ori
faqtoris gaerTianebiT xsnian _ liber-
aluri normatiuli wesrigi da ekonomi-
kuri siduxWire sazogadoebis nawilis
izolacias da marginalizacias axdens.
swored sazogadoebis es gariyuli war-
momadgenlebi arian isini, vinc radi-
kaluri politikuri partiebis poten-
ciuri mxardamWerebi xdebian.
qarTuli ultramemarjvene populistu-
ri partiebi da moZraobebi aseve iyeneben
migrantebisa da liberalizmis winaaRm-
deg dasavleTis qveynebSi moqmedi ul-
tramemarjvene populisturi partiebis
mxridan gaJRerebul argumentebs. sazo-
gadoebaSi maTi amJamindeli marginalu-
ri poziciis miuxedavad, aqvT Tu ara am
jgufebs SesaZlebloba moipovon gaz-
rdili mxardaWera saqarTveloSi? ram-
denad asaxaven isini sazogadoebis so-
cialur Rirebulebebs da Sesabamisad,
ramdenad aqvT mxardaWeris potenciuri
safuZveli?

ultramemarjvene populizmis diskursi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi arsebobs rogorc zom- TavianTi qsenofobiuri da antiliber-
ieri, ise eqstremaluri Sexedulebebis aluri protestebiT gaiTqves. 2017 wlis
mqone ultramemarjvene jgufebi, rom- ivlisSi qarTulma marSma organizeba
lebic aerTianeben sxvadasxva saxis moTa- gauwia migrantebis sawinaaRmdego aqcias
maSeebs, maT Soris socialur qselebSi Tbilisis centrSi, aRmaSeneblis quCaze,
aqtiur araformalur jgufebs, arasam- romelic arabuli, iranuli da Turquli
Tavrobo organizaciebad da politi- restornebiTaa cnobili. aqciebis dros,
kur partiebad daregistrirebul in- qarTuli marSis 2000-ze meti mxardam-
situcionalizebul jgufebs. am jgufebs Weri aralegali imigrantebis deport-
Soris 2016 wlis Semdeg yvelaze SesamC- aciasa da saimigracio kanonmdeblo-
nevia politikuri partia saqarTvelos bis gamkacrebas iTxovda4. saqarTvelos
patriotTa aliansi, qarTuli marSi _ erovnuli erToba cnobadi 2018 wlis
romelmac politikur partiad Camoyal- maisSi gaxda, rodesac organizeba
ibebis gegma daanonsa _ da saqarTvelos gauwia kontr-aqcias mTavrobis mier Ra-
erovnuli erToba. qarTulma marSma da mis klubebis darbevis sawinaaRmdegod
saqarTvelos erovnulma erTobam saxeli gamarTuli protestis sapasuxod5.
3
stefani, a. (2018). ultraultramemarjvene populisturi moZraobebi: axali gamowveva saqarTve-
losTvis. saqarTvelos politikis instituti (5).
4
Georgians march against “uncontrolled immigration” in Tbilisi. (2017). JAM News. 15 ivlisi 2017. xelmi-
sawvdomia: https://jam-news.net/georgians-marched-against-uncontrolled-migration-in-tbilisi-a-photo-story/
5
Ulta-nationalist counter rally kicks off in central Tbilisi. (2018). Georgia Today, 13 maisi 2018. xelmisawvdo-
mia: http://georgiatoday.ge/news/10254/Ultra-Nationalist-Counter-Rally-Kicks-off-in-Central-Tbilisi

gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, am jgufebs
memarjvene da rig SemTxvevebSi popu-
listuri ideologiisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli araerTi saerTo mesiji aqvT. ul-
tramemarjvene populizmis mixedviT eri
aRiqmeba rogorc moralurad upiratesi
jgufi, romelic aerTianebs moqalaqeebs
_ „Cveulebriv adamianebs“6. es ki gamoix-
ateba elitebisadmi vertikalur opozi-
ciaSi da „Cveulebriv adamianebsa“ da
politikur da legalur elitebs Soris
arsebul gansxvavebebSi, vinaidan elite-
bi dadanaSaulebulni arian sakuTari in-
teresebis erovnul interesebze maRla
dayenebaSi. es ki gulisxmobs imas, rom
elitebi warmoadgenen mogebis maqsi-
malurad gazrdisken mimarTul jgufs,
romelTac brali edebaT korufciaSi,
sixarbeSi, moqalaqeebisTvis kuTvnili
sargeblis argacemasa7 da adamianebis
gaWirvebisadmi gulgrilobaSi8.
ultramemarjvene elementebTan gaer-
Tianebas ki nacionalistur midgomamde
mivyavarT. ultramemarjvene populizmi
diferencirebis horizontaluri da
vertikaluri ganzomilebebis garSemo
erTiandeba9. Tumca, ultramemarjvene
elementi nacionalisturi xasiaTis am
jgufebs horizontaluri opoziciis
komponentiT amdidrebs10. horizontal-
11
uri gare jgufebis mimarT opozicia ki
xSirad ara mxolod antiimigratnul11,
aramed religiuri da seqsualuri um-
ciresobebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul gan-
wyobebs warmoSobs. ultramemarjvene
populistebi, rogorc wesi, upirisp-
irdebian multikulturul da liber-
alur politikas12. Sesabamisad, Tuki
vertikaluri garicxva populistur
ganzomilebas warmoadgens, horizonta-
luri _ ultramemarjvene socio-kul-
turuli rwmenis CarCoebSi jdeba13. am-
denad, ultramemarjvene populizmi
gulisxmobs xalxis dacvas elitebisa da
gare jgufebisgan. garkveulwilad, saqa-
rTveloSi arsebuli ultramemarjvene
jgufebic swored am niSniT xasiaTdebi-
an. isini umTavresad nacionalistebi
arian; maT aseve aqvT antiimigrantuli
pozicia rasistuli da qsenofobiuri
ritorikiTa da antidasavluri ganwyo-
bebiT14.
ultramemarjvene populizmis mTa-
vari maxasiaTebeli patriotizmze da
qarTul tradiciul faseulobebsa da
marTlmadidebul qristianobaze da-
fuZnebuli nacionalizmia. magaliTad,
saqarTvelos patriotTa aliansi saku-
Tar programaSi aqcents akeTebs „namd-
vil patriotizmze“ da xalxs mouwodebs

6
Mols, F. and Jetten, J. (2016). Explaining the appeal of populist right-wing parties in times of economic pros-
perity. Political Psychology, 37, 275-292.
7
Hameleers, M. (2018). A typology of populism: toward a revised theoretical framework on the sender side
and receiver side of communication. International Journal of Communication, 12, 2171-2190.
8
Staerkle, C. and Green, E.G.T. (2018). Right-wing populism as a social representation: a comparison across
four European countries. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 28 (6), 430-445.
9
Brubaker, R. (2017). Between nationalism and civilizationism: the European populist moment in comparative
perspective. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40, 1191-1226.
10
iqve
11
Golder, M. (2016). Far-right parties in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 477-497.
12
Inglehart, R. F. and Norris, P. (2017). Trump and the xenophobic populist parties. The silent revolution in
reverse. Perspectives on Politics, 15(2), 443-454.
13
Giebler, H. and Regel, S. (2018). Who votes right-wing populist? Geographical and individual factors in
seven German state elections. WISO Discourse, 14/2018.
14
stefani (2018).
12
moiqcnen „qarTuli sulis“ Sesabamisad,
raSic partia „samSoblosadmi Tavdade-
bas, rwmenisadmi erTgulebas, yovelive
qarTulis siyvarulsa da enis pativis-
cemas“ gulisxmobs15.
msgavsi ritorikiT, sxva jgufebi yur-
adRebas amaxvileben „momakvdav samS-
obloze“16 da qarTuli tradiciebis
mtrad asaxeleben liberalizms, romlis
momxreebsac „liberastebs“ (liberali-
sa da pederastis kombinacia) uwodeben,
seqsualuri umciresobebis uflebeb-
sa da genderul Tanasworobas.17 amave
ritorikaSi, dasavleTi warmoCenilia
demoralizebulad da dadanaSaulebu-
lia homoseqsualizmis gavrceleba-
sa da waxalisebaSi18. rac Seexeba an-
tidasavlur propagandas, dasavleTis
konteqstSi, dakarguli identobisa da
demoralizebuli faseulobebis Tavs
moxvevis ritorika wina wlebTan Se-
darebiT, 2017 wlis Semdeg gaormagda19.
seqsualuri umciresobebi da qalebisT-
vis Tanaswori uflebebi am diskursis
Zalian mgrZnobiare sakiTxia da ojaxis
cnebis _ qarTuli identobis umTavresi
tradiciis _ yvelaze mniSvnelovan sa-
frTxed aRiqmeba. ojaxi miCneulia ar-
amxolod qarTuli identobis erT-erT
safuZvelad, aramed saxelmwifos stabi-
lurobisa da siZlieris fundamentad20.
ultramemarjvene jgufebis protes-
tis Semdeg, ra drosac saqarTvelos
patriotTa aliansis, qarTuli marSisa
da demografiuli sazogadoeba XXI-is21
wevrebi qorwinebis gansazRvris mizniT
referendumis Catarebas moiTxovdnen,
2017 wlis oqtomberSi konstituciuri
cvlilebebis damtkicebisas, qorwineba
ganimarta, rogorc „qalisa da mamakacis
kavSiri ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT“212.
am jgufebs aqvT sakmaod agresiuli
ritorika ucxoelebisa da migrantebis
winaaRmdeg. marTalia saqarTvelos pa-
triotTa aliansi imigrantebs Riad ar
upirispirdeba, magram partia cnobilia
Zlieri antiTurquli sentimentebiTa da
qsenofobiuri ritorikiT23. 2017 wlis
ivniss, qarTulma marSma gaaprotes-
ta aralegali migrantebi iseTi slo-
ganebiT, rogoricaa „saqarTvelo qarT-
velebisTvis“ da „yvelam Tavisi adgili
icodes~24. protestSi monawileoba aseve
miiRes saqarTvelos partiotTa alian-
sis wevrebma da 2018 wlis marts Tav-
debad daudgnen qarTuli marSis dakave-
bul aqtivistebs25.
ultramemarjvene moZraobebi ZiriTa-
dad antimigrantuli da antidasavluri

15
Kakachia, K. and Kakhishvili, L. (upcoming). Contextualizing populism in Georgian politics. Working paper.
16
stefani (2018).
17
iqve.
18
Larsen, J. (2017). To understand constitutional reform in Georgia, look beyond the president. saqarTvelos
politikis instituti, 4 maisi 2017. http://gip.ge/understand-constitutional-reform-georgia-look-be-
yond-president/
19
Kintsurashvili, T. (2018). Hate speech. Media Development Foundation.
20
Minesashvili, S. (2017). Orthodoxy as soft power in Russia-Georgia relations. In: Joedicke, A. (ed.). Religion
and soft power in the South Caucasus. Routledge.
21
Georgian president blocks referendum to ban same-sex marriage. (2016). Democracy and Freedom Watch. xel-
misawvdomia: https://dfwatch.net/georgian-president-blocks-referendum-bid-to-ban-same-sex-marriage-44376
22
Civil.ge. (2017). Key points of newly adopted constitution. xelmisawvdomia: https://old.civil.ge/eng/
article.php?id=30474
23
stefani (2018).
24
Jam news (2017).
25
stefani (2018).

ganwyobebis mqone jgufebi arian, Tum-
ca isini am ori fenomenis erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebasac axerxeben. magaliTad,
vizaliberalizaciis Tema warmatebiT
daukavSirda „migrantebis safrTxes“26.
uvizo reJimi ormag safrTxed aRiqme-
boda, radgan arsebobda riski, rom qa-
rTvelebi saqarTvelos datovebdnen
da rom es iyo evrokavSiris direqtiva
saqarTvelosTvis migrantebis _ gan-
sakuTrebiT ki muslimi migrantebis _
miRebis Taobaze. aman kidev ufro metad
gaaZliera SiSi, rom migrantebi qveyanas
walekavdnen da qarTul miwas daesa-
kuTrebodnen27.
ultramemarjvene RirebulebebTan er-
Tad, saqarTvelos patriotTa aliansi
sxva populistur moZraobebsac uax-
lovdeba sakuTar programaSi antieli-
tizmis elementebis gaCeniT. partia
mxars uWerda qarTveli xalxis mier
mmarTvelobas da pirdapir demokra-
tias, miuRebeli mTavrobis oficialuri
13
pirebis CamoSorebas da iseTi kanonebi-
sa da wesebis Secvlas, romelTac jgu-
fi mxars ar uWerda28. partia ar aris
konkretulad anti-institucionalisti
an anti-demokrati, radgan Zalauflebis
mopovebas arCevnebis gziT cdilobs29.
Tumca, radgan populizms ultramemar-
jveneobis elferi dahkravs, misi moTx-
ovnebi,xalxis saxeliT, liberaluri
demokratiis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
ultramemarjvene populisturi jgufe-
bis mobilizeba SesamCnevi trendi gax-
da dasavleTSi da saqarTveloSic iZens
aqtualobas, rac maTi socialuri sa-
fuZvlebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebs kidev ufro
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. ra faqtorebi
ganapirobebs sazogadoebis mxardaWeras
ultramemarjvene populistebisad-
mi? ganviTarebul qveynebSi sxvadasx-
va SemTxvevebis Seswavla saSualebas
iZleva moxdes am mzardi fenomenisadmi
sazogadoebis mxardaWeris ganmsazRvre-
li faqtorebis identificireba.

sazogadoebrivi faqtorebi, romlebic xels uwyobs

ultramemarjvene populizmis momZlavrebas
ultramemarjvene da nacionalisturma
populizmma evropasa da CrdiloeT amer-
ikas talRad gadauara30. araerTi kvleva
Catarda im sazogadoebrivi faqtore-
bis dasadgenad, rac am fenomenis axsnas
SeZlebda. kvlevebis didi nawili amas
araxelsayrel ekonomikur pirobebsa da
cvalebad kulturul CarCoebs miawers
da ekonomikuri siduxWiriTa da arasax-
arbielo ekonomikur mdgomareobiT
xsnis, ramac xeli Seuwyo ukve arsebul
nacionalistur moZraobebs31. sxvebi am

26
jRarkava, i. (2017). antimigrantuli ritorika saqarTveloSi:
emuqreba Tu ara safrTxe saqarTvelos proevropul diskurss ultra-ultramemarjvene jgufebis
mxridan? saqarTvelos politikis instituti, 16(2017).
27
Shiffers, S., Hegedüs, D., Minesashvili, S., Bakakuri, T., Tchipashvili, L., Gelhaus, L., Le Grix, V. and Seebass,
F. (2018). Normative power vs. Democratic backsliding: European values in the EU and Georgia. POLIS, GIP,
Argo. xelmisawvdomia: https://polis180.org/blog/2018/11/21/geoeuvalues-policy-paper-normative-pow-
er-vs-democratic-backsliding/
28
Kakachia and Kakhishvili (upcoming).
29
iqve.
30
Golder (2016); Mudde, C. (ed.). (2017). The populist radical right: a reader. New York: Routledge.
31
Springford, J. and Tilford, S. (2017). Populism – culture or economics? Center for European reform. xelmi-
sawvdomia: https://www.cer.eu/insights/populism-%E2%80%93-culture-or-economics
14
fenomens socialuri marginalizaciis
momZlavrebas miaweren, rac ekonomi-
kur da kulturul faqtorebTan er-
TobliobaSi ganviTarda32.
sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, gasuli wlebi
Semosavlebis SemcirebiTa da uTanas-
worobis zrdiT xasiaTdeba, ra drosac
maRalSemosavlianma jgufebma arapro-
porciulad didi sargebeli miiRes33.
magram Tuki, cudi ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareoba sasowarkveTilebasa da eqstrem-
istuli partiebis mxardaWeras iwvevs,
mxolod es ar yofila ultramemarjvene
populizmis momZlavrebisTvis sakmarisi
winapiroba. aq mniSnvelovani roli kul-
turulma faqtorebmac iTamaSa, radgan
ekonomikuri siduxWire xels uwyobs
adre arsebuli tendenciebis mom-
Zlavrebas socialurad konservatiul
xalxSi, rac gamoixateba Zlieri antiimi-
grantuli ganwyobebiTa da politikuri
elitebis mimarT undoblobiT34. ekono-
mikuri faqtorebi mxolod arapirdapir
ukavSirdeba momZlavrebul populizms:
rodesac kulturuli da ekonomikuri
faqtorebis gavlenebi erTmaneTs edre-
ba, kulturuli Rirebulebebi mud-
mivad winaswarmetyvelebs populisturi
partiebis mxardaWeras, rac gulisx-
mobs ultramemarcxene ideologiebis
mxardaWeras, antiimigrantul ganwyo-
bebs, erovnuli da globaluri mmarT-
32
Gidron, N. and Hall, P.A. (2017). Populism as a problem of social integration. xelmisawvdomia: https://
scholar.harvard.edu/files/hall/files/gidronhallapsa2017.pdf
33
Springford and Tilford (2017).
34
iqve.
35
Inglehart and Norris (2016).
36
Golder, (2016); Müller, J. W. (2016). What is populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
37
Gidron and Hall (2017)
38
iqve.
velobis mimarT undoblobas da avtor-
itaruli Rirebulebebis mxardaWeras35.
ekonomikuri gasaWiri da sakuTari Ta-
vis araxelsayrel socialur poziciaSi
aRqma xels uwyobs elitebis mimarT un-
doblobis gaZlierebasa da imigrantebis
dadanaSaulebas36. amasTan, liberalur
demokratiuli ideologiis postmate-
rialistur da multikulturul Ri-
rebulebebTan gaucxoeba xels uwyobs
socialur marginalizacias37. sazoga-
doebriv gamokiTxvebSi ikveTeba warsul
socialur mdgomareobasTan dakavSire-
buli nostalgia, romelic yvelasaTvis
ukeTes mdgomareobad aRiqmeba; momav-
lis mimarT pesimizmi; dabali socialu-
ri statusis subieqturi aRqma (cxovre-
biTa da materialuri mdgomareobiT
kmayofileba); xalxis mimarT dabali
ndoba; qveyanaSi demokratiis mimarT uk-
mayofileba; politikuri elitebisadmi
dabali ndoba; cvalebadi kulturuli
Rirebulebebi, romlebic dakavSirebu-
lia genderul TanasworobasTan, mul-
tikulturizmTan, sekularul faseu-
lobebTan da lgbt uflebebTan38.
ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTvelos
mosaxleobaSi da hqonda Tu ara gasul
wlebSi adgili iseT movlenebs, rom-
lebic ultramemarjvene jgufebis gav-
lenis zrdas daemTxva?

konservatiuli faseulobebi qarTul sazogadoebaSi
Tuki wlebis manZilze saqarTvelo-
Si demokratiuli Rirebulebebisadmi
mxardaWera izrdeboda39, liberalur
demokratiasTan dakavSirebuli tradici-
uli Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, saqa-
rTvelo mainc rCeba „Rrmad socialur
konservatiul“ qveyanad40. es gansakuTre-
biT exeba im Rirebulebebs, romlebsac
ultramemarjvene jgufebi upirispird-
ebian: genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi,
romelic dakavSirebulia ojaxis Rire-
bulebebTan; ganwyobebi umciresobaTa
jgufebis, maT Soris eTnikuri, religi-
uri da gansakuTrebiT seqsualuri um-
ciresobebis mimarT; da bolos damok-
idebuleba migrantebis mimarT, romelic
eTnikur gansxvavebebs efuZneba.
siZulvilis enis Sesaxeb CRRC-s 2018
wlis gamokiTxvis mixedviT, qarTvelebis
mesamedi mravalferovnebas, maT Soris
15
eTnikur da religiur mravalferovne-
bas qveynaSi negatiur ganviTarebad
aRiqvams. maTgan, 65%-s aqvs negatiu-
ri damokidebuleba zogadi da eTni-
kuri mravalferovnebis mimarT, xolo
41% religiur mravalferovnebas aRiq-
vams uaryofiTad, rogorc kulturis,
tradiciebisa da erovnuli erTobis
winaSe mdgar safrTxes. amasTan, qarT-
velebis 85%-s ar surs mezoblad hyavdes
sxva eTnikuri an religiuri umcireso-
bis warmomadgeneli. am ganwyobebis mi-
uxedavad, qarTvelebis umravlesobas
(76%-80%) miaCnia, rom mniSvnelovania
eTnikuri an religiuri umciresobebis
uflebebis dacva. Tumca es ar vrcel-
deba saqarTveloSi yvelaze naklebi
Semwynareblobis mqone jgufze _ seqsu-
alur umciresobebze _ gamokiTxulTa
mxolod 33% miiCnevs, rom lgbt jgufis
uflebebis dacva mniSvnelovania41.

39
Shiffers et al (2018).
40
Mestvirishvili, M. and Mestivirshvili, N (2014). I am Georgian and therefore, I am European: re-searching
the Europeanness of Georgia. CEJISS, 8(1).
41
CRRC. (2018). siZulviliT motivirebuli danaSauli, siZulvilis ena da diskriminacia saqarTve-
loSi, agvisto 2018. xelmisawvdomia: https://caucasusbarometer.org/ge/hs2018ge/codebook/
16
seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarT
tolerantobis xarisxi saqarTveloSi
yovelTvis dabali iyo. lgbt Temi sazo-
gadoebis mxridan winaaRmedgobas xvde-
ba sakuTari konstituciuri uflebebiT
sargeblobis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,
2013 wlis maisSi masStaburi da Zalado-
brivi aqcia gaimarTa gei uflebebis da-
sacavad gamarTuli aqciis winaaRmdeg,
xolo 2014 wels antidiskriminaciuli
kanonis proeqts mniSvnelovani winaRoba
Sexvda. homoseqsualoba miuRebelia mo-
saxleobis TiTqmis 90%-isTvis; es ricx-
vi ki wlebis manZilze Catarebul gamok-
iTxvebSi naklebad icvleba. 2018 wlis
gamokiTxvebiT, respondentebma krimina-
lebis Semdeg, lgbt Temis warmomadgen-
lebi samezoblod yvelaze arasasurvel
pirebad daasaxeles42.
Tuki konservatiuli Rirebulebebi saqa-
rTvelosTvis axali araa da Rrmad aqvs
fesvebi gadgmuli qveynis mosaxleoba-
Si, uaxlesi tendenciebi migrantebis
mimarT garkveulwilad Secvlil gan-
wyobebze miuTiTeben. rodesac saqme
migrantebs exeba, uaryofiTma damok-
idebulebam 2015 wlis Semdeg imata.
2015 wels, mxolod mcire jgufi (5%)
gamoxatavda uaryofiT damokidebule-
bas im ucxoelebis mimarT, vinc saqa-
rTveloSi Semodioda da sam Tveze meti
42
CRRC. (2018). siZulviliT motivirebuli danaSauli.
43
CRRC. kavkasiis barometri. xelmisawvdomia: https://caucasusbarometer.org/ge/datasets/
44
CRRC. (2018).
xniT rCeboda. 2017 wlisTvis, es ricx-
vi 16%-mde gaizarda. es ganwyoba gansa-
kuTrebiT exebaT azielebs, afrikelebs
da muslimebs. magaliTad, imaTi ricxvi,
vinc ar emxroba TurqebTan, arabebTan,
iranelebTan, indoelebTan, CinelebTan
da afrikelebTan (daaxloebiT erTi me-
samedi) biznes saqmianobas, 2015-dan 2017
wlamde gaizarda43. imavdroulad, qarT-
velebis erTi mesamedi ar emxroba mus-
limebTan biznes saqmianobaSi CarTvas44.
konservatiul socialur Rirebulebebs
sakmaod Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli
qarTul sazogadoebaSi da umetesobis
xedvebi ultramemarjvene jgufebis xe-
dvebs emTxveva, rodesac saqme seqsual-
ur umciresobebsa da qalebis uflebebs
exeba. erTi mxriv, Tuki qarTvelebis
mxolod umciresobas aqvs negatiuri
damokidebuleba migrantebisadmi, maTi
ricxvi gasammagda bolo ori wlis gan-
mavlobaSi. maSin rodesac sazogadoebis
konservatiuli Rirebulebebis gaTval-
iswineba mniSvnelovania, rodesac igi
ekonomikur siduxWiresa da socialuri
izolaciis problemasTan kombinaciaSi
viTardeba, iqmneba myari safuZveli ul-
tramemarjvene populizmisTvis. moxda
Tu ara am mimarTulebiT raime formiT
ganviTareba saqarTvelos mosaxleoba-
Si?
 17
qarTuli sazogadoebis cvalebadi aRqmebi

sazogadoebis warmodgena ekonomikur ri partiebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi war-

mdgomareobasa da politikuri elitis
miRwevebze bolo wlebis ganmavloba-
Si ufro metad negatiuri gaxda. IRI-s
gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, gazrdilia im
adamianTa ricxvi, vinc 2014 wlis Semdeg
mTavrobis, parlamentisa da politiku-
modgenisaa. magaliTad, im respodentTa
raodenoba, romlebic dadebiTad afase-
ben mTavrobas 2014 wels 69%-dan 2018
wels 34%-mde Semcirda, xolo imave pe-
riodSi uaryofiTi azris mqoneTa ra-
odenoba 45%-dan 60%-mde gaizarda45.

2013 wlis Semdeg aseve iklo qarTvelebis
optimizmma qveynis momavlis Sesaxeb. im
adamianebis ricxvi, vinc fiqrobda, rom
qveyana araswori mimarTulebiT viTar-
deboda 22%-dan (2013) 67%-mde (2018)
gaizarda. amasTan, gauaresda adami-
anebis aRqma sakuTari finansuri mdgo-
mareobis Sesaxeb. im adamianTa ricxvi,
romelic miiCnevs, rom maTi ojaxebis
finansuri mdgomareoba bolo 12 Tvis
ganmavlobaSi gauaresda 7%-dan (2014)
29% -mde (2018) gaizarda46.

45
International Republican Institution (IRI). (2018). Public opinion survey: residents of Georgia. 10-22 April
2018. xelmisawvdomia: http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2018-5-29_georgia_poll_presentation.pdf
46
IRI (2018).
18
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori,
rac socialur marginalizaciasTan da-
kavSirebiT adamianebis aRqmas gansaz-
Rvravs, sxva adamianebis mimarT ndobis
xarisxia. es ki gulisxmobs imas, Tu ram-
denad grZnoben adamianebi Tavs arsebu-
li normatiuli wyobis nawilad, ramde-
nad erTvebian socialur aqtivobebSi
47
Gidron and Hall (2017).
48
CRRC. kavkasiis barometri.
da ramdenad grZnoben pativiscemas. na-
klebi ndoba meinstrimuli politikis
mimarT gaucxoebasa da radikaluri
partiebis mxardaWeris SesaZleblobaze
miuTiTebs47. im qarTvelebis ricxvi ki,
romlebic sxva adamianebs ar endobian
2013 wels 35%-dan 2017 wels 52%-mde
gaizarda48.

GALLTRU: adamianebis umetesobas SeiZleba endo? (%)
saboloo jamSi, gasuli wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi, qarTvelebi momavlis mimarT
ufro pesimisturebi gaxdnen, ufro me-
daskvna
sazogadoebrivi kvlevebis Sedegebi cxa-
dyofs, rom sazogadoebis Rirebulebe-
bi myar safuZvels qmnis radikaluri
ultraultramemarjvene moZraobebi-
sTvis. zogierTi socialur konserva-
tiuli Rirebuleba kvlav Rrmad fes-
vgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi, Tumca
bolo dros ganviTarebuli movlene-
bi meti SeSfoTebis safuZvels iZleva.
marTlac, saqarTveloSi ultramemar-
jvene populizmis xilvadobis zrdas-
Tan erTad, sazogadoeba ufro meti
skepticizmiT uyurebs migrantebs, es
ki ultramemarjvene jgufebis mier ga-
19
tad arian imdegacruebulni politiku-
ri elitebis saqmianobiT da naklebad
endobian sxva adamianebs.
JRerebuli mTavari sakiTxia. amasTan,
mosaxleobis TvalSi uaresdeba social-
uri da ekonomiuri mdgomareoba maSin,
rodesac politikosebis, politiku-
ri institutebisa da Tanamoqalaqeebis
mimarT ndoba mcirdeba, xolo ekono-
mikur siduxWireze yuradRebis gamax-
vilebasTan erTad Zlierdeba pesimizmi
qveynis momavalTan dakavSirebiT. so-
cialur konservatiul RirebulebebTan
kombinaciaSi, es faqtorebi xSirad ga-
moiyeneba radikalizmis asaxsnelad ev-
ropasa da aSS-Si. Tumca es tendenciebi
qarTul politikaSi ultramemarjvene
20
populizmis aucileblad momZlavrebas
ar gulisxmobs. marTlac, ultramemar-
jvene jgufebi kvlav marginalur Zalad
aRiqmebian; saqarTvelos patriotTa
aliansma miiRo xmebis mxolod 5%, rac
zustad xmaTa is raodenoba iyo, rac par-
lamentSi SesvlisTvis iyo aucilebeli.
manam, sanam ultramemarjvene jgufebs,
iseTebs, rogoricaa qarTuli marSi da
saqarTvelos erovnuli erToba, Zal-
adobaze damyarebuli dRis wesrigi
aqvT, nakleb savaraudoa, rom isini mniS-
vnelovan sazogadoebriv mxardaWeras
moipoveben. Tumca, ar SeiZleba im Sesa-
Zleblobis gauTvaliswinebloba, rom es
jgufebi met popularobas moipoveben,
Tu sakuTari poziciebis metad praqti-
kuli kuTxiT formulirebas moaxerx-
eben _ gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi ar-
sebobs noyieri niadagi socialuri Ri-
rekomendaciebi
saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis:
 unda gaaZlieros demokratiuli
institutebi da kanonis uzenaeso-
ba.
 rogorc mTavroba, ise mmarTveli
partia Riad unda gaemijnos ul-
tramemarjvene populisturi par-
tiebsa da jgufebs.
 mTavrobam unda miiRos zomebi am
jgufebis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris
eqstermistuli ultraultrame-
marjvene jgufebis winaaRmdeg, ro-
melTa aqtivobebic konstituciur
normebsa da principebs ewinaaRm-
degeba. es ukanasknelni, ar unda
iyvnen waxalisebulni Semwynare-
rebulebebis, ekonomikuri aRqmebisa da
elitebis mimarT undoblobis Tvalsaz-
risiT. sabolood, aseTi jgufebis mom-
Zlavreba evropaSi da mis farglebs ga-
reT didwilad ukavSirdeba im partiebs,
romlebmac SeZles arsebuli ekonomi-
kuri an socialuri mdgomareobis ga-
moyeneba da sakuTari mxardamWerebis
mobilizeba. amasTan, marginalurobis
miuxedavad, am jgufebma moaxerxes saqa-
rTveloSi demokratiuli da evropuli
Rirebulebebis mxardamWeri jgufe-
bis gamowveva, im jgufebis, romlebic
miTebs, radikalur ultramemarjvene da
ultramemarjvene populisturi jgufe-
bis propagandis saSualebiT gavrcele-
bul usafuZvlo SiSebs unda daupirisp-
irdnen. msgavs situaciaSi sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovani xdeba qarTuli sazoga-
doebis demokratiuli Rirebulebebis
garSemo mobilizeba.
bluri politikiT an oficialuri
mxarisgan bundovani pasuxebiT.
 mniSvnelovania, Riad moxdes
demokratiuli Rirebulebebi-
sadmi erTgulebis deklarireba.
demokratiisa da adamianis ufle-
bebis fundamenturi principebi ar
unda gaxdes politikuri debatebis
sagani. mniSvnelovania, rom mmarT-
veli partia da misi wevrebi ar
ireklavdnen migrantebis mimarT
mtrul damokidebulebas an ar
gaurbodnen sakuTari poziciis ga-
moxatvas politikuri sargebelis
misaRebis mizniT.

 mTavrobam prioritetad unda
daisaxos siRaribis, umuSevrobisa
da ekonomikuri siduxWiris daZle-
va sazogadoebis mowyvlad jgufebs
Soris samuSaosTvis aucilebeli
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebiT. unda
gamoqveyndes naTeli da grZelvadi-
ani gegma am sakiTxebis mosagvare-
blad. amiT, mTavrobasac SeeZleba
saqarTveloSi moqmedi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis:
 gaaZlieros zewola mTavrobaze,
raTa man gaataros Sesabamisi zome-
bi im jgufebis winaaRmdeg, rom-
lebic xelyofen konstituciur
normebs.
 organizeba gauwios informaci-
ul da faqtebze dafuZnebul
kampaniebs ultramemarjvene
jgufebis mier gavrcelebuli us-
afuZvlo SiSebis sapasuxod. mag-
aliTad, amgvari RonisZiebebi Sei-
Zleba moicavdes saqarTveloSi
Semosuli migrantebis raodenobis
an ucxoelebis mier miwis flobis
Sesaxeb zusti monacemebis gamo-
qveynebas.
21
amomrCevelTa wuxilsa da gasaW-
irze sapasuxod, sajarod moaxdi-
nos mis mier gatarebuli RonisZie-
bebis demonstireba.
 oficialuri pirebi aseve Riad unda
daupirispirdnen ultramemarjvene
populistebis mier gavrcelebul
miTebsa da fobiebs.
 organizeba gauwion sainformacio
kampaniebs evropuli da demokra-
tiuli Rirebulebebis da maTi
erovnul identobasTan da tradic-
iebTan Tavsebadobis Sesaxeb. es ki
unda daupirispirdes arsebul war-
modgenebs am fenomenis eqskluziu-
ri bunebis Sesaxeb.
 yvelaze mowyvladi jgufebi Car-
Ton socialur aqtivobebSi. adami-
anebi, romlebic distancirebulni
arian aramxolod migrantebisgan,
aramed instituciebisgan da saku-
Tari Tanamoqalaqeebisgan, ufro
metad arian midrekilni radikalu-
ri poziciis arCevisken.
qarTuli politikuri partiebis mimarT
ndobis klebadi tendencia: ras niSnavs es
demokratiisTvis saqarTveloSi da rogor
SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan
acileba?

levan kaxiSvili1

mokle Sinaarsi
saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebis
mimarT ndoba 2012 wels 21%-dan 2017
wels 8%-mde Semcirda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom ndobis xarisxi arasdros yofila
gansakuTrebulad maRali, es tendencia
politikuri partiebisTvis SeSfoTebis
safuZveli da moqmedebisTvis biZgis
mimcemi unda gaxdes. politikur ndo-
bas ZiriTadad socialuri rwmenebi da
politikuri institutebi ganapirobebs.
winamdebare dokumentSi undoblo-
bis safuZvlebis gamosavlenad, es ori
mimarTulebaa gaanalizebuli. rwmen-
ebis TvalsazrisiT, ganxilulia saqa-
rTveloSi sazogadoebis aRqmebi ndobis
oTx aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT: kompeten-
cia, keTilsindisiereba, patiosneba da
prognozirebadoba. dokumentSi aseve
ganxilulia politikuri institutebis
roli. kerZod ki, gaanalizebulia poli-
tikuri partiebis gamWvirvalobis prob-
lemebi, rac kidev ufro metad uSlis
xels amomrCevelTa cnobierebis ama-
Rlebas _ es ki ndobis dabal maCveneb-
els ganapirobebs. winamdebare naSromSi
aseve gaanalizebulia 2015-2018 wleb-
Si Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris
1
levan kaxiSvili aris saqarTvelos politikis institutis (GIP) analitikosi da bambergis univer-
sitetis (germania) socialuri mecnierebebis sadoqtoro skolis (BAGSS) doqtoranti.
25
gamokiTxvebi, maT Soris CRRC-is kavka-
siis barometrisa da NDI-s sazogadoe-
brivi azris kvlevebi, rac warmodgenas
qmnis mosaxleobis aRqmebisa da rwmen-
ebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, dokumentSi xazgas-
mulia, rom politikuri ndobis dabali
done azianebs demokratias saqarTve-
loSi, gansakuTrebiT, politikuri par-
tiebis unars, Seasrulon TavianTi war-
momadgenlobiTi funqcia. politikuri
partiebi da saqarTveloSi demokratiis
konsolidaciiT dainteresebuli pirebi
unda acnobierebdnen, rom ndobadakar-
guli amomrCevlebis maRal procentul
wils pirdapiri gavlena aqvT politi-
kaSi moqalaqeebis CaTulobis doneze.
es ki niSnavs imas, rom maTi CarTuloba
partiul politikaSi kvlav dabali iqne-
ba. Sesabamisad, winamdebare narkvevSi
warmodgenilia rekomendaciebi politi-
kuri partiebisTvis, samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis organizaciebisa da kvleviTi
da donori organizaciebisTvis imisaT-
vis, rom Sesabamisi nabijebi gadaidgas
saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebis
mimarT ndobis gazrdis mimarTulebiT.
26
Sesavali: politikuri ndobis problema da misi gavlena
demokratiis konsolidaciaze saqarTveloSi

politikuri ndobis fenomeni saqarTve- amomrCeveli monawileobas ar miiRebs

loSi demokratizaciis procesis anal-
izisas xSirad yuradRebis miRmaa darCe-
nili. amis mizezi SesaZloa is iyos, rom
ndoba kompleqsuri, mravalkomponen-
tiani cnebaa da misi konteqstualizacia
mimdinare politikuri procesebis Sesa-
bamisad martivi ar aris. Tumca, sazoga-
doebis ndobis xarisxs politikuri in-
stitutebis da moTamaSeebis, magaliTad
politikuri partiebis mimarT, Sesa-
Zloa, mniSvnelovani gavlena qondes
demokratizaciis procesze da, sab-
olood, demokratiul konsolidaciaze.
magaliTad, 2012 wlidan 2017 wlamde,
saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebis
mimarT ndoba 21%-dan 8%-mde Semcirda,
maSin rodesac undobloba 22%-dan 43%-
mde gaizarda.2 respondentebis umrav-
lesoba iyo indiferentuli (arc ndobis
da arc undoblobis maCvenebeli _ 43%
2017 wels) an ar surda SekiTxvaze pa-
suxis gacema („ar vici“ da „uari pasuxze“
pasuxebis jami _ 8%).3 miuxedavad imisa,
rom ndobis xarisxi idealurisgan Sors
iyo 2012 wels, aseTi mkveTri vardna
politikuri partiebisTvis SemaSfoTe-
beli unda iyos. ndobis dabali maCvene-
belis Sedegi orgvaria: ndobadakarguli
arCevnebSi da ar imuSavebs an/da ar
iqneba politikuri partiis moxalise.4
amasTan, politikuri partiebis mimarT
undoblobis maRali done miuTiTebs
imaze, rom partiebsa da amomrCevlebs
Soris kavSiri sustia; amomrCevlebi
uaryofiTad afaseben politikuri par-
tiebis saqmianobas; da amomrCevlebma
naklebad ician an gamoucdiaT politi-
kuri partiebis saqmianoba.5 es problema
ufro farTo konteqstSi saqarTveloSi
demokratiuli konsolidaciisTvis sa-
frTxes warmoadgens. ndobis naklebobis
gamo, amomrCevlebi Tavs ikaveben poli-
tikaSi monawileobisagan6 _ maSin, rode-
sac politikaSi CarTuloba monawileo-
biTi demokratiis qvakuTxedia. Sedegad,
aucilebeli xdeba am problemis mosag-
vareblad swrafi reagireba da droTa
ganmavlobaSi politikuri partiebis
mimarT sazogadoebrivi ndobis gazrdis
gzebis Zieba. winamdebare dokumentSi
gaanalizebulia saqarTveloSi politi-
kuri partiebis mimarT ndobis fenomeni
da warmodgenilia Sesabamisi rekomen-
daciebi politikuri ndobis gazrdis
mizniT.

2
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2017). „kavkasiis barometris droiTi mwkrivebi _ saqarTve-
lo“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi
08.02.2019.
3
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2017). „kavkasiis barometri gamokiTxvis ramdenime talRis/
wlis monacemTa bazebi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.
org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019.
4
Ceka, B. (2012). “The Perils of Political Competition: Explaining Participation and Trust in Political Parties in
Eastern Europe”. Comparative Political Studies. 46(12), 1610-1635. DOI: 10.1177/0010414012463908.
5
Berlin, D. and L.J. Lundqvist. (2012). “Do Leopards Ever Change Their Spots? The Development of Po-
litical Trust among Swedish Green party Sympathisers”. Environmental Politics. 21(1), 131-152. DOI:
10.1080/09644016.2011.643372.
6
Ceka, B. (2012). “The Perils of Political Competition: Explaining Participation and Trust in Political Parties in
Eastern Europe”. Comparative Political Studies. 46(12), 1610-1635. DOI: 10.1177/0010414012463908.
 27
ra aris ndoba da rogor SeiZleba misi gaanalizeba?

ndoba gulisxmobs adamianis an adami- aTebeli). bolos, instituciuri mowyo-

anebis jgufis damokidebulebas sxva
aqtorze an mis imedze yofnas fardo-
biTi usafrTxoebis garkveuli grZno-
biT.7 es ki mimndobi mxaris mowyvlado-
bas ganapirobebs da TavisTavad Seicavs
risks, rom zogierTi mizani ar ganx-
orcieldeba. ndobis, rogorc politi-
kuri fenomenis, gasagebad ndobis sami
umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtis gaTvalis-
winebaa aucilebeli. pirveli, zogi
adamiani ufro metad endoba sxvebs _
es xasiaTis Taviseburebaa. meore, rigi
rwmenebisa ndobis ufro maRal dones
ganapirobebs _ magaliTad rwmena, rom
ndobis obieqti sakmarisi kompetenci-
iT, keTilsindisierebiT, patiosnebi-
Ta da prognozirebadobiT xasiaTdeba
imisaTvis, rom mimndobi mas endos (qve-
moT ganxilulia TiToeuli es maxasi-
bis garkveuli formebi ndobis ufro
maRal xarisxs ganapirobebs. aRniSnuli
sami aspeqtidan, bolo ori saqarTve-
loSi moqmedi politikuri partiebi-
sTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan
miuxedavad imisa, rom rTulia ndobis
mimarT midrekilebis Secvla, SesaZle-
belia rwmenebis Camoyalibeba da ganvi-
Tareba iseve, rogorc institutebis Se-
qmna. amasTan, is faqti, rom 2012 wels
sazogadoebis mxridan partiebis mimarT
ndoba sagrZnoblad ufro maRali da un-
dobloba ufro dabali iyo, mianiSnebs
imaze, rom ndoba, rogorc winaswari
ganwyoba an midrekileba, am ganxilvisT-
vis naklebad mniSvnelovania. Sesabamis-
ad, problemis safuZvlebi rwmenebsa da
institutebSi unda veZioT.

ndobis ganmapirobebeli rwmenebi: rogor gansjian qarTvelebi

plitikur partiebs?

oTxi sxvadasxva rwmena-warmodgena, bi ar Catarebula imis dasadgenad, Tu

romelic ndobis erT-erT ganzomile-
bas warmoadgens, gulisxmobs kompeten-
cias, keTilsindisierebas, patiosnebasa
da prognozirebadobas. mniSvnelovania
maTi cal-calke ganxilva imisaTvis,
rom gamoikveTos Tu rogor uyurebs
qarTuli sazogadoeba politikur par-
tiebs da ratom dakarga maT mimarT
ndoba. arsebuli monacemebi arasrulia,
radgan sajarod xelmisawvdomi kvleve-
ramdenad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis
rwmenebi politikuri partiebis mimarT
ndobas. Tumca, mainc SesaZlebelia sx-
vadasxva monacmeTa bazebSi, maT So-
ris CRRC-is kavkasiis barometrisa da
NDI-s sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebSi
(yvela kvleva Catarebulia 2015 da 2018
wlebis SualedSi) iseTi monacemebis
mopoveba, romelic mWidrodaa kavSirSi
sazogadoebis rwmenebTan.

7
McKnight, D.H. and N.L. Cherrany. (2001). “Trust and Distrust Definitions: One Bite at a Time”. In: R. Fal-
cone, M. Singh, and Y.-H. Tan (Eds.): Trust in Cyber-societies. Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg.
28
kompetencia

mimndobs, am SemTxvevvaSi qarTul ri sakiTxebia, rasac mosdevs terito-

sazogadoebas, unda swamdes rom ndo-
bis obieqts, am SemTxvevaSi politikur
partiebs, SeuZliaT amomrCevlisTvis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemebis gad-
aWra. sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis
mixedviT, saqarTveloSi sazogadoebis
prioriteti ekonomikuri da socalu-
riul mTlianobasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi.8 cxril 1-Si warmodgenilia
monacemebi Tu rogor aRiqvams sazoga-
doeba saqarTveloSi moqmedi politiku-
ri partiebis kompetenciebs mosaxleo-
bisTvis mniSvnelovani politikis eqvsi
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.

cxrili 1: sazogadoebis mxridan aRqmuli saqarTveloSi moqmedi politikuri par-

tiebis kompetenciebi

wyaro: kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri. (2017). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba

saqarTveloSi, 2017 wlis ivnisi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze
http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019

monacemebi aCvenebs, rom eqvsidan xuTi gadoeba dadebiTad afasebs, Sesabamisad

politikis mimarTulebiT, yvelaze xSi-
rad gameorebuli pasuxia „ar vici/uari
pasuxze“ an „arc erTi partia“. gamon-
aklisia jandacva _ sfero, sadac qar-
Tulma ocnebam reformebi gaatara da
sayovelTao jandacvis sistema danerga.
rogorc irkveva, am cvlilebebs sazo-
mosaxleobis 37% qarTul ocnebas an-
dobs jandacvis sferos. Tumca, Tu „ar
vici/uari pasuxze“ an „arc erTi partia“
poziciebs SevajamebT (im responden-
tebis erTad ganxilva, vinc am sakiTx-
ebs arc erT partias ar andobs da vinc
kiTxvas ver pasuxobs), maTi procentu-

8
sazogadoebis prioritetebsa da imaze, Tu rogor pasuxeben politikuri partiebi maT sakuTari
partiuli manifestiT, ixileT: kaxiSvili, l. (2017) „aris Tu ara demokratia SesaZlebeli stabi-
luri politikuri partiebis gareSe?“ saqarTvelos politikis instituti. xelmisawvdomia: http://
gip.ge/ge/6564/

li wili 40%-dan, jandacvis SemTxveva-
Si, 68%-mde, teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi, meryeobs.
es monacemebi aCvenebs, rom qarTvel
amomrCevels ar swams, rom partiebi
warmodgenil sferoebSi kompetenture-
bi arian an amomrCevlebs ubralod ar
keTilsindisiereba
imisaTvis, rom politikurma partiebma
sazogadoebis maRali ndoba moipovon,
amomrCevels unda swamdes, rom politi-
kuri partiebi im miznebisTvis iRwvian,
romelic sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelo-
vania. Sesabamisad, keTilsindisiereba,
rogorc rwmena, gamoxatavs mimndobis
mier ndobis obieqtis Sefaseba-gansjas:
diagrama 1: saqarTveloSi moqmedi politikuri partiebis interesebi
29
SeuZliaT maTi kompetenciebis saTana-
dod gansja. es ukanaskneli SesaZloa
politikuri partiebis, maTi finansebis,
aqtivobebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb infor-
maciis naklebobis Sedegi iyos. Tumca,
rodesac saqme politikuri partiebis
miznebs exeba, ganxilvis sagani kidev
erTi rwmena _ keTilsindisiereba xdeba.
ndobis obieqti emsaxureba mimndobis
Tu sxva subieqtis interesebs. 2018 wlis
dekembris sazogadoebrivi azris kvle-
va, romelic NDI-is dakveTiT Catarda,
warmoadgens monacemebs am SekiTxvebTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic diagrama 1-Sia
asaxuli.
30
rogorc monacemebi aCvenebs, sazogadoe-
bis mxolod 13%-s miaCnia, rom politi-
kuri partiebi keTilsindisierebi arian
_ e.i. emsaxurebian amomrCevlebis in-
teresebs. es politikuri partiebisT-
vis SemaSfoTebeli maCvenebelia, Tu maT
sazogadoebis ndobis mopoveba surT. es
maCvenebeli kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
gadauwyveteli respondentebi (ar vici/
uari pasuxze) mosaxleobis mxolod 10%-
s warmoadgenen. sazogadoebis did naw-
ils miaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi politi-
kuri partiebi emsaxurebian an sakuTar
interesebs _ 44%, an maTi liderebis an/
da damfinanseblebis interesebs _ 31%.
es ori pasuxi oTxidan sami amomrCevlis
azrs wrmoadgens. aRniSnuli monaceme-
bi or problemaze miuTiTebs: politi-
kur partiebs realurad ar SeuZliaT
sazogadoebis interesebis gamoxatva an
komunikacia partiebsa da amomrCevlebs
patiosneba
Tuki ndobis obieqti aRiqmeba rogorc
sando da pirobis Semsrulebeli piri,
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT _ patio-
sani piri, mimdnobs SeuZlia, misi imedi
qondes, rac ndobis maRal xarisxs gana-
pirobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazoga-
doebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi ar aris
warmodgenili monacemebi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gansjian moqalaqeebi poli-
tikuri partiebis patiosnebas saqarT-
veloSi, mainc SesaZlebelia dapirebebis
mniSvnelobis garkveva maSin, rodesac
amomrCevlebi wyveten Tu rogor mis-
cen xma arCevnebze. amasTan, arsebobs
monacemebi politikur partiebSi ko-
9
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2018). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2018
wlis ivnisi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis
TariRi 08.02.2019.
10
Ceka, B. (2012). “The Perils of Political Competition: Explaining Participation and Trust in Political Parties in
Eastern Europe”. Comparative Political Studies. 46(12), 1610-1635. DOI: 10.1177/0010414012463908.
Soris araefeqturia. orive proble-
ma mianiSnebs imaze, rom saqarTveloSi
partiasa da amomrCevels Soris susti
urTierTkavSiria.
amasTan, politikuri partiebis keTil-
sindisierebaze cudad moqmedebs uary-
ofiTi kampaniebi. uaryofiTi kampania
gulisxmobs kandidatis an politikuri
partiis mxridan yuradRebis gamaxvile-
bas oponentebis naklovan mxareebze imis
nacvlad, rom sazogadoebas gaacnon
is, Tu TviTon risi gakeTeba SeuZli-
aT. 2018 wlis ivnisis NDI-is gamokiTx-
vis mixedviT, 2018 wlis saprezidento
arCevnebamde, oTxidan sam gamokiTxuls
miaCnda, rom kandidatebma cota dro
unda dauTmon an saerTod ar unda dax-
arjon dro konkurenti politikuri
partiis kritikaze.9 kvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom uaryofiTi kampania politikuri
partiebis mimarT ndobas amcirebs.10
rufciis donis aRqmaze, romelic aseve
SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli, rogorc
patiosnebis SesaZlo indikatori.
diagrama 2-Si warmodgenilia monace-
mebi qarTveli amomrCevlebisTvis wi-
nasaarCevno platformebisa da dapire-
bebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. monacemebis
mxiedviT, naTlad Cans, rom mosaxleo-
bis naxevarze metisTvis, winasaarCev-
no dapirebebi mudmivad mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs, rodesac amomrCeveli
gadawyvetilebas iRebs imasTan dakav-
SirebiT, Tu vis misces xma.
 31
diagrama 2: winasaarCevno platformebisa da dapirebebis mniSvneloba amomrCev-
lebisTvis

wyaro: avtoris gamoTvlebi monacemebis xuTi bazis safuZvelze11

aRniSnuli monacemebi imaze miuTiTebs, doebis mxridan politikuri partiebis

rom patiosneba mniSvnelovania qarTve- patiosnebis zogad aRqmaze. saintere-
li amomrCevlisTvis, Tumca ar iZle- soa, rom 2018 wlis dekembris NDI-is
va politikuri partiebis patiosnebis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis mixed-
aRqmis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmnis sa- viT, isini, visac miaCniaT, rom politi-
Sualebas, risTvisac sxva tipis monace- kur partiebSi korufcia ar arsebobs,
mebi iqneboda saWiro. Tumca, SeiZleba mosaxleobis 14%-s warmoadgenen, Tumca
iTqvas, rom moqalaqeebis mxridan poli- sazogadoebis, TiTqmis, naxevars _ 46%-
tikur partiebSi korufciis aRqmis in- s _ miaCnia, rom politikur partiebSi
dikatorma SeiZleba mianiSnos sazoga- garkveulwilad aris korufcia.12
11
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2015). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2015 wlis
noemberi”. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis
TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2016). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarT-
veloSi, 2016 wlis ivnisi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.
org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2016b). „NDI: sazogadoebis
ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2018 wlis marti“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://
caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2016c). „NDI:
sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2016 wlis noemberi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis
vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis
centri (2017). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2017 wlis ivnisi“. agebulia monacemTa
onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019.
12
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2018). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2018
wlis dekemberi“ agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org
wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019.
32
rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia im insti-
tutebis ndoba, romelic korumpirebul
institutebad aRiqmeba. saqarTveloSi
politikuri partiebis Sida saqmianobis
Sesaxeb informaciis nakleboba gavlenas
axdens sazogadoebis mxridan ndobaze,
rac dasturdeba zemoT warmodgenili
monacemebis safuZvelze.

prognozirebadoba

kidev erTi rwmena, romelic zrdis ndo-
bis xarisxs aris ndobis obieqtis prog-
nozirebadoba, rac gulisxmobs imas, Tu
ramdenad SeuZlia mimndobs winaswar
gansazRvros ndobis obieqtis kargi an
cudi qmedebebi. patiosnebis msgavsad, am
SemTxvevaSic Sefaseba mxolod miaxloe-
buli indikatoris daxmarebiTaa Sesa-
Zlebeli, radgan ar arsebobs monacemebi
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRiqvams sazo-
gadoeba politikuri partiebis progno-
zirebadobas saqarTveloSi. Tumca, Ses-
aZlebelia imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania amomrCelisTvis partiis
warsuli saqmianoba.
2015-2017 wlebSi NDI-s mier Catarebu-
li sazogadoebrivi azris xuTi sxva-
dasxva kvleva13 aCvenebs, rom poli-
tikuri partiis warsuli saqmianoba
amomrCevlisTvis winasaarCevno dapire-
bebze mniSvnelovania. respondentebis
65%-74%-isTvis politikuri partiebis
warsuli saqmianoba maT winasaarCev-
no dapirebebTan SedarebiT ufro pri-
oritetulia. es niSnavs imas, rom sazoa-
doeba endoba ukeTesi Sedegis maCvenebel
politikur partiebs. Sesabamisad, saku-
Tari strategiebisa da samoqmedo geg-
mebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebisas
politikurma partiebma es ganwyobebi
mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon.

ndobis instituciuri ganzomileba: arian Tu ara partiebi

sakmarisad institucionalizebulebi ndobis wasaxaliseblad?
arsebobs rwmena, rom Zlieri insti- Sesrulebas an sarisko saqmianobis
tutebi politikuri ndobis xarisxis warmatebas ganapirobebs. Sesabamisad,
zrdas uwyoben xels.14 am ideis logi- politikuri partiebisTvis mniSvnelo-
ka isaa, rom institutebi qmnian garan- vania, rom aRiqmebodnen rogorc Zlieri
tiebs, kontraqtebs, regulaciebs, we- institutebi. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia
sebsa da procedurebs, rac pirobebis ufro gamWvirvale gadawyvetilebis

13
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2015). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2018
wlis noemberi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org
wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2016a). „NDI: sazogadoebis gan-
wyoba saqarTveloSi, 2018 wlis ivnisi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://
caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2016b).
„NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2016 wlis marti“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis
vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis
centri (2016c). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2016 wlis noemberi“. agebulia monace-
mTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi 08.02.2019. kavkasiis
kvleviTi resursebis centri (2017). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2017 wlis ivni-
si“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis TariRi
08.02.2019.
14
McKnight, D.H. and N.L. Cherrany. (2001). “Trust and Distrust Definitions: One Bite at a Time”. In: R. Fal-
cone, M. Singh, and Y.-H. Tan (Eds.): Trust in Cyber-societies. Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg.

miRebis praqtikis ganviTarebiT, gan-
sakuTrebiT iseT sferoSi, rogoricaa
politikis platformis SemuSaveba, kan-
didatis nominireba an axali wevrebis
miReba. monacemebi aCvenebs, rom partie-
bi ar aRiqmebian, rogorc Zlieri insti-
tutebi, romlebic damcavi struqture-
bis funqcias SeiTavsebdnen.
2017 wlis ivnisis NDI-is sazogadoe-
brivi azris kvlevaSi,15 respondentebs
dausves kiTxva, Tu visi azri iyo mniS-
vnelovani imis Sesafaseblad, kargad
Catarda Tu ara saqarTveloSi arCevne-
bi. respondentebs aTidan sami variantis
arCeva SeeZloT. yvelaze xSirad arCeu-
li pasuxi iyo „Cemi sakuTari azri“ –
respondentebis 46% procenti ambobs,
rom maTi sakuTari azri yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ram-
denad kargad Catarda arCevnebi. cen-
traluri saarCevno komisia da ucxoeli
damkvirveblebi rigiT meore adgilze
aRmoCndnen, 23-23 procentiT. im poli-
tikuri partiebis azrs, romelTac re-
spondentebi mxars uWerdnen, mxolod
16%-iani maCvenebeli aqvs. es monacemebi
mianiSnebs imaze, rom mosaxleoba insti-
tutebze metad sakuTar warmodgenas
aniWebs upiratesobas, rac politikuri
institutebis sisusteze metyvelebs.
amasTan, institucionalizaciis na-
cvlad, politikuri partiebis person-
alizaciis xazgasasmelad, SesaZloa gan-
vixiloT kiTxva imasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovania amomrCev-
lisTvis _ kandidati, Tu is partia, ro-
15
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2017). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2017
wlis ivnisi“ agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis
TariRi 08.02.2019.
16
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri (2017). „NDI: sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 2017
wlis ivnisi“. agebulia monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdze http://caucasusbarometer.org wvdomis
TariRi 08.02.2019.
33
melic kandidats waradgens. 2017 wlis
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, respondentebis
50%-isTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo
merobis kandidati, vidre is partia,
romelic kandidats waradgenda.16 Sesa-
bamisad, Tu saqarTveloSi politikuri
partiebi miznad isaxaven institutebad
Camoyalibebas, romelic ufro didxans
SeZlebs arsebobas, vidre erTi konkret-
uli politikuri lideri, mniSvnelova-
nia maTi metad institucionalizacia,
gamWvirvaloba da mxardamWerebTan
Zlieri kavSiris Camoyalibeba.
monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom sazoga-
doebis mier politikuri partiebi aR-
qmulia, rogorc instituciurad da
programulad erTmaneTis msgavsi, moi-
poveba 2018 wlis sazogadobrivi azris
gamokiTxvaSi, sadac kiTxvaze: „Tqveni
azriT, saqarTvelos ekonomikis gan-
viTarebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania,
met-naklebad mniSvnelovania Tu saer-
Tod ar aris mniSvnelovani, Tu romeli
partia iqneba xelisuflebaSi?“ xuTidan
or respondnets miaCnia, rom amas ara-
nairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs ekonomikis
ganviTarebisTvis (diagrama 3). es Sedegi
ornairad SeiZleba iyos interpretire-
buli. optimisturi interpretaciiT
SeiZleba imis varaudi, rom qarTveli
amomrCevlis 42%-s miaCnia, rom yvela
partia sakmarisad keTilsindisieria
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos interese-
bis Sesabamisad imoqmedos. pesimistu-
ri da, albaT, ufro realisturi in-
terpretaciiT, sazogadoeba ver xedavs
mniSvnelovan gansxvavebebs politikur
34
partiebs Soris maTi ideologiuri pro- da amomrCevlebs Soris arajansaR dis-
gramebis TvalsazrisiT, rac partiebsa tancirebas iwvevs.

diagrama 3: aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba romeli partia iqneba xelisuflebaSi?

rogorc kvlevebi aCvenebs, politikur politikuri sistemis mimarT dabali

partiasa da mis mxardamWerebs Soris
siaxlovis xarisxi, SesaZloa, dabali
politikuri ndobis ukeTesi indikato-
ri iyos, vidre mxardamWerebis mTliani
raodenoba.17 Sesabamisad, rodesac amom-
rCevlebi ar grZnoben Zlier kavSirs
romelime politikur partiasTan, Ses-
aZlebloba imisa, rom sazogadoebas
ndoba qondes, ufro maRalia.18 amdenad,
politikurma partiebma saqarTveloSi
prioritetad sakuTar mxardamWerebTan
axlo kavSirebis damyareba unda daisax-
on, radgan ndobis, rogorc politikuri
fenomenis, asaxsnelad, mxardamWerebTan
kavSiris xarisxi ufro mniSnvelovania,
vidre mxardamWerebis raodenoba.

17
Hooghe, M. and A. Kern. (2015). “Party Membership and Closeness and the Development of Trust in Po-
litical Institutions: An Analysis of the European Social Survey, 2002-2010”. Party Politics. 21(6), 944-956. DOI:
10.1177/1354068813509519.
18
Hooghe, M. and A. Kern. (2015). “Party Membership and Closeness and the Development of Trust in Po-
litical Institutions: An Analysis of the European Social Survey, 2002-2010”. Party Politics. 21(6), 944-956. DOI:
10.1177/1354068813509519.

daskvna: rogor unda gaizardos ndoba politikuri partiebis
mimarT?
winamdebare dokumentSi naCvenebia, rom
saqarTveloSi sazogadoeba ar endo-
ba politikur partiebs, amis mizezi ki
ndobis ori ganzomilebiT aixsneba. pir-
veli, qarTvel amomrCevels sjera, rom
politikur partiebs ar aqvT sakmari-
si kompetencia sazogadoebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani sxvadasxva politikuri
sferoebi marTon; rom partiebi ZiriTa-
dad sakuTar an sakuTari lideris an/da
damfinanseblebis interesebs atareben;
rom politikuri partiebis patiosneba
da prognozirebadoba mniSvnelovania
xmis micemis dros arCevanis gakeTeba-
Si. da meore, partiebi ar aRiqmebian,
rogorc sakmarisad institucionali-
zebuli organizaciebi, romlebic gace-
mul pirobebs Seasruleben da Sesabamis
cvlilebebs gaatareben xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis SemTxvevaSi. warmodgenili mo-
35
nacemebi mianiSnebs imaze, rom partiebsa
da amomrCevlebs Soris susti urTierT-
kavSiria da rom sazogadoebas ar esmis
politikuri partiebis Sida samuSao
procesi gamWvirvalobis ararsebobis
pirobebSi. es faqtorebi politikis
mimarT sazogadoebis imedgacruebasa da
partiebSi gawevrianebas an/da partiebi-
sTvis muSaobis survilis ararsebobas
iwvevs. es ki politikuri monawileobis
dabal xarisxze mianiSnebs, rac saqarT-
veloSi axalgazrda demokratiis kon-
solidaciis process uqmnis safrTxes.
Sesabamisad, aucilebelia sxvadasxva
dainteresebulma pirebma, pirvel rig-
Si ki politikurma partiebma politikis
mimarT ndobis gaCenisTvis imuSaon.
am mizniT, mniSvnelovania gaTvalis-
winebul iqnas qvemoT warmodgenili re-
komendaciebi.
36
rekomendaciebi
politikuri partiebisTvis:
 gaZlierdes amomrCevelTan kavSi-
ri ideologiurad Tanmimdevruli
politikis platformis SemuSave-
biT, dapirebebis naTlad da gasage-
bad komunikaciiTa da, zogadad,
ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT prog-
nozirebadobiT _ rogorc sazo-
gadoebrivi azris kvlevebis mo-
nacemebi aCvenebs, wina saarCevno
dapirebebi saqarTveloSi amom-
rCevelTa arCevanis ganmsazRvreli
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri
partiebisTvis arsebobs cduneba,
gascen oportunistuli da pop-
ulisturi dapirebebi, partiebma
meTodurad unda imoqmedon imisaT-
vis, rom TiToeuli partia aRiqme-
bodes, rogorc prognozirebadi
partia, rac ndobis maRal xarisxsa
da sasurvel saarCevno qcevas gana-
pirobebs.
 Seqmnan kompetenturi da
keTilsindisieri partiis portfo-
lio, romelic sazogadoebriv in-
teresebs iTvaliswinebs _ saqarT-
veloSi sazogadoebas miaCnia, rom
qveyanaSi politikuri partiebi moq-
medeben ara sazogadoebrivi, aramed
sakuTari interesebisTvis. amasTan,
moqalaqeebs dabali warmodgena
aqvT politikuri partiebis kom-
petenciebze yvelaze mniSvnelovan
sferoebSi. sazogadoebrivi ndobis
mosapoveblad, mniSvnelovania, rom
partiebi sazogadoebis interese-
bis Sesabamisad moqmedebdnen, rac
sakuTari politikuri platfor-
miTaa gansazRvruli (ixileT wina
rekomendacia). Tumca, amavdrou-
lad, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania,
rom TiToeulma partiam mkafiod
SeZlos sazogadoebasTan komu-
nikacia sakuTari saqmianobisa da
qarTveli amomrCevlis cxovre-
bis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT
gadadgmuli nabijebis Sesaxeb. es
moqalaqeebs daexmareba, ukeT gan-
sajon partiebis warsuli saqmia-
noba, rac saqarTveloSi saarCevno
qcevis kidev erTi umniSvnelovane-
si ganmapirobebeli faqtoria.
 gazardon sakuTari saqmianobis gam-
Wvirvaloba institucionalizaci-
is gziT _ qarTveli amomrCevlis,
daaxloebiT, naxevars miaCnia, rom
politikur partiebSi garkveuli
doziT korufcia arsebobs. es vnebs
partiebis keTilsindisierebis aR-
qmas, vinaidan amomrCeveli ver af-
asebs, ramdenad realurad gascems
partia sakuTar winasaarCevno da-
pirebebs da ramdenad SeuZlia mas
am dapirebebis Sesruleba. kvleva
aCvenebs, rom metad informirebul
moqalaqeebs ufro meti ndoba aqvT
politikuri partiebis mimarT.
gamWvirvalobis donis gazrda da
politikuri partiebis saqmianobis
Sesaxeb Ria komunikacia - partiebis
metaforuli Savi yuTis gaxsna -
moqalaqeebs daexmarebaT ndobis
CamoyalibebaSi. aseve aucilebe-
lia, rom partiebma moaxdinon is-
eTi procedurebis instituciona-
lizacia, rogoricaa kandidatis

nominirebis, partiaSi gawevrianebi-
sa da sxva gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesebis gamWvirvaloba.
 sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli
Rirebulebebis gaZlierebis xe-
lSewyoba _ kvlevis mixedviT, mo-
qalaqeebis ndoba izrdeba maSin,
rodesac isini potenciuri ndobis
obieqtis Rirebulebebs iziareben.
nebismieri ideologiis warmoamd-
geneli politikuri partiebi, ro-
gorc warmatebuli demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis mTavari gasaRebi,
unda iziarebdnen demokratiul
Rirebulebebs. amasTan, maT xeli
unda Seuwyon amave Rirebulebebis
sazogadoebaSi gaZlierebas imis-
aTvis, rom moqalaqeebma partiebi
sakuTar ideologiasTan axlos md-
gom subieqtebad aRiqvan. arsebu-
li kvlevis mixedviT, demokratia
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebisa da kvleviTi organizaciebi-
saTvis saqarTveloSi:
 moamzadon TiToeuli saparlamento
partiis angariSvaldebulebis Ses-
axeb angariSi _ TiToeuli saparla-
mento politikuri partiis saqmia-
nobis Sefaseba maTi winasaarCevno
dapirebebis mixedviT, gansakuTre-
biT saWiroa moqalaqeebis mier
ndobis oTxive ganzomilebis _
kompetenciis, keTilsindisierebis,
patiosnebisa da prognozirebado-
bis gansasjelad. amasTan, es xels
Seuwyobs partiuli politikis
gamWvirvalobas. Sesabamisad, amg-
vari kvlevebis sazogadoebasTan
efeqtur komunikacias SesaZloa
mniSvnelovani gavlena qondes qa-
rTveli amomrCevlis cnobierebis
doneze.
37
politikur partiebis mier sakmari-
sad prioritetizebuli araa, rac
mniSvnelovania rom Seicvalos.
 Semcirdes negatiuri winasaarCevno
kampania _ gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs,
rom saqarTveloSi sazogadoebas
ar mowons, rodesac kandidatebi
sxva partiebs akritikeben. Sesabam-
isad, negatiuri kampania politi-
kur meinstrimSi marginalizebuli
unda iyos. politikuri partiebi
yuradRebas sakuTar politikaze
unda amaxvilebdnen konkurentebis
diskreditaciis nacvlad. amgvari
midgoma sabolood gazrdis ndo-
bis maCvenebels. es ar niSnavs imas,
rom kampaniis dros ar unda moxdes
saTanado kritika, Tumca Tavmoyva-
re politikuri partia da kandida-
ti yuradRebas mxolod oponentis
kritikaze ar unda amaxvilebdes.
 regularuli sainformacio kam-
paniebiTa da partiuli politikis
kvleviT, xeli Seuwyon saqarTve-
loSi politikis gamWvirvalobas
_ samoqalaqo sazogadoebis or-
ganizaciebsa da kvleviT organi-
zaciebs mniSvnelovani codna da ga-
mocdileba aqvT qarTul partiul
politikaSi. Sesabamisad, am gamoc-
dilebis gamdidreba da sazogadoe-
basTan misi efeqturi komunikacia
moqalaqeebs sakuTari codnis gaR-
rmavebaSi daexmareba, rac ndobis
gazrdas Seuwyobs xels. Tumca,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organi-
zaciebisTvis gamowvevad rCeba is,
rom sazogadoebis ndoba am orga-
nizaciebis mimarTac dabalia.
38
 xeli Seuwyon konstruqciul ganx-
ilvebs da sazogadoebaSi cnobi-
erebis amaRlebas negatiur kampa-
niebTan dakavSirebiT _ samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis organizaciebsa da
kvleviT organizaciebs aqvT poten-
ciali moaxdinon uaryofiTi kam-
paniis SemTxvevebis identificire-
ba da SeimuSaon rekomendaciebi
imis Taobaze, Tu rogor aris Ses-
donori organizaciebisTvis:
 xeli Seuwyon saqarTveloSi parti-
uli politikis mimarT ndobis Ses-
axeb sazogadoebrivi azris gamoki-
Txvebis Catarebas _ ndobis oTxi
ganzomilebis _ kompetenciis, ke-
Tilsindisierebis, patiosnebisa da
prognozirebadobis kvleva xels Se-
uwyobs saqarTveloSi politikuri
ndobis fenomenis ukeT gaazrebas.
 xeli Seuwyon iseTi proeqtebis
ganxorcielebas, romelTa mizania
politikuri partiebis, maTi saqmia-
nobisa da sazogadoebasTan komunik-
aciis gzebis Seswavla saqarTveloSi
_ politikuri partiebis, rogorc
aZlebeli yuradReba gamaxvildes
pozitiur dapiprebebze politi-
kuri oponentebis diskreditaciis
nacvlad. amisaTvis, mniSvnelovania
TiToeuli saarCevno ciklis peri-
odSi moxdes partiebis politiku-
ri platformebis analizi da imis
garkveva, Tu ramdenadaa Tanxve-
draSi politikosebis mxridan ga-
keTebuli sajaro gancxadebebi Se-
sabamisi partiis programasTan.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokrati-
is wamyvani institutebis, Sesaxeb
kvlevebi saqarTveloSi uaRresad
cotaa. politikuri partiebis kv-
levis waxaliseba xels Seuwyobs
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organi-
zaciebs, kvleviT organizacieb-
sa da universitetebs gaiRrmaon
codna am sakiTxis garSemo. Tumca,
yvela am proeqts unda hqondes ko-
munikaciis Zlieri komponenti imi-
saTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegebma qa-
rTvel amomrCevlamde miaRwios da
daexmaros maT sakuTari warmod-
genebis CamoyalibebaSi partiuli
politikis Sesaxeb.
 populisturi nacionalizmi
saqarTveloSi: rogoria misi
gavlena saqarTvelos evropuli
integraciis procesze?

biZina lebaniZe1

Sinaarsi
winamdebare politikis dokumentSi
gaanalizebulia Tu ramdenad axdens
gavlenas populisturi nacionalizmis
mzardi tendencia saqarTvelos evro-
kavSirTan daaxloebis procesze. nor-
matiuli kuTxiT, saqarTveloSi pop-
ulisturi nacionalisturi diskursi
TavisTavad evroskeptikuria, radganac
igi Tavs imkvidrebs progresul da lib-
eralur-demokratiuli Rirebebule-
bebTan winaaRmdegobiT, romlebic
evrokavSiris ganuyofil normebs war-
moadgenen. Tumca, praqtikul doneze,
am dromde misi gavlena saqarTvelos
evropuli integraciis procesze umniS-
vneloa. saqarTvelo aRmosavleT part-
niorobis iniciativis qveynebs Soris
kvlavac yvelaze proevropul saxel-
mwifod rCeba, sadac mosaxleobis 80%
mxars uWers qveynis evrokavSirSi gaw-
41
evrianebas. arc saqarTvelos mTavrobis
mier gadadgmul populisturi naciona-
lizmis wamaxalisebel sadavo nabijebs
dauzianebia mniSvnelovnad qveynis ev-
rokavSirTan funqciuri da instituci-
uri daaxloebis procesi. miuxedavad
amisa, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, pop-
ulisturi nacionalizmis gaZlierebam
SesaZloa Ziri gamouTxaros saqarTve-
los demokratiuli ganviTarebisa da
evrokavSirSi integraciis normatiul
da funqciur safuZvlebs ise, rogorc
es sxva qveynebSi ukve moxda. am proces-
ma SesaZloa Seasustos evropuli inte-
graciis procesis mxardaWera saqarTve-
los moqalaqeebs Soris da xeli Seewyos
populisturi evroskeptikuri dRis wes-
rigis gavlenis gaZlierebas mTavrobasa
da sxva aqtorebze, romlebic qveynis
reformirebis procesSi arian CarTuli.

populisturi speqtris klasifikacia saqarTveloSi

bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi momZlavr- saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri ekle-
da populisturi nacionalisturi sen- sia nacionalistur populistur moTa-
timentebi. bevri sxva evropuli qvey- maSed ar aRiqmeba, samRvdeloebis zo-
nis msgavsad, populisti nacionalisti gierTi warmomadgenlis moqmedebebi da
moTamaSeebi aqtiurad axdenen qveynis leqsika qveyanaSi populisturi dRis
politikuri garemos formirebas wesrigis momZlavrebas uwyobs xels.
da tradiciul politikur partiebs
uzarmazari wnexis qveS amyofeben. saqa- bevri analitikosi politikur jgufebs
rTvelos populisturi speqtri sami Soris erT-erT mniSvnelovan aqtorad,
tipis aqtorisgan Sedgeba: politikuri opoziciur partia saqarTvelos patri-
jgufebi, sazogadoebrivi jgufebi da otTa alianss miiCnevs,2 romelic bolo
media aqtorebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom arCevnebSis Semdeg saqarTvelos parla-
1
biZina lebaniZe aris saqarTvelos politikis institutis (GIP) ufrosi analitikosi.
2
Michael Cecire, “The Kremlin Pulls on Georgia. It’s time for the West to stop taking Tbilisi for granted.,”
2015, https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/09/the-kremlin-pulls-on-georgia/, accessed March 2019; Tamar
Khorbaladze, “Homophobia and gender identity,” 2015, http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/Homopho-
bia-ENG-web%20(1).pdf, accessed March 2019; Adriana Stephan, “Defining the far right in Georgia: From
neo-fascists to populist parties,” 2018, http://gip.ge/defining-the-far-right-in-georgia-from-neo-fascists-to-
populist-parties/, accessed March 2019; Tornike Zurabashvili, “Georgia: the Populist Break-in,” 2016, https://
old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=29626, accessed March 2019.
42
mentSic aris warmodgenili. sxva par-
tiebs Soris, romlebic populistur
nacionalistur partiebad aRiqmebian,
arian demokratiuli moZraoba _ erTiani
saqarTvelo, Tavisufali saqarTvelo
da sxva mcire zomis partiebi3. mmarT-
veli partia qarTuli ocneba ar jdeba
populistur nacionalistur narativ-
Si, Tumca partiis zogierTi moqmedi
da yofili parlamentarebi xSirad ga-
moirCevian populisturi da qsenofobi-
uri ritorikiT.4 qarTul ocnebas aseve
xandaxan brals sdeben populisturi
jgufebis Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis-
admi araadekvaturad rbil midgomaSi.5
amasTan, zogjer iqmneba STabeWdileba,
rom mmarTveli partiis xelisuflebasa
da populistur jgufebs Soris erTg-
vari Sefaruli kavSiri arsebobs. qar-
Tuli ocnebis damaarsebelma da Tavmj-
domarem biZina ivaniSvilma Tavis droze
demokratiuli moZraoba da saqarTve-
los patriotTa aliansi daaxasiaTa, ro-
gorc mesame Zala qarTul politikaSi,6
riTic am ori opoziciuri populistu-
ri partiis legitimacias Seuwyo xeli.
Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos patriotTa
aliansma 2018 wels Riad dauWira mxari
qarTuli ocnebis mier mxardaWeril sa-
prezidento kandidats da opoziciuri
kandidatis sawinaaRmdegod mimdinare
saarCevno kampaniaSi CaerTo.
politikur partiebis momZlavrebis
paralelurad Zalas ikreben populis-
turi sazogadoebrivi moZraobebic.
ukve arsebobs araerTi kargad organi-
zebuli jgufi, romelsac martivad Seu-
Zlia aTasobiT adamianis mobilizeba da
populisturi moTxovnebis gasaJRereb-
lad sakmarisi mxardamWerebis Sekreba.
politikuri moZraoba „qarTuli marSi“
populisturi nacionalisturi speqtris
erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri moTamaSea.
organizaciam, romelsac feisbuqze
daaxloebiT 20,000 mimdevari hyavs,7 or-
ganizeba gauwia imigrantebis, liber-
aluri narko politikisa da umcireso-
baTa uflebebis sawinaaRmdego aqciebs
da monawileobda Jurnalistebisa da
progresuli socialuri aqtivistebis
winaaRmdeg Zaladobriv moqmedebebSi.8
arsebobs aseve sxva mcire zomis orga-
nizaciebi da sazogadoebrivi jgufe-
bi, romelTac politikur procesebze
mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvT. da bolos,
populisturi nacionalisturi diskur-
sis xilvadoba sazogadoebaSi uzrunve-
lyofilia sxvadasxva socialuri media
platformisa da satelivizio mediis

3
Tamar Khorbaladze, “Homophobia and gender identity,” 2015, http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/
Homophobia-ENG-web%20(1).pdf, accessed March 2019.
4
ramdenime magaliTisTvis ixileT: DFWatch, “Georgian MP wants ‘sexual orientation’ deleted from
anti-discrimination law,” 2015, https://dfwatch.net/mp-wants-sexual-orientation-deleted-from-anti-dis-
crimination-law-38333, accessed March 2019 Tamar Khorbaladze, “Homophobia and gender identity,” 2015,
http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/Homophobia-ENG-web%20(1).pdf, accessed March 2019.
5
Thea Morrison, “Georgian NGOs:“Inadequate” Reaction from State Encourages Extremist Groups,”
Georgia Today, 2018, http://georgiatoday.ge/news/9579/Georgian-NGOs-Claim-%E2%80%9CInade-
quate%E2%80%9D-Reaction-from-State-Encourages-Extremist-Groups, accessed March 2019; Zaza Abashid-
ze, “The Georgian March against migrants and NATO,” Jam news, 2018, https://jam-news.net/the-georgian-
march-against-migrants-and-nato/, accessed March 2019.
6
Civil Georgia, “Local Elections Boost Alliance of Patriots Ambitions for Parliamentary Polls,” 2014, https://
old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27395, accessed March 2019.
7
wyaro: Facebook.com, xelmisawvdomia https://www.facebook.com/qartulimarshi/ (wvdomis TariRi 2
marti 2019).
8
Zaza Abashidze, “The Georgian March against migrants and NATO,” Jam news, 2018, https://jam-news.
net/the-georgian-march-against-migrants-and-nato/, accessed March 2019.

saSualebiT. telearxi „obieqtivi“ mud-
mivad uTmobs saeTero dros populis-
turi nacionalisturi sakiTxebis pop-
ularizacias. aseve arsebobs araerTi
jgufi da gverdi feisbuqze, romelTac
aTasobiT mimdevari hyavT9 da social-
ur mediaSi homofobiuri, qsenofobiuri
da anti-dasavluri Sinaarsis Semcvel
masalas avrceleben.
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis msgavsad,
saqarTveloSi populisturi10 nacio-
nalizmis safuZvlebi rTul social-
ur ekonomikur mdgomareobasa (siR-
aribe, umuSevroba da uTanasworoba)
da erovnul-kulturuli identobis
dakargvis SiSiT gamowveul mRelvare-
baSia.11 Tumca, miuxedavad imisa rom
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareo-
ba zogjer mTavrobis mimarT sazo-
43
gadoebrivi ukmayofilebis mTavari
maprovocirebeli faqtoria, populis-
ti nacionalisti moTamaSeebis mxridan
gaJRerebuli popularuli narativi
ZiriTadad identobisa da kulturu-
li sakiTxebis garSemo trialebs. Sesa-
bamisad, nacionalistur-populisturi
narativi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad sami
aseTi sakiTxis irgvliv trialebs: an-
tiliberalizmi, qsenofobia da Sefaru-
li antidasavluroba. es sami diskursi
erTamaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebu-
li da sxvadasxva gziT erTimeoris ga-
Zlierebas uwyoben xels. winamdebare
politikis dokumentSi detaluradaa
ganxiluli aRniSnuli sami diskursi da
gaanalizebulia maTi gavlena evrokav-
SirTan saqarTvelos RirebulebiT da
funqciur daaxloebaze da zogadad,
demokratizaciis procesze.

populisturi nacionalizmis mTavari diskursebi saqarTveloSi

antiliberalizmi

populistur nacionalistur narativs evroskeptikurad ganwyobili aqtorebi

sazogadoebriv doneze garkveuli safuZ-
vlebi qarTul sazogadoebaSi farTod
damkvidrebul tradiciul Rirebule-
bebSi aqvs. rogorc bevri sxva aRmosav-
leT evropis qveyana, saqarTveloSic
Rrmad konservatiuli sazogadoebaa,
mZlavri ojaxisa da tradiciuli Ri-
rebulebebiT (cxrili 1). saqarTveloSi
cdiloben sakuTari interesebisTvis ga-
moiyenon qarTveli mosaxleobis Zlieri
konervatiuli ganwyobebi da evrokav-
Sirs, rogorc amoralur, znedacemul
da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis mowi-
naaRmdege aqtorad warmoaCenen.12 mag-
aliTad, seqsualuri umciresobebis
mimarT Rrma sazogadoebrivi winaaRmde-

9
magaliTad, feisbuq gverds „anti-liberaluri klubi“ yavs 50,595 mimdevari, xolo qarTul ideas
64,147 mimdevari. aseve arsebobs aTze meti feisbuq jgufi 10,000-ze meti mimdevariT. wyaro: yvela
monacemiis naxva SesaZlebelia veb-gverdze (wvdomis TariRi 2 marti 2019).
10
winamdebare dokumentSi populizmis terminis qveS moiazreba ultra-memarjvene da memarjvene
populizmi. memarcxene populizmi, romelic aseve farTodaa saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli, am do-
kumentis ganxilvis farglebs miRmaa.
11
Francis Fukuyama, “The Rise of Populist Nationalism,” 2018, https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/
en/articles/news-and-expertise/francis-fukuyama-the-rise-of-populist-nationalism-201801.html, accessed
March 2019.
12
Nelli Babayan et al., “10 Years of the ENP - The Way Forward with the EaP,” 2015, http://maxcap-project.
eu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/policy-briefs/maxcap_policy_brief_01.pdf, accessed January 2016.
44
gobis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini cdiloben
evrokavSiri warmoaCinon rogorc „mx-
olod da mxolod lgbt-is wamaxalisebe-
li sazogadoeba.“13 erT-erTi angariSis
mixedviT, sadac asaxulia antidasavlu-
ri propaganda saqarTveloSi 2016 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, antiliberaluri media
saSualebebis, politikuri partiebi-
sa da sazogadoebrivi aqtorebis mier
gamoqveynebuli 1258 antidasavluri
gzavnilis erT mesamedze meti idento-
bisa da Rirebulebebis sakiTxs exeba.14
kvlevis mixedviT, mTavar gzavnilebSi
dasavleTi warmoCenelia rogorc mxare,
romelic „homoseqsualobasa“ (232-jer
naxsenebi) da sxva „miuRebel Rirebule-
bebs“ (64-jer naxsenebi) axvevs Tavs saqa-
rTvelos, aseve ebrZvis „marTlmadide-
blobas“ (28) da saqarTvelos „erovnul
TviTmyofadobas da tradiciebs“ (48).15
zogierTi gzavnilis mixedviT ki dasav-
leTi cdilobs saqarTvelos „incesti,
pedofilia, zoofilia, garyvnili cx-
ovrebis wesi“ (21) moaxvios Tavs.16 ms-
gavsi propagandis Sedegad warmoiSva
garkveuli RirebulebiTi SeuTavseblo-
ba, rasac qarTuli sazogadoebis nawili
winaaRmdegobaSi mohyavs evrokavSiris
normatiul safuZvlebTan. magaliT-
ad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis nawili,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas, xSirad iS-
veliebs arguments, rom es „safrTxes
Seuqmnis saqarTvelos erovnuli iden-
tobas“ (24%)17 an miaCnia, rom uvizo re-
Jimi evrokavSiris qveynebTan „moaxdens
qarTuli mentalitetis dakargvas“ (26%)
da qveyana „dakargavs Tavis erovnul
identobas“ (22%).18

cxrili 1: % vinc ambobs, rom _ moralurad arasworia

wyaro: Pew Research Center. 2017. “Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe.”
wvdomis TariRi 23 maisi, 2018. http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/social-views-and-morality/

13
Ibid.
14
Tamar Kintsurashvili, “Anti-Western propaganda,” 2015, p. 13, http://www.media-diversity.org/en/ad-
ditional-files/documents/Anti-Western_Propaganda_Media_Monitoring_Report.pdf, accessed January 2016.
15
Ibid., p. 14.
16
Ibid., p. 14.
17
NDI, “Public attitudes in Georgia Results of a April 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia,” 2017,
https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_April%202017_Foreign%20Affairs_ENG_vf.pdf, ac-
cessed August 2018.
18
NDI, “Public attitudes in Georgia Results of a November 2016 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Geor-
gia,” 2017, https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI_November%202016%20poll_Issues_ENG_vf.pdf,
accessed April 2017.

saqarTvelos mTavroba ramdenjerme
daemorCila sazogadoebriv wnexs da
populisturi ganwyobebis kidev ufro
momZlavrebis Tavidan asacileblad
ramdenime sadavo nabiji gadadga. mag-
aliTad, mTavrobam axal konstituci-
aSi asaxa erTnairsqesianTa qorwinebis
akrZalva.19 axali konstituciis 30-e
muxlSi qorwineba gansazRvrulia, ro-
gorc „qalisa da mamakacis kavSiri ojax-
45
is Seqmnis mizniT.“20 mzardi protestis
fonze, mTavrobam aseve ukan daixia sa-
medicino miznebiT marixuanas kulti-
vaciis legalizebis sakiTxze,21 Tumca,
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dauyenebia sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
administraciuli sasjelis gauqmebaze,
riTic faqtobrivad marixuanas piradi
moxmarebis legalizebas mxari dauWi-
ra.22

• gavlena saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan daaxloebis procesze

ramdenad axdens gavlenas araliberal- bas.24 amasTan, qarTveli sazogadoebis

uri moTamaSeebis mzardi aqtivoba da
diskursi saqarTvelos demokratizaci-
isa da evropuli integraciis pro-
cesze? saqarTvelos mosaxleobas Soris
araliberaluri an socialur-konserva-
tiuli Sexedulebebi garkveul sakiTx-
ebTan dakavSirebiT pirdapir ar iasax-
eba evroskepticizmis gaZlierebaSi.
piriqiT, sazogadoebrivi azris kvleve-
bi aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo aRmosav-
leT partniorobis iniciativis saxel-
mwifoebs Soris yvelaze proevropuli
qveyanaa, sadac mosaxlobis 80%23 mxars
uWers evrokavSirSi qveynis gawevriane-
TvalSi evrokavSiri kvlav yvelaze san-
do saerTaSoriso moTamaSed rCeba _ mas
sazogadoebis 69% endoba (yvelaze maRa-
li maCvenebeli aRmosavleT partnioro-
bis iniciativis qveynebs Soris), 55%-
iani mxardaWera aqvs gaeros, 54%-iani _
natos da 18%-iani _ evraziis ekonomi-
kur kavSirs.25 aseve, meores mxriv, verc
populisturi ganwyobebs gaZlierebam
da verc mTavrobis damTmobma nabijebma
SeZlo moexdina mniSvnelovani gavlena
saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan funqciuri
daaxloebis procesze. magaliTisTvis,
iuridiulad, erTnairsqesianTa qor-

19
Ron Synovitz, “Georgian Dream Doubles Down On Same-Sex Marriage Ban,” RFE/RL, 2017, https://www.
rferl.org/a/georgian-dream-doubles-down-same-sex-marriage-ban/28577114.html, accessed March 2019.
20
Matsne.gov.ge, “Constitution of Georgia,” 2019, https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/30346?pub-
lication=35, accessed March 2019.
21
BBC, “Church protests halt Georgia cannabis law,” 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-
elsewhere-45563477, accessed March 2019.
22
Shawn Wayne, “Smoking Marijuana Legalized in Georgia,” 2018, http://georgiatoday.ge/news/11592/
Smoking-Marijuana-Legalized-in-Georgia, accessed March 2019.
23
NDI, “Public attitudes in Georgia Results of a April 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia,” 2017,
https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_April%202017_Foreign%20Affairs_ENG_vf.pdf, ac-
cessed August 2018.
24
imave periodSi evrokavSiris wevrobis mxardaWera ukrainaSi mxolod 53%, xolo moldovaSi 47%
iyo. wyaro: IRI, “Public Opinion Survey of Residents of Ukraine,” 2017, http://www.iri.org/sites/default/
files/2017-may-survey-of-residents-of-ukraine_en.pdf, accessed February 2019. IRI, “Public Opinion Survey:
Residents of Moldova,” 2017, https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2017-11-8_moldova_poll_
presentation.pdf, accessed February 2019.
25
Ecorys, “Open neighborhood - communicating for a stronger partnership: connecting with citizens
across the Eastern neighborhood,” 2016, p. 23, https://www.euneighbours.eu/sites/default/files/publica-
tions/2017-02/EU%20Neighbours%20East_Full.report_6.pdf, accessed February 2019.
46
winebis akrZalva ar ewinaaRmdegeba ev-
rokavSiris regulaciebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom evrokavSiris wevr bevr qveyanaSi,
erTnairsqesianTa qorwineba kvlav ara-
legaluria da rig SemTxvevebSi, saqa-
rTvelos msgavsad, konstituciiTaa
akrZaluli.26 meore mxriv, 2018 wels
rumineTis winaaRmdeg umniSvnelovane-
si saqmiT, marTlmsajulebis evropulma
sasamarTlom (ECJ) dadebiTad gadawyvi-
ta evrokavSirSi binadrobis uflebis
sakiTxi erTnairseqsiani wyvilebisaT-
vis.27 sasamarTlos mtkicebiT, evroka-
vSiris wevr qveynebs ar aqvT ufleba
„evrokavSiris moqalaqes SeuzRudon
binadrobis ufleba erTnairsqesiani
mewyvilis memkvidreobiTi uflebis Sez-
RudviT maT teritoriaze.“28 Tumca igive
ganaCenis mixedviT, „[evrokavSiris] wevr
saxelmwifoebs aqvT ufleba gadawyviton
erTnairsqesian pirebs Soris qorwinebis
nebarTvis sakiTxi.“29 es ki niSnavs imas,
rom saqarTvelo ar iqneba valdebuli
moaxdinos erTnairsqesiani pirebis qor-
winebis legalizacia, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu gaxdeba evrokavSiris wevri qveya-
na.30 es ra Tqma unda ar niSnavs imas, rom
seqsualur umciresobebs saqarTveloSi
problemebi ar eqmnebaT. zogadad, qar-
Tuli sazogadoeba lgbt Temis mimarT
naklebad solidarulia. mTavrobis mx-
ridan socialur-konservatiuli da me-
marjvene aqtivistebis mimarT damyoli
damokidebuleba umciresobebsa da sxva
mowyvlad jgufebs fizikuri Zalado-
bisa da socialuri stigmatizaciis sa-
frTxis qveS ayenebs.31 Sesabamisad, erT-
nairsqesianTa qorwinebis safrTxisgan
gansxvavebiT, umciresobebis samoqa-
laqo da politikuri uflebebis dacva
calsaxad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gaxdeba
saqarTvelosTvis, Tu is evrokavSiris
wevrobisken svlas ganagrZobs.

26
Claire Felter and Danielle Renwick, “Same-Sex Marriage: Global Comparisons,” CFR, 2017, https://www.
cfr.org/backgrounder/same-sex-marriage-global-comparisons, accessed February 2019; Guardian, “Gay
spouses have rights in all EU countries, says European court official,” 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/
society/2018/jan/11/gay-spouses-rights-all-eu-countries-european-court-adviser, accessed February 2019.
27
BBC, “Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules,” 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-europe-44366898, accessed February 2019.
28
Ibid.
29
Ibid.
30
aq mniSvnelovani rom ganvasxvavoT erTnairsqesian pirTa qorwineba ernairseqsiani wyvilebis
legaluri aRiarebisgan. saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqtze komentirebisas, veneciis komisiam
aRniSna, rom „adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (ECHR) avaldebulebs wevr saxelmwifoebs
uzrunvelyon erTnairsqesiani wyvilebis legaluri aRiareba; erTnairsqesiani partniorebis urT-
ierTobebis legaluri statusis araRiareba ECHR-is me-8 da me-14 muxlebis darRvevas udris.“
wyaro: Venice Commission, “Georgia. Draft opinion on the draft revised constitution,” 2017, https://www.
venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL(2017)019-e, accessed March 2019, gv. 12.
2015 wels umniSvnelovanesi saqmiT „oliari da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg“ adamianis uflebaTa
evropulma sasamarTlom (ECHR) daadgina, rom „homoseqsualuri urTierTobebis aRiarebisTvis
iuridiuli CarCos ararseboba arRvevs piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis daculobis uflebas“. wyaro:
Giuseppe Zago, “Oliari and Others v. Italy: a stepping stone towards full legal recognition of same-sex re-
lationships in Europe,” 2015, https://strasbourgobservers.com/2015/09/16/oliari-and-others-v-italy-a-step-
ping-stone-towards-full-legal-recognition-of-same-sex-relationships-in-europe/, accessed March 2019.
31
RFE/RL, “LGBT Supporters Rally In Tbilisi, Despite Fears Of Violence,” 2018, https://www.rferl.org/a/
fearing-violence-georgian-rights-groups-cancel-event-aimed-against-homophobia/29232476.html, accessed
February 2019.
 47
qsenofobia

homofobiur antiliberaluri Rire- aradasavluri qveynebidan, magaliTad

bulebebis garda, saqarTveloSi popu-
listuri diskursi qsenofobiis garSe-
moc trialebs. amasTan, aRniSvnis
Rirsia, rom rogorc evrokavSiris
wevr saxelmwifoebSi, ise saqarTveloS-
ic qsenofobia sakmaod seleqciur xa-
siaTs atarebs. is ZiriTadad mimarTu-
lia imigrantebis mimarT konkretuli
arabuli saxelmwifoebidan, iranidan,
TurqeTidan da CineTidan.32 meores mx-
riv, antiimigrantuli da qsenofobiu-
ri damokidebuleba naklebad Cans aSS-s,
evrokavSiris wevri qvevynebis, zogierT
post-sabWoTa sivrcis saxelmwifosa da
ruseTis mimarTac ki (grafa 1).

grafa 1: qarTvelebis damokidebuleba sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis mimarT33

32
CRRC, “Georgians have more negative attitudes towards the Chinese than other foreigners in Georgia,” 2017,
http://crrc-caucasus.blogspot.com/2019/01/georgians-have-more-negative-attitudes.html, accessed March
2019; CRRC, “Is xhenophobia on the rise in Georgia?,” 2014, http://crrc-caucasus.blogspot.com/2014/09/is-
xenophobia-on-rise-in-georgia.html, accessed March 2019; CRRC, “Caucasus Barometer 2017 Georgia,” 2017,
https://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2017ge/codebook/, accessed March 2019.
33
CRRC, “Caucasus Barometer 2017 Georgia,” 2017, https://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2017ge/code-
book/, accessed March 2019.
48

bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi,
ultra memarjvene jgufebma da aqtiv-
istebma antiimigrantuli aqciebis tal-
Ra gamarTes da aTasobiT mxardamWeri
miizides. ufro metic, maTma moTxovnam,
gamkacrebuliyo qveynis saimigracio
politika da SezRuduliyo miwis miy-
idva ucxoelebisTvis didi mxardaWera
moipova sazogadoebaSi. 2018 wlis NDI-s
gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, mosaxleobis
56%-is azriT, „saqarTvelom unda Sez-
Rudos saqarTveloSi Camomsvleli ucx-
oeli imigrantebis raodenoba“, 72%-s ki
miaCnia, rom „samsaxurSi ayvanisas dam-
saqmebelma upiratesoba ucxoelebTan
SedarebiT qarTvelebs unda mianiWon,
kandidatis kvalifikaciis miuxeda-
vad.“34 2017 wels Catarebuli kidev erTi
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, qarTvelebis 64%
miwebis ucxoelebisTvis miyidvis kate-
goriuli winaaRmdegi iyo.35 oficialu-
ri monacemebiT, im ucxoelebis ricxvi,
romlebic saxnav-saTes miwebs yidulo-
ben, SedarebiT mcirea Tu ar CavTvliT
saqarTvelos post-sabWoTa mezobeli
qveynebis moqalaqeebs.36 amis miuxedavad,
2013 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam ver
gauZlo politikur da sazogadoebriv
wnexs da saxnav-saTesi miwebis gayid-
vaze SezRudvebi daawesa. mogvianebiT,
SezRudvebi aisaxa axal konstituciaSi,
romelic ZalaSi 2019 wlis ianvarSi Sev-
ida _ nabiji, romelic aRqmuli iyo ro-
gorc „populisturi svla ekonomikuri

34
NDI, “Public attitudes in Georgia Results of December 2018 survey,” 2018, http://caucasusbarometer.org/
downloads/NDI_presentation/NDI%20Georgia_December%202018%20poll_Political_ENG_Version%20Fi-
nal.pdf, accessed February 2019.
35
OC Media, “Georgia temporarily lifts ban on sale of agricultural land to foreign citizens,” 2018, https://
oc-media.org/georgia-temporarily-lifts-ban-on-sale-of-agricultural-land-to-foreign-citizens/, accessed Feb-
ruary 2019.
36
mState Commission on Migration Issues, “2017 Migration Profile of Georgia,” 2017, http://migration.com-
mission.ge/files/migration_profile_2017_eng__final_.pdf, accessed January 2019.

nacionalizmisken.“37 es nabiji mkacrad
gaakritikes adgilobrivma sadamkvir-
veblo organizaciebma da opoziciurma
partiebma, gansakuTrebiT ki wina xeli-
suflebas gamoyofilma jgufebma, ro-
melTac neoliberaluri ekonomikuri
dRis wesrigi aqvT. amasTan, gasul wels
saqarTvelos parlamentma gadawyvita
aseve SeezRuda ucxoel moqalaqeebze
binadrobis mowmobebis gacema. kanon-
proeqti amkacrebs finansur moTxovnebs
nebarTvebisTvis sakuTrebis, samuSao,
sainvesticio saqmianobisa da mudmivi
binadrobis mizniT.38 Tbilisis meris,
49
kaxa kalaZis gancxadebiT, binadrobis
nebarTvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTx-
ebis regulireba „saqarTvelos moqa-
laqeebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
unda moxdes“ da im ucxoelebma, visac
surT saqarTveloSi cxovreba da muSao-
ba unda Seitanon „adekvaturi wvli-
li“ saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi.39 jamSi,
qarTuli ocnebis mTavroba cdilobs
calkeuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis
saSualebiT mianelos antiimigrantuli
da populisturi ganwyobebi da moigos
memarjvene amomrCevlis guli.

• gavlena saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan daaxloebis procesze

Tumca sakiTxavia, ramdenad uSlis xels kuTrebul dacvas saWiroebs.“40 zogadad

saqarTveloSi sazogadoebis antiimi-
grantuli talRa qveynis evropul inte-
gracias? mTavrobis proteqcionistuli
antiimigrantuli politika pirdapir
ar ewinaaRmdegeba evrokavSiris regu-
laciebs an evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi
danergil praqtikas. ufro metic, evro-
kavSiris wevr bevr saxelmwifos msgavsi
midgoma aqvs miwis dacvasTan dakavSire-
biT. evrokomisiis mier SemuSavebuli
direqtivebis mixedviT, evrokavSiris
wevr saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT sxva-
dasxva proteqcionistuli RonisZiebebi
gaataron. direqtivis mixedviT, „sasof-
lo-sameurneo miwa SezRuduli da gan-
sakuTrebuli qonebaa, romelic gansa-
da saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic miwis gay-
idvis akrZalvis ekonomikuri mxare saka-
maToa. arsebobs mosazreba, rom akrZal-
va samomavlod investiciebis Semcirebas
gamoiwvevs da „soflad siRaribes Seu-
wyobs xels.“41 Tumca, es saqarTvelos
evrokavSirTan miaxloebis process
pirdapir ar daazianebs an xels ar SeuS-
lis. aq mniSvnelovania ori sakiTxi. pir-
veli, saqarTveloSi miwaze SezRudvis
daweseba axali araa, aramed Tanxvedra-
Sia aRmosavleT evropis evrokavSiris
wevri saxelmwifoebis umravlesobis
politikasTan. evrokavSirma am qveynebs
saSualeba misca SezRudvebi daewese-
bina ucxoeli investorebis mier miwis

337
EurasiaNet.org, “Georgia Keeping Its Land Off-Limits for Foreigners,” 2017, https://eurasianet.org/geor-
gia-keeping-its-land-off-limits-for-foreigners, accessed February 2019.
38
Agenda.ge, “Parliamentary committee confirms changes for residency permits for foreigners,” 2018, http://
agenda.ge/en/news/2018/2330, accessed March 2019.
39
Agenda.ge, “Parliamentary committee confirms changes for residency permits for foreigners,” 2018, http://
agenda.ge/en/news/2018/2330, accessed March 2019.
40
European Commission, “Sales of farmland: Commission issues guidelines to Member States,” 2017, http://
europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-3901_en.pdf, accessed January 2019.
41
Hans Gutbrod, “Ban on Foreign Ag-Ownership in Georgia — Why Leases are Not the Solution,” 2017,
https://medium.com/@hansgutbrod/ban-on-foreign-ag-ownership-in-georgia-why-leases-are-not-the-solu-
tion-6abdb72706e1, accessed January 2019.
50
Sesyidvaze sxvadasxva tranziciuli Se-
Tanxmebebis saSualebiT.42 Sesabamisad,
im naklebad savaraudo SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu saqarTvelo axlo momavalSi ev-
rokavSiris wevrobis kandidati qveyana
gaxdeba, teqnikurad miwis dacvis poli-
tikis evrokavSiris regulaciebTan Se-
sabamisobis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani ga-
mowveva ar iqneba. meore, qarTvelebis
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ZiriTadad
mimarTulia qveynebis garkveuli jgu-
fisken, gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavle-
Tis saxelmwifoebisaken. evrokavSiris
wevri qveynebis mxridan investiciebi ki
ufro sasurvelad aRiqmeba. magaliT-
ad, CRRC-s 2017 wlis gamokiTxvebis
mixedviT, saqarTvelos ekonomikur gan-
viTarebaSi amerikelebs da evropelebs
qarTvelebi yvelaze metad endobian
(grafa 2).43 Sesabamisad, yvelaze radika-
li ultramemarjvene aqtorebisTvisac
ki, evrokavSirisa da misi wevri saxel-
mwifoebis ekonomikuri da finansuri
kontribuciis winaaRmdeg brZola azrs
moklebulia.

grafa 2: qarTvelebis damokidebuleba sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis mimarT44

42
Simon Marks, “Eastern Europe turns back on single market,” 2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/east-
ern-europe-versus-the-single-market/, accessed January 2019.
43
CRRC, “Georgians have more negative attitudes towards the Chinese than other foreigners in Georgia,”
2017, http://crrc-caucasus.blogspot.com/2019/01/georgians-have-more-negative-attitudes.html, accessed
March 2019.
44
wyaro: CRRC, “Georgians have more negative attitudes towards the Chinese than other foreigners in Geor-
gia,” 2017, http://crrc-caucasus.blogspot.com/2019/01/georgians-have-more-negative-attitudes.html, ac-
cessed March 2019.
 51
antidasavluroba

populistur nacionalisturi diskur- kiTxvis niSnis qveS saqarTvelos pro-

sis mesame narativi antidasavlurobaa.
nacionalisturi populisturi jgufe-
bis umravlesoba iziarebs SedarebiT
rbil pozicias ruseTis mimarT da dis-
tancirdeba dasavleTisgan. magaliTad,
qarTuli marSis liderebs miaCniaT, rom
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgena mxolod ruseTTan dialogi-
Ta da axlo urTierTobiTaa SesaZle-
beli da rom ruseTTan urTierTobis
aRdgenisaTvis aucilebelia, rom saqa-
rTvelo aRar aRiqmebodes „dasavle-
Tis agentebis mier marTul“ qveyanad.45
saqarTvelos nacionalisti populiste-
bi aseve ewinaaRmdegebian „ucxoeTidan
dafinansebul“ arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebs, radgan maTi TqmiT, es or-
ganizaciebi saqarTvelos erovnul
identobas emuqrebian. gansakuTrebiT
kritikuli damokidebuleba SeiniSneba
fondi Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelos
mimarT, romelic jorj sorosis fon-
dis globaluri qselis adgilobrivi
organizaciaa.46 Sesabamisad, evropeli
populistebis kvaldakval, qarTveli
populisti nacionalistebi iyeneben
dasavleTis uaryofiTi zegavlenis Ses-
axeb diskurss sakuTari politikuri
dRis wesrigis gasaaqtiureblad.
amasTan, formalurad, arc erTi popu-
listi nacionalisti aqtori ar ayenebs
dasavlur orientacias. sakuTari parti-
is programaSi, saqarTvelos patriotTa
aliansi formalurad mxars uWers saqa-
rTvelos gawevrianebas evrokavSirsa da
natoSi, Tumca isini aseve xazs usvamen
im faqts, rom radgan es organizaciebi
ar arian mzad saqarTvelo maT wevrad
miiRon, qveynis mTavrobam unda scados
ufro pragmatuli sagareo politikis
gatareba.47 Sesabamisad, evrokavSirisa
da natos gafarToebis procesis Seferx-
eba pirdapir asxams wyals populistebis
wisqvilze. es jgufebi aseve acnobiere-
ben, rom qarTul sazogadoebaSi ruseTis
mimarT kvlav uaryofiTi damokidebule-
baa, Sesabamisad populistebi cdiloben
Tavidan airidon „prorusuli“ iarliyi.
isini sakuTar Tavs proqarTul jgufad
ixsenieben, rac gulismobs ruseTTan da
dasavleTTan Tanabrad distancirebas.48
amis miuxedavad, cxadia, rom saqarTve-
los patriotTa alianssa da sxva pop-
ulistur moTamaSeebs sxva tradiciul
partiebTan da samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis organizaciebTan SedarebiT, ruse-
Tis mimarT ufro metad keTilganwyo-
bili politika aqvT. maT aseve mWidro
kavSiri aqvT ruseTis mier dafinanse-
bul sazogadoebriv fondebTan da sxva
aqtorebTan, romlebic post-sabWo-
Ta sivrceSi rusuli rbili Zalis xe-
lSewyobas isaxaven miznad.49

45
Zaza Abashidze, “The Georgian March against migrants and NATO,” Jam news, 2018, https://jam-news.
net/the-georgian-march-against-migrants-and-nato/, accessed March 2019.
46
Civil Georgia, “Ultranationalists Rally Against Soros Foundation, Land Ownership Changes,” 2017, https://
old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=30436, accessed March 2019.
47
Alliance of Patriots of Georgia, “Our Vision & Program,” 2019, http://patriots.ge/our-vision-program/,
accessed March 2019.
48
Ibid.
49
TI Georgia, “Anatomy of Georgian Neo-Nazism,” 2018, https://www.transparency.ge/en/blog/anato-
my-georgian-neo-nazism, accessed March 2019.
52
• gavlena saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan daaxloebis procesze

homofobiuri da qsenofobiuri di- Tuli ocnebis mTavrobis mxridan adgi-

skursis msgavsad, populisti na- lobrivi antidasavluri ganwyobis mqone
cionalistebis mier mxardaWeril aqtorebis mimarT rig SemTxvevebSi rbi-
antidasavlurobas saqarTvelos ev- li damokidebuleba kidev ufro metad
rokavSirTan urTierTobis seqtorul uwyobs xels maTi politikuri dRis
an politikur daaxloebaze jerje- wesrigis legitimacias. grZelvadian
robiT mniSvnelovani gavlena ar aqvs. perspeqtivaSi, Tuki ar moxda am fenome-
Tumca, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, nis kontroli, SesaZloa sazogadoeba-
anti-dasavluri diskursis xelSewyo- Si saqarTvelos evropuli integraci-
ba sazogadoebis mxridan saqarTvelos is proeqtTan dakavSirebuli „mdumare
evropuli momavlis mxardaWeras Seam- Tanxmoba“ gaqres da mosaxleoba evro-
cirebs da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis puli integraciis mimarT uaryofiTad
garkveul segmentSi antidasavluri gan- ganewyos.50
wyobebis gamyarebas Seuwyobs xels. qar-

daskvna da rekomendaciebi
jamSi, saqarTveloSi qveynis evropuli
integraciis procesze populizmis gav-
lena arc Tu ise martivi aRmosaCenia.
Tuki rigi mimarTulebebisa, magaliTad
umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, kvlav
problemur sakiTxad rCeba, mzardi pop-
ulizmis mizeziT saqarTvelos evro-
kavSirTan funqciuri an insitituci-
uri daaxloebis procesis stagnaciis
an ukusvlis tendencia ar SeiniSneba.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos
evrokavSirSi integraciis procesze
mzardi populizmis gavlena sakamaToa
da saWiroebs met kvlevas. am etapze,
populistma aqtorebma ver moaxerxes
saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan urTier-
Tobebis pirdapiri sabotaJi da verc
qveynis evropuli integraciis procesis
winaaRmdeg sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebis
Seqmna SeZles.
amis miuxedavad, populisturi naciona-
lizmidan momdinare riskebi saTanadod
unda Sefasdes. populisti nacional-
istebi axerxeben qveyanaSi politiku-
ri dRis wesrigis formirebas da ukve
ramdenjerme aiZules xelisufleba naw-
ilobriv daeTmoT proevropuli re-
formebis dRis wesrigi populisturi
caitgaistis sasargeblod. amasTan, so-
cialur-ekonomikuri viTareba Zalian
nela icvleba da mosaxleobis umeteso-
bas kvlav socialuri siduxWire da umu-
Sevroba awuxebs, rac mosalodnelia,
rom kidev ufro metad gaaZlierebs pop-
ulistur ganwyobebs qveyanaSi. Sesabam-
isad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam da samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebam, evrokavSirisa da
sxva dasavleli aqtorebis daxmarebiT,
aqtiuri zomebi unda miiRos qveyanaSi
evroskeptikuri populizmis gaZlier-

50
„mdumare Tanxmoba“ gulisxmobs mosaxleobis mxridan evropuli integraciis usityvo/ aradeklar-
irebul Tanxmobas. misi sapirispiro procesia SemzRudavi disensusi, rodesac mosaxleoba vetos
uflebis mqone aqtorad iqceva. ixileT: Hooghe L and Marks G (2009) A postfunctionalist theory of Eu-
ropean integration: From permissive consensus to constraining dissensus. British journal of political science
39(1): 1–23.

ebis SesaCereblad. amisaTvis, winamde-
bare politikis narkvevSi warmodgenil-
ia ramdenime rekomendacia saqarTvelos
mTavrobisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis
organizaciebisTvis:
 evrokavSiris Sesaxeb reduqcion-
istuli miTis damsxvreva evrokav-
Siris normebisa da Rirebulebebis
erTiani suraTis xazgasmiT da saqa-
rTvelos mosaxleobisTvis mimzid-
veli kontrnarativis SeqmniT.
kontrnarativi SeiZleba gulisx-
mobdes meti yuradRebis gamax-
vilebas iseT sakiTxebze, rogori-
caa keTildReobis saxelmwifo,
socialuri uflebebi, politiku-
ri Tavisuflebebi, garemos dacvis
maRali standartebi, solidaroba,
korufciis dabali done da profe-
sionaluri mTavroba.
 skolebSi politikur ganaTlebaze
iseTi ZiriTadi kursebis SemoRe-
ba rogoricaa ganmanaTleblobis
epoqa, demokratia, politikuri
angariSvaldebuleba da gamWvir-
valoba, keTildReobis saxelm-
wifo, efeqturi mmarTveloba,
solidaroba da subsidiaroba,
rac aramxolod evrokavSirze, ar-
amed evropisa da dasavluri civ-
ilizaciis fundamentur normebze
iqneba fokusirebuli da gadafara-
vs populistur ritorikas.
 dawyebiT da saSualo skolebis
programaSi evropuli enebis Ses-
wavlis gaZliereba. mosaxleobis
yvela jgufs, gansakuTrebiT ki ax-
53
bisTvis, iseve rogorc evrokavSirsa da
saqarTveloSi moqmedi sxva saerTaSori-
so organizaciebisTvis.
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
algazrdebs unda SeeZloT evroka-
vSiris Sesaxeb informaciis miReba
da gageba evropuli sainformacio
wyaroebidan. es ruseTis _ da zo-
gierTi adgilobrivi _ televiziisa
da internet wyaroebis mier warmoe-
buli saziano propagandis gavle-
nas Seamcirebs. politikuri ganaT-
lebisa da evropuli (da qarTuli)
enebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT,
aucilebelia yuradReba gamaxvil-
des mosaxleobaze umciresobebiT
dasaxlebul regionebSi, romlebic
yvelaze metad arian daucvelebi
rusul enovani propagandis pirisp-
ir.
 adgilobriv da regionul satele-
vizio arxebze im programebis da-
finanseba, romlebic obieqturad
gaaSuqeben evrokavSiris wevr
saxelmwifoebSi mimdinare movlen-
ebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda daeTmos ekonomikur wins-
vlas, adamianur da teqnologiur
progress da evrokavSiris wevri
qveynebis rigiTi moqalaqeebis is-
toriebs.
 samTavrobo da politikurma par-
tiebma unda scadon mkafio zR-
vari ipovon naconalistur pop-
ulistur narativebsa da zomier
konservatiul Rirebulebebs So-
54
ris, romelic saqarTvelos mosax-
leobaSi farTod aris miRebuli.
Tuki tradiciuli konservatizmi
srulad Tavsebadia evrokavSiris
RirebulebebTan, populisturi na-
cionalisturi narativebi saqarT-
velos evrokavSirSi integraciisT-
vis sazianod unda aRiqmebodes.
rekomendaciebi evrokavSirisa da evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis:
 evrokavSirma unda gaaZlieros
demokratiuli pirobiToba saxel-
mwifos warmomadgenlebis mimarT
imisaTvis, rom mosaxleobam gaacno-
bieros, rom evrokavSiri da evro-
puli saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelos
mTavrobaze metad, saqarTvelos
mosaxleobaze zrunaven. es xels
Seuwyobs evroskeptikosi aqtore-
bis antidasavluri narativis ga-
neitralebas, romelic saxelmwifo
moxeleebs dasavleTis marionete-
bad, xolo dasavleTs _ imperiul
Zalad warmoadgens.
 saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris imiji
problemuria imis gamo, rom ev-
rokavSiri ar akeTebs sakmarisad
mets regionebsa da umciresobebiT
dasaxlebul adgilebSi sakuTari
aqtivobebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebrivi
 mTavroba ufro metad unda gaaqti-
urdes im sferoebis ufro efeqtur
marTvaSi, romlebic ultra-memar-
jvene da evroskeptikuri popu-
lizmis gaRvivebis kerebs warmoad-
genen. es SesaZloa gulisxmobdes
saxelwmifo sazRvrebis ukeTes
dacvas da aralegaluri imigraciis
ufro mkacr kontrols.
cnobierebis asamaRleblad. evro-
kavSirma da wevrma saxelmwifoebma
unda gaaumjobeson sakomunikacio
strtegia saqarTveloSi da magaliT-
ad daafinanson reklamebi erovnul
da regionul satelevizio arxebze
imisaTvis, rom ukeT gamoCndes Tu
ras akeTebs evrokavSiri saqarTve-
losTvis da saqarTveloSi.
 miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokav-
Sirs ar moswons politikuri sim-
bolizmis ena, man unda scados Se-
qmnas ufro Zlieri, principuli
da efeqturi imiji populistu-
ri narativis sapirwoned, romlis
mixedviTac, evrokavSiri susti
da araefeqturia imisaTvis, rom
gaumklavdes sakuTar Sida da gare
problemebs da rom seriozulad
iyos aRqmuli sxva aqtorebis mier.
politikuri polarizacia da
media - ra safrTxis winaSe
dgas demokratiuli procesi
saqarTveloSi?

nino robaqiZe1

abstraqti
politikuri polarizaciis problema
msoflios masStabiT tradiciuli lib-
eraluri demokratiis qveynebis dRis
wesrigSi dgas. paralelurad, rogorc
erT-erTi mTavari demokratiuli insti-
tuti, mediac axali gamowvevebis winaSe
dadga. konkretuli sazogadoebrivi
jgufebis ndobas tradiciuli mediis
mimarT, profesionalizmsa da mediis
mier faqtebis obieqtur gaSuqebaze me-
tad, mediasaSualebis partiuli Tu ide-
ologiuri perspeqtiva gansazRvravs.
politikuri polarizacia qarTuli
mediis landSaftis gamowvevacaa. gan-
sakuTrebuli simwvaviT es problema
mniSvnelovani politikuri procesebis
57
gaaqtiurebisas, magaliTad saarCevno
ciklebis paralelurad iCens Tavs. ar-
sebobs mosazreba, rom polarizebuli
mediagaremo ar warmoadgens realur
problemas Tu zogadad mediagaremo
qveyanaSi pluralistulia da amomrCev-
els gansxvavebul mediasaSaulebebze
miuwvdeba xeli. warmoadgens Tu ara
fragmentirebuli qarTuli mediagare-
mo TavisTavad safrTxes da ramdenad
SeZlebs aseTi media Seasrulos Jur-
nalistikis erT-erTi umTavresi _ saja-
ro forumis funqcia da moamzados mo-
qalaqeebi informirebuli politikuri
arCevanisTvis?

Sesavali

pluraluri mediagaremo demokrati- politikur partiebTan afilirebuli

is Sefasebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
kriteriumia da gulisxmobs mediis
mflobelobis mravalferovnebas, da-
moukideblobas partiuli gavlenebi-
sgan, mravalferovani sazogadoebrivi
interesebis samsaxurs, sazogadoebisa
da politikuri speqtris gansxvavebu-
li Sexedulebebis jerovan asaxvas me-
diaSi2. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas,
rom mxolod mediasaSualebebis simrav-
le, romlebic Tavis mxriv politikuri
gavlenis sferoebis mixedviT arian day-
ofili, ar niSnavs mediapluralizms da
es mocemuloba arasakmarisia demokra-
tiuli standartisTvis. sxvadasxva
telearxebis arseboba SeiZleba Sefas-
des, rogorc virtualuri pluralizmi.3
demokratiul sazogadoebas ki sWirdeba
Sinaarsobrivad mravalferovani, real-
urad pluralisturi media.
bolo wlebis manZilze, wamyvan qarTul
sainformacio wyaroebs Soris ori kerZo
telemauwyebeli stabilurad liderobs
_ telekompania „imedi“ da „rusTavi 2“
erTmaneTis mTavari konkurentebi ari-
an4 da amave dros, orive wamyvan politi-
kur ZalasTan asocirdeba: telekompania
imedi mmarTvel partia „qarTul ocne-
basTan“, xolo „rusTavi 2“ _ yvelaze

1
nino robaqiZe _ mediamkvlevari, SAFE iniciativis evraziis centris menejeri, IREX
* avtori madlobas uxdis mariam grigalaSvils, kvlevaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis.
2
Peruško, Z. (2010). The Link That Matters: Media Concentration and Diversity of Content. in B. Klimkiewicz
(ed.), Media Freedom and Pluralism: Media Policy Challenges in the Enlarged Europe, Central European University
Press, pp. 261-273
3
iqve.
4
TVMR GE. (Tebervali, 2018). 2017 wlis yvelaze reitingulebi #1. xelmisawvdomia: https://bit.
ly/2UTjcjP
58
didi reitingis mqone opoziciur par-
tia „erTian nacionalur moZraobasTan.“
`reportiorebi sazRvrebs gareSe~ 2013
wlidan moyolebuli saqarTveloSi me-
diagaremos afasebs, rogorc `plural-
uri, Tumca jer kidev polarizebuli~5,
rac, Tavis mxriv, negatiur gavlenas ax-
dens mTlianad medialandSaftze.
mediis polarizacia mniSvnelovnad
aisaxeba mosaxleobis ganwyobebze.
mikerZoebiT gaSuqebuli movlenebi,
romlebic faqtis miwodebis nacvlad
daufaravad afiqsirebs pozicias rome-
lime politikuri Zalis sasargeblod an
sawinaaRmdegod, qarTuli mediasivrcis
damaxasiaTebel niSnad iqca. am fonze,
2018 weli qveyanaSi mimdinare politi-
kuri movlenebis, kerZod ki sapreziden-
to arCevnebis gamo, metad saintereso
gamodga. 2018 wlis saprezidento arCev-
nebma ufro metad warmoaCina mediis po-
larizaciis negatiuri gavlena qveyana-
Si mimdinare politikur procesebze da
mediis mravalferovnebis mniSvneloba
qveynis stabiluri demokratiuli gan-
viTarebisTvis.
rogorc kavkasiis barometris sazoga-
doebrivi azris kvleva aCvenebs, dRes
saqarTveloSi informaciis miRebis mTa-
var wyaros kvlav televizia warmoad-
gens. respondentebis 73% mimdinare
movlenebze informaciis miRebis pirvel
wyarod swored telearxebs iyenebs6. az-
ris formirebis procesSi kritikuli
xdeba telearxebis roli. mniSvnelo-
vania isic, Tu ramdenad pasuxobs qar-
Tuli telemedia Jurnalistikis Zir-
iTad standartebs. aRniSnuli naSromi
yuradRebas swored televiziebze amax-
vilebs da mimoixilavs maT rolsa da
gavlenas sazogadoebis polarizaciasa
da qveynis demokratizaciis procesze.
kerZod, 2018 wlis saprezidento arCev-
nebis mimoxilviT gavaanalizebT, Tu
ramdenad obieqturad da miukerZoe-
blad asaxavdnen mniSvnelovani medi-
asaSualebebi sazogadoebisTvis saW-
irboroto sxvadasxva socialuri Tu
politikuri sakiTxebis mimarT arsebul
mosazrebaTa mravalferovnebas. es an-
alizi saSualebas iZleva davinaxoT,
Tu ramdenad uwyobs media xels sazo-
gadoebis politikur fragmentacias,
sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebs Soris
dapirispirebis gaRrmavebas da qmnis Tu
ara gansxvavebul politikur realobebs
gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedule-
bebis mqone auditoriisTvis.

mediis polarizacia da 2018 wlis arCevnebi

politikuri polarizaciis klasikuri `Cven~ da `sxva~ diqotomiis gaaqtiure-
simptomebia sazogadoebaSi populistu- ba; politikuri mowinaaRmdegis xatis
ri jgufebis popularobis zrda; poli- dehumanizacia da politikuri mxardaW-
tikuri debatebis dayrdnoba populis- eris mobilizeba oponentis winaaRmdeg
tur an emociur da araracionalur da arasakuTari ideebis mxardasaWerad.7
argumentebze; politikur leqsikonSi
5
Reporters Without Borders. (2018). 2018 World Press Freedom Index. xelmisawvdomia: https://rsf.org/en/
georgia
6
Caucasus Barometer. (2017). Main Sources of Information – First Source. xelmisawvdomia: https://cauca-
susbarometer.org/en/nj2017ge/INFSOU1/
7
McCoy, J., Rahman, T. and Somer, M. (2018). Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Pat-
terns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 16-42.

2018 wlis arCevnebma gamokveTa prob-
lemebi, rogorc politikuri kulturis
naklebobis mxriv, aseve arajansaRi me-
diagaremos TvalsazrisiT. Tuki manamde
qveynis wamyvani telearxebi politikur
mikuTvnebulobas SedarebiT Sefar-
viT afiqsirebdnen, arCevnebis dros
telearxebis partiebis interesebis
sferod gadanawilebam ufro daufara-
vi saxe miiRo. erTi mxriv, aSkara gaxda
televiziebis mikerZoeba da gamoikve-
Ta orpolusianoba, xolo, meore mriv,
dafiqsirda arasasurveli kandidatebis
negatiuri gaSuqeba, rasac Tan axlda
mediis profesiuli eTikis darRvevisa
da manipulaciis SemTxvevebi8.
2018 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis
paralelurad mimdinare mediamoni-
59
toringis Sedegebi TvalnaTliv aCvenebs,
rom opoziciurad ganwyobili `rusTavi
2~ qarTul ocnebas, mis saprezidento
kandidatsa da qveynis mTavrobas Zir-
iTadad negatiur konteqstSi aSuqebda.
maSin, roca telekompania “imedi” nega-
tiur WrilSi aSuqebda erTian naciona-
lur moZraobas, xolo xelisuflebis,
partia „qarTuli ocnebisa“ da mis mier
mxardaWerili saprezidento kandidatis
mimarT ZiriTadad gaSuqebis neitral-
ur tons iyenebda. „imedis~ politiku-
ri programebi ZiriTadad nacionaluri
moZraobis kandidatis, grigol vaSaZis
gaprezidentebis perspeqtivis negati-
uri Sedegebis warmoCenas eZRvneboda,
`rusTavi 2~ ki sainformacio -poli-
tikur bades salome zurabiSvilis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTavda9.

saprezidento arCevnebis mediaSi gaSuqebis kvleva (mediamonitori, 2018)10

8
mediamonitori. (2018). arCevnebis mediamonitoringis saboloo angariSi, 2016-2018. xelmisawvdo-
mia: http://mediamonitor.ge/. bolos nanaxia: 6 marti, 2019
9
igive.
10
igive.
60
„saqarTvelos 2018 wlis saprezidento
arCevnebis mediaSi gaSuqebis kvlevis~
Tanaxmad, garda winasaarCevno pro-
cesis daZabul reJimSi msvlelobisa,
gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia mediaSi
siZulvilis enis gamoyeneba. `rusTavi
2~-is mier salome zurabiSvilze momza-
debul siuJetebSi dafiqsirda yvelaze
meti eTikuri darRveva, maT Soris Jur-
nalistebis mier sakuTar saavtoro te-
qstebSi cinizmis da ironiis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebi11. kvlevis Tanaxmad, saarCev-
no periodSi pirveli turidan meoremde
mkveTrad gaizarda (56%-dan 89%-mde) sa-
lome zurabiSvilis uaryofiTi gaSuqe-
ba `rusTavi 2~-ze. maSin, rodesac `ime-
di~ winasaarCevno kamapaniis farglebSi
dakavebuli iyo yofili prezidentis
mediis ndoba (erovnul demokratiuli instituti, 2018)14
11
igive.
12
igive.
13
erovnul demokratiuli instituti. (2018). sazogadoebrivis azris kvleva saqarTveloSi. xelmi-
sawvdomia: https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20Georgia_Issues%20Poll%20Presentation_De-
cember%202018_English_Final.pdf
14
igive.
mixeil saakaSvilis, „nacionalur moZ-
raobisa“ da grigol vaSaZis kritikuli
SefasebiT12. SedarebiT neitraluri me-
diis niSa daikaves telekompania „pir-
velma“ da aWaris sazogadoebrivma mauw-
yebelma. sagulisxmoa, rom satelevizio
sivrcis amgvari formireba aisaxeba
mayureblis ganwyobazec ZiriTadi me-
diebis mimarT. ori yvelaze popularu-
li mauwyebelidan _ „imedi“ da „rusTavi
2“ verc erTi iamayebs mayureblis ndo-
bis maRali maCvenebliT. telekompania
imeds endoba gamokiTxulTa 26% da ar
endoba 20%, xolo „rusTavi 2“-s endoba
20% da ar endoba 27%. orive televi-
ziasTan mimarTebaSi mayureblis umrav-
lesobas neitraluri damokidebuleba
aqvs13.

mediaSi politikuri polarizaciis tal-
Ra, romlis pikic 2018 wlis sapreziden-
to arCevnebi iyo, bevrad ufro adre
daiwyo. 2012 da 2016 wlis saparlamento
arCevnebSi tendencia ukve TvalnaTeli
iyo. 2016 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis
winasaarCevno mediamonitoringis Se-
degebi aseve aCvenebda popularuli da
gavleniani tele mediebis politikur
iaraRad gamoyenebis praqtikas.15 saqa-
rTvelos parlamentis 2016 wlis arCev-
61
nebze saarCevno barieri gadalaxa samma
politikurma gundma da samive maTgani
politikur brZolaSi aqtiurad iyeneb-
da maT gavlenebs konkretul televi-
ziebze.16 Sedegad, saarCevno xmis mqone
moqalaqeTa didi nawili17 faqtobrivad
gariyuli iyo politikuri diskusi-
idan, rac pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba
pluralisturi da warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratiis principebs.

media da sazogadoebis polarizacia

mediapluralizmi pirdapir kavSirSia
sazogadoebis pluralizmTan da amave
dros, sazogadoebis polarizaciaSi me-
dia did rols TamaSobs.18 2019 wlis da-
sawyisSi erovnul demokratiuli insti-
tutis warmomadgenlobam saqarTveloSi
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis morigi
talRis Sedegebi gaasajarova.19 sazoga-
doebrivi azris kvleva mTeli saqarT-
velos masStabiT Catarda 2018 wlis de-
kemberSi, roca qveyanaSi saprezidento
arCevnebis orive turi axali dasrulebu-
li iyo. sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTx-
vis erT-erTi migneba isaa, Tu ramdenad
gansxvavebulia moqalaqeTa warmodgene-
bi konkretuli sakiTxebis mimarT maTi
politikuri gemovnebis mixedviT.
dekemberSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis
Sedegebi aCveneben politikuri sim-
paTiebis mixedviT adamianebis gansx-
vavebul damokidebulebebs ara mxolod
sajaro politikis sxvadasxva sakiTx-
Tan, aramed movlenebTan mimarTeba-
Si, konkretulad ki iseT faqtebTan
mimarTebiT, romelTa gadamowmebac Ses-
aZlebelia, magaliTad, gazrdilia Tu
ara qveyanaSi kriminali. maSin, roca
nacionaluri moZraobis mxardamWerTa
60% fiqrobs, rom kriminaluri kuTxiT
situacia qveyanaSi gauaresda, qarTu-
li ocnebis mxardamWerTa mxolod 19%
iZleva igive pasuxs.20 Tumca, miuxedavad
imisa, Tu rogoria realuri statisti-
ka, mmarTveli politikuri gundisa da

15
mediamonitori. (2016). 2016 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis mediamonitoringis Sedegebi. xelmis-
awvdomia: http://mediamonitor.ge/files/MM%20Final%20Report%20(Geo).pdf
16
saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba- saqarTvelo. (2015). vis ekuTvnis qarTuli media. xelmisawvdomia:
https://www.transparency.ge/ge/post/report/vis-ekutvnis-kartuli-media
17
saarCevno xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa 36%-s ar aqvs gamoxatuli politikuri preferencie-
bi arcerTi politikuri subieqtis mimarT, aseve rigi moqalaqeebi mxars uWeren iseT politikur
moTamaSeebs, romlebsac ar aqvT xelmisawvdomoba media resursis marTvaze. erovnul demokrati-
uli instituti (2018).
18
Martin, J.G and Yurukoglu, A. (2017). Bias in Cable News: Persuasion and Polarization. American Economic
Review, 107(9), 2565-2599
19
erovnul demokratiuli instituti. (2018). Results of December 2018 Public Opinion Polls in Georgia.
xelmisawvdomia: https://www.ndi.org/publications/results-december-2018-public-opinion-polls-georgia
20
erovnul demokratiuli instituti. (2018). sazogadoebrivis azris kvleva saqarTveloSi. xelmi-
sawvdomia: https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20Georgia_Issues%20Poll%20Presentation_De-
cember%202018_English_Final.pdf
62
opoziciis mxardamWerebs am Temaze is- rogorc zogad sakiTxze _ Tu ramdenad
eTive gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvT, swori mimarTulebiT midis qveyana.

kriminaluri situacia (erovnul demokratiuli instituti, 2018)21

Tu upartio moqalaqeebis 45%-is az- bolo 10 wlis manZilze qveyanaSi krim-

riT qveyana zogadad araswori mimar-
TulebiT midis, qarTuli ocnebis,
mmarTveli partiis mxardamWerTa mxo-
lod 15% Tvlis ase. xolo yvelaze re-
itinguli opoziciuri partiis, erTiani
nacionaluri moZraobis mxardamWerTa
SemTxvevaSi, es ricxvi 67%-s aRwevs.
inaluri situacia gauaresebulia upa-
rtio moqalaqeebis 53%-isa da erTiani
nacionaluri moZraobis momxreTa 60%-
is azriT. amis sapirispirod, am msjelo-
bas qarTuli ocnebis momxreTa mxolod
19% eTanxmeba.22

21
igive
22
igive

qveynis mimarTuleba (erovnul demokratiuli instituti, 2018)23
erTi SexedviT TiTqos araferia gansa-
kuTrebuli imaSi, rom sxvadasxva plat-
formis politikuri Zalebis mxardam-
Werebi sxvadasxva prizmidan aRiqvamdnen
sajaro politikis sakiTxebs, Tumca
gamokiTxvis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom es
gansxvavebebi wlidan wlamde izrdeba,
rac SesaZloa sazogadoebis politikur
fragmentaciaze miuTiTebdes.24
mediis polarizacia maT mimarT mo-
saxleobis ndobazec aisaxeba. qveynis
masStabiT moqalaqeTa umravlesoba
(64%) eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom tele-
viziiT dezinformacias gacnobia, Tum-
23
igive
24
kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri. sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva 2014-2018. xelmisawvdomia:
https://caucasusbarometer.org/en/
63
ca Tu konkretulad romeli mauwyebeli
avrcelebs dezinformacias, es maCven-
ebeli ukve imis mixedviT icvleba, Tu
romel politikur partias uWers mo-
qalaqe mxars. magaliTad qarTuli oc-
nebis mxardamWerebis 37%-s miaCnia, rom
telekompania “imedi” (qarTul ocnebas-
Tan asocirebuli televizia) arasdros
avrcelebs dezinformacias maSin, rode-
sac nacionaluri moZraobis mxardam-
WerTa mxolod 4% pasuxobs msgavsad.
kiTxvaze gacnobia Tu ara dezinforma-
cias telekompania “rusTavi 2”-ze (na-
cionalur moZraobasTan asocirebuli
televizia), erTiani nacionaluri moZ-
64
raobis mxardamWeri moqalaqeebis 40% pasuxobs “arasdros”.25
da qarTuli ocnebis mxardamWerebis 6%

televiziebis dezinformaciis aRqma (erovnul demokratiuli instituti2018)26

daskvna

mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelo me-
zobeli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, jer
kidev inarCunebs mravalferovan media
landSafts.27 maRalreitinguli, poli-
tikurad afilirebuli nacionaluri
mauwyeblebis paralelurad muSaobs
ramdenime SedarebiT dabalreitingiani
telekompaniac, izrdeba onlain me-
diasaSualebebis ricxvi, muSaoben ga-
momZiebel JurnalistTa gundebi da
Secdoma iqneboda imis Tqma, rom maT
saqmianobas sazogadoebriv azrze gav-
lena ar aqvs. Tumca qarTuli mediisT-
vis dRes mTavari gamowvevaa ara bevri
gansxvavebuli koncefciis media kole-
qtivis arsebobaa, aramed, iseTi medi-
aplatformebis arseboba, romlebic,
erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis farTo speq-
tris ndobas daimsaxureben, xolo meore
mxriv saTanadod warmoaCenen konkret-

25
erovnul demokratiuli instituti. (2018). sazogadoebrivis azris kvleva saqarTveloSi. xelmi-
sawvdomia: https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20Georgia_Issues%20Poll%20Presentation_De-
cember%202018_English_Final.pdf
26
igive.
27
Freedom House. (2018). Freedom in the World 2018- Georgia. xelmisawvdomia: https://freedomhouse.
org/report/freedom-world/2018/georgia

ul sazogadoebaSi arsebul mosazreba-
Ta mravalferovnebas, Seqmnian sivrces
gansxvavebuli socialuri Tu politi-
kuri jgufebis konstruqciuli, argu-
mentebze dafuZnebuli dialogisTvis
da am gziT Seasruleben sazogadoebis
mTavar dakveTas.28
2018 wlis saqarTvelos saprezidento
arCevnebma kidev erTxel aCvena medi-
is da sazogadoebis politikuri po-
larizaciis ori ZiriTadi politikuri
polusiT _ qarTuli ocneba da erTiani
nacionaluri moZraoba. orive politi-
kuri Zalis mTavari iaraRi oponentis
winaaRmdeg momxreTa Semokreba iyo da
arcerTi politikuri Zala ar eridebo-
da am brZolaSi maT xelT arsebuli me-
dia resursis agresiul gamoyenebas.
media sazogadoebis polarizaciis mniS-
vnelovani wyaroa.29 mosaxleobis azris
kvleva aCvenebs, rom sazogadoebrivi
azri partiul-politikuri preferen-
ciebis mixedviTaa dayofili, rac am-
cirebs konstruqciuli politikuri
debatebis SesaZleblobas da safrTxis
qveS ayenebs demokratias. media rom ad-
vilad iqceva politikuri brZolis iar-
aRad iseT qveynebSi, rogoric saqarTve-
loa, es martivad axsnadia. demokratiis
xanmokle gamocdilebis qveynebSi medi-
as, rogorc bizness, damoukidebeli fi-
65
nansuri arsebobis tradicia da gamoc-
dileba naklebad aqvs. Tu gadavxedavT
dReisTvis qarTuli Zlieri satele-
vizio mediebis istorias vnaxavT, rom es
mediebi sxvadasxva dros gamoxatulad
emsaxurebodnen gansxvavebuli poli-
tikuri interesebis mqone jgufebs an
sulac politikur brZolaSi iaraRad
gamoyenebis mizniT iyvnen Seqmnili. mo-
qalaqeebis ndoba da damokidebulebac
reitinguli tele-mediebis mimarT am
subieqturi Tu obieqturi garemoebebis
safuZvelze Camoyalibda.
sazogadoebis politikuri polar-
izacia, bunebrivia, ar aris mxolod
saqarTvelos problema. metic, sxva-
dasxva kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom es prob-
lema gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT swored
tradiciuli liberaluri demokratiis
qveynebSi dgas.30 Tumca, dabali social-
uri kapitalis mqone qveynebSi politi-
kuri fragmentaciis Sedegebi SeiZleba
gadaulaxav problemad iqces da Camoy-
alibebis procesSi myofi demokratiebs
Seuqcevadi ziani miayenos. maSin, roca
media pluralizmi demokratiis mniS-
vnelovani maxasiaTebelia, mediis po-
larizaciam, xangrZlivad ignorire-
bis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa politikur
niadagze sazogadoebrivi jgufebis eqs-
tremalur dapirispirebas misces biZgi.

28
Kovach, B. and Rosenstiel, T. (2014). The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the
Public Should Expect, New York, United States, Three Rivers Press
29
Martin, J. G. and Yurukoglu, A. (2017). Bias in Cable News: Persuasion and Polarization. Economic Review,
107(9), 2565-2599
30
McCoy, J, Rahman, T and Somer, T. (2018). Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Pat-
terns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1),
16-42.
66
rekomendaciebi
politikuri aqtorebisTvis:
 xelisuflebam gaiTvaliswinos me-
diis sakiTxebze qveyanaSi momuSave
arasamTavrobo Tu kvleviTi or-
ganizaciebis, aseve saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis da mediis sferos
donorebis rekomendaciebi mediis,
reklamisa da momijnave sakiTxeb-
ze sakanonmdeblo CarCos cvli-
lebisas; am sakiTxebze arsebuli
sakanonmdeblo CarCoSi SesaZlo
cvlilebebis ganxilva warimarTos
sajaro diskusiebis formatSi da-
moukidebel eqspertTa da saer-
TaSoriso saeqsperto wreebis Car-
TulobiT;
 sasamarTlos reformis procesSi
gaiTvaliswinon samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebisa da saerTaSoriso Se-
fasebebi da rekomendaciebi, ram-
denadac qveyanaSi damoukidebeli
sasamarTlos arseboba pirdapiri
mediis, profesiuli organizaciebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis:
 Jurnalistebma Seamciron erTi mx-
riv subieqturi da meore mxriv si-
Zulvilis enis gamoyeneba partiuli
kandidatebis mimarT. dabalansebu-
li da subieqturi Sefasebis gareSe
gadmocemuli axali ambebi gazrdis
mosaxleobis ndobas, rogorc konk-
retuli televiziis, aseve zogadad
Jurnalistikis mimarT;
 mediasaSualebebma imuSaon TviT-
regulirebis standartis gaum-
jobesebaze, ufro aqtiurad
CaerTon profesiul diskusieb-
winapirobaa media garemos gajan-
saRebisa da gamoxatvis Tavisu-
flebis standartis gaumjobesebi-
sTvis;
 politikurma liderebma Sewyviton
gansxvavebuli politikuri pref-
erenciebis mqone Jurnalistebisa
da mediasaSualebebisgan mtris xa-
tis Seqmna; gansakuTrebiT miuRebe-
lia sajaro moxeleebisa da maRali
politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebis
mxridan konkretuli mediasaSuale-
bebis mimarT mtruli da muqaris
Semcveli gancxadebebi;
 Sewydes politikuri aqtorebis da,
gansakuTrebiT xelisuflebis war-
momadgenlebis mxridan, sxvadasxva
mediasaSualebebisTvis boikotis
reJimis gamocxadeba politikurad
aqtiuri procesebis paralelurad.
Si mediis TviTregulirebis meqa-
nizmebis ukeT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
maTi sandoobis zrdis mizniT;
 arasamTavrobo seqtorma medi-
asTan partniorobisas waaxalisos
iseTi proeqtebi da iniciativebi,
romlebic xels Seuwyoben mediaSi
politikuri pluralizmis asaxvas
da mediis mier sajaro forumis
funqciis Sesrulebas. gaZlierdes
muSaoba JurnalistebTan, raTa mox-
des iseTi strategiebisa da praq-
tikebis ganviTareba da gavrceleba,

rac gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis
dabalansebul prezentacias gaa-
martivebs; aseve organizeba gaewios
sainformacio kampaniebs siZul-
vilis enis gamoyenebisa da eTikis
kodeqsis darRvevis Sesaxeb.
saerTaSoriso donorebisTvis:
 meti yuradReba mieqces adgi-
lobrivi samoqalaqo seqtoris
da sadamkvirveblo misiebis mier
momzadebul angariSebs mediapo-
larizaciisa da mediis proble-
mebis Sesaxeb; xelisuflebisa da
opoziciuri partiebis mier medi-
is polarizaciis waxaliseba maT-
Tan afilirebul mediebSi gaxdes
negatiuri pirobiTobis nawili.
pirobiTobis principi gamoyenebul
iqnas aseve mediasaSualebebTan
mimarTebaSi. partniorobis mizniT
67
 profesiulma organizaciebma da
mediis sakiTxebze momuSave arasam-
Tavrobo seqtoris warmomadgen-
lebma meti dro dauTmon politi-
kuri polarizaciis mediis sivrceSi
gadanacvlebis tendenciis kvlevas.
mediasaSualebebis SerCevisas (fi-
nansuri daxmareba, erToblivi
proeqtebi, sareklamo dakveTa)
ixelmZRvanelon Jurnalisturi
eTikis universaluri principebisa
da profesiuli standartis mixed-
viT;
 SenarCundes da gaZlierdes pro-
fesiuli mediamonitoringi, raTa
perspeqtivaSi SesaZlebeli iyos
mediis profesiuli dinamikis anal-
izi.