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Jinghui Zhang, Hao Fu, Xiaoshu Lv, Jie Tang, Xinhua Xu*
Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
Article history: The adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by carbons prepared from rice husk
Received 11 March 2010 through pyrolysis and steam activation was studied. The rice husk carbon was charac-
Received in revised form terized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron micros-
23 August 2010 copy (SEM), and its pore structure was also examined. After comparing different
Accepted 3 September 2010 characteristics of the carbons prepared under different conditions and their adsorption
abilities of Cu(II), the optimum temperature for pyrolysis and steam activation was chosen
Keywords: as 700 and 750 C, respectively, using 3% (V/V) steam as the best activation gas. It was
Carbon found that the Cu(II) adsorption on the rice husk derived carbons was pH and temperature
Rice husk dependent with an optimum pH value of 5.0, and an equilibrium time of 24 h. The
Characterization adsorption kinetics and isotherms of Cu(II) by the rice husk derived carbons were also
Adsorption investigated under four different temperatures, and good correlation coefficients were
Cu(II) obtained for the pseudo-second-order kinetic models, and the Langmuir isotherm model
fitted very well with the experimental data. The mean free energy E (kJ mol1) obtained in
the Dubinin-Radushkevitch (D-R) adsorption isortherm equation indicated a chemical ion-
exchange mechanism. Several thermodynamic parameters were also caculated to predict
the nature of adsorption process.
ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 571 87951239; fax: þ86 571 87952771.
E-mail address: xuxinhua@zju.edu.cn (X. Xu).
0961-9534/$ e see front matter ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.09.002
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 4 6 4 e4 7 2 465
the carbon. Since carbon can be produced theoretically from temperature, and it was aerated with the activation gas con-
any carbonaceous materials that are rich in element carbon taining steam at a certain concentration while using nitrogen
[10], some low-cost and easily-available agricultural by-prod- as the carrier gas (2.5 m3 h1) for 1 h. Once the activation was
ucts, such as peanut shell [11], rice husk [12], cassava peel [13], completed the activation gas was changed to nitrogen gas to
sawdust [14], olive kernels [15] and wheat straw [16] have been supply to the sample until it could be sealed in a container. In
utilized as the precursors of activated carbon to remove heavy this study, the carbon labeled with “RHA-700-750” means it
metals. And more recently, some other new materials such as was prepared with the pyrolysis temperature of 700 C and the
algal bloom residue [17] and durian peel [18] have also been activation temperature of 750 C, and “RH” indicates the rice
explored in order to prepare activated carbon. husk which was used to obtain the carbon.
Rice husk, rich in carbon, is the major by-product of the
rice milling industry, accounting for almost 20% of the rice 2.2. Adsorbent characterization
production. The world annual output of rice husk is up to 80
million tons [19,20]. As rice plant is the main cereal crop in The surface organic functional groups were investigated in
China with an annual output of more than 180 million tons, the region of 4000e400 cm1 by a Fourier transform infrared
the production of rice husk is over 36 million tons. Despite its spectrometer (Nicolet Nexus-670, America). Pore structure
large quantity, rice husk has mainly been used as an energy characterization of the samples was performed with
resource or the raw material for manufacturing of paper and a computer controlled automated porosimeter (Micromeritics
cardboard in the world [10], there is still a great deal of it left, ASAP-2020, America) at 77 K. The specific surface areas were
burnt in-situ or discarded, posing some environment prob- calculated by using the BrunauereEmmetteTeller (BET)
lems. And in China most of the rice husk is left in rural areas equation [21]. Single point total pore volume was obtained
or rice processing plants, with little utilized in the wine- from the liquid volume of adsorbate at a relative pressure of
making industry and the smelting industry, and thus it 0.99. The t-plot method was used to calculate the micropore
becomes the waste that is hard to deal with. As a conse- volume [22]. Element analysis was conducted with an X-ray
quence, utilizing rice husk as the precursor to manufacture energy dispersion spectrometer (Oxford INCA Energy 200,
carbon could not only alleviate problems of disposal and Britain). Scanning electron micrographs were obtained with
management of waste agricultural by-products, but also two scanning electron microscopes (Hitachi TM-1010, Japan
provide a high quality end product for pollutant treatment. and Jeol JSM-5610LV, Japan).
In this study, the physical activation method was adopted
to prepare the rice husk carbon, part of our intentions was to 2.3. Chemicals
avoid contributing further pollution to the environment. A
series of batch experiments were carried out to study the Unless mentioned otherwise, all chemicals used in this study
adsorption behavior of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by carbon were purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,
derived from rice husk. The optimal preparation condition of Ltd, China. They were all of analytical grade, and were used as
the carbon and its characteristics were investigated. The received without further purification. The N2 gas (99.9%),
adsorption capacity was studied as a function of the solution stored in the steel cylinder, was provided by Jingong Gas Co.,
pH, temperature, and contact time. Furthermore, in order to Ltd, China. A stock solution of Cu(II) with a concentration of
understand the adsorption process, the kinetics, isotherms 1 g L1 was obtained by dissolving accurately weighed 0.1 g
and thermodynamics about Cu(II) adsorption by carbon metal copper (purity > 99.999%) in nitric acid and diluting it to
prepared in this study were also investigated. 100 mL with deionized distilled water in a volumetric flask.
Adsorption solutions were prepared by diluting the stock
solution of Cu(II) to the desired concentrations with deionized
2. Materials and methods water, and before adding adsorbent into them, the pH value of
the solutions was adjusted using a digital pH meter (Mettler-
2.1. Adsorbent preparation Toledo Instruments (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., China) with HNO3 and
NaOH.
Rice husk, collected from a local farm in Huzhou, China, was
used as the precursor of the carbon which was investigated in 2.4. Adsorption studies
this study. The material was first washed with deionized water
to remove the impurities, and then dried in an oven at 40 C for Adsorption experiments were carried out in 250 mL Erlen-
24 h. Approximately 15 g of dried rice husk was packed tightly meyer flasks containing a certain amount of carbon prepared
into the cylinder of the vacuum tube furnace (Hefei Kejing previously and a 100 mL solution with known concentration,
Material Technology Co. Ltd., China), under inert nitrogen pH value and temperature. The flasks were shaken in
atmosphere with the flow rate of 2.5 m3 h1, at a heating rate of a constant temperature beaker (Shanghai Yihen Scientific
5 C min1 from room temperature up to the designated Instrument Co. Ltd., China) at 90 rpm. After a preset contact
pyrolysis temperature and keeping the final temperature for time, the samples were all filtrated through 0.22 mm pore-size
0.5 h. As the vacuum tube furnace was equipped with an filters. The concentration of the residual copper ions in the
intelligent temperature controller, the pyrolysis temperature filtrate was analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrometer
and the heating rate could be controlled after inputting the (Shimdzu AA-6300, Japan). The amount of copper ions adsor-
right program. During the activation process, the activation bed on the carbon was calculated from the difference between
temperature was usually 50 C higher than the pyrolysis the initial concentration of Cu(II) and the residual Cu(II)
466 b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 4 6 4 e4 7 2
-1
803 cm
-1
-1
-1
2920 cm
band around 1700 cm1 is not significant either in RHA-400-
1600 cm
465 cm
-1
1090 cm
450 sample or in sample RHA-700-750, this suggests that the
-1
a
3431 cm
carbonyl-containing groups are not only little in the rice husk
and the carbon obtained from it but also very temperature
sensitive. The band around 1600 cm1 is ascribed to aromatic
ring or C]C stretching vibration, demonstrating the carbon-
ization of the precursor [20], and it can be seen in both
samples of RH and RHA-400-450, moreover, the relative
-1
1700 cm
intensity of the band increased in the RHA-400-450 compared
b with that of RH, suggesting the evolution of carbonization
process. Nevertheless, this band was not found in sample
RHA-700-750, and this might be caused by the high prepara-
c tion temperature. The significant bands around 803 cm1 and
465 cm1 of all the samples were due to the existence of the
silica which accounts for a large percentage in the rice husk,
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 as well as in the carbon derived from it.
-1
wave number(cm )
3.1.2. Pore structure characterization
Fig. 1 e FTIR spectra of (a) rice husk, (b) RHA-400-450, and
The specific surface areas were calculated by using the BET
(c) RHA-700-750.
equation. The volume of the mesopore was calculated by
subtracting micropore volume obtained by the t-plot method
from the single point total volume. The BET theory is an
concentration in the solution. The calculation equation is as extension of the Langmuir theory, which is a theory for
follows: monolayer molecular adsorption, to multilayer adsorption.
The resulting BET equation is expressed as follows [21]:
VðC0 Ct Þ
Qt ¼ (1)
W 1 c1 P 1
¼ þ (2)
where Qt is the amount of Cu(II) adsorbed by the carbon(mg Cu v½ðP0 =PÞ 1 vm c P0 vm c
(II)/g carbon), C0 and Ct are the initial Cu(II) concentration and
where P and P0 are the equilibrium and the saturation pres-
the Cu(II) concentration at time t in the solution(mg L1), V is
sure of adsorbates at the temperature of adsorption, respec-
the volume of the Cu(II) solution (L), and W is the weight of
tively, v is the adsorbed gas quality, and vm is the monolayer
carbon added into the solution (g).
adsorbed gas quality, and c is the BET constant.
The values of vm and c can be obtained from linear
regression, and the specific surface area can be calculated
3. Results and discussion from the following equation:
Table 1 e The pore structure properties of the carbon derived from rice husk at different preparation temperatures.
Sample SBET (m2 g1) Vtotal (cm3 g1) Vmicro (cm3 g1) Vmeso (cm3 g1) Vmicro/Vtotal (%) Vmeso/Vtotal (%)
Table 2 e The pore structure properties of the carbon prepared with different amounts of steam in the activation gas.
Sample SBET (m2 g1) Vtotal (cm3 g1) Vmicro (cm3 g1) Vmeso (cm3 g1) Vmicro/Vtotal (%) Vmeso/Vtotal (%)
volume of the samples that pore evolution was more evident was more oxygen on the outer surface after the treatment
with the preparation temperature increasing from 600e650 C while less was found on the inner surface, most likely because
to 700e750 C. The simultaneous increase of the micropore more activation agents reacted with the compounds on the
and mesopore volume suggests that new pore creation and outer surface, and the outer surface possessed more oxygen-
pore widening happened at the same time, however, the containing surface functional groups.
decreasing percentage of the mesopore volume with
increasing temperature also indicates that the rate of pore 3.1.4. Surface morphology
creation exceeded that of pore widening [24]. The SEM micrographs of rice husk, carbon and carbon that
The effect of the amount of the activation gas on the pore treated with Cu(II) aqueous solution are shown in Fig. 2. It can
structure was also investigated by varying the steam be seen that the outer surface of carbon RHA-700-750 prepared
percentage in the activation gas from 0 to 6% (V/V). As is by pyrolysis under N2 and activation with steam has been
shown in Table 2 that compared with the sample treated corroded, as indicated by the gaps on the corrugated outer
without steam, the BET surface areas and pore volumes of the epidermis which are wider compared with those on the outer
carbon treated with activation gas of 3% (V/V) and 6% (V/V) surface of the rice husk (as shown in Fig. 2(b)). Also it can be
steam were much larger, which could be explained by the fact seen from Fig. 2(c) that the inner surface of RHA-700-750 was
that in the process of pyrolysis with N2, moisture and volatile much rougher than that of rice husk (Fig. 2(d)), indicating the
matters were removed from the material, and with the erosion caused by the reaction between oxidizing agent and
oxidizing agent applied the porosity by gasification would carbon in the precursor. Fig. 2(e) shows the section of the
develop [25]. When the amount of steam increased, an RHA-700-750 and the formation of many pores can be
increase in the BET surface area and pore volume could be observed inside it, which has been confirmed by the pore
observed, however, the decreasing contribution of the characterization before. After treated with Cu(II) aqueous
micropore volume to the total one from 66.89% to 65.70% solution, it can be observed from Fig. 2(f) that most of the
suggests that the pore widening effect dominated the pore- cupric salt were accumulated on the section of the carbon
opening effect with more steam involved, for there were because of the pore structure formed within.
a larger amount of oxidizing agent reacting with carbon in the
sample according to the equation shown below: 3.2. Effect of preparation condition
Fig. 2 e SEM micrographs of (a) the outer surface of RHA-700-750, (b) the outer surface of rice husk, (c) the inner surface of
RHA-700-750, (d) the inner surface of rice husk, (e) the section of RHA-700-750, and (f) RHA-700-750 treated with Cu(II)
aqueous solution.
adsorption ability and energy consumption, 700 C and 750 C were a larger amount of oxidizing agent reacting with the
were chosen as the optimal pyrolysis and activation tempera- carbon in the sample, resulting in a decrease of micropore
ture for the carbon preparation from rice husk. percentage, and thus the adsorption ability of Cu(II) declined.
Fig. 3(b) shows the influence of the amount of steam in the As a consequence, carbon prepared with activation gas of 3%
activation gas on the Cu(II) removal efficiency. It is evident steam was used in our subsequent study.
that compared with carbon treated without steam, those
treated with activation gas of 3% (V/V) and 6% (V/V) steam had 3.3. Effect of pH
much higher Cu(II) adsorption efficiencies. However, with
more steam involved in the activation gas from 3% to 6%, Cu The effect of initial pH on the Cu(II) adsorption was investi-
(II) was adsorbed less from aqueous solution. It is speculated gated over a pH range of 3.0e6.0. The variation of the amounts
from the data of pore structure characterization that with of Cu(II) adsorbed by 4 g L1 carbon from 100 mL aqueous
more steam involved in the activation of the carbon, pore solution of 64 mg L1 at the 30 C is shown in Fig. 4. It could be
widening effect dominated the pore-opening effect for there observed that when the initial pH of the Cu(II) aqueous
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 4 6 4 e4 7 2 469
a 100
16
14
80
Adsorption efficiency (%)
12
10
60
Qt (mg g )
-1
8
40
6
RHA-400-450
RHA-500-550 4
20 RHA-600-650
RHA-700-750
2
RHA-800-850
0
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Adsorbent dosage (g)
Solution pH
40
3.4. Effect of temperature
Table 4 e Adsorption kinetic constants and correlation coefficients for adsorption of Cu(II) at different temperatures.
Temperature ( C) Qe,exp (mg g1) Pseudo-first-kinetic model Pseudo-second-kinetic model
1 1
Qe,cal (mg g ) K1 (min ) r2
Qe,cal (mg g1) K2 (g mg1 min1) r2
with the temperature increasing from 25 C to 40 C. The and temperature were 0.4 g, 5.0 and 30 C, then the widely used
change of 26.14% caused by a 20 C temperature increase Langmuir isotherm [32] and Freundlich isotherm [33] were
indicates Cu(II) ion adsorption by the carbon obtained in our applied to analyze experimental data. And the Dubinin-
experiments was affected significantly by the temperature. Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm [34] was also used in this study.
The Langmuir equation can be expressed as:
3.5. Adsorption kinetics
Qm KL Ce
Qe ¼ (8)
1 þ KL Ce
In this study adsorption kinetics was investigated by fitting
the experimental data with the pseudo-first-order kinetic where Qe and Ce are the amount of Cu(II) ions absorbed
model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model under four (mg g1) at equilibrium and the equilibrium concentration of
different temperatures. The integral form of pseudo-first- Cu(II) ions (mg L1) in the solution; Qm and KL are Langmuir
order kinetic model can be expressed as follows [28]: constants, which are the adsorption capacity (mg g1) and
energy of adsorption (L mg1).
Qt ¼ Qe 1 eK1 t (6) The Freundlich isotherm can be represented by the
where Qe and Qt are the amount of Cu(II) ions absorbed (mg g ) 1 following equation:
at equilibrium and time t, respectively; and K1 is the rate
Qe ¼ KF Ce1=n (9)
constant of pseudo-first-order kinetic model(g mg1 min1).
The pseudo-second-order kinetic model can be presented where Qe and Ce are the amount of Cu(II) ions absorbed
by the integral equation [29]: (mg g1) at equilibrium and the equilibrium concentration of
Cu(II) ions (mg L1) in the solution; and KF and 1/n indicate the
t
Qt ¼ (7) adsorption capacity (mg g1) of the adsorbent and the
1 t
þ adsorption intensity.
K2 Qe2 Qe
The D-R isotherm can be described as follows:
where Qe and Qt are the amount of Cu(II) ions absorbed (mg g1)
ln Qe ¼ ln Qm b32 (10)
at equilibrium and time t, respectively; and K2 is the rate
constant of pseudo-second-order kinetic model (g mg1 min1).
1
The kinetics parameters obtained by using non-linear E ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi (11)
2b
regression are listed in Table 4. Fig. 6 illustrates the two kinetic
models at the temperature of 30 C. It can be seen from both where b is a constant related to the mean free energy of
Table 4 and Fig. 6 that compared with pseudo-first-order adsorption per mole of the adsorbate (mol2 kJ2) and E is the
model, the pseudo-second-order model fitted the experi-
mental data better with the correlation coefficients (r2) values 16
under four temperatures all above 0.995 and the calculated Qe
14
very close to the experimental values. Also some literatures
have reported that the adsorption of Cu(II) on the carbon 12
derived from some biomass follows the pseudo-second-order
model, which is based on the consumption that chemisorp- 10
Qt (mg g )
8
exchanging between adsorbent and adsorbate [2,30].
o
Experimental data at 30 C
6
3.6. Adsorption isotherms pseudo- first- order fit
4 pseudo- second- order fit
Adsorption isotherms are important in predictive modeling the
2
procedures for designing the adsorption system, because the
adsorption capacity of a quantitative of adsorbent could be 0
described, making the selection of appropriate adsorbent and 0 5 10 15 20 25
determination of adsorbent dosage feasible [31]. In our equilib-
Time (h)
rium experiments, the initial Cu(II) concentrations varying from
8 to 384 mg L1 have been involved and the experiments were Fig. 6 e Adsorption kinetics of Cu(II) on carbon derived
conducted under the conditions that the carbon dose, pH value from rice husk at 30 C.
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 4 6 4 e4 7 2 471
Table 5 e Adsorption isotherm constants and correlation coefficients for adsorption of Cu(II) at different temperatures.
Temperature ( C) Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm D-R isotherm
1 1 1 1
Qm (mg g ) KL (l mg ) r2
KF (mg g ) n 2
r Qm (mg g ) E (kJ mol1) r2
mean free energy of adsorption per mole of the adsorbate the change in temperature [36]. The K0 is defined as follows for
(kJ mol1). Qm is the saturation capacity in theory, and 3 is the adsorption reactions:
Polanyi potential, which equals to RTln(1 þ 1/Ce), and R
as vs Qe
(J mol1 K1) and T (K) are the gas constant and the absolute K0 ¼ ¼ (12)
ae ve Ce
temperature, respectively.
The adsorption constants and correlation coefficients where as and ae are the activity of adsorbed Cu(II) ions and the
obtained by using non-linear regression are presented in Table activity of Cu(II) ions in the solution at equilibrium, vs and ve
5, and Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R isotherm curves at the are the activity coefficient of adsorbed Cu(II) ions and the
temperature of 30 C are shown in Fig. 7. The Langmuir activity coefficient of Cu(II) ions in the solution at equilibrium,
isotherm best described the experimental data, which is respectively. As the Cu(II) ions concentration in the solution
apparent from the values of correlation coefficient (r2) under decreases and approaches to 0, K0 can be got by plotting
25, 30, 35 and 40 C that they are all much higher than those of a straight line of ln(Qe/Ce) versus Qe based on a least-square
Freundlich model and D-R model, implying the surface analysis, and then extrapolating Qe to 0, the intercept with the
homogeneity of the adsorbent. It also can be concluded from vertical axis is the value of K0.
the high values of Qm that the adsorption of Cu(II) on carbon The free energy change (DG0), enthalpy change (DH0), and
obtained in our experiment is an effective way to remove Cu(II) entropy change (DS0) were determined by the following
ions from aqueous solution. However, as the D-R isotherm is equations:
not based on the assumptions that the surface is homogeneous
DG0 ¼ RTln K0 (13)
or the adsorption potential is constant, it is more general than
Langmuir isotherm. The values of E obtained in D-R model
were found to be higher than 14 kJ mol1, indicating the TDS0
DG0 ¼ DH0 (14)
adsorption process may be a chemical ion-exchange process, R
since the magnitude of E between 8 and 16 kJ mol1 corre- where R is the gas constant (8.314 J mol1 L1), and T is the
sponds to a chemical ion-exchange process while the value of absolute temperature (K). The DH0 and DS0 can be obtained by
E < 8 kJ mol1 represents a physical nature process [35]. plotting DG0 versus T.
It can be seen that the value of DG0 was 3.42, 2.52, 3.18,
3.7. Adsorption thermodynamics 3.52 kJ mol1 at four different temperatures, respectively, and
the value of DS0 was 100 J mol1 K1, indicating the adsorption
The thermodynamic parameters can be evaluated from the process was spontaneous with a high affinity for Cu(II) ions
variation of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant K0 with [37]. The positive value of DH0 at 27.86 kJ mol1 reveals the
adsorption process of Cu(II) ions by the carbon prepared was
30 endothermic, which was supported by the increasing adsorp-
tion of Cu(II) ions with the increase of the temperature.
25
20 4. Conclusions
Qe (mg g )
15
method was utilized to adsorb Cu(II) from aqueous solution. In
o the preparation process of carbon, 700 and 750 C were chosen
10 Experimental data at 30 C
as the optimal pyrolysis and activation temperature, with 3%
Langmuir fit
(V/V) steam as the best kind of activation gas. The Cu(II)
5 Freundlich fit
adsorption on the rice husk derived carbon was pH dependent,
D-R fit and higher temperature favored the adsorption. The adsorp-
0 tion process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model,
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 and the Langmuir model fitted very well with the adsorption
Ce (mg L )
-1 isotherm data, with high values of maximum adsorption
capacity implying the rice husk derived carbon could serve as
Fig. 7 e Adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) on carbon derived an effective adsorbent for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solu-
from rice husk at 30 C. tion. The mean free energy E (kJ mol1) obtained in the D-R
472 b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 4 6 4 e4 7 2
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