INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
Dr. Suhail Yousaf
INTRODUCTION
 What is AI?
 The Foundations of AI

 The History of AI

 The State of the Art

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
 Acting humanly
 Thinking humanly

 Thinking rationally

 Acting rationally

 Thought processes and reasoning vs. behavior

 Performance measure:
 success in terms of fidelity to human performance
 Rational – A system is rational if it does the “right
thing,” given what it knows.
 Rationality – An ideal performance measure
ACTING HUMANLY
 The Turing Test approach
 Natural language processing
 Knowledge representation
 Automated reasoning
 Machine learning

 Total Turing Test

 Computer vision
 Robotics

 Imitating vs. Underlying Principles

THINKING HUMANLY
 The cognitive modeling approach
 A program thinks like a human
 How humans think?

 How do the human minds work actually?

 Introspection
 Psychological experiments
 Brain imaging

 Express theory of mind as computer program

THINKING RATIONALLY
 The “laws of thought” approach
 Right thinking – irrefutable reasoning process

Socrates is a man; all men are mortal;

therefore, Socrates is mortal

 Syllogisms – Patterns for arguments structures that

always yield correct conclusions when given correct
premises.
 Laws of thought supposedly govern the operation of
the mind
THINKING RATIONALLY

Dog is an animal; all animals have four legs;

therefore, dog has four legs

Mr. X is Libra; Mr. X is smart;

therefore, all Libra are smart
?????

 Making correct inferences!!!

THINKING RATIONALLY
 Obstacles
 Knowledge representation
 Solving “in principle” vs. solving in practice
ACTING RATIONALLY
 Agent – something that acts
 Computer Agents
 Operate autonomously
 Perceive their environment
 Persist over a prolonged time period
 Adapt to change
 Create goals
 Pursue goals
 Rational Agent
 Acting to achieve the best outcome
 The best expected outcome (uncertainty!)
ACTING RATIONALLY
 To reason logically is one way
 Is correct inference all of rationality?
 Recoiling from a hot stove
 An agent that passes the skills needed for the
Turing Test
RATIONAL AGENTS
 General principles
 Components to construct Rational Agents
INTRODUCTION
 What is AI?
 The Foundations of AI

 The History of AI

 The State of the Art

THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
 Philosophy
 Mathematics

 Economics

 Neuroscience

 Psychology

 Computer Engineering

 Control Theory and Cybernetics

 Linguistics