INTRODUCTION

1.1INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

Conventional steel buildings (CSB) are low rise steel structures with roofing
systems of truss with roof coverings [ASBESTOS SHEET, GALVANISED
IRON SHEET AND METAL SHEETS]. Various types of roof trusses can be
used for these structures depending upon the pitch of the truss. For large pitch,
Fink type truss can be used; for medium pitch, Pratt type truss can be used and
for small pitch, Howe type truss can be used. Skylight can be provided for day
lighting and for more day lighting, North light type truss can be used, the
selection criterion of roof truss also includes the slope of the roof, fabrication
and transportation methods, aesthetics, climatic conditions. Several compound
and combination type of economical roof trusses can also be selected depending
upon the utility. Standard hot-rolled sections are usually used for the truss
elements along with gusset plates.
They are classified into three
Broad categories:
• Warehouse and factory buildings.
• Large span storage buildings.
• Heavy industrial process plant structures.
In the design of industrial buildings, load conditions and geometrical factors will
dictate the degree of complication and hence the economy. The designer should
possess good knowledge about the Industrial process or purpose for which the
building is intended. In this way, an optimum balance between safety, function
and economy can be achieved. The main dimensions of an industrial building
are usually determined from a combination of functional and design
considerations. Its Width is derived first from an owner’s study of the space
required to carry out the processing or Storage operations. The designer then

1
needs to consider whether this width can be provided economically by a single
clear span, or whether multi-bay spans are feasible. Likewise the overall Length
is usually readily determined by the owner, but the designer should give thought
to the Optimum bay length. Some of the factors affecting the choice are:

• Foundation conditions and their ability to accept the column loads.

• Crane runway girder considerations
• Purlin and girt capacities
• Masonry bond dimensions.
• Tilt-up concrete panel size and available carnage.

The building height is again a functional consideration, for buildings with

overhead travelling Cranes the critical dimension is the clearance required under
the hook. In Chennai, there is no Snow and therefore fairly low roof pitches are
practicable. The steeper the slope the better the Structural action, but this benefit
is usually outweighed by additional sheeting costs.

An industrial shed is typically a simple single storey roofed structure that is used
for storage or as a workshop. Sheds vary considerably in the complexity of their
construction and their size from small open sided-tin roofed to large sheds in
industries

2
PARTICULARS

 Type of building : Industrial shed building

 Type of structure : Single Storey Industrial Structure
 Location : Chennai
 Area of site : 2160m2
 Truss type : Fink Truss
 Length of the building : 120m
 Width of the building : 18m
 Rise of the Truss: (1 / 5) x 18 = 3.6m
 Height of the column: 12m
 Foundation : Shallow Foundation
 Roof Materials and walls : Standard Trafford AC Sheets
 Spacing of truss : 6m
 Both the ends are hinged

3
1.2ROOF TRUSS

While planning a roof, designer should look for following quality lightness,
strength, water Proof ness, insulation, fire resistance, cost, durability and low
maintenance charges. Sheeting, purlin and supporting roof trusses supported on
column provide common structural roof system for industrial buildings. The
type of roof covering, its insulating value, acoustical properties, the appearance
from inner side, the weight and the maintenance are the various factors, which
are given consideration while designing the roof system. Brittle sheeting such as
[asbestos, corrugated and Trafford cement sheets or ductile sheeting such
as galvanized iron corrugated or profiled sheets] is used as the roof covering
material. The deflection limits for purlins and truss depend on the type of
sheeting. For brittle sheeting small deflection values are prescribed in the code.

A truss is essentially a triangulated system of (usually) straight interconnected

structural elements; it is sometimes also referred to as an open web girder. The
individual elements are connected at nodes; the connections are often assumed
to be nominally pinned. The external forces applied to the system and the
reactions at the supports are generally applied at the nodes. When all the
members and applied forces are in a same plane, the system is a plane or 2D
truss. The principal force in each element in a truss is axial tension or
compression.

4
TYPE OF TRUSS

 PRATT TRUSS
 HOWE TRUSS
 FINK TRUSS
 FAN TRUSS
 COMPUND FAN TRUSS
 BELGIAN TRUSS
 NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS

SPACING OF TRUSS

The spacing between trusses is determined by the required column spacing and
by consideration of minimum cost for the structure as a whole. The usual
economical ranges between 4 and 8m, with the lower limit for short truss spans
and the higher limit for long spans of about 30m or over. The economic spacing
of the truss is the spacing that makes the overall cost of trusses, purlins, roof
coverings, columns etc. As a guide, the spacing of the roof trusses can be kept ¼
of the span up to 15m, and of span for 15-30m span of roof trusses.

5
1.3SELECTION OF ELEMENTS FOR TRUSS
The Fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short-span high-
pitched roofs as the members are subdivided into shorter elements. There are
many ways of arranging and subdividing the chords and internal members.

Many solutions are available. Choice of members depends on the magnitude of

the internal forces, ease of connections between members, aesthetics and any
necessity to connect prefabricated truss sections on site. When selecting
members, the out-of-plane buckling resistance will be important, together with
resistance under reversed loading, for example, uplift.

For smaller spans, tee sections are frequently used for chords, with angles used
as internal members. The internal members may be bolted or welded to the tees.
Back-to-back angles or channels may be used for longer spans or heavier loads,
with a gusset plate used at nodes to connect the members.

For large trusses and heavy loads, typically found in transfer trusses in
buildings, members may be rolled sections. Nodes are usually welded. Any
necessary connections are completed with bolted splices within the length
between nodes.

For many exposed trusses hollow sections are chosen for their structural
efficiency and for aesthetic reasons. Nodes will generally be welded in the
workshop. As part of the truss design, it is essential to verify the resistance of
the as the joint design may dominate member selection and final truss geometry.
Members should be selected carefully to avoid expensive strengthening of
trusses fabricated from hollow sections

6
1.4BATTEN COLUMN

Built-up columns are used in steel construction when the column buckling
lengths are large and the Compression forces are relatively low. This guide
covers two types of built-up columns:

 Built-up columns with lacing.

 Built-up columns with battens.

This document includes an overview of common details for such members. It

describes the design method for the determination of the internal forces and the
buckling resistance of each member (chords, diagonals, etc) of built-up columns
made of hot rolled profiles. It should be noted that due to the shear deformation,
battened built-up columns are more flexible than solid columns with the same
inertia; this must be taken into account in the design.

BATTENS

Battened built-up columns are not appropriate for frames in industrial buildings.
They are sometimes used as isolated frame members in specific conditions,
where the horizontal forces are not significant. Channels or I-sections are
mostly used as chords and flat bars are used as battens. The battens must have
fixed ends on the chords
Battened built-up columns are composed of two parallel planes of battens which
are connected to the flanges of the chords. The position of the battens should be
the same for both planes. Battens Should be provided at each end of the built-up
member. Battens should also be provided at intermediate points where loads are
applied, and at points of lateral restraint.

7
1.5 ROOFING AND SIDE CLADDINGS

Trafford asbestos cement sheet are used for industrial

buildings,factories,sheds,cinema houses, auditorium and even residential
buildings since they are cheap light weight, tough, durable, water tight, fire-
resisting and vermin resistant. The biggest advantage is that they are available in
bigger unites unlike tiles and hence supporting frame work is also cheaper,
easier and lighter. these sheets do not require any protective paint and no
elaborate maintenance is required. Also, the construction with A.C sheets is very
fast. A.C sheets are manufactured from asbestos fiber (about 15%) and Portland
cement. Asbestos is a silky fibrous mineral existing in veins of metamorphosed
volcanic rocks. It is found in several varieties but white asbestos, which is a
compound of magnesia and silica, is principally used. Asbestos cement is now
used for the manufacture of roofing slates , tiles and corrugated sheets in India,
asbestos cement roof coverings are available in the following three forms

1 Everest big-six corrugated A.C sheets

2 Everest standard corrugated A.C sheets
3 Everest Trafford A.C sheets

These sheets have length of 1.25 to 3 meters in increments of 15cm.

8
Procedure for laying A.C sheets
1 the A.C sheets should be laid with smooth side upward and the end marked
top pointing towards ridge.

2 End lap and side lap should be properly maintained. General end lap is 15cm
but this can be varied to suit purlin spacing.

3 purlin spacing and length of sheets should properly checked, before laying

4 the holes for fixing accessories should be drilled in the crown of the
corrugation. The diameter of the holes should be 3mm greater than the diameter
of the fixing bolt or screw.thus 8mm dia drilled holes and screwed tightly.

5 bitumen washers should be provided under G.I flat washers, the nuts of the
screws or bolts are moderately tightened when 10 to 12 sheets have been laid.
They should not be screwed very tight.

6 Ridge capping should be secured to the ridge purlin.

7 the sheets should be mitted properly as required

8 the unsupported overhang of A.C sheets should not exceed 30 cm.

9
LITERATURE REVIEW

10
 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF AN INNOVATIVE COLD- FORMED

STEEL BUILDING BY GREG DARCY

[A THESIS SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY OF QUEENS LAND FOR

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DOCTOR
DEGREE OF PHILOSOPHY]

Cold formed steel. Innovative, steel building system, full scale testing,
innovative frameless, light weight building system, load simulation, nonlinear
analysis and finite element analysis

 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL SHED SUBJECTED TO

WIND LOAD BY : KAVITA K GHOGARE

[INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATION AND

TECHNOLOGY]

The present paper describes the stability analysis of industrial shed

subjected to wind load. For present work the equivalent static analysis is carried
out for single storey building with pitched roof in zone II. It is nothing but the
industrial structure. The industrial structures shall be designed and constructed
to resist wind effect in accordance with the requirement and provision of IS 875
part3.

 Comparative Study of Pre-engineered and Conventional Industrial

Building BY : Pradeep V, Papa Rao G

[International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT)–Volume

9 Number 1- Mar 2014]

Long span, Column free structures are the most essential in any type of
industrial structures and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) fulfil this requirement
along with reduced time and cost as compared to conventional structures. This
methodology is versatile not only due to its quality pre-designing and
prefabrication, but also due to its light weight and economical construction.

11
 Design & Comparison of Various Types of Industrial Buildings

[International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)

ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821Volume 3, Issue 6 (June 2014),
PP.13-29]

Any building structure used by industry to store raw materials or for

manufacturing products of industry is known as an Industrial Building. These
buildings are used for workshop, warehouse etc. Steel is extensively used in the
construction of industrial building of larger spans where concrete construction is
not feasible or when construction tome is critical. The important elements of
industrial buildings are purlins, rafters, roof truss, wind bracing and columns. In
India conventional steel constructions are most popular because of their ease in
construction, low cost, availability of manpower for erection & fabrication and
availability of standard specifications 7 codes of practice.

 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL STORAGE SHED AND ANALYSIS OF

STRESSES PRODUCED ON FAILURE OF A JOINT BY : Subrakhant
Mohakul , Shaik Yajdani , Abhay Dhurde

[International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN

0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue
8, August (2014), pp. 114-127 © IAEME114]

This project work submitted, it is proposed to carry out the design of an

industrial steel storage shed, and consideration of forces acting through the other
members when one of the member fails, due to the failure of a connecting joint.
This topic of work is decided as considering an accident which took place in
R.I.N.L. Visakhapatnam, in November 2013, in which a Slag Yard collapsed,
during a heavy rain

12
LOAD CALCULATION

13
3 LOAD CALCULATIONS

Truss configuration

 Span = 18m pitch = 1/5x18 =3.6m`

 Slope of a roof truss Ө
 tan Ө = 3.6/9 =21.8o
 sin Ө = 0.3714
 cos Ө = 0.9245
 length of the rafter = √ = 9.6932m
 length of each panel = 9.6932/4 = 2.423m

 Let us choose standard Trafford asbestos sheets along with standard roof
light at certain interval the maximum purlin spacing for asbestos sheet is
1.4m. Let us provide 8 purlins or [7 spaces] at spacing 1.376m leaving a gap
at 60mm at apex.

Loads on Panel Points

(i) Dead Loads [ IS 875 :part 1]

Mass of Trafford asbestos Sheet = 16.2 Kg/m2

Weight of AC Sheets = 16.2 X 9.81 =159 N/m2
Weight of Sheets per meter of purlin = 159 X 1.376 = 218.78 N/m
Assume weight of Purlins /m length = 218.78 + 100 = 318.784 N/m
Assume weight of Bracings = 12N/m2

Self-weight of roof trusses = Span + 5 x 10

3

= 18 + 5 x 10 = 120N/m2
3

Self-weight of Purlin = 318.784 x 6 = 1912.704 N

14
Panel length = 2.423m
The Panel length in plan = 2.423 cos 21.80
= 2.24 ~ 2.3 m
Load on each intermediate panel due to dead load

= (12+159 +120) X (6X2.423) +1912.704

= 5404.70N ~ 5.4 KN
Load on end panel joint of = = 2.7 KN

Live load. [IS 875: PART 2]

Let us assume that no access is provided to the roof the live load is reduced by
20N/m2 for each one degree above 100 slope.

Live load = 750 – 20 x (21.8 – 10)

= 514 N/m2

The load on Intermediate Panel = 514 x 6 x 2.423

= 6168 N = 6.168 KN

The load on each end Panel = = 3.084 KN

Wind loads [IS 875: PART 3]

 Let us assume the life of the industrial building to be 50 years and the
land to be plain and surround by small buildings.
 Basic wind velocity Vb = 50m/sec
 Class of a structure = All general building structures
 Mean probable design life of the Structure = 50 years

 Risk co-efficient (K1)

Year city K1
50 years Chennai 1

K1=1

15
  Terrain factor (K2)

Table No: 2 Page No12 IS 875: Part 3: 1987 for

Open structure = category 2 class A= up to 20m from table No.2
Category 2 Class A.

Height K2
10 1
12 X
15 1.05

X =1.05 – (1.05 – 1)/ ((15-10) x (15 -12))

= 1.04

K2 = 1.04m

 Topography Factor (K 3):-

K3 =1 When is greater than 30 i.e. 3 [as per IS 875: part 3 : 1987]

 Calculation of wind speed (Vz)

Vz = K1 x K2 x K3 x Vb
= 1 x 1.04 x 1 x 50
Vz= 52 m/s
 Calculation of design wind pressure (pd)

Pd = 0.6 X Vz2
= 0.6 X 522
= 1622.4 N/m2
Pd = 1.622 KN/m2

16
 Calculation of External and internal air pressure co-efficient

[i] External air pressure co-efficient

Cpe for the condition h/w
For = 21.80 from IS 875:- part 3: 1987; table no:-6
Wind EF Leeward EG
0
20 -0.7 -0.8
0
21.8 X1 X2
0
30 0.2 -0.8

Therefore,
X1 = -0.2 – [(-0.2 + 0.7)/(30-20)] X (300 – 21.80)
= -0.61 [wind ward]
X2 = -0.8 – [(-0.8 + 0.80/30-20)] X (300 – 21.80)
= -0.8 (leeward)
(ii) Internal air pressure co-efficient

The internal air pressure co-efficient = 0.5

Calculation of wind load

1) Wind load = [Cpe – Cpi] X (Pd) X (A)
= [-0.8 – 0.5] X 1.622 X 6 X 2.423
= -30.65 KN [uplift]
2) Wind load per unit length of purlin = = -5.67 KN/m
3) Wind load on Intermediate [wind ward side]
F = [Cpe – Cpi] X (pd) X (A)
= [-0.61 – 0.5] X 1.622 X 6 X 2.423
= -26.17 KN
Wind load on end panel [leeward side] = = -13.085 KN
Wind load on Intermediate panel [leeward side]
F = [Cpe-Cpi] X (Pd) X (A)
= [-0.8 – 0.5] X 1.622 X 6 X 2. 423
= -30.65 KN
Wind load on each panel = = -15.325 KN

17
 TABLE 1 [Load acting on truss]
Loads Intermediate (KN) End Panel (KN)
Dead Load 5.4 2.7
Live Load 6.168 3. 084
Wind load (wind -26.17 -13.085
ward)
Wind load (leeward) -30.65 -15.325

Step 4:- Reactions of truss:-

The truss is symmetrical and therefore the dead load and live load
reactions will be same on both the supports but the reactions due to wind load
will be different at two supports.

Dead load reactions: - Taking moments about L0

[(5.4 X 2.25) +( 5.4 X 4.5) + (5.4 X 6.75) +( 5.4 X 9 )+( 5.4 X 11.25) +( 5.4 X
13.5) +( 5.4 X 15.75) + (2.7 X 18 )]= RLS X 18
12.15 + 24.3 + 36.45 + 48.6 + 60.75 + 76.5+ 87.5 +48.6 = 18R L5

18RL5 = 394.85 RL5 = 21.936 KN

RL0= 21.936 KN

Live load reaction:- Taking moment about L0

(6.168 X 2.25) + (6.168 X 4.5) + (6.16 X 6.75) + (6.168 X 9) + (6.168 X 11.25)
+ (6.168 X 13.5) + (6.168 X 15.75) + (3.084 X 18) = 18 RL5

13.878 + 27.756 + 41.634 + 55.512 + 69.39 + 83.268 + 97.146 + 55.512 +

83.268 + 97.146 + 55.512 = 18RL5
RL5 = 24.67 KN
18RL5 = 444.092 RL0 = 24.67 KN

18
WIND LOAD REACTION
From the truss Geometry
 Line of action of resultant = 122.42 KN [ from left]
104.68 KN [from right]

COMPONENTS OF A TRUSS

Force = 122.42 KN

Vertical component = 122.42 Cos 21.80

= 113.66 KN
Horizontal component = 122.42 Sin 21.80
= 45.46 KN

Force=104.68 KN

 Vertical component = 104.68 Cos 21.80 = 97.19 KN

 Horizontal component = 104.68 Sin 21.80 = 38.8 KN
 Net Horizontal component = 38.8 – 45.46 = -6.66 KN
 Horizontal force @ each shoe. = = -3.3 KN

Taking Moment about L5

RL0 X 18 = 122.42 (4.85 + 6.06) + 104.68 X 4.85

= 102.40 KN

Taking moment about L0

RL5 X 18 = 122.42 X 4.85 + 104.68 (4.85 + 6.06)
RL5 = 96.43 KN

19
ROOF TRUSS ANALYSIS

20
4 ROOF TRUSS ANALYSIS

21
22
23
TABLE 2 ANALYSIS OF ROOF TRUSS

STRESS DEAD LIVE WIND LOAD STRESS COMBINATION WITH FACTORED LOADS MEMBER
LOAD LOAD (KN)
STRESS STRESS
(KN) (KN)
WIND WIND 1.5(DL+LL) 1.2(DL+LL+WL) 1.5(DL+WL) RAFTER
LEFT RIGHT
b-1 -51.02 -58.13 237.63 278.34 -163.725 203.028 340.98 163.725 KN L0U1
compression
c-2 -49.55 -56.46 235.93 278.31 -159.015 206.76 343.14 U1U2
d-5 -48.1 -54.8 234.23 278.13 -154.35 210.17 345.045 U2U3
e-6 -46.64 -53.14 232.53 278.17 -149.67 214.068 347.295 347.295KN U3U4
tension
f-8 -46.64 -53.14 278.17 232.53 -149.67 159.3 278.835 U4U5
g-9 -48.1 -54.8 278.13 284.23 -154.35 157.59 279.195 U5U6
h-12 -49.55 -56.46 278.31 235.93 -159.015 155.904 279.57 U6U7
I-13 -51.02 -58.13 278.34 237.63 -163.725 154.176 279.915 U7L5
MAIN
TIE
1-k 47.39 53.97 -217.14 -254.33 152.04 -183.564 -310.41 152.04 KN L0L1
tension
3-k 40.56 46.39 -181.34 -213.33 130.425 -151.656 -259.15 L1L2
7-k 22.2 30.97 -131.18 -131.18 87.255 -87.612 -155.97 314.41KN L2L3
compression
11-k 40.56 46.39 -213.33 -181.24 130.425 -113.148 -211.02 L3L4
13-k 47.39 53.97 -254.33 -217.14 152.04 -138.972 -254.625 L4L5
STRUTS
1-2 -6.1 -6.67 26.04 30.64 -16.155 23.844 38.31 U1L1
3-4 -10.04 -11.63 52.66 61.3 -32.365 47.676 76.89 76.89KN U2L2
tension
5-6 -6.03 -5.76 26.04 30.64 -16.185 23.82 38.415 U3M1
8-9 -5.03 -5.76 30.64 26.04 -16.185 18.30 31.515 U5M2
10-11 -10.04 -11.53 61.3 52.66 -32.355 37.308 63.93 -32.355KN U6L3
compression
12-13 -5.1 -5.67 30.64 26.04 -16.155 18.324 31.41 U7L4
MINOR
SLINGS
2-3 7.83 8.16 -36.75 -44.16 23.235 -34.04 -55.245 -55.245 KN U2L1
compression
4-5 6.81 7.61 -37.6 -41.07 21.63 -31.98 -51.39 U2M1
9-10 6.81 7.61 -41.07 -37.6 21.63 -27.812 -51.39 23.235KN U6M2
tension
11-12 7.33 8.16 -44.16 -36.75 23.235 -25.512 -44.13 U6L4
MAIN
SLINGS
6-7 21.76 24.77 -114.09 -132.4 69.795 -103.044 -165.96 -165.96KN U4M1
compression
4-7 14.38 16.6 -76.06 -88.24 46.47 -68.712 -110.79 L2M4
7-8 21.76 24.77 -132.4 -114.09 69.795 -81.072 -138.495 69.795KN U4M2
tension
7-10 14.38 16.6 -88.24 -76.06 46.47 -54.096 -92.52 L3M2

24
DESIGN OF TRUSS ELEMENTS

25
5.1 DESIGN OF PRINCIPLE RAFTER

Given Data
 Rafter Length = 9.6932 m
 Compressive Force = 163.725 KN
 Purlin reaction due to dead load = 1912.704 KN
 Purlin reaction due to live load = 1.376 x cos 21.8o x 514 x 6 x (2/3)
= 2626.73 KN
 Total reaction from purlin = 1912.704 + 2626.73
= 4539.43 N
= 4.5 KN
 End Reactions = (4.5 / 2) = 2.25 KN

Solution
The Problem consist of first finding the maximum Bending Moment in the
rafter due to applied normal loads on purlin and the rafter is then designed for
the axial compressive force and maximum Bending Moment

FIXED END MOMENT

MFAB = - Wab2 = - 4.5 x 1.376 x 1.0472 = -1.156 KNm

L2 2.4232

MFBA = 4.5 x 1.3762 x 1.047 = 1.519 KNm

2.4232

MFBC = - 4.5 x 0.329 x 2.0942 + 4.5 x 1.705 x 0.7182 = -1.778 KNm

2.4232 2.4232

26
MFCB = 4.5 x 0.3292 x 2.094 + 4.5 x 1.7052 x 0.718 = 1.772 KNm
2.4232 2.4232

MFCD = - 4.5 x 0.659 x 1.7642 + 4.5 x 2.035 x 0.3892 = -1.807 KNm

` 2.4232 2.4232

MFDC = 4.5 x 0.6592 x 1.764 + 4.5 x 2.0352 x 0.389 = 1.821 KNm

2.4232 2.4232

MFDE = - 4.5 x 0.987 x1.3762 + 4.5 x 0.060 x 2.3632 = -1.489 KNm

2.4232 2.4232

MFED = 4.5 x 0.9872 x 1.376 + 4.5 x 0.0602 x 2.363 = 0.242 KNm

2.4232 2.4232

27
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR [TABLE 3]
JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE T.S D.F = (R.S / T.S)
STIFFNESS
B BA (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.824 I 0.5
BC (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.5
C CB (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.824 I 0.5
CD (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.5
D DC (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.824 I 0.5
DE (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.5

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION [TABLE 4]

JOINT A B C D E
MEMBERS AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
DISTRIBUTION _ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
FORCE
FIXED END -1.56 1.519 -1.778 1.772 -1.807 1.821 -1.489 0.242
MOMENT
BALANCING 0.129 0.1295 0.0175 0.0175 -0.166 -0.166

CARRY OVER 0.065 0.0087 0.065 -0.083 0.0087 -0.083

BALANCING -0.004 -0.004 0.009 0.009 -0.004 -0.004

FINAL -1.09 1.644 -1.644 1.8315 -1.8315 1.659 -1.659 0.159
MOMENTS

Factored Moment = 1.50 x 1.8135 = 2.72 ≃ 2.8 KN.m

Factored Axial Compressive Load = 163.725 KN

 Let us provide double angle section placed on opposite side of gusset

plate.
 Thickness of gusset plate is 12mm.
 Let us assume Slenderness ratio as 100.
 Design Compressive stress = 107 N/mm2

28
C.S.A required = 163.725 x 103 = 1530.14 mm2
107
Let us try Double Angle Section 2, ISA 70 x 70 x 8 connected to the opposite
side of Gusseted Plate.

The properties of the section are,

A = 2116 mm2 rx = 21.2 mm ry = 32.9 mm Zez = 19 x 103
λz = 0.8 x 2432 = 1945.6 mm λy = 1 x 2432 = 2432 mm

λz = 1945.6 = 91.77
21.2
λy = 2432 = 73.92
32.9

CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS SECTION

ϵ =√ =1

b = 70 = 8.75 < 15.7 ϵ = 1

t 8

Hence the section is Semi - Compact

MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN COMPRESSION

Effective Slenderness Ratio = λz = 91.77

For = L = 91.77
r
fy = 250 N/mm2 fcd = 118.522 N/mm2

DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Pd = Ae x fc x d
= 2116 x 118.522 x 10-3
= 250 > 163.725 KN

29
CHECK FOR LOCAL CAPACITY OF CROSS SECTION

N = 163.725 KN
Mz = 2.8 KNm

N + Mz ≤1
Nd Mdz

Nd = Ag x fy = 2116 x 250 x 10-3 = 529 KN

γmo 1.1
Mdz = βd x Zpz x fy
γ mo
= 19 x 103 x 250 x 10-6 = 4.318 KNm
1.1

163.725 + 2.8 ≤1
529 4.318

0.309 + 0.648 = 0.957 ≤ 1

Which is sufficient
MEMBER BUCKLING RESISTANCE IN BENDING

Md = βd x Zpz x fbd
= Ze x fbd x Zez
Zpz

Elastic critical moment of a section about minor axis,

Mcr = C1 x π2 x EI x K 2 x Iw + G x It (LLT)2 + (C2Yg - C2Yj)2 0.5

2
(LLT)2 KW Iy π x EI

- (C2Yg - C3Yj)

30
For Double angle section on opposite side of gusset plate,
K= 1, βf = 1, Kw= , Iw = 0, Yg = Yj = 0
The above expression reduces to,

Mcr = C1 x π 2 x EI x G x It (LLT)2 0.5 = C1 x √( π 2 x EIy) x √G x It

2
(LLT)2 π x EIy LLT

E = 2 x 105 N/mm2
C1 = 1.365
It = ∑ bi x ti3
3

= 2 70 x 803 + (70 - 8) x 103

3 3

= 2 (11946.66 + 20666.6)
= 65.226 x 103 mm4

Iy = 2 x 57.2 x 104 + 1058 20.2 + 8 2

= 238.34 x 104 mm4

Mcr = 1.365 x √( π 2 x 2 x 105 x 238.32 x 104) x √(76.92 x 103 x 65.226 x 103

2432

Mcr = 58520.28 x 103 N.mm

31
NON-DIMENSIONAL SLENDERNESS RATIO

λLT = √ =√

λLT = 0.284

ɸLT = 0.5 [1 + αLT (λLT - 0.2) + λLT2]

= 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.284 - 0.2) + 0.2842]

= 0.560

χLT = 1
ɸLT + (ɸLT0.5 - λLT0.5)0.5

χLT = 1
0.560 + (0.5600.5 - 0.2840.5)0.5 = 0.976

fbd = χLT x fy = 221.81 N/mm2

γmo

DESIGN BENDING STRENGTH

Mdz = Zez x fbd = 19 x 103 x 221.81

= 4.21 > 2.8
N + Mz ≤1
Nd Mdz

163.725 + 2.8 = 0.974 < 1

529 4.21
Which is Sufficient

32
CONNECTIONS
20mm diameter bolt
do = 22mm
Design force = 163.725 N

STRENGTH OF BOLT IN DOUBLE SHEAR

Vdsb = 2 x Anb x fub = 2 x 245 x 400 x 10.3

√3 γmb √3 x 1.25
Vdsb = 90.52 KN

STRENGTH IN BOLT

Vdpb = 2 x Anb x fub

γmb

Pitch = 50mm

Edge Distance = 33mm

Kb = e , P - 0.5 , fub , 1.0

3do 3do fu

= 33 , 50 ,- 0.5 , 0.975 , 1.0

3 x 33 3 x 22
= 0.5

Vdpb = 2.5 x 0.5 x 20 x 12 x 410 x 10-3

1.25
= 98.4 KN

Number of bolt = 163.725 = 2 Bolts

90.52

33
5.2 DESIGN OF PRINCIPLE TIE

Gusset plate = 12mm

20mm dia bolt of grade 4.6
Use steel fe410
design tensile force = 152.04 kN
design compressive force = 314.41 kN

Effective length

For steel grade Fe410 ; fu = 410 MPa ; fy = 250 MPa

For bolts of grade 4.6 fub = 400 MPa
Partial safety factors γm0 =1.10 , γmb = 1.25 , γm1 = 1.25

ε=√ =1

since the member is subjected to reversal of stress and design compressive force
is also appreciable, it will be wise to design the member in compression and
check for tension.

Maximum Unstrained Length L2 L3 = 8000 mm

Let us provide longitudinal the runner at each bottom node of truss

Effective length = Ly = 1 x 8000 = 8000 mm
Assume the member to be connected by more than one bolt at the end
314.41 x 103

Effective length = 0.85 x L = 6800 = L2

Stress is 107 N/mm2

C.S.A = = 2938 mm2

Let us try two equal angle section 90 x 90 x 12 mm

34
A= 4038 mm2 r = 27.1 mm

10mm spacing ry = 41.6mm 14mm spacing ry = 43.1mm

12mm spacing ry = 42.35mm

= = 250.92 = = 189.035

fcd= 40.07 N/mm2

Section classification

= = 7.5 < 15.7

the section is semi compact

Design of Compressive Strength

Pd = Aefcd
= 4038 x 40.07 x 10-3
= 161.8 KN > 152.04 KN
which is sufficient
Tensile Strength

Tdg = = = 917.727 KN > 314.41 KN

Connections
20mm diameter bolts to be used
d0= 22mm
Thickness of gusset plate = 12mm
design tensile force= 152.04
Strength of bolt in double shear = 90.52 KN
Strength of bolt in bearing = 98.4 KN

n= = 2 bolts

35
5.3 DESIGN OF MAJOR STRUT

Given data:-
 Length of the strut = 1.868m (main)
 Factored compressive force = -32.355 KN
 Factored tensile force = 76.89 KN
 Grade of steel = Fe 410
 Grade of Bolt = 4.6
 Bolt diameter = 20mm

Cross – Sectional Area

Let us assume slenderness ratio is 100,
Design compressive stress is 107 N/mm2
32.355 103
C.S.A. =
107
= 302.38 mm2

Let us try 50 X 50 X 6mm

A= 568 mm2 rvv = 9.6 mm2
Let us assume the strut to be connected by more than one bolt at its end

MAIN STRUT
Effective length of strut = KL = 1x 1.868 = 1.868 m = 1868mm
2 2
Equivalent slenderness Ratio e = K1 + K2 vv + K3

vv = L/rvv = 1868 /9.6

2 2
E 1 X 2 X 10 5
250 250

= = 2.18

= b 1 + b2
X 2t
250

= = 0.094

36
The Co-efficient for two bolts condition and consideration fixity.

K1 = 0.20 K2 = 0.35 K3 = 20

The equivalent slenderness ratio

e = 0.2 + (0.35 X 2.12) + (20 X 0.0942 ) = 1.42

The design compressive Stress

fcd = fy/γmo
2
+( – e2) o.5

= 0.5 [1+α ( e-0.2) + e2]

= 0.5 [1+0.49 (1.42 – 0.2) + 1.422 ]
= 1.8

fcd = 250/1.1

1.8 +(1.82 – 1.422) 0.5

= 94.23 N/mm2
Section classification
b/t = = 8.33 15.7
Hence the section is compact

Design compressive strength

Pd = Area x fcd
= 568 X 94.23 X 10 -3
= 53.52 32.55 KN

37
Design Tensile Strength

Tdg =

= = 129.09 KN 76.89 KN

Connections,
Let us provide 20 mm dia Bolt
Design force = 32.355 KN

Strength of Bolt in single shear

Vdsb = = X X = 45.26 KN
√ √

Strength of Bolt in bearing

Vdpb =2.5 Kb dt

= 2.5 X 0.5 X 20 X 6 X X = 49.2KN

No of Bolt = = 1.1 ≃ 2 bolts

38
5.4 DESIGN OF MINOR STRUT

Given data:-

 Length of the strut = 1.868m (main) & 0.93 (main)

 Factored compressive force = -32.355 KN
 Factored tensile force = 76.89 KN
 Grade of steel = Fe 410
 Grade of Bolt = 4.6
 Bolt diameter = 20mm

Cross – Sectional Area

Let us assume slenderness ratio is 100,

Design compressive stress is 107 N/mm2

32.355 103
C.S.A. = = 302.38 mm2
107

Let us try 50 X 50 X 6mm

A= 568 mm2 rvv = 9.6 mm2
Let us assume the strut to be connected by more than one bolt at its end.

MINOR STRUT
Effective length KL = 1X 0.93 = 930 mm
2 2
Equivalent slenderness ratio e = K1 + K2 vv + K3
vv = 930/9.6
88.5

= 1.094

=b1+ b2
ε X 2t
750

= = 0.094

39
The Co-efficient for two bolts condition and consideration fixity.

K1 = 0.20 K2 = 0.35 K3 = 20
The equivalent slenderness ratio

e = 0.2 + (0.35 X 1.0942) + (20 X 0.0942 )

The Design compressive Stress

fcd = fy/γmo
+ ( 2 – e2) o.5

= 0.5 [1+ ( e - 0.2) + e2]

= 0.5 [1+0.49 (0.891 – 0.2) + 0.8912 ]

= 1.06

fcd = 250/1.1

1.06 +(1.062 – 0.8912) 0.5

= 139.088 N/mm2
Section classification

b/t = = 8.33 15.7

Hence the section is compact

40
Design compressive strength
Pd = Area x fcd
= 568 X 139.088 X 10 -3
=78.95 32.55 KN
Design Tensile Strength
Tdg = = = 129.09 KN 76.89 KN

Connections,

Let us provide 20 mm dia Bolt

Design force = 32.355 KN

Strength of Bolt in single shear

Vdsb = = x x = 45.26 KN
√ √

Strength of Bolt in bearing

Vdpb =2.5 Kb dt = 2.5 x 0.5 x 20 x 6 x x = 49.2KN

No of Bolt = = 1.1 ≃ 2 bolts

41
5.5 DESIGN OF MAIN SLINGS

Given data
 Maximum compressive Stress = 165.96 KN
 Maximum Tensile stress = 69.795KN
 Length of member = 2.69m
Cross- sectional Area

C.S.A. = = 1551.02 mm2

Try two ISA angles ISA 70 X 70 X 8 with 12mm gap to accommodate gusset
plate of thickness 12mm
A= 2116 m2 CXX = CYY = 20.2mm
IXX = IYY = 94.8 X 104 mm4 rxx=ryy =21.2mm

Check for Maximum tensile stress

at = = 32.98 N/mm2

Connections
Design Forces = 165 KN
Strength of bolt in Double shear = 90.52 KN
Strength of bolt in bearing = 98.4 KN

N= = 2 bolts

42
5.6 DESIGN OF MINOR SLINGS

Given data
Compressive force = 55.245 KN
Tension free = 23.235 KN
Length = 2.69m

Cross sectional area

C.S.A. = = 516.308 mm2
Try single angle ISA 65 X 65 X 10mm
A= 1200mm2
rvv = 12.5 mm

Check for tensile stress

Area of connected leg a = (65- ) 10 -10 X 17.5 = 100mm2
Area of unconnected leg b= (65 - ) 10 = 600 mm2
K= = 0.322

Net effective area = 100 + 0.322 X 600

= 293.2 mm2

Actual tensile stress =

= 79.24 150 Safe

Check for compressive stress

A=1200 m2 rvv = 12.5 l=2.69 m
= = = 215.2

fcd = 36.896 N/mm2

For wind reactions fcd = 1.33 X 36.896 = 49.07 N/mm2
Actual compressive stress = = 46.03 49.07
Safe

43
Connections

Let us provide 20 mm dia Bolt

Design force = 32.355 KN
Strength of Bolt in single shear
Vdsb =
√

= x x = 45.26 KN
√

Strength of Bolt in bearing

Vdpb =2.5 Kb dt

= 2.5 x 0.5 x 20 x 6 x x = 49.2KN

No of Bolt = = 1.2 ≃ 2 bolts

44
45
DESIGN OF PURLIN

46
5.7 DESIGN OF PURLIN

Given Data
Length of purlin = 6m
Spacing of purlin = 1.376m
D.L +L.L = 1912.704 + [514 X 1.376 Cos 21.8 X 6]
= 5852.81 N ≃ 5.85 KN

Wind load = (Cpe – Cpi) x Pz x A =

= -5.67 KN
δ = (L/200) = (6000 / 200) = 30

Solution:

Design of Channel Purlins [with sag rod] :

Load combination
(i) D.L + L.L
Wdlx = load normal to slope = 5.85 cos 21.8 = 5.431 KN
Wdly = load parallel to slope = 5.85 sin 21.8 = 2.17 KN
Mdlx = = 3.25 KNm

Mdly = x = 0.325 KNm

10

Zregd = = 31.51 X 103 mm3

Try ISMC 125 @12.7 Kg

A= 1619 mm2 Zx = 66.6 X 103 mm3 Zy= 13.1 X 103 mm3

47
Ix = 416.4 X 104 mm4 Iy = 59.9 X 104 mm4

fbt = Mdlx + Mdly = +

Zx Z

= 0.048 X 103 + 0.024 X 1 = 72 N/mm2 < 165 N/mm2

DEFLECTION :

ᵟx = 5 x Wdlx x L3
384 EI

ᵟx = 5 x 5431 x 60003 ᵟx = 18.34 mm

384 2 x 105 x 416.4 x 104

ᵟy = 5 x (2172 / 2) x 60003 ᵟy = 3.18 mm

384 2 x 105 x 416.4 x 104

ᵟ =√
= 18.61 < 30
Hence Safe.

LOAD COMBINATIONS:
DL + WL

Wdwx = -5670 + 1912.704 cos 21.8

= -3894 N

Wdwy = 1912.704 sin 21.8 = 710.31 N

Mdwx = = -2336.4 Nm

Mdwy = = 106.54 Nm

48
fbt = Mdwx + Mdwy
Zx Zy

= + = 0.035 X 103 + 0.008132 X 103

fbt = 43.12 N/mm2 165 N/mm2

δx 5 x 3894 x 60003
ᵟx = 13.15 mm
384 2 x 105 x 416.4 x 104

δy = 5 x (710.31 / 2) x (6000 / 2)3

ᵟy = 0.308 mm
384 2 x 105 x 59.9 x 104

δ=√ = 13.15

Hence, use ISMC 125 @12.5 Kg/m

49
DESIGN OF SIDE RAILS

50
5.8 DESIGN OF SIDE RAIL

GIVEN DATA

 For vertical bracing = 3m

 For horizontal bracing = 6m
 Spacing of girt = 1.5m

Design a channel girt with sag rods at centre

Vertical bending

 A.C sheet weight = 159 x 1.5 = 238.5 N/m2

 Side rails self-weight = 100 N/m2
 dead load = 338.5 N/m

Vertical B.M = 338.5 x 32

8

= 380.81 N.m

Horizontal bending

Wind load = 0.7 x 0.75 x 1622.4 x 1.5

= 1277.64 N.m

Horizontal B.M = 1277.64 x 62

= 5749 N.m

Try ISMC 125 @ 12.7 Kg/m

fbc = MYY + MXX

ZYY ZXX

51
=380.81 + 5749
13.1 X 103 66.6X103

= 115 < 165 N/mm2

Hence use ISMC 125

SAG ROD DESIGN

TENSION IN CENTRAL STRAIGHT SAG ROD

= 5/8 X 338.5 X 6

=1269.375 N

Max number of panels supported = 12/1.5 =8

Max tension in straight rod = 8 X 1269.375

= 10155 N

Require net areas of sag rods = 10155 / 15000

=0.677m2

Use 12 diameter rod

52
DESIGN OF SAG RODS

53
5.9 DESIGN OF SAG ROD

Given data :
 C/c spacing of trusses = 6m
 C/c spacing of purlins = 1.376m
 Slope of the truss = 21.8o
 self-weight of roofing = 159 N/m2
 fu=410 Mpa fy =250 Mpa
 rf = 1.5 rm1 = 1.25
 gravity loads = 5852.81 N

Net area of sag rods (An)

Since the wind load will act normal to the roof truss the sag rods will not
experience any force because of wind.

Factored gravity loads = 1.5 x 5852.81

= 8779.215 N/m
Load parallel to roof = 8779.215 sin 21.8o
= 3260.31 N/m
Pulls on sag rod = T1 = 3260.31 x 7/3
= 7607.398 N/m
Required net area of sag rod
An = TI X γm1 = 7607.39 x 1.25
0.9 fu 0.9 x 410
= 25.77 mm2
Assume gross area more than 30% than net area
As = 1.3 x 25.77 = 33.501 mm2
2
π /4 x ds = 33.501
ds = 6.531mm < 16mm
hence provide 16mm sag rods

54
NET AREA OF TIE ROD
PULLS IN THE TIE RODS = T2 = 4 X 7607.39
= 30429.56mm2
An2 = T2 γm1
0.9fu
= 30429.56 x 1.25
0.9 x 410
=103.091 mm2
Dia dt = 4 x 103.081
Π

=11.496mm < 16mm

Provide 16mm diameter tie rod

55
DESIGN OF COLUMN CAP

56
5.10 DESIGN OF COLUMN CAP

Design of column cap

Given data
P= 1363.5 KN
COLUMN TWO ISMC 400
tf = 15.3mm tw= 8.6mm
D=400mm b=600mm

SIZE OF CAP PLATE

Let us provide 20mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6 for connecting truss shoe
plate with the column cap

e=33mm
Length of plate = 400 + 2x(2x33) = 532 mm
Width of plate =600 + 2x(2x33) = 732mm
Let us provide 532 x 732 mm column cap
THICKNESS OF CAP

tc= 2.5W( a2 – 0.3b2) γmo/fy

a = (532-400)/2 = 66mm
b =(732-600)/2 = 66mm
unit pressure W= P / A1
= 1363.5x103 / (532 x 732) = 3.501 N/mm2

tc= 2.5 x 3.501(662 – 0.3(66)2) 1.10/ 250

= 10.83 < 12mm

57
Column cap – 532 x 732 x 12mm

CONNECTION OF COLUMN CAP WITH COLUMN TOP

Let us assume 5mm size of weld
L = 2 x 600 + 2 x (600 -8.6) + 2(400 – 2 x 15.3)
= 1200 + 1182.8 + 738.8
= 3121.6mm
Effective length available l = L –(12 X 2 S)
= 3121.6 – 12X2(3)
= 3049.6mm
Strength of field weld per mm = lwttfu / (√
= 1 x 0.66 x5 x 410 /( √
= 520.76 N/mm
Length of the weld required = 1363.5 x 103
520.76

= 2618.2mm < 3049.6mm

CONNECTION OF COLUMN CAP WITH TRUSS SHOE PLATE

Tensile strength Tdb of 20mm bolt

Tnb = 0.9 fub Anb > fyb Asb

For 20mm bolts Anb = 245 mm2

Asb = 314mm2
Tnb = 0.9 x 400 x 245 > 250 x 314 x 1.25 x10-3= 88.2 KN
1.1
Tdb = 88.2 / 1.25 = 70.56 KN

PROVIDE TOTAL 4, 20mm DIAMETER BOLTS , ONE ON EACH

CORNER OF COLUMN CAP

58
DESIGN OF BATTEN COLUMN

59
5.11 DESIGN OF BATTEN COLUMN

Given Data
 Length = 12m
 Factored axial compressive load = 2727 KN
 The Column is restrained in position but not in direction at both the
ends.

Design of Column
Assume axial compressive stress = 175 N/mm
P= = 1363.5KN

Area required = P =
fcd

= 7791.42 mm2
For single channel = 3895.71 mm2
Select a section from steel table
Try two ISMC 400
Ag = 6293mm3 , g=50, tf = 15.3mm, tw= 8.6 mm bf = 100mm,
Ixx = 15082.8 X 104 mm4 Iyy= 504.8 X 104 mm4 , ryy = 28.3mm,
rzz = 154.8mm Area provided = 2 X 6293
= 12586 mm2
CHECK FOR LOAD
P=Ae x fcd

KL = 1.1 x = 85.27
rmin

fcd =128.095
P = 128.095 x 12986 P = 1612.20 KN 1363.5KN

60
SPACING OF CHANNEL
2
2Izz = 2 Iyy + As S + Cyy
2

2 x 15082.8 X 104 = 2 504.8 x 104 + 6293 S + 24.2 2

2

2
301656000 = 10096000 + 6293 S + 24.2
2
46330.8 = S + 24.2 2
2

S= 382.09 ≃ 400mm

SPACING OF BATTERN
C < 0.7 times Slenderness ratio of column as a whole
ryy
C < 0.7 x 85.27
ryy

C < 0.7 x 85.27 x 28.3 = 1689.19 mm

C < 50
ryy

C < 50 x 28.53 = 1415 ≃ 1400 mm

61
SIZE OF END BATTEN
Provide 20mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6
dn =22mm, e= 1.5 X 22 = 35mm
Effective depth d' = S + 2Cyy
= 400 + 2 x 24.2
= 448.4 2bf (200)
Overall depth (d) = d'+2e
= 448.4 + 2 X 35
= 518.4 ≃ 520mm
Thickness of the batten = 1 (S + 2g)
50
= 1 (400 + 100)
50
= 10 mm
Provide end batten 600 x 520 x 10 mm

Length of the Batten = S + 2bf

= 400 + 2(100)
= 600mm
SIZE OF INTERMEDIATE BATTEN
Effective depth of batten plate = (¾) x 448.4 200
= 336.3 200
Overall depth = d' + 2e
= 336.3 + 70 = 410mm
Thickness = (1/50) x (S + 2g) = 10mm
Size of Intermediate batten is 600 X 410 X 10mm

62
 DESIGN FORCES
Longitudinal shear
Vb = Vt x C < 50
NxS

Vt = x 1363.5 X

Vt = 34.08 X 103 N

Vb = 34.08 x 103 x 1400

2 x (400 + 200)

Vb = 39760 N

Moment M = Vt x C
2N

M = 34.08 x 103 x 1400

2x2

M = 11928000 N.mm
END BATTEN
[600 X 520 X 10]
fy = 131.2 N/mm2
√3 x γmo

Shear stress = Vb = 39760

A 520 x 10

= 7.64 131.2 N/mm2

63
 fy = 227 N/mm2
γmo

Bending stress = 6M
td2
= 6 x 11928000 = 26.46 < 227 N/mm2
10 x 5202

INTERMEDIATE BATTERN
[600 X 410 X 10]
fy = 7.64 < 131.2 N/mm2
√3 x γmo
Shear stress = Vb = 39760
A 410 x 10

V = 9.69 131.2 N/mm2

fy = 227 N/mm2
γ mo

Bending stress = 6M = 6 x 11928000 = 42.57 < 227 N/mm2

td2 10 x 4102

CONNECTION DETAILS

Let us provide 20mm diameter bolt

Shear strength of the bolt = 45.26 KN
Bearing strength = VdPb = 2.5 x 1 x 20 x10 x x 103

= 164KN

64
Pitch =(½) x (520-70) = 225mm

Force in each bolt due to longitudinal Shear = = 13253.33 N

Force due to moment = Mr

ε r2
=
= 26506.67 N
Resultant force = √ = 29.63KN
No of batten plate = column length + 1
Spacing

= + 1 = 9 numbers

Provide 9 number of batten plates

65
DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE

66
5.12 DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE

GIVEN DATA
 Fe 410 grade of steel
 fu= 410 Mpa, fy = 250 Mpa
 for M15 Grade of concrete
 Bearing strength = 0.45 X 15
= 6.75 N/mm2
 Partial safety Factor (rmo) = 1.1
Properties of ISMC 400
D= 400mm, bf = 100mm, tw = 8.6 mm, tf = 15.3 mm, fub = 400 Mpa, rmb =1.25
Required Area of Base plate
For 24mm diameter bolts,
Anb = 353 mm2 Do = 24+2 = 26 mm e= 39 mm P = 2727 KN

A= = 404 X 103 mm2

Assume the size of Gusset material, let us provide 16mm thick Gusset plate one
on each, on the two flanges of column section and two Gusseted angles
ISA 150 X 115 X 15mm
The minimum width required = 600 + (2 x 16) + (2 x 115) + (2 x 15)
= 892 mm ≃900 mm

Projection of Base plate Beyond Flange angle toe = = 4mm

Length of the Base plate = = 448.88 ≃ 450mm

Provide a base plate size of 900 X 450 mm

The bearing pressure of concrete (W) = P = 2727 x 103
A1 900 x 450
= 6.73 6.75 N/mm2
The length of Base plate acting as cantilever (C1) = 4+115-15
= 104 mm

67
 Maximum moment (Mx) = W x C12 = 6.73 x 1042 = 36,395.84 Nmm
2 2
Md = 1.2 x fy x ze
1.1

= 1.2 x 250 1 x t2
1.1 6
2
= 45.45 t
45.45 t2 = 36,395.84
t = 28.29 mm
Thickness of base plate
tb= 28.29 - 15
= 13.17 ≃ 16mm 15.3
Provide a base plate of 900 X 450 X 16mm
Botted Connections
The Bolt will be single shear and Bearing
Strength of bolt in single shear

Vnsb = Anb
√

= 353 X x10-3 = 65.21kN

√

Strength of Bolt in bearing

Vdpb = 2.5 Kb dt

= 2.5 X 0.5 X 24 X 16 X

= 157.44 KN

No of bolt = = 20 bolts

Provide10, 24mm diameters in two row.

Height of Gusset plate = 150 X 2 + 39 +1 X 60 = 288mm
Length of Gusset plate = 450mm

68
Provide 450 X 288 X 16mm plate
Check
Check for Buckling of compression edge

=√ =1

Gusset outstand from the column

so 13.66 (i.e) 13.66 X 1 X 20 = 273.2 mm

Gusseted outside = = 25 mm

S0 = √
= 140.24mm ≃150mm
273.22mm
Safe

69
70
DESIGN OF RAFTER BRACINGS

71
5.13 DESIGN OF RAFTER BRACINGS

GIVEN DATA
 Depth of the building (d) = 120m
 Height of the building (h) = 12m
 Width of the building (b) = 18m
 Design wind pressure = 1.622 KN/m2
 Factored compression in rafter = 163.725 KN
 Load factor (γ)f = 1.5
 Wind drag co-efficient on roof (Cf') = 0.02

FORCES IN BRACING
Let α be the inclination of the roof with horizontal
tan α = (3.6 / 9) = 21.80
As per Recommendation of IS-800
Shear in rafter bracing = (2.5 + 1.25) x 163.725 = 6.139 KN

100
As per IS 875 [Part 3] :1987
[for h ≤ b and (d / h) > 4]
Frictional drag force is given by
F' = Cf' x (d - 4h) x b x Pd + Cf' x (d - 4h) x 2h x Pd
= 0.02 x (120 - (4 x 12)) x 18 x 1.622 + 0.002 x (120 - (4 x 12) x 2 x12
x1.622
F' = 98.09 KN
Factored drag force = 1.5 x 98.09
= 147.135 KN
Since the bracing is done in 5 bays and total number of braced panels are 14 [70]
147.135 = 2.10 KN
70
Total shear in bracing = 6.139 + 2.10 = 8.239 KN

72
Length of bracing = √ = 7.13 KN
Design force in bracing = 8.239 x 7.13 = 4.196 KN
14
Alternatively,
Inclined length of portion of rafter AA1 = 3.6 x sec 21.80 = 3.87 m
cos Ɵ = 3.87 = 57.120
7.13

Factored wind load on the triangular portion of the end frame,

= 1.5 x 1.622 x 1 x 18 x 3.76

2
= 82.33 KN

Factored wind load in each bay = 82.33 = 41.165 KN

2
Factored wind load on the resultant point = 41.165 = 10.29 KN
4
Design force in diagonal member = 10.29 x sec 21.80
= 11.08 KN

LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIO

L = 0.85 x 7.13 x 103 ≤ 400
r r
r ≥ 15.15 m
Let us select 80 x 80 x 8 mm (ISA)
rvv = 15.5 mm A = 1221 mm2
L = 0.85 x 7.13 x 103 = 391 < 400
r 15.5
Which is sufficient

73
DESIGN STRENGTH OF MEMBER DUE TO GROSS SECTION
YIELDING

Tdg = Ag x fy
γmo

= 1221 x 250 x 10-3

1.1
= 277.5 > 10.29 KN

Which is sufficient
DESIGN OF TENSILE STRENGTH ISA 80x 80 x 8 mm
Tdg = 0.9 x Anc x fu + β x Ago x fy
γm1 γmo

β = 1.4 - 0.076 + W x fy x bs ≥ 0.7

t fu Lc

β = 1.4 - 0.076 + 80 x 250 x 80 + 22.7 - 8

8 410 22.7

= 1.4 - 0.076 (10) x (0.609) x (4.171)

= -0.530 ≥ 0.7
β = 0.7
For 16mm diameter bolt the hole diameter = 18 mm
Anc = 80 - 18 - 8 x 8 = 464 mm2
2
Anc = 80 - 18 x 8 = 608 mm2
2

Design tensile strength = 0.9 x 464 x 410 + 0.7 x 608 x 250

1.25 1.1
= 136972.8 + 96727.27
= 233700 N = 233.7 KN > 10.29 KN

74
BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH
FOR ISA 80 x 80 x 8 mm with 2 numbers of 16mm diameter bolt at 50mm
pitch
Avg = (1 x 50 x 40) x 8 = 720 mm2
Avn = (1 x 50 + 40 - (2 - 0.5) x 18) x 8 = 504 mm2
Atg = 40 x 8 = 320 mm2
Atn = (40 - (0.5 x 18)) x 8 = 248 mm2

Tdb1 = Ang x fy + 0.9 x Atn x fu = 167.69 KN

√3 γmo γm1

Tdb2 = 0.9 x fu x Avn + fy x Atg = 158.63 KN

√3 γm1 γm0

Tdb2 = 158.63 > 11.08 KN

75
DESIGN OF SIDE AND FRONT END BRACINGS

76
5.14 DESIGN OF SIDE AND FRONT END BRACINGS

GIVEN DATA

DESIGN FORCE IN BRACING = 4.196 KN

DESIGN WIND PRESSURE = 1.622 KN/m2

SOLUTION

Wind drag from side walls = 0.025 x 1622.4 x 6 x 20 x 3

= 14601.6N

Total compressive on eave beam = 14601.6 + 4196 = 18797.6 N

γmin required = 600 = 2.4cm

250

Try ISMB 250

γmin = 2.65

L/ γmin = 600 / 2.65 = 226

Actual compressive stress = ( 18797.6 / 47.55 ) = 395.32 N/m2

Bracings

Max tension in bracings = 18797.6 x 6002 + 3002

600

= 21,106 N

Length of bracing = 6002 + 8002 = 670.82 cm

rxx = 670.82 =1.91 cm

350
Try ISA 70 x 70 x 6 mm

Area of outstanding leg = b = ( 7- 0.6/2)0.6 =4.02 cm2

77
Anc = a = 8.06 -4.02

= 4.04 cm2

Effective area in tension = 4.04 + 4.02

1+ 0.35 X (4.02/4.04)

= 7 cm2
Tensile stress = 21016 / 7 = 300.2 < 15000

Additional axial force on column = 21016 x 300

6002 + 3002

=9398.64 N

FRONT END BRACINGS

BRACING LENGTH = 5 2 + 32 = 5.83 m

rxx = 583
350 Use ISA 80 x 80 x 6 mm

78
79
DESIGN OF PLINTH FLOOR

80
5.15 DESIGN OF PLINTH FLOOR

 Given data
 Slab size = 6m X 18m
 Floor Finish = 0.6 KN/m2
 fck = 20N/mm2
 fy = 415N/mm2
 Total imposed load on the floor of Building = 2.4 X height of storage
= 12 KN/m2
Type of slab used

= >2

The slab is designed as one-way slab.

Thickness of slab
Assume effective depth = d= ( )=( )

= 240mm
Adopting a clear cover of 20mm and using 10mm diameter bars the total
depth is computed as D = 265m
Effective Span
(i) [Clear span + effective depth]
L = 6 + 0.24 = 6.24 m
Loads
 Self-weight of Slab = (0.265 X 25) = 6.625 KN/m2
 Finishes = 1.5
 Live load = 12 KN/m2
Total service load = 20.125 KN/m2
Ultimate load = 1.5 = 30.1875 KN/m2
Ultimate moments and shear forces
Mu = (0.125 Wu.L2)
= (0.125 X 30.1875 X 62)
= 135.84 KN.m
Vu = (0.5 Wu.L)

81
 = (0.5 X 30.1875 X 6)
= 90.5625 KN
Limiting Moment of Resistance.
MuLim = 0.318 fckbd2
=( 0.138 X 20 X 183 X 2402 )10-6
= 927.148 KN.m
Mu < Mulim section is under reinforced.
Tension Reinforcements

Mu = (0.87 Ast fy d) [1-( )]

135.84 X 106 = 0.87 Ast X 415 X 240 [1- )]

135.84 X 106 = 86652 Ast [1-(0.0000148Ast)]

135.84 x 106 = 86652 Ast – 12.824Ast2
Ast = 2472 mm2
Using 16mm diameter bars, the spacing of bars in computed as
s= ( )

=( ) = 81.33 ≃90mm

Distribution Bars
Ast = 0.12 % bD
= (0.0012 X 265 x 1000)
= 318 mm2
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 160mm centers.
X Check for shear stress
τv = ( )

=( ) = 0.377 N/mm2

Pt = ( )

82
 =( ) = 0.515

Kτc = (1.23 X 0.4848 ) = 0.596 N/mm2 > τv

XI Check for deflection control
( )max = basic x Kt x Kc x Kf

Kt = 1.2 Kf = 301

( )max = (20 x1.2 x 1.2 x 1)

= 28.8

( ) provided = ( ) = 26 < 28

Deflection criterion is safe.

83
84
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

85
5.16 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

Given data

 Load on footings Pu = 1363.5 KN

 Weight of foundation at 10% of column load = 136.35 KN
 Total load Bearing capacity of soil = 200KN/m2
 M15 grade concrete, Fe 410 Steel ,fu = 410Mpa, fy = 250 Mpa

Size of footing

 Load on column = 1363.5 KN

 Total load = 1363.5 + 136.35 KN
= 1499.85 KN

 Area of footing = ( ) = 6.8175

Size of footing = √
= 2.61m
Adopt 2.7 m X 2.7 m square footing

qu= ( )

= 280.55 KN/m2 = 0.28 N/mm2

One way shear

Vu1 = (0.28 X 2700) (1363.5 – d)

= 756 (1363.5 – d)

τc = 0.28 N/mm2

One way shear resistance

Ve1 = (0.28 X 2700 X d)

= (756 d) N

Vu1 Vc1

86
756 (1363.5 – d) 756d

1030806 – 756 d 756d d 681.75mm

Two way shear

Assume the effective depth of slab d =681.75mm

Vu2 = 0.28 [27002 – (600 + d2)]

= 0.28 [27002 – (600 + 681.752)]
= 1910892.743 N

Two –way shear resistance Vc2 is computed as

Vc2 = Ksτc [4(600+d) d]

Ks = 1.0
τc = 0.25 = 1.118 N/mm2

= (1X1.118) [4(600 +d)d] = (2683.2 + 4.472d)d

1910892.793 2683.2d + 4.472d2

d= 419.23mm

Adopt 725 mm effective depth

D=800mm

87
Design of Reinforcements

Mu= (280 X 1 X 0.5) = 140 KNm/m

( )=( ) = 0.294

Pt= 0.080 which is less than 0.25 percent assumed

Ast = ( )=( ) = 1725mm3/m

Using 20mm dia bars

S= ( )

= 182.02 ≃183 mm C/C

Adopt 20mm bars at 180mm C/C.

88
89
GEOMETRIC PLAN

90
91
92
6 CONCLUSIONS

The aim of this project, “to learn, practice and Excel in various subjects which
we learned in our classrooms by applying them practically by analysis and
design of an roof truss, for the usage of industrial storage of materials,
efficiently to reach the requirement as well as economy”, has been fulfilled
successfully. The various operations of the building have been analyzed
perfectly and the local codes have been followed correctly. The analyzed truss
has strength to withstand various loads. The manual design of other components
is also given high importance and a calculation of desired reinforcement is found
with high factors of safety. We propose that this building has adequate strength
to resist all the loads and meet its purpose of storage of materials in its life span.

93
REFERENCES

 LIMITS STATE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES – SK DUGGAL
[McGraw Hill Education (India) pvt.ltd – 2nd edition 2014]

 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN – N.KRISHNA RAJU ,

P.N.PRANESH , NEW AGE INTRNATIONAL PUBLISHERS EDITION
2013

 IS 456-2000 – PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE CODE OF

PRACTICE

 IS 800-2007 – (GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN STEEL – CODE OF

PRACTICE)

 IS: 875 [part 1, part 2, part 3] – CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN

LOADS ( OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKES ) FOR BUILDING AND
STRUCTURES

 SP16 (DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE TO IS :456-

l978)

 NPTEL, a online material for the students developed by IIT-Kharagpur,

[Design of Reinforced concrete structures, Design of One way slabs,
Module 8]

 SP 38: 1987 HANDBOOK OF TYPIFIED DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURES

WITH STEEL ROOF TRUSSES (WITH AND WITHOUT CRANES)

94