Basic Refrigeration And

Air Conditioning
Fourth Edition

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTALS .............................................................................................................................. iii
1. VALVES ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Globe valves ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Gate valves ....................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 2
2. BELT DRIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1. Drives in machines ........................................................................................................................... 2
2.2. Flat belt drives.................................................................................................................................. 2
2.3. Flat belt drives.................................................................................................................................. 2

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Table of Figures
Figure 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Figure 2 ................................................................................................................................................................. 3

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CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTALS
1. VALVES

1.1. Globe valves

Globe valves are the most widely used in industry for flow control in both on/off
and throttling service. They typically have rounded bodies from which their name
is derived. They are linear motion valves with a tapered plug or disk attached to
the stem that closes onto a seating surface to act as flow control element, as
shown in Below Figure. The liquid must make two 90° turns when passing through
the valve and because of that, the pressure drop in the globe valve is significant,
even when fully open. The high pressure drop is the main disadvantage of the
globe valve.

Figure 1

1.2. Gate valves

Gate valves (also known as knife valves or slide valves) are the most common
valve used for on/off service but could be used for throttling. They are linear
motion valves and a flat disk or wedge slides into the flow stream to act as flow
control element, as shown in Below Figure. The direction of fluid flow is not
changed by the valve. When fully open, the wedge completely clears the flow path
creating minimum pressure drop.

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CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION
2. BELT DRIVES

2.1. Drives in machines

Belt drives such as flat belt, V belt, round belt, timing belt and tape (thin belt made
from cloth and composite) are widely used in textile machines. They are simple
and inexpensive compared to gears drives. Belt drive requires an endless belt and
two pulleys (a driver and driven). Mostly they are used to transmit power between
two parallel shafts by means of friction. The belt must be set with some initial
tension to avoid it slipping over the pulleys for effective power transmission.
Depending on the cross-sectional shape of belts, they are classified as flat, V and
round belts.

2.2. Flat belt drives

Flat belts have narrow rectangular cross-section. In fact, the earliest belt used in
industrial drives was leather flat belt. Larger flat belt drives were in use as group-
drive system in industry decades ago. A large motor drives several machines
through pulleys and leather belts. Later, reinforced flat flats were introduced
which have almost replaced the leather belts due to their superior characteristics.
The important material properties to be considered for the construction of flat
belts are high coefficient of friction between the belt and the rim of the pulleys,
flexibility, durability and strength of the belt

2.3. Flat belt drives

The V belts are the probably the most common means of transmitting power
between fractional horse power motors to machines. Mostly, the driver and
driven pulleys lie in the same vertical plane. There is an upper limit on the center
distance or belt length. Long center distances are not recommended, because the
excessive vibration of slack side flutters and shorten the belt life. In general, the
center distance should not be greater than 3 times the sum of diameters of input
and output pulleys. Since the V belt is short, it is subjected to the action of load
and fatigue a greater number of times. Further, its ability in absorbing the shocks
is poor.

Gears have specially constructed toothed profile and are extensively used to
transmit power in machines. Gears can be classified into spur gears, helical gears,
bevel and worm gears. Within these gears there are sub-classification based on
designs. Gears are made of ferrous (steel, cast iron), non-ferrous metals (bronze

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based) and non-metallic materials (Nylon, fibre reinforced in phenolic resin etc.).
Steel is the most widely used material for gears. Spur gears are the simplest gears,
having the maximum precision and high power transmission efficiency compared
to any other gears.

Figure 2