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A ground fault condition on wye zigzag transformer is shown in Fig. 3.1. In order for
in-phase ground current to flow, the current in each zigzag circuit must be equal.
Note that the zero sequence current, Io, in the two windings of the same core is in
opposite directions. The flux caused by the ground current in the ~ windings
cancels and there is no flux linkage to the wye winding. Therefore, its current is zero
i.e. the line current ofwye connected auxiliary winding is zero. This could be used as
a zigzag earthing transformer as shown in Fig. 3.2.
21
vapj
Vall
v.at~
I
(a)- Winding Connection for a Wye-Zigzag Transformer
\1 b t
v~ Vaz V It
'I' e 1
't' I I
...
v.
Ic
'7
.__
l I~Jbl,
Fig3·!4 Grounding Zigzag T r 2nsformer Sho,,ing Gr ound Current Flows
22
Primary to Secondary Primary to Secondary
Phase Shifl Phase Shifl
)-
-*' 3rf \
r ~ 3Cf
or or
0!
r ~
I
3Cf
or
>-- -~ 3Cf
~
-*' 00 ~
;I
~ 00
- ~
Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Diagrams for Delta-Zigzag and Wye-Zigzag Transformers
..
~ ~
___. ~
Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Diagrams for Zigzag Grounding Transformers
23
Generally, zigzag earthing transformers are used where high ground currents are
desired on solidly grounded systems. On 13.8 kV and lower voltage systems where
the ground current is limited by a grounding resistor or reactor, the delta-grounded
wye transformer is normally used. Delta-wye transformers at the lower voltages are
high volume items and more competitively priced. With essentially only one winding,
the zigzag connection should cost less than a delta-wye transformer used for
grounding. However, because zigzag is less common and the internal connections
slightly more complex, the cost differential may not be much.
The sequence diagrams for a transformer with a zigzag winding are shown in Fig. 3.3.
/
In construction, the transformer is generally the same as an ordinary three-phase,
core-type power transformer, but having a single winding on each limb, which is split
up into two parts, the halves of the windings on the three limbs being interconnected,
as shown in Fig. 3.2.
The neutral point of the earthing transformer is connected to earth either direct or
through a current-limiting impedance, while the terminals of the apparatus are
..
connected to the three-phase lines. The rating of the earthing transformer is, of
course, different from that of a power transformer, as the latter is designed to carry its
total load continuously, while the former has only to be supplied with the iron loss,
whilst the copper loss due to the passage of the short-circuit fault current occurs only;
for a fraction of a minute.
Neutral earthing transformers are normally designed to carry the maximum fault
current for up to thirty seconds or, alternatively, a time depending upon earthing
transformer. It is more usual to specify the single-phase earth fault current that the
earthing transformer must carry rather than the equivalent requirements~If 31 is the
total earth fault current and V the line voltage, the earthing transformer short time
rating is equal to --./ 3 VI.
24
~
~~
l
'\- l
~~I~
~.
.~~
~·~j--
..
-
3.4(o.) Side View of Grounding Tro.nsforMer
ZigZo.g 'Winding 1
.' ~
.... -.
~
·(
/ · , ""\ ..
--HIlf--1-I--ZigZo.g \Jinding 2
.. '
L v \Jinding
OJ
I I II ; I
~ ~ ~
,.
I '
~
!
; t
W/_y
;...,. ~t ~r.,~
'
_.
~ 2H2rtt
' L1...~
n;,.p,sions in ...
25
it is intended to employ an earthing transformer it is possible to incorporate a star-
connected auxiliary winding of, say, 100 to 200 kV A rating, and hence a supply is
available for the local LV load.
The average field intensity in the core due to the outer winding is smaller than that
due to the inner winding for the some current. This phenomenon can be explained as
follows.
-...
26
I
Fig 3.6
Field strength induced in the position P, because of the current I flown through the
conductor positioned at r distance from the centre, with n No. of turns, is given by
.....
(I ·r-de ·Sin a) •
dH := 4.n (x 2 + l- 2·r·XCosa)
27
~Xl + l- 2·(X·rCose)
( ~ I
- x
)I
1
Sin(9o- e) = ;-
I I
~-..2 2 ;ose
X +r - 2·X·rCose = I -
::imCl
1
(r- XCose)
Sina := ~r================
(~0 + l- 2·X·rCose)
B:= .d
1
[l·rde.(r- XCoseTI ;/
lli:=--~=========7~~----~
4·TI·~Xl + r2 - 2·X.rCose.{~ + i- 2·X·r·Cose)
I
dH := (J.t{r- X·Cose).de)
3
2
4n.{Xl + l- 2·X.r·Cose)
2·n
(r- x.eose)
~== I de
0
[{0 2
+ • -·2 X·•Co~H
X:= ( 0 O.oi 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09)
·- 22
n .-- say r := 0.090
7
n
2
(r - Xcos(o)) de
~(X):=
0
[(0 +?- 2 x,.,..(e));l
._.
.
28
<l>r:= f.lo ·l!r·l·..!:.·fr 4·X·~(X)dX
2 0
.08
<1> := 2·r·
J 4
(30000·X + 8800·:>2 + 3000·~ + 194.004·X)dX
0
0 := 22 say r := 0.135 .1
7
n
2
(r- Xcos(e)) de
~(X):=
[{x> +? - 2·X·<eos(a)}%]
0
~(0.04) = 126.064
~(0.06) = 155.476
~(0.08) = 200.712
29
X:= (0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18)
~~X)·.=\
(r- xcoJ...e ))
11~
0
l{x' + l- 2 x,,• .{e))~
~(0) =48.501 ~(0.10) = 105.206
~(0.02) = 55.842 ~(0.12) = 132 749 ;I
~(0.04) = 64.351 ~(0.14) = 184.734
~(0.06) = 74.545 ~(0.16) = 333.072
~(0.08) =87.455 ~(0.18) = 284.729
X:= (0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27)
n == 22 say r := 0.225
7
rr
2
~(X):=
(r- xcos{a)) de
0
[(:0 + ,2 - 2 x,,..(e))~]
30
~(0) = 31.041 ~(0.15) =84.959
~(0.03) = 36.761 ~(0.18) = 129.027
~(0.06) =43.638 ~(0.21) = 336.223
~(0.09) = 52.394
13(0.12) = 64.703
.08 1
"''" h·[ Jo (uoo.x4 + soo.x' + •so.x' + 31.041·X)dXJ
X:= (0 O.o3 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27)
·- 22
n .-- ...
say r := 0.270
7
n
....
2
~(X):=
(r- Xcos(e)) de
31
08
'",. 2·{L (,s5-X4 + 5oo-x' + 110-x' + 21.556-x)d>:J
<I> =0.05 llo·llr · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <1>5 for a Unit Current
X:= (0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 024 0.27)
~(0.12)
-
=22.831
=26.011
~ (024)
~ (027)
=56.988
=87.481
8 4
'",. 2·•{( {185-x + 9o-x' + 68-x' + 15.837-x) dX]
32
The results can be presented graphically as in Fig 3.5, variation of flux in the core
with the distance of the winding from the core. Therefore even when the two
windings of the zigzag connection in one leg are fed with equal and opposite currents,
there is a resultant flux.
To model the substation setup, MatLab version 6.0 was used in the preliminary stages
of the project. No in-build models are available for zigzag transformer. A zigzag
transformer model was tried to build by combining windi!lgs of single-phase
transformers. This model was simulated when there is a singfe-phase earth fault is
present. Unfortunately the desired results could not obtain as the simulator assumes
that all the equipment behave in idle manner. Modeling of the earthing and auxiliary
transformer with zigzag winding arrangement made the simulation more complex.
Since the modeling of the GSS using Matlab failed in the preliminary stages, it was
decided to wound a prototype of a grounding transformer and simulate an earth fault
in the laboratory. The earthing transformer with the auxiliary winding use in GSSs has
the following specifications.
'
....
Primary winding: 33 kV zigzag connected
The transformer has a voltage ratio of 156:156:10 among the sections of the zigzag
windings and auxiliary winding. The prototype transformer wa~ wound by
maintaining the above ratio among the windings. But there were difficulties to
maintain impedance of 70-80 Ohms in the prototype transformer. The small size
transformer manufacturers do not have the control over the impedance of the
transformer. They just use the insulating materials available with them without
33
Fig 3.5 Variation of Flux In the core with the Distance of the winding from the core (r)
0.25
·,
.,
'
'
'
0.2
'C'
.s
\ "
..
1.)
::l '·
"C
c \
0
1.)
Q)
.r;
I
0.15
·=
cQ)
-- \ '
·~
I.H ....
~
....
::l
1.)
~
c
::l
., 0.1 -
;
....
.E
-....
:J
0
:J
><
><
::l
u.:: --~
~ r----__ "
0.05 ~l!f,{\.
I I---
I
r f = ..
I
-
c-;.
r.,
- F~""'
I
4 ·-~
,--,
;_ _,,,. -~;;
0
0.0900 0.1350 0.1800 0.2250 0.2700 0.3150
lseries1 0.224 0.131 0.08 0.059 0.05 0.04
r (m)
~r::mh A1
knowing the specification. The determining of the insulation layer thickness is also
done by trial and error. Based on these matters, the impedance of the prototype
transformer could not achieve as desired.
There are many ways to arrange the windings around the core. Arrangement of
windings in grounding transformers used in GSSs is indicated in fig 3.6. The two
sections of zigzag windings are arrange in one over other concentrically. Both
winding have same number of turns and wound using coil having same material and
same size. The inner most winding is the auxiliary winding. The two sections of
zigzag is arranged on the top of the auxiliary winding. Each winding is separated by
I
an insulating barrier to limit the impedance of the transformer.
Similar type of arrangement of windings was used in the prototype transformer. All
three windings were arranged in similar way. In addition to these three windings an
additional winding which is equal to the auxiliary winding in no. of turns, was added
be side the other windings in the core.
1. When the nominal voltages are applied to the primary zigzag winding and
2. When the fault currents are injected to the zigzag winding through the
neutral point.
In the second stage, to control the fault current flow through the windings, low
voltages were applied across the windings. Since the impedance of the prototype
._
transformer was considerably low (approx. 18 ohms), it was difficult to increase the
supply voltage beyond 30V. Therefore the maximum supply voltage that could apply
to the prototype transformer was 30V. For the comparison of results it is used the
same voltage range for the both stage one and stage two.
For the above two tests, three experiment setups were used.
35
a.) Experiment setup 1 - fig 3.7
All three phases were subjected to equal inphase currents, by short circuiting the
ends of primary windings (zigzag winding). The current of the loop was limited
by a rheostat. The induced voltages were measured for various current through the
...
....
37
Vnble
Resistor Prototype Tl'80$fotmer
'1'
r .. . . . '
Variac
! Zigzag~
lw:!Jiaty wdg 1
Auxilary wdg. 2
...
....
38
6£
i <
!:
I I
4
18
! ·-·-·---------···· ···---·-----·-·-···-·............... --.......... __ _;
ov
_. _
J
1
l
l
•'•
I
•I
••
I
•
. ;
J... __ .. _--- -- ... -- ---------.. - - ... .1. S..taw.AOJ-su~
l:, >e£
3.4 Experiment results
41
R Phase
15
10
5
> 0
-5
-10
-15
Time
.I
y phase
15
10
5
> 0
-5
-1o I ..
-15 ... Time
B Phase
15
10
5
> 0
-5
-10
-15
Time
42
3.4.3 Experiment setup 3 results
The observed waveforms are indicated in fi g 3. 10
The induced voltages in the auxiliary winding 1 and 2 were measured in experimental
setup 1 and experimental setup 2. The results are tabulated in table 3. 1. The
superimposed results are tabulated in table 3.2.
I
Fig. 3.11 shows the variation of induced voltages in two auxiliary windings, when
different voltages are applied to the primary (zigzag) winding. Curves 1 and 2 in Fig.
3.1 1 are almost identical. This implies that the voltage induced in the two auxiliary
windings in experimental setup-1 are equal. Curves 3 and · 4 show some deviation
between them with the increase of supply voltage. This implies that some additional
voltage is induced in auxiliary windings in experimental setup 2.
..
(Fig 3.12 shows the induced voltage revel in two auxiliary windings as a percentage
of induced voltages at the respective auxiliary windings in experiment setup 1).
-.
43
0.700
0.600 -1------------------------------------:~r--
~ 0.500
do
!s
-' 0.400 '---------------------------~~~~~,.~--------------------
+-
"1:
i• 0~1---------------------------:;~~~~~-----------------------------------------------
Q
0000
... 1
. 1
•
I
•
I
•
I I I I I
Fig 3.11 Graph: Voltage induced in Aux. Winding against the injected current to
the neutral
25.00
2000
•
Q
.! 15 00
~
s
••
!
.s.,_ 10 00
5.00
~ . . . . . . .
0.00+-------,--------.-------.-------,--------r-------~------,-------,-------,
1A
6.2V
Curr...t iVoltall"
Fig 3.12 Graph:% Voltage increased in Aux. Winding due to the injected
current to the neutral
44
Theoretically two conditions need to be satisfied to operate the grounding transformer
at an earth fault.
1. The zero sequence current flow through each winding (~) should be equal in
each phase.
2. The net flux induced in the limb by the zero sequence component of the current
flown through the windings should be zero.
Base on the experiment results on the prototype transformer there are two
conclusions. ~
.~
2. The induced voltage in the auxiliary winding is different for two locations. i.e.
...
for location of auxiliary winding 1 and location of auxiliary winding 2 .
45