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Mobile communications and Fading (EC 60054)

Spring 2008-09

Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering


IIT Kharagpur

Dr. Suvra Sekhar Das


suvra@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
Lecture 0 on and 1

Dr. Suvra Sekhar Das


suvra@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
Lecture 0 on 31/12/2008

– Broad Coverage Area of the course

– Expectation from the course

– Pre-requisites if any

– Administrative information
Contents
• Introduction & Historical Review
• Uses of Mobile Radio Different Services
• Cellular Systems & Frequency Reuse, Capacity, Path Loss, Wireless Link
• Multi-path fading and fading channels, Diversity Techniques,
Equalization, Analog and digital Modulation techniques for mobile radio
• Cellular Networks, signalling and control, connection to fixed networks,
• Mobile Radio Transmitters , Rx and link design,
• Multiple access methods,
• Systems eg. GSM, Is 95, 3G Cellular,
• Details of GSM
• + 4G
• ++ RRM, Radio Network Planning, MAC & Link control mechanisms,
• +++ Radio Access Technologies, WCDMA, OFDM(A), SC-FDMA, Air
Interfaces in 3G, UWB, MIMO concepts
Schedule

1 2 3 4 5

7:30-8:25 8:30-9:25 9:30-10:25 10:30-11:25 11:30-12:25

W F1 R E1
E C2 C3
D

T C4 M B4
H D4 F2
U

F E4 O F4
R G3 E3
I
Teaching Assistants

• A Venkata Keerthana
– 07EC6414
– Keerthana.ece@gmail.com
– 097324426401

• Vikas Agarwal
– 07EC6417
– Vikasvikas85@gmail.com
– 09734404986
Lecture 1, on 1/12/2008
• Contents
– Course Contents & syllabus

– Need for wireless communications

– Key factors Driving Wireless

– History of Cellular Telephony

– Recent and Future Trends, Applications driving Wireless


Need to be wireless….where wire-line is limited

Human Connectivity ? Remote control of instruments

Defense Forces
Need to be wireless….where wire-line is limited

Emergency

Rural
Need to be wireless….where wire-line is limited
• Always Connected

•Anytime, Anywhere, Anything

[internet resources, comcast]


Key factors Driving Wireless
• MOBILITY
• INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPORT
• COST of new deployment in sparsely populated areas

• Challenge1
• Minimize Power requirement , Maximize Coverage
– Good system design
» Good transmission technology and link budget
– Good Receiver algorithm design
» equalization, synchronization, decoding
– Good Receiver and Transmitter implementation
» VLSI, CMOS technology
– Mobility support
• Handover
• Roaming
Introduction
• Further uses of mobile radio: look up text books

• A brief history of wireless evolution


Wireless Era

1860 Pioneer Era 1860 - 1921

1921 Precellular Era 1921 - 1980

1980 Cellular Era 1980 - 2010+


Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes
Pioneer Era
Pioneer Era
1860s Maxwell develops fundamental laws of electromagnetics

1880s Heinrich Hertz proves existence of EM waves

1860
1890s Nicola Tesla demonstrates radio telegraphy

1890s Alexander Popov builds first radio receiver

1921 1890s Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose rings a bell remotely

Early1900s Gugliemo Marconi - First Transatlantic radio


communication
1912 Sinking of the Titanic highlights the importance of
1980 wireless communications on the seaways. In the
following years marine radio is established.
Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes
Pre-Cellular Era
Pre-Cellular Era
1921 Detroit police department conducts field tests with
mobile radio
1933 In the United States, four channels in the 30-40MHz
range
1938 In the United States, ruled for regular services
1860 1940 Wireless communications is stimulated by World War
II
1948 First commercial fully automated mobile telephone
system is deployed in Richmond, United States
1948 Claude Shannon publishes two benchmark papers on
Information Theory, containing the basis for data
1921 compression (source encoding) and error detection
and correction (channel encoding)

1950’s Microwave telephone and communication links are


developped
1960’s Introduction of trunked radio systems with automatic
channel allocation capabilities in the United States
1980 1970’s Commercial mobile telephone system operated in
many countries (e.g. 100 million moving vehicles on
Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes US highways, B-Netz in (West-) Germany.
Cellular Era
Cellular Era
1980’s Deployment of analogue cellular systems
1990’s Digital cellular deployment and dual
mode operation of digital systems
1860 2000’s Future Public Land Mobile
Telecommunication Systems (FPLMTS) /
International Mobile Telecommunciations
– 2000 (IMT-2000) / Universal Mobile
Telecommunication Systems (UMTS)
1921 deployed with multimedia services

2010s Wireless broadband communications will


be available with B-OFDM and All IP

1980 2010’s + Radio over fibre (such as fibre-optic


microcells)
Ref: Prasad Lecture Notes
Recent and Future Wireless Communications Systems
Applications --Technologies
Mobile Communications Roadmap

Mobility
1995 2000 2005 2010+

3G+
4G
(B3G)
High
3G
Speed ( IMT2000 )
DV
V -DO/
E
A 2000 HSDPA WiBro
2G CDM -CDMA / 802.16e
Medium ( Digital ) W
A
Speed /TDM
SM
1G M A/ G High speed RFID
CD WLAN WPAN
( Analog ) ZigBee
5 GHz /g MANet
.11a Wi-Max
AMPS WLAN 2
Low ETACS 2.4 GHz 80
Speed JTACS WLAN
802.11b Bluetooth
NMT PAN
Data
~ 14.4 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps <50 Mbps <100 Mbps Rates

Ref: Prasad lecture notes


Family Tree of Wireless Systems

High speed
4G/ IMT-A PN &
PN Federation
WLAN WiBro
802.16e 2010+
WPAN
WiMAX

3G
Bluetooth
2.4 GHz
2000
WLAN
1997
1995
2G
1990

1G

1980
Ref: Prasad lecture notes
Time Required for New Technology Development and Deployment

Deployment

Implementation

Spectrum
allocation

Set goal Set requirements Standardization + enhancement

10 years

Ref: Prasad lecture notes


Multiple Convergence Concept

Satellites and
broadcasting
HAPS

PANs and BANs

Personalization,
•Globalinteractive
Global Interactive
context, location,
•communication system presence, security,
and identity
(4G)
•(4G)

FWA and wired


communications
Cellular-based
WLANs, such as
systems, such as 2G,
IEEE 802.11a,
3G, and beyond 3G
HIPERLAN 2, and
MMAC

Ref: Prasad lecture notes


History of cellular telephony

1970s/1980s 1982/1992 1992/2001 …./2007,2012, 2017

“….It is dangerous to put limits on wireless data rates…..”


Ref: Channelization, Link Adaptation and Multi-antenna Techniques for OFDM(A) BasedWireless Systems: Muhammad Imadur Rahman
History of cellular telephony

1970s/1980s 1982/1992 1992/2001 …./2007,2012, 2017

Ref: NEC slides at nmsa 08


History of Networks
• 1830's Gauss and Weber develop a small scale telegraph system (tele=distant,
graph=writing) in Gottingen
• 1840 Samuel Morse patents the practical telegraph
• 1844 Morse sets up 40-mile telegraph line between Washington, DC, and Baltimore
• 1876 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson demonstrate and patent the
telephone (tele=distant, phone=voice).
• 1950's Late in the decade, several "push-to-talk" mobile systems established in big
cities for CB-radio, taxis, police, etc.
• 1950's Late in the decade, the first paging access control equipment (PACE) paging
systems established
• 1950's Late in the decade, AT&T introduced a 300-bps modem (Bell 103) and 1200-bps
modem (Bell 202) using frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation
• 1960's Early in the decade, the Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS) developed
with simultaneous transmit & receive, more channels, and greater power
• 1960's Early in the decade, AT&T introduced a 2400-bps modem (Bell 201)using 4-
phase phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation
• 1962 The first communication satellite, Telstar, launched into orbit
• 1964 The International telephone numbering plan defined in ITU-T's recommendation
E.163 which has governed the country codes, area codes, and local numbering
system

http://williamstallings.com/Extras/Telecom.html
History of Networks
• 1968 The CCITT (Now ITU-T) standards organization publishes first "Group 1"
standards for facsimile machines
• 1968 DARPA selected BBN to develop the ARPANET, the father of the modern
Internet
• 1960's Late in the decade, modems appear at 4800 bps using 8-phase PSK and at
9600 bps using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with a 16-point constellation
• 1970 First low-loss optical fiber announced having an attenuation of 20 dB/km
• 1970's Packet switching emerges as an efficient means of data communications, with
the X.25 standard emerging late in the decade
• 1976 Ethernet invented by Robert Metcalf, leading to 1-Mbps to 10-Mbps Ethernet
local area networks (LANs) based on the IEEE 802.3 standard
• 1977 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), invented by Bell Labs, first
installed in the US with geographic regions divided into "cells" (i.e., cellular
telephone)
• 1978 The L5E-carrier system installed to support 132,000 telephone using frequency
division multiplexing over 10 pairs of coax cables
• 1983 January 1, TCP/IP selected as the official protocol for the ARPANET, leading to
rapid growth
• ISDN, SONET, LAN, ATM,
• LEO Satellite Systems
• 1993 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) established for reliable transmission over the
internet in conjunction with the Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
• ADSL …….
http://williamstallings.com/Extras/Telecom.html

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