WIND ENERGY

Dr.K.Ravi
HOW WIND IS GENERATED?
• Wind is caused by the uneven energy
distribution and rotation of the Earth.

 Heat
 Pressure gradients
 Motion

Wind generation
• Wind is air in motion and derives from solar
radiation.
• About 2% of the total solar flux that reaches the
earths surface is transformed to wind energy due to
uneven heating of the atmosphere.
• During daytime the air over the land heats up faster
than the air over the oceans.
• Hot air rises and expands while cool air from oceans
Rushes to fill the space creating local winds.
Day time
Night time
 Then in China wind mills were used to raise water for
irrigation and sea water for production of salt.
 In 1854 Daniel Halladay in US introduced a wind pump
and used for irrigation and industrial applications.
 In 1880 P. La’cour used wind mill as a source of
electricity.
 In 1929 French engineer Darreius built an aero
generator.
 In 1974 NASA constructed and operated a wind
generator of 100kW capacity.
 In 1987 US firms generated a 2.5MW generator
CLASSIFICATION OF WIND TURBINES
1.Based on alignment of rotor axis(depending upon
the orientation of the axis of rotation of their rotors).
Horizontal axis turbine
 Rotor axis is kept horizontal and aligned parallel in the
direction of wind speed.
Vertical axis turbine
 Rotor axis is kept vertical and aligned perpendicular in the
direction of wind speed.
• Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
Advantages
• Vertical-Axis wind Turbines o Omni-directional
- Accepts wind from any direction
o Components can be mounted at ground level
- Ease of service
- Lighter weight towers
o Can theoretically use less materials to capture the
same amount of wind
Disadvantages
o Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer
o Poor self-starting capabilities
o Requires support at top of turbine rotor
o Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings
o Overall poor performance and reliability
Horizontal -Axis wind Turbines
HAWA
 2.Based on the force utilised

 Lift type wind turbine

 Drag type wind turbine

• Forces are transmitted from a moving fluid to
an object in the flow stream
Lift = the force component perpendicular to the
original flow direction
Drag = the force component in line with the original
flow direction
 α = low

α = medium
DRAG TYPE <10 degrees

α = High
Stall!!

LIFT TYPE
DRAG TYPE LIFT TYPE
Low speed turbines High speed turbines

Rotor shaft torque is Rotor shaft torque is

comparatively high which is of comparatively low . Electric
prime importance for power generation ,shaft of the
mechanical applications such generator requires to be
as water pumping driven at high speed
Greater blade area is required Aerofoil type blades are
required to minimize the
effect of drag forces
Blades are fabricated using Blades are having high
curved plates thickness to chord ratio to
produce high lift
 Drag Design

• For the drag design, the wind

pushes the blades out of the
way.

• Drag powered wind turbines

are characterized by slower
rotational speed and high
torque capability.

• They are useful for the

pumping, sawing or grinding

16
 LIFT Design

• The blade is essentially an airfoil, or wing

• More efficient than drag device

• When air flows past the blade, a wind speed and

pressure differential is created between the upper
and lower blade surfaces.

• The pressure at the lower surface is greater and

thus acts to "lift" the blade.

• When blades are attached to a central axis, like a

wind turbine rotor, the lift is translated into
rotational motion.

• Lift-powered wind turbines have much higher

rotational speeds than drag types and therefore
are well suited for electricity generation.
 Terms Related to Wind Power

V
Terms Related to Wind Power
Terms Related to Wind Power
Terms Related to Wind Power
Terms Related to Wind Power
Terms Related to Wind Power
Terms Related to Wind Power
Terms Related to Wind Power

by
Terms Related to Wind Power
Airfoil Shape

Just like the wings of an airplane,

wind turbine blades use the
airfoil shape to create lift and
maximize efficiency.

The phenomena
 Angle of attack
• Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line of the airfoil and the free
stream direction .
• Angle of attack has a large effect on the lift generated by an airfoil.
• Blade: extract wind energy
• Leading edge: front edge of the blade that faces towards direction of wind flow
• Trailing edge; Rear edge of the blade that faces away from the direction of wind
flow
• Chord line: The line joining the leading edge and trailing edge.
• Camber; max distance between mean line and cord line which measure the
curvature of airfoil

Angle Of Attack (blade angle)

Pitch angle: angle between
the blade chord and the
plane of the blade rotation.
Swept area -area covered by
the rotating rotor.
Nacelle: The nacelle houses
the generator, gear box,
hydraulic system and yawing
mechanism.
 Twist & Taper
• Speed through the air of a point on the
blade changes with distance from hub

• Therefore, tip speed ratio varies as well

• To optimize angle of attack all along blade,

it must twist from root to tip

Fastest

Faster

Fast
 Tip-Speed Ratio
ΩR

• Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the speed R

of the outer blade tip to the speed of
the undisturbed natural wind speed.
• There is an optimum angle of attack
which creates the highest lift to drag
ratio.
• Because angle of attack is dependant on
wind speed, there is an optimum tip-
speed ratio
ΩR
TSR =
V
Where,
Ω = rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Wind “Free Stream” Velocity
 Performance Over Range of Tip Speed Ratios

• Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio

• Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve
Capacity Factor

Tip Speed Ratio

Multiblade and savonius type rotors
have low value of TSR
while Propeller and darries have
TSR from 3 to 7.

Max value of Cp under ideal

conditions is 0.593(Bitz limit)
Betz Limit
All wind power cannot be
captured by rotor or air
would be completely still
behind rotor and not allow
more wind to pass through.

Theoretical limit of rotor

efficiency is 59%

Most modern wind turbines

are in the 35 – 45% range
 Rotor Solidity

Solidity :- is the ratio of blade area to

circumference of the rotor.
Low solidity (0.10) = high speed, low torque R
Nb a

2R
N  no of blade
b  blade width A
High solidity (> 0.80) = low speed, high torque
Solidity = 3a/A
 Yawing – Facing the Wind

• Active Yaw (all medium & large turbines produced

today, & some small turbines from Europe)
• Anemometer on nacelle tells controller
which way to point rotor into the wind

• Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into

wind

• Passive Yaw (Most small turbines)

• Wind forces alone direct rotor
• Tail vanes
• Downwind turbines
3. Based on generation

Small (10 kW) Intermediate

• Homes (10-250 kW)
• Farms
• Remote Applications • Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
(e.g. water pumping,
telecom sites) • Distributed Power

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
Kid
Wind
Proj
ect
|
www
.kidw
WIND TURBINE-
MAIN
COMPONENTS
Wind Farms
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROTORS

Multiblade Type

Propeller Type

Savonious Type

Darrieus type
MULTIBLADE TYPE
ROTOR

• Sheet metal blades.

• Width of blade increases
outward.
• Blade is fixed at inner and
outer end.
• No. of blades 12-18.
PROPELLER TYPE

• 2 or 3 aerodynamic blades.
• Blades made od fibre glass
reinforced plastic.
• Diameter of rotor 2-25 m.
SAVONIOUS TYPE

• It has 2 or more identical

hollow semi cylinders
fixed to vertical axis.
• Rotor rotates due to
pressure difference
• Driving torque is drag
type, so large starting
torque.
• Suitable for water
pumping.
DARRIEUS TYPE

• 2 or 3 thin curved blades.

• Both end of blade attached to
vertical shaft.
• Operates for wind from any
direction.
• Driving force is lift torque.
• Used for electricity generation.
IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO WIND TURBINE

• Rotor
• Blades
• Hub
• Propeller
• Leading edge • Mean line
• Trailing edge • Angle of attack
• Chord line • Pitch angle

Aerofoil shape of blade

 WIND ENERGY EXTRACTION

 Extract energy from wind stream by converting the

KE of wind to rotational motion required to operate
an electric generator.

 On interaction of free wind on turbine rotor, the wind

transfers part of energy into rotor and speed of wind
reduces.
 AERODYNAMIC OPERATION OF WIND TURBINE
Airfoil:-
Cross section of wind turbine
blades

Lift:-
Pressure difference between top
and the bottom surface of blade
result in a force called
aerodynamic lift that cause airfoil
to rise. This lift cause rotation of
blade about the hub

Drag:-
A Force perpendicular to lift force
also act on blades which impede
the blade rotation .this force is
called drag force.
 WIND POWER
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
Effect of air density, 
Effect of swept area, A
Effect of wind speed, V

Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the R

circle swept by the rotor (m2).

• Wind power would increase four

times if rotor diameter is doubled.

• Wind power increases eight times

if wind speed is doubled.
 More wind speeds

 Less noise pollution

 Less visual impact

 Difficult to install and maintain

 Energy losses due long distance transport

TURBINE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Blades:
Important part that extract wind Energy
Light weight and good strength
Fabricated with aircraft industry technique.
Made of Fiberglass reinforced polyester
Structured for creating optimum lift.
Rotor:
Combination of blade and hub assembly
Pitch control of blades:
A system where the pitch angle of blade changes according
to the wind speed for efficient operation
Brakes:
Aerodynamic and Mechanical braking are used for over
speed protection , speed control , power control and
emergency stop.
Low speed shaft:
shaft connected directly to rotor to the gear.
Gear box:
 Mechanical power generated by rotor blade is
transmitted to the generator through two stage gear box
 Provided for increasing shaft speed.
Generator:
 Used for converting mechanical power to electric
power.
 Commonly used generators are PMSG,SEIG,DFIG.
Controller:
 Microprocessor based controller monitor wind speed ,
direction of wind , power output and take proper yaw ,
pitch rotations.
Anemometer & wind wane:
 Used for wind speed and direction monitoring.
Nacelle:
 Housing of generator, the gear box, yawing
mechanism,etc.
High speed shaft:
 Shaft connected between gear box and generator
Yaw drive and yaw motor :
 Yawing is done using two yawing motors
meshed with big toothed wheel mounted on tower.
 Yaw control continuously tracks and keep rotor axis in
wind direction.
 At high wind machine is stopped by turning the rotor
axis right angle to wind direction.

Tower:
 Modern turbine are mounted on tubular towers
 MODES OF WIND POWER
GENERATION

1) Standalone mode

2) Backup mode like wind diesel

3) Grid connected mode

STANDALONE MODE

 Decentralized application of wind energy

 Individual consumer install their own wind turbine
 Used for powering domestic appliances battery
charging, water pump etc.
 Capacity ranges between 2.5—5Kw
 Most suited for remote mountainous areas.
 BACK UP MODE LIKE WIND-DIESEL

 DG is used for maintaining 24 hrs. power supply ,since wind

power is intermitted
 Used in areas in accessible to grid, hospitals, military
installations
 GRID CONNECTED WIND TURBINE
GENERATORS

 Generated power is distributed among nearby customers

and excess power exported to grid.
 Electric energy is purchased from grid when there is no
wind
 Energy Production Terms
• Rated Power : Maximum power
the generator can produce.

• Cut-in wind speed where energy

production begins

• Cut-out wind speed where

energy production ends.

Typical Power Curve

Cut-in: 3-4 m/s Rated: 12-25 m/s Cut-out: 25 m/s

WIND POWER GENERATION CURVE
Cut in Speed: It is the wind speed(14m/s)
at which the turbine output begins.
Rated Speed: It is the Speed at which the
turbine is designed to generate rated
power
Cut out Speed: When the speed reaches
upper limit (25m/s) the turbine stops to
generate power
 Renewable source of energy

 Free of fuel cost

 Supply power to remote areas

 Public opinion is in favor of wind power generation

rather than nuclear generation

 Cost effective

 Economically competitive with other modes of

generation

 Reliable and has been used for ages

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY
SYSTEM
 Low energy density.

 Available at selected graphical location.

 Wind speed being variable , wind energy is irregular.

 Wind turbine design is complex.

 Requires storage batteries which contribute

environmental pollution.

 Capital intensive.
 REFERENCES

1. Renewable Energy Sources And Emerging

Technologies, D.P Kothari,K.C
Singal,Rakesh Ranjan

2. www.renewableenergyworld.com.
THANK YOU