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Adventist Youth
Honors Answer
Book/Arts and
Crafts/Music
(General Conference)
< Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book | Arts and Crafts
 Music (General Conference)

Arts and Crafts Skill Level 1

General Year of Introduction:
Conference 1929

The Music (General Conference) Honor is

a component of the Artisan Master Award
.

Contents

1. Play or sing a scale and

know its composition.
Scales are an important building block of
music. They are the basis of melodies and
chords. Without knowing your scales, you
are like a car mechanic without his tools.

What are scales? A good way to define a

scale is to list the following
characteristics:

A scale is an organized series of pitches

A scale utilizes sharps and flats, when
necessary
A scale consist of a series of notes that
differ in sound
A scale is linked to the concept of "Keys"
in that a song which utilizes a given
 scale is said to be in that key (For
example: "Mary had a little lamb in C
major").

A major scale has 8 tones. The (C major

scale) is: C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C.

These notes in the major scale form a

pattern of steps between notes called
whole tones, or semitones. On a piano
keyboard semitones are from key to key
with no keys in between, whole tones
always skip a key with one key in between.

The major scale is made up of a pattern of

two whole tones, followed by a semitone,
followed by three whole tones, ending with
one more semitone.

This illustration shows the difference

between whole tones and semitones on a
piano keyboard.

Notice how the whole tones skip a key on

the keyboard, and semitones do not. Also
you can see that two semitones makes up
a whole tone. Whole tones and semitones
are types of intervals.
The natural minor scale has a whole tone
semitone pattern of whole tone, semitone,
whole tone, whole tone, semitone, whole
tone, whole tone.

Other scales such as melodic minor,

harmonic minor, pentatonic, and whole
tone have different patterns of whole
tones and semitones.

2. Write a scale in both treble

and bass clef.
In order to write a scale on your own, you
are going to need to study and understand
a few musical terms. The following
sections will help you better understand
the musical theory that makes up a scale.

Clefs
The word clef is used to describe the
symbol at the beginning of the set of five
lines on which notes are printed. This
symbol tells the player what the notes are
going to be within the five lines. In piano
music both Treble and Bass clefs are
used. Usually the pianists left hand plays
the lower notes in the bass clef with his
left hand, and the upper notes in the treble
clef with his right hand.
This illustration shows a note called
middle C. The note drawn in the bass clef
is exactly the same note as the one drawn
in the treble clef.

The set of five lines on which the notes are

drawn is called a staff.

Note Names
The notes on the treble clef have different
names for the notes within the lines or on
the lines of the staff than the note in the
bass clef. These diagrams show the
names of the notes in between and on the
staff lines for both treble and bass clef.

Notes names can be seen on a piano

keyboard as well. The notes played with
the black keys on a piano keyboard are
named with the note letter plus a symbol
to indicate if the note is above or below
the note named by a semitone. The  
symbol means the note is a semitone
above the note name and is called sharp.
The   symbol means the note is a semitone
lower and is called a flat.

Notice how the black keys can each be

named with two names. This is called
enharmonic spelling.

Sharps and Flats

Sharps and flats are notated (drawn on the
staff) by placing the sharp or flat symbol in
front of the note on the staff. This example
shows the notes D, E, F , and G.
 

Scale Root
The note that the scale starts on is called
the root note. Below you can see that the
first note for the C Major Scale is the note
named "C"

Scale Degrees
The word degree in music simply means a
number that has been assigned to each
note within a scale. In the C major scale
below you can see that the scale degree of
E is 3, F is 4, and so on.

The scale degree number 1 will not always

be assigned to the note "C". It is assigned
to the starting note of the scale or key of
the piece is composed in. For example a
song in the key of "G" would have the scale
degree 1 assigned to the note "G".

Based on what you now know about scale

degrees, note names, clefs, and using the
whole tone / semitone patterns shown
above, you should now have enough
information to write a scale in both treble
and bass cleff.

3. Know a half-tone, a whole

tone, a third, a fifth, and an
octave.
A half tone is the same as a half step
(1/12 of an octave). It is basically the
distance of two notes immediately next to
each other, such as C to C# and B to C. A
whole tone is the same as a whole step. It
is the distance of two notes separated by
another, such as C to D (C# is in between)
and B to C# (C is in between). A third is an
interval of three degrees (C and E). A fifth
is an interval of five degrees (C and G). An
octave is an interval of eight degrees—the
same note eight notes higher or lower
(Middle C and C).

4. Distinguish a march from a

waltz and give the time of
each.
'Waltz', or valse from the German term, is a
piece of music in triple meter, most often
3/4 but sometimes 3/8 or 6/4. A waltz has
a 1.2.3. - 1.2.3. count and (generally) a
slow tempo. Waltzes typically have one
chord per measure, with the root of the
chord as the first note.

Classical composers traditionally supplied

music for dancing when required, and
Schubert's waltzes were written for
household dancing, without any pretense
at being art music. However, Chopin's 19
waltzes (five he wrote as a child), along
with his mazurkas and polonaises, were
clearly not intended to be danced to. They
marked the adoption of the waltz and
other dance forms as serious composition
genres.
Other notable contributions to the waltz
genre in classical music include 16 by
Brahms (originally for piano duet), and
Ravel's Valses nobles et sentimentales for
piano and La Valse for orchestra.

The waltz style is found in nearly every

kind of European and Euro-American folk
music and also in classical music.
Although waltzes are often associated
with the dance of the same name, not all
waltzes were composed as dances: some
were written for concert performance.

The waltz had once held so much

importance in European music circles that
great waltz composers received the
honorary title of “Waltz King”. The title
came with an accompanying “royal staff”,
a decorated silver baton which was
passed from musician to musician.
Johann Strauss Junior, the most famous
“Waltz King”, received the title frequently.

5. What is a quarter note? A

half note? A whole note?
Draw the symbols of each.
The names of the types of notes come
from the fraction of a measure that each
note gets in bar of music in four four time.
In the 4/4 time signature, the top 4
indicates how many beats are in each bar
of music, and the lower 4 indicates that a
quarter note gets one beat. Since four
quarter notes would fill the entire bar, they
are called quarter notes. A half note would
get two beats, or ½ of the measure, and a
whole note gets 4 beats or the whole
measure.

Quarter notes have a solid note head with

a stem attached.

Half notes have a hollow note head with a

stem attached.
 

Whole notes have a hollow note head, but

no stem at all.

   

6. Name five great composers

and one composition of each,
including an oratorio, a piano
composition, and a song.

Bach, Johann Sebastian

(1685-1750)
  He was the youngest
son of Johann
Ambrosius Bach. When
he was ten he was
orphaned and went to
live with his elder
brother Johann
Christoph. Bach was
more well known when
he was alive for being a
great organ player than
for being a composer.

Bach had three main

jobs in his career. His
first job was to be
organist and composer
in the court of the duke
of Weimar. This job
brought him fame as
an organ virtuoso, and
during his time in this
job he composed much
of his keyboard music.

Bach's second job was

to provide music to the
Prince of Anhalt-
Cöthen. Since the
prince liked a type of
music called chamber
music Bach was kept
busy composing this
type for the prince.

When he was 38, Bach

became the cantor for
the St. Thomas church
in Leipzig. As cantor he
got to compose all the
music for four
churches each week.
He also composed
music for special
occasions such as
weddings and funerals.
He also picked, trained,
and conducted the
choirs for all four
churches and later took
on the job of directing a
university musical
group that gave regular
concerts.

He is considered one of
the greatest religious
composers in history.
He believed that music
must serve the Glory of
God. One of his most
famous works is a
prelude piece based on
the well known hymn
tune “A Mighty Fortress
Is Our God”.

Another of Bach's best

known works is a
series of six concertos
called the Brandenburg
Concertos. These
concertos are
interesting in the fact
that they feature the
entire orchestra section
by section instead of
one or two solo
players.
 Bach once wrote - “The
aim and final reason of
all music should be
nothing else but the
Glory of God and the
refreshment of the
spirit”.

Handel, George Frederic

(1685-1759)
  Handel was born in
Halle, Germany. His
dad was reasonably
well off, and did not
think that music was a
suitable profession for
George. He wanted his
son to be a lawyer.

After only one year in

university, Handel
moved to Hamburg,
where he joined the
opera orchestra playing
violin. He composed
his first opera at the
age of twenty which
was a big hit. He spent
the next three years
composing opera in
Italy where Opera was
really popular.

He moved to England
after this and took a job
as composer of opera
music for a company
trying to bring Italian
opera to England. Even
though Handel
composed some very
good opera music at
this job, it never really
got as popular in
England as it was in
Italy so the company
failed.

Handel then started

composing a type of
music called Oratorio.
Oratorios started out as
sacred opera, but
changed by dropping
the acting parts, the
stage scenery and
backgrounds, and the
costumes. Oratorios
became a large piece
of music that told a
biblical story. Often
these were grand
works using an
orchestra, large choir,
organ, and soloist
singers.

Handel's most famous

oratorio is called
“Messiah”, from which
almost everyone can
remember the
“Hallelujah Chorus”.
When Handel had
 finished that chorus, he
tearfully told a servant
“I did think I did see all
Heaven before me and
the Great God
Himself!”

Beethoven, Ludwig van

(1770-1827)
  Beethoven was born in
Bonn, Germany. His
father and grandfather
were both singers at
the court of the prince
of Cologne. By age
eleven and a half he
was the assistant
organist at the court
chapel and by twelve
he had published some
music.

Beethoven was then

shattered to realize that
he was loosing his
hearing. By 1802 at the
age of 32, he had
decided to retire, but
after a while the will to
create music was so
strong that Beethoven
continued to compose
without hearing. He
envisioned the musical
beauty all the more
vividly in his mind since
he could not hear it.

His two best know

compositions are his
Fifth and Ninth
 Symphonies. The entire
fifth symphony is
united as a musical
idea by the four notes
heard at the beginning
of the piece. His ninth
symphony is known for
its ending piece which
includes a choir singing
“Ode to Joy”.

Chopin, Frédéric François

(1810-1849)
  Chopin is considered
the national composer
of Poland, even though
he was only half polish.
His father was French,
but had emigrated to
Poland and married
Frédéric's mother.

He was taught music in

Warsaw, Poland, but
left for Paris at the age
of 21 and spent the rest
of his career there in
France.
Chopin is best known
as a composer of
music for the piano. He
is, in fact, called “the
poet of the piano”. A
piano in a home in
Chopin's time was the
entertainment center
for the family.

His music is known for

performing it with the
characteristic of
tempo-rubato -
“borrowed time”. The
accompaniment,
usually in the left hand,
was played in strict
time, while above it, the
right hand melody
might fall behind or
hurry ahead a little bit.
In either case, the
borrowing had to be
paid back by the end of
the phrase.

Chopin wrote a number

of piano pieces called
Nocturnes, meaning
“Night Music”. He
wrote his most well
 known Nocturne (in C
minor) in 1841.

Schubert, Franz (1797 – 1828)

  The son of a
schoolmaster, he
showed an
extraordinary childhood
aptitude for music,
studying the piano,
violin, organ, singing
and harmony.

Schubert composed
symphonies and
chamber music, but is
best known for
composing over six
hundred Lieder
(German for “songs”).
These songs were
composed as a vocal
solo with piano
accompaniment.

Many were written

using the words of
existing poets and
poems in this time
period. The musics
melody and
accompaniment were
written with an attempt
to portray the themes
and ideas of the poetry
in music as well.
One of Schubert's
famous songs is called
der Erlkönig, which is
written to an eerie
poem by Goethe, based
on a legend in which
anyone who is touched
by the king of the elves
will die (der Erlkönig is
German for the elf
king).

The way that Schubert

wrote the music to
portray the poem is
very interesting. The
 piano sounds the
horses hooves at a
gallop while the singer
sings the voices of the
characters in the poem.
This song is often
listed as an example of
this type of music.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus

(1756 - 1791)
 

Haydn, Joseph (1732 - 1809)

 

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich

(1840 - 1893)
 

Many more composers

articles have been written for
wikipedia.
The Composers category in Wikipedia lists
composers grouped by musical era.

7. Play with or without music

or sing from memory 15
hymns (one verse or stanza
each) and/or other sacred
songs or choruses and list the
composer of each.

8. Play or sing from memory

one piece of good music other
than those used in #7.

9. Do one of the following

For instrumentalists, be able to
sight-read and play a
moderately difficult piece of
music. Explain all signs and
terms in it.
Adventist Youth Honors Answer
Book/Music/Sight read

For singers, show with baton or

arm how to lead a group in
singing compositions written in
3/4 and 4/4 time.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer

Book/Music/Baton

10. Define orchestra and

name at least five
instruments in an orchestra.
The modern definition of the word
Orchestra tends to refer to the ensemble
of mixed instrumentalists playing classical
music. When you think of an orchestra,
you imagine seventy or eighty or more
musicians dressed in black on stage. This
was not always the case.

In the musical time period known as

Renaissance times (1450–1600) these
musical groups not only accompanied
vocal music, but played supporting music
for drama. Ensembles playing this music
were formed from instruments as varied
as the harpsichord, viol, lute, recorder,
cornett, sackbut, and organ.
The orchestras seen in the Baroque period
(1600–1750) began to get bigger. Previous
to this, vocal music was the most
important music, and instrumental music
was less so. The ability of the craftsmen
to build instruments had improved to the
point that the finest violins ever built were
made around this time.

The orchestra of this time centered around

the harpsichord. A harpsichord was like
the piano of today, except a mechanical
pick plucked the strings like a guitar, rather
than a hammer hitting the strings like a
piano. Violins, violas, cellos, and bass
violins provided string sounds. Woodwind
instruments like recorders, flutes,
bassoons, and oboes, added color to the
sound. Trumpets were used in orchestras
as well, but were long natural trumpets
without the more modern invention of
valves. The timpani was the main
percussion of the period.

Orchestras of the Baroque period were

small by modern standards, numbering
only about twenty to thirty players.

The next musical period is called the

Classical period (1750–1825). During this
period the orchestra grew to include 30-40
players. The brass section grew to include
horns and trombones. Woodwinds
included piccolos, clarinets, and contra
bassoons (bass).

The Romantic musical period (1820–

1900) brought new changes to the
orchestra and it's instruments. The
industrial revolution allowed for technical
advances in the fabrication of instruments,
especially the brass section with the
invention of valved instruments. This
allowed composers much more freedom
in the parts they could write for all the
instruments.
The tuba, bass clarinet, and many
percussion instruments were added. This
required additional string players to make
the orchestra sound balanced. In his
Symphony of a Thousand, Mahler had
wrote for an orchestra containing one
hundred and thirty musicians so it is clear
to see with what enthusiasm composers
explored the limits of possibility.

A current, professional symphony

orchestra usually contains about seventy
or eighty instrumentalists selected to fill
the four sections of a modern orchestra;
Brass, Woodwind, String, and Percussion.
This will vary depending on the music
being performed.

Brass Instruments
Horn
Trumpet
Trombone
Bass Trombone
Tuba

Woodwinds
Flute
Piccolo
Oboe
 Cor anglais
Clarinet
Bass Clarinet
Bassoon
Contrabassoon

Strings
Harp
Violin
Viola
Cello
Double Bass
Piano

Percussion
 Timpani
Snare Drum
Bass Drum
Celesta

11. Do a biographical sketch

on a famous hymn writer and
orally present it to a group.
Biographies of some hymn writers can be
found at the following links.

Wikipedia Christian Hymnwriters

Cyber Hymnal

Christian Biography Resources

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