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• Measures of Dispersion
• Probability Theory
• Binomial Distribution
• Poisson Distribution
• Normal Distribution
Units of Measurement for Variables
Variables
• Frequency Distribution: Statistical table which shows the corresponding frequencies against the values of the variables
• Mode: It is that value of the variable which has the highest frequency
• Median: It is the central most value of the variable and divides the dataset into two equal halves
Simple series
Simple A.M:
Weighted A.M :
• Quartile Deviation: Divides the dataset into four equal parts and so we have Q1, Q2 and Q3. Way to estimate the spread of the
distribution w.r.t the central measure.
• Inter-Quartile Range: Range between the Quartiles Q1 and Q3 and is used to measure outliers (Box Plot)
• Coefficient of Variance:
R codes
• Creating a Vector:
> x <- c(2,4,7,8,10) # Quantitative values #
> y <- c( “Yes”, “No” ) # Qualitative values #
• Creating a dataframe:
> df <- data.frame (x, y)
• Creating Charts:
> barplot( t, main = “title”, xlab = “x”, ylab = “y”, legend = row.names(t), col = rainbow (specify no.))
> pie (t)
> hist(t)
> boxplot (dataframe $ variable name)
R codes
• Measures of Dispersion:
>sd (dataframe $ variable name)
>range (dataframe $ variable name)
>quantile (dataframe $ variable name) # Gives all four quartile values #
Probability
• Important concepts:
•
Trial : An experiment which can be conducted repeatedly
Event: The outcome of an experiment
Mutually Exclusive: Events cannot occur simultaneously
Exhaustive: At least one event has to occur after every experiment
Equally Likely: Every event has same chance of occurrence
Union (U): Events A union B means, A or B = A + B = A U B
Intersection (Ω): Events A intersection B means, A and B = A * B = A Ω B
Complement: Á means wherever event A is not present
• Classical definition:
If there are N mutually exclusive, exhaustive and equally likely events; and if N(A) of them are favorable to event A, then:
P(A) =
Probability
• Properties:
•
Values of probability lies between 0 and 1
Á=1–A
Addition Rule : A or B = A + B = A U B
Thomas Bayes Theorem: If event A can occur with any N mutually exclusive, exhaustive and equally likely events and if A actually occurs with Ei
P(Ei / A) =
Binomial Distribution
•
• Properties: It is a Discrete Probability distribution
(Used when there are repeated trials)
Poisson Distribution
• Binomial Distribution
> dbinom(12:24, size = n, prob = θ)
> sum (dbinom(12:24, size = n, prob = θ))
• Poisson Distribution
> dpois (x = 112: 115, lambda = value)
> sum (dpois (x = 112: 115, lambda = value))
• Normal Distribution:
> X <-pnorm(5000, mean = value, sd = value)
>Y <- pnorm(10000, mean = value, sd = value)
> Y – X # Probability between 10000 and 5000 #