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that overcomes the limitations of individual tech-
niques.
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Neural networks are used to tune membership func-
tions of fuzzy systems that are employed as decision-
making systems for controlling equipment.
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learning process is relatively slow and analysis of
the trained network is difficult (black box).
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To overcome the problem of knowledge acquisition,
neural networks are extended to automatically ex-
tract fuzzy rules from numerical data.
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Each rule in (1) can be interpreted as a training pat-
tern for a multilayer neural network, where the an-
tecedent part of the rule is the input and the conse-
quence part of the rule is the desired output of the
neural net.
Let [α1, α2] contain the support of all the Ai, plus
the support of all the A we might have as input to
the system.
Also, let [β1, β2] contain the support of all the Bi,
plus the support of all the B we can obtain as out-
puts from the system. i = 1, . . . , n.
for 1 ≤ i ≤ M and 1 ≤ j ≤ N .
x1 xN
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Bi
bij
y1 yj yM
Ai
aij
x1 xi xN
1 − 2u if 0 ≤ u ≤ 1/2
µsmall (u) =
0 otherwise
2u − 1 if 1/2 ≤ u ≤ 1
µbig (u) =
0 otherwise
1 − 2|u − 1/2| if 0 ≤ u ≤ 1
µmedium(u) =
0 otherwise
medium
1
small big
1/2 1
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−u if −1 ≤ u ≤ 0
µnegative(u) =
0 otherwise
1 − 2|u| if −1/2 ≤ u ≤ 1/2
µabout zero(u) =
0 otherwise
u if 0 ≤ u ≤ 1
µpositive(u) =
0 otherwise
1
negative about zero positive
-1 1
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{(small, negative), (medium, about zero),
(big, positive)}
αΜ = 1
Ai
αj
α1 = 0
L
aij aRij
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the product
pi = wixi, i = 1, 2.
to the neuron.
1
f (x) = ,
1 + e−x
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y = f (net) = f (w1x1 + w2x2).
x2 w2
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Let us express the inputs (which are usually mem-
bership degrees of a fuzzy concept) x1, x2 and the
weigths w1, w2 over the unit interval [0, 1].
pi = S(wi, xi), i = 1, 2.
of the neuron.
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So, if
T = min, S = max
then the AND neuron realizes the min-max compo-
sition
x1
w1
y = T(S(w1, x1), S(w 2, x2))
x2 w2
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The input information pi is aggregated by a trian-
gular conorm S to produce the output
y = OR(p1, p2) = S(p1, p2) = S(T (w1, x1), T (w2, x2))
of the neuron.
x1
w1
y = S(T(w1, x1), T(w2, x2))
x2 w2
OR fuzzy neuron.
So, if
T = min, S = max
then the OR neuron realizes the max-min composi-
tion
y = max{w1 ∧ x1, w2 ∧ x2}.
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