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Q1
Part a
∑ 𝑞𝑖 = 0
Part b
The closed body has two stagnation points
Part c
Consider the points marked with `x` signs on the x-axis shown below. The velocities induced at those
points due to the source (marked with red arrows), sink (marked with green arrows) and vortices
(marked with blue arrows) are expected to be as shown in the figure. The velocity has to be zero at the
stagnation points. The velocity due to the vortices in (+) y-direction at the point on the left can only be
compensated by the source. For this to be possible, the point should be moved to the 3rd quadrant. So
the stagnation velocity should be on the 3rd quadrant. For the point on the left, the velocity induced by
the vortices in (-) y-direction can only be compensated by the sink, so the point should be moved to the
4th quadrant. So the second stagnation point is supposed to be in the 4th quadrant.
Part d
For the left stagnation point in the 3rd quadrant, let us call the horizontal and vertical distances from the
source as 𝑑 and ℎ, resptectively.
y
d 1 2 1
Then the u velocity at the left stagnation point is written for each flow element as follows;
−𝑞 −𝑞 𝑑
𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑐 = cos 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑟𝑐 2𝜋√𝑑 + ℎ √𝑑 + ℎ2
2 2 2
Γ Γ ℎ
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥1 = − sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 = −
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2
Γ Γ ℎ
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥2 = − sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 = −
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 3) + ℎ √(𝑑 + 3)2 + ℎ2
2 2
𝑞 𝑞 (𝑑 + 4)
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 4) + ℎ √(𝑑 + 4)2 + ℎ2
2 2
We need to some all these velocities and set the summation to zero. But before it is good to make some
simplifications. Regarding the hint given in the question, and the source and vortex strengths, we can
assume
ℎ ≪ 𝑑, Γ≪𝑞
Then
𝑑 2 + ℎ2 ≈ 𝑑 2 , 𝛼1 𝑞𝑑 + 𝛼2 Γℎ ≈ 𝛼1 𝑞𝑑
where 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 are some coefficients. Using these assumptions, the equation for the u-velocity reduces
to
𝑞 𝑞
− + + 𝑈∞ = 0
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋(𝑑 + 4)
10𝜋𝑑2 + 40𝜋𝑑 − 4 = 0
The roots of the above equation are −4.0316 and 0.0316. As 𝑑 cannot be negative we take the positive
root.
−𝑞 −𝑞 ℎ
𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑐 = sin 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑟𝑐 2𝜋√𝑑2 + ℎ2 √𝑑2 + ℎ2
Γ Γ (𝑑 + 1)
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥1 = cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2
Γ Γ (𝑑 + 3)
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥2 = cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 3)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 3)2 + ℎ2
𝑞 𝑞 ℎ
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = sin 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 4)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 4)2 + ℎ2
Again using small number assumption, we can simplify the v velocity equation to the following:
−𝑞ℎ Γ Γ 𝑞ℎ
2
+ + + =0
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋(𝑑 + 1) 2𝜋(𝑑 + 3) 2𝜋(𝑑 + 4)2
The only unknown in this equation is ℎ which can be easily calculated as 1.2959 × 10−4. We see that
there is two order or magnitude difference between ℎ and 𝑑 so our initial assumption ℎ ≪ 𝑑 is valid. The
other stagnation point can be found similarly. We immediately notice that due to symmetry the
equations for 𝑑 and ℎ on the right stagnation point will be the same. Therefore the resulting point will be
the symmetry of the left stagnation point with respect to y axis.
Part e
The procedure is as follows:
The stagnation point location on the left is (−ℎ, −𝑑 − 2). The stream function value at this point is found
as;
𝑞 Γ Γ 𝑞
𝜓 = −𝑈∞ ℎ + 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 − 𝜃 = 0.0194
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑞 Γ Γ 𝑞
0.0194 = 𝑈∞ 𝑦 + 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 − 𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
Since the body is a slender one, we expect 𝑦 to be small with respect to the distances between the flow
elements.
𝜋 𝑦 𝑦
𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 = , 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 𝜋 − atan ( ) ≈ 𝜋 −
2 4 4
1 𝜋 0.1 1 𝑦
0.0194 = 5𝑦 + + ln 3 − (𝜋 − )
2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2𝜋 4
From this equation, 𝑦 is found to be 0.05 which is a very small number compared to the minimum
distance between any two flow elements. So the small number assumption is valid. The velocity
magnitude at (−1,0.05) is calculated by finding u and v velocities at this point.
𝑢 velocity
0.1 0.1 1
𝑢 = 𝑈∞ + sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 + cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 5.0407
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑢 velocity
0.1 0.1 1
𝑣= cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 − sin 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 0.0207
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
(𝑃 − 𝑃∞ ) √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
𝑐𝑝 = =1− = 0.7984
𝑞∞ 𝑉∞
Part f
The difference between the 𝑐𝑝 curves for the upper and the lower surfaces will approximately give the
lift coefficient of the body (especially for slender bodies as the surface is almost parallel to x-axis). The lift
coefficient of the resulting body is calculated merging the lift equation with Kelvin’s circulation theorem
as follows;
1 2 2Γ
𝐿 = 𝜌𝑈∞ Γ = 𝜌𝑈∞ 𝑐𝑐𝑙 , 𝑐𝑙 =
2 𝑈∞ 𝑐
Γ = Γ1 + Γ2 = 0.2
Then the lift coefficient is found to be 0.0197 which also gives the area between the 𝑐𝑝 plots.
Q2
Part a
We first need to find what is 𝑏 and 𝑎. The Joukowski tranformation for 𝑎 > 𝑏 gives us the equation
𝜉2 𝜂2
1= 2 + 2
𝑏2 𝑏2
(𝑎 + 𝑎 ) (𝑎 − 𝑎 )
𝑏2
𝑎− = 0.25
𝑎
𝑏2
𝑎+ =1
𝑎
It is easily seen that 2𝑎 = 1.25, so 𝑎 = 0.625 and 𝑏 = 0.4841. We know that in Joukowski
transformation the freestream velocity and the angle of attack remains the same. In the plane of
cylinder, the stagnation points are obviously at 𝜃1 = 5° and 𝜃2 = 185°. The points on the plane of ellipse
corresponding to these 𝜃 values are found as follows;
𝑏2 𝑏2
𝜉 = (𝑎 + ) cos 𝜃 , 𝜂 = (𝑎 − ) sin 𝜃
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆. 𝑃.1 = (0.9962,0.0218)
Part b
The velocity field on the cylinder is given as 𝑉𝑐 = 2𝑈∞ sin(𝜃 − 𝛼). Note that since there is no sharp edge
on the body, Kutta condition do not apply to this problem. So no circulation is added to the solution. To
calculate the pressure distribution over the ellipse, we first need to calculate the velocity distribution.
We know that
𝑉𝑐 2𝑈∞ sin(𝜃 − 𝛼)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 = =
𝑑𝜁 2 4 1⁄2
| | [1 − 2𝑏 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑏 ]
𝑑𝑧 𝑎2 𝑎4
We need to find the 𝜃 angles corresponding to the given 𝑥/𝑐 positions. For 𝑥 ⁄𝑐 = 0, 𝜃 = 𝜋. Then
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 = 0.4358𝑈∞
𝑉2
𝑐𝑝 = 1 − = 0.8101
𝑉∞2
Part c
As Kutta condition do not apply, no lift is generated by the flow over ellipse.
Q3
While deriving the fundamental equation, the 2D lift coefficient is given as;
𝑐𝑙 = 2𝜋(𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝛼𝐿=0 )
This expression assumes thin airfoil sections on the wing as the lift curve slope is given as 2𝜋. To
generalize the equation, the value should be replaced by a generic parameter 𝑎0 and the rest of the
equation should be corrected accordingly.
Q4
Any flow element used in a potential flow induces a velocity at any point in the x-y plane. We know that
uniform flow + a doublet gives a flow around a cylinder. But uniform flow + 2 doublets located at
different places will not yield flow around 2 cylinders as the doublets will induce some velocities on each
other, so distort the resulting body. Usually if the doublets are not close to each other, this distortion is
not very critical, so can be neglected. But as the doublets start getting closer to each other, the distortion
becomes more and more evident, yielding a flow around 2 distorted cylinders.
Question
In a world with very low viscous effects, people were using rotating cylinders to measure the direction
and the strength of winds as shown in the figure, where point A is a frictionless ball-joint.
What should be the speed and the direction of the wind if the cylinder rotating at 100 rpm and is made
of a material with a density of 0.7 g/cm3?
Hint: The flow around the cylinder can be approximated to be a summation of uniform, doublet and
vortex flows using potential theory.
Solution
As mentioned during the quiz, the 3-D flow effects around the cylinder is ignored for this problem. For
the cylinder to stay like that, the lift force should apply as shown in the below figure on the left.
A ω = 100 rpm L
V∞
y
z
W sin(π/9) x
π/9
W
x
If we align ourselves with the blue arrow, what we see is shown on the right. With the given rotation and
lift direction, the inflow velocity should be coming in direction. As the system is in equilibrium, the
moment around the ball joint should be zero, yielding that
Assuming the gravitational acceleration m/s2, the weight of the rotating cylinder is found to be
6.71 N. Then the lift force acting on the cylinder is 2.3 N. The lift equation is given as
Then m/s. The maximum inclination angle for the cylinder, . The lift
value for this angle is 4.15 N corresponding to a wind velocity of 82.39 m/s.
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u = − 2 y
v = 2 x
a) Determine whether the flow field satisfies the continuity equation (conservation of mass)
b) Determine the equation of the streamlines and sketch the resulting streamline pattern. Indicate the
flow direction.
c) Calculate the vorticity.
d) Calculate the circulation in a square with sides of length 2 and with the centre located at the origin.
1
ψ ( r ,θ ) = r − sin θ − 2 ln ( r )
r
Determine:
a) Calculate the velocity components ur and uθ .
b) Determine the position of all stagnation points.
c) Calculate the expression of the velocity potential φ ( r , θ ) .
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Consider a thin airfoil with a parabolic curvature of the camber line: =4 − , where k is
equal to the maximum camber of the airfoil relative to the chord c.
of the vortex Γ positioned at , ̃ . (Note: Only derive the equation. Do not solve the equation).
distribution along the airfoil such that the camber line z(x) is a streamline in the presence
e. Place the vortex at (c/2,h), with ℎ ≫ /2. Determine the strength of the vortex Γ such that the
vortex sheet equals the vortex sheet over a flat plate.
Thin-Airfoil theory:
1 + cosθ ∞
• γ (θ ) = 2V∞ A0 + ∑ An sin nθ ; where: cos θ = 1 − 2 ( x / c )
sin θ n =1
π π
1 dz 2 dz
• A0 = α − ∫ dθ ; An = ∫ cos nθ dθ ( n = 1,2,3...)
π dx π dx
0 0
π
1 γ (ξ ) dξ π
n =1
c
A dz
• cl = 2π ( A0 + 1 ) ; ∫ = V∞ α − ∫0 cos θ cos nθ dθ = 2
2 2π 0 x − ξ dx 0 n ≠ 1
Lifting-line theory:
• Velocity in a point P, as a result of a finite segment AB of straight vortex filament of constant
strength Γ, is given by VP =
Γ
( cos φ A + cos φB ) , where h is the distance from P to AB and
4π h
φ A = ∠PAB and φB = ∠PBA , i.e. the enclosed angles of the triangle ABP.
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u = − 2 y
v = 2 x
a) Determine whether the flow field satisfies the continuity equation (conservation of mass)
∂u ∂v
∇ ⋅V = + = 0 : the flow satisfies the conservation of mass.
∂x ∂y
b) Determine the equation of the streamlines and sketch the resulting streamline pattern. Indicate the
flow direction.
dy v x
= = − → − xdx = − ydy → x 2 + y 2 = const
dx u y
d) Calculate the circulation in a square with sides of length 2 and with the center located at the origin.
Γ = − ∫ V ⋅ ds
The circulation can also be computed from the surface integral of the vorticity:
Γ = − ∫∫ ξdA
Since the vorticity is constant ( ξ = 4 ), the circulation is simply the product (changed of sign) between
vorticity and the area of a square with side length of 2:
Γ = −4 ⋅ 22 = −16
1
ψ = r − sin θ − 2 ln ( r )
r
Determine:
a) Calculate the velocity components ur and uθ
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1 ∂ψ 1
ur = = 1 − cos θ
r ∂θ r 2
∂ψ 1 2
uθ = − = − 1 + 2 sin θ +
∂r r r
If θ = 3π/2 → uθ = 1 + 2 +
1 2
> 0 : no stagnation point.
r r
If θ = π/2 → uθ = − 1 +
1 2
+ → r 2 − 2r + 1 = 0 : no real solution for r
r2 r
1 ∂φ 1 2 1
uθ = = − 1 + 2 sin θ + → φ = r + cos θ + 2θ + f ( r )
r ∂θ r r r
1
Hence, the expression of the potential is: φ = r + cos θ + 2θ + C
r
d) Determine the value of the pressure coefficient at the point r = 1, θ = π/2
Since the flow is a potential flow, using Bernoulli equation the pressure coefficient has expression:
Cp = 1−
(u 2
θ + ur2 )
V∞2
ur (1, π / 2 ) = 0
Cp = 1−
( 4 + 2 − 4 2 ) = −5 + 4 2 ≅ 0.657
1
e) Sketch the flow field (materialize the region at r < 1). Show a few streamlines, indicating the
direction of the flow along those. Show the stagnation streamlines and the stagnation points.
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=4 − ⟹ * = 4 1−2 = 4 -.
*+
a.
2 2 4 9: 7 = 1
1 2
= − 0 4 -. 1 = , = 0 4 -. cos 7 1 = 8
/ 3
/
0 9: 7 ≠ 1
= 2/ + ?> = 2/ + 2 , = 0 for = −2 .
=
The component normal to the plate is then = ∙ cos , where is the angle between
= ∙ = ?2 + B C .
C @ C
A+ B C
and . From the figure we see that
d. We use the fundamental equation of thin airfoil theory and add the contribution of the vortex on
1 γ (ξ ) dξ dz @ C
c
∫ = V∞ α − +
?2 + B C
the right hand side. This gives .
2π 0 x − ξ dx
e. If ℎ ≫ /2 we have:
1 γ (ξ ) dξ x Γc
c
x
∫ = V∞ α − 4k 1 − 2 + 2
1 − 2 For a flat plate
2π 0 x − ξ c 4π h c
1 γ (ξ ) dξ
c
= V∞α So the cambered airfoil in the presence of a vortex behaves as
2π ∫0 x − ξ
we have
w( y ) Γ b CL b2
b. See book or sheets: α i ( y ) = − = = .
V∞ 4πV∞ (b / 2) 2 − y 2 8πA (b / 2) 2 − y 2
Γ 2 L
c. Treat each tip vortex as an infinite vortex, then: − w = 2 = .
2π .(b / 2) π ρV ∞ b 2
d. Taking L = W = 300 tons, then L = 3.105 kgf ≈ 3.106 N.
So: Γ = 510 m2/s ; w = 5.1 m/s (downwards) ; while CL = 1.66.
e. For the horseshoe model the lift distribution is constant over the wing and does not go to zero at
the tips; also, the downwash velocity (hence, the induced angle of attack) goes to infinity at the
tips.
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to determine the pressure field , , , such that the pressure at the origin is equal to .
r 2
ψ r, θ sin θ √2 ∙ ln
r 4
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a. Show that under this dynamic condition, where the airfoil is moving, the local flow tangency
dz
condition needs to be modified to: V airfoil wind ( x ) wairfoil ( x ) , where wairfoil ( x) is
dx
the local vertical velocity of the airfoil’s camber line.
b. Determine wairfoil ( x) for the pitching motion considered here. (Note: wairfoil ( x ) dzairfoil ( x, t )/ dt )
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Answers:
Problem 1
a. Conservation of mass for incompressible flow is given by ∙ 0.
Inserting the given flow field yields ∙ 0 0 0 0. Therefore, the flow field
satisfies conservation of mass for an incompressible flow.
b. If this is a potential flow then the velocity field is the gradient of a potential field, .
But this implies that the vorticity 0.
0
The vorticity for this vector field is given by 0 0, so this is not a potential flow.
2
cos
sin cos
cos ⇒ sin sin
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Problem 2
√
a. cos and sin
4 8 sin 4 ccos
√2 4 4
Sim
milarly, the resulting
r preessure forcee in the y-dirrection follo
ows from
4 8 sin 4 ssin
√2 4 4
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a. For a steady airfoil the flow tangency condition implies that the flow component normal to the
camber line must be zero: V ,n ( x ) wind ( x ) 0 (see text book, page 340).
When the airfoil is moving, it is the relative motion between flow and airfoil that should be zero:
V ,n ( x) wind ( x) wairfoil ( x) 0 .
An alternative argumentation is that the normal component of the flow velocity should be equal to
that of the body velocity: V ,n ( x ) wind ( x ) wairfoil ( x) . Both expressions are equivalent.
dz
For all cases (see text book page 340), V ,n ( x ) V airfoil , which completes the proof.
dx
b. The airfoil performs a solid-body rotation around the mid-chord point, x 12 c , so assuming the
angle is small, the location of the airfoil chord is given by: zairfoil ( x, t ) x 12 c (t ) .
dz airfoil ( x , t ) d dz
Therefore: wairfoil ( x ) x 12 c , while also: airfoil .
dt dt dx
dz airfoil d
c. From part b we see that at the control point at ¾ chord: , and wairfoil ( 34 c) 14 c .
dx dt
For the induced velocity due to the vortex at ¼ chord: wind ( 34 c )
2 c 4 c
3
4
1
c
With this, the flow tangency condition can be evaluated as:
dzairfoil d
V wind ( x ) wairfoil ( x ) V 14 c .
dx c dt
d
Solving for gives: c V 14 c .
dt
L' V 2
d. The lift coefficient then follows from: cl 2
2
; so that:
1
2
V c 1
2
V c V c
2 c d
cl 2 .
V c 4V dt
Note that when we define an equivalent quasi-steady state, by expressing the lift coefficient as:
c d
cl 2 eff , then the effective angle of attack is found to be: eff .
4V dt
From this we see that the pitch angle increases the lift (which is evident as it directly increases
the angle between the flow and the airfoil), but that also the pitching rate / increases the lift,
which is a dynamic effect.
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NB: the values in this problem are modeled after those of the Cessna
172 light aircraft (see right).
The wing and tailplane areas follow from the span and aspect ratio:
/ ; so for the wing: 12 /8 18 ; and for the
tailplane: 4 /4 4 .
L 2b
Lift coefficient: CL ;
1 V 2 S V S
2
total lift: L L1 L2 V 1b1 2b2 1.25 40 20 12 3 4 12,000 600 11, 400 N
wind
b. The induced angle of attack is defined at the lifting line, and computed as: ind ,
V
so, for the horse-shoe model (= two tip vortices), at y = 0: ind 2
4 ( 12 b)V bV
1 20
i. for the isolated wing: ind 0.0133 rad 0.76
b1V 12 40
2 3
ii. for the isolated tailplane: ind 0.0060 rad 0.34
b2V 4 40
c. The induced effect of the wing on the tail (use the given Biot-Savart expression, with b1/ X 2 ):
1
wind 2
4 ( 2 b1 )
1 12 2 1 12 2 12 2 1 1 12 2 1
4 X
2
b1 4 X
1
the bound vortex (=wing)
the two tip vortices
20
12
1 12 2
20
4 6
2 0.906 0.375 1.281 (m/s)
wind 1.281
NB: the corresponding induced angle of attack is: ind 0.0320 rad 1.83
V 40
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