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Wireless communication is one of the most vibrant areas in the communication field
today. The research thrust in the past decade has led to a much richer set of perspectives and
tools on how to communicate over wireless channel. The transmission medium which is used
normally cannot accept data to transmit in their natural form. Line codes convert digital data to
digital signals, which is suitable for the transmission medium used. The performance of Return-
to-zero (RZ), Non-return-to zero (NRZ) and Pseudoternary line codes for a particular wireless
communication network (IEEE 802.11b) is analyzed and the results are presented in this paper.
The IEEE 802.11b network is implemented with 11 bit barker spreading sequence and BPSK
modulation. Throughput and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the different line coding
techniques of wireless communication network have been compared using additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at various Eb/No. It is found that Pseudoternary line code is
well suited for long distance communication since throughput and BER are better for this line
code compared to RZ and NRZ coding sequences.YY£igure 1 shows the better BER performance
of Pseudoternary code compared to other line coding techniques.


In these, binary information is transmitted through three-level rather than binary pulse codes for controlling the power
distribution in the frequency spectrum, improving clock recovery, allowing error detection or for just increasing the binary
data rate.
  



 
The purpose of coding data is to efficiently transport it through a particular medium. The
medium may be circuit board traces, ribbon cable, twisted pair copper, copper coax, fiber optic
or air. Each type of medium suffers from a group of impairments. These impairments may
include signal reflection, attenuation distortion, harmonic distortion, phase distortion,
intermodulation distortion, dropout, echo, crosstalk, delay distortion manifesting itself as inter
symbol interference (ISI), impulse noise, Gaussian noise and frequency shift, All these
impairments in the medium affect the ability to transport data. In some cases, these factors can
cause an excessive number of bit errors. £or short transmission line lengths and low signaling
rates, the simple linear lines codes may be employed. These codes may be unipolar or bipolar
and may or may not have clocking information contained within the code. When the channel is
bandwidth limited, more efficient codes are available. Such codes may utilize multi-level
symbols
and alter the message data to allow the receiver to synchronize to it. The most sophisticated
codes use block coding or convolutional coding to improve the performance of transmission.
£or a bandwidth limited channel, the maximum upper limit for reliable information transfer is
given by the Hartley-Shannon Law. This law equates the channel bandwidth and the signal to
noise ratio to the maximum channel capacity and indicates the maximum number of symbols that
can be transferred per second. This equation is given below:
C = B * log2(1 + SNR) symbols/second
where: C is the channel capacity
B is the channel bandwidth
SNR is the signal to noise ratio
This equation implies that we can trade channel bandwidth for signal to noise ratio.
When the data is coded, the system can tolerate a lower signal to noise ratio for the same bit
rate. This difference is called coding gain and is expressed in dB.

 þ
 refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for !

(WLAN) technology. The original IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard supports 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps
data rates. IEEE 802.11b WLAN standard supports higher data rates of 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps
while retaining compatibility with the original IEEE 802.11 standard. It supports three
modulation schemes: DBPSK for 1 Mbps, DQPSK for 2 Mbps, and Complementary Code
Keying (CCK) for both 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps.

 
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The Physical layer is the interface between the MAC and wireless media, which transmits and
receives data frames over a shared wireless media.
£unctions of Physical layer:
1.Y provides a frame exchange between the MAC and PHY under the control of the physical
layer convergence procedure (PLCP) sublayer.
2.Y PHY uses signal carrier and spread spectrum modulation to transmit data frames over the
media under the control of the physical medium dependent (PMD) sublayer.
3.Y PHY layer provides a carrier sense indication back to the MAC to verify activity
on the media
The three physical layers originally defined in 802.11 included two spread-spectrum radio
techniques (£requency Hopping Spread Spectrum ± £HSS and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
± DSSS) and a diffuse infrared specification. The actual technique of spread spectrum
transmission was developed by the military in an attempt to reduce jamming and eavesdropping.

 
  
 

DSSS is a transmission technology used in WLAN transmissions where a data signal at the
sending station is combined with a higher data rate bit sequence, or chipping code, that divides
the user data according to a spreading ratio. The chipping code is a redundant bit pattern for each
bit that is transmitted, which increases the signal's resistance to interference. If one or more bits
in the pattern are damaged during transmission, the original data can be recovered due to the
redundancy of the transmission.


   

Barker coding is a modulation technique, that was used in the first specification of IEEE 802.11
and it provides 1 Mbps (2 Mbps) data rates while using BPSK (QPSK). An 11-bit Barker word is
used as the spreading sequence and every station in an IEEE 802.11 network uses the same 11-
bit sequence (+1,-1,+1,+1,-1,+1,+1,+1,-1,-1,-1). The binary adder effectively multiplies the
length of the binary stream by the length of the sequence. This increases the signaling rate and
makes the signal span a greater amount of frequency bandwidth. £ig. 1 shows the DSSS example
with Barker spreading. 5.5Mbps and 11Mbps operation of 802.11b doesn't use the Barker
sequence. Instead, 802.11b uses complementary code keying (CCK) to provide the spreading
sequences at these higher data rates.

The ratio between the data and width of spreading code is called processing gain. The processing
gain for IEEE 802.11b when using Barker coding is 10.4dB . This is given in equation 1.


 

'
 ) = 10log(11) = 10.4dB (1)



1 0

Original signal

Spreading
Code(Barker)

Spread Signal

£ig.1. DSSS Example


  
 

Line Coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals. Line coding converts a
sequence of bits to a digital signal. At the sender, digital data are encoded into a digital signal; at
the receiver, the digital data are recreated by decoding the digital signal. £igure 2 shows the line
coding that converts digital data to digital signal.

£ig.2 Block diagram of Line coding

Line coding techniques can be broadly divided into three categories: Unipolar, Polar and Bipolar.
 !"In unipolar encoding technique, only two voltage levels are used. It uses only one polarity
of voltage level as shown in £ig. 2.4.5. In this encoding approach, the bit rate same as data rate.
Unfortunately, DC component present in the encoded signal and there is loss of synchronization for
long sequences of 0¶s and 1¶s. It is simple but obsolete.
 £#$%&ÿ



 !  !

 
!" Polar encoding technique uses two voltage levels ± one positive and the other one negative.
£our different encoding schemes shown in £ig. 2.4.6 under this category discussed below:


£#$%'¢

 
 



 



Non Return to zero (NRZ): The most common and easiest way to transmit digital signals is to use
two different voltage levels for the two binary digits. Usually a negative voltage is used to represent
one binary value and a positive voltage to represent the other. The data is encoded as the presence or
absence of a signal transition at the beginning of the bit time. As shown in the figure below, in NRZ
encoding, the signal level remains same throughout the bit-period. There are two encoding schemes
in NRZ: NRZ-L and NRZ-I, as shown in £ig. 2.4.7.

The (#$)of NRZ coding are:

Y Detecting a transition in presence of noise is more reliable than to compare a value to a
threshold.
Y NRZ codes are easy to engineer and it makes efficient use of bandwidth.

The spectrum of the NRZ-L and NRZ-I signals are shown in £ig. 2.4.8. It may be noted that most of
the energy is concentrated between 0 and half the bit rate. The main limitations are the presence of a
dc component and the lack of synchronization capability. When there is long sequence of 0¶s or 1¶s,
the receiving side will fail to regenerate the clock and synchronization between the transmitter and
receiver clocks will fail.
$*$*DYTo ensure synchronization, there must be a signal transition in each bit as

shown in £ig. 2.4.9. Key characteristics of the RZ coding are:

Y Three levels
Y Bit rate is double than that of data rate
Y No dc component
Y Good synchronization
Y Main limitation is the increase in bandwidth

£#$%+ 

  
 
 ,)$" To overcome the limitations of NRZ encoding, biphase encoding techniques can be
adopted. Î
 
and  
 Î
 

 are the two common Biphase techniques in
use, as shown in £ig. 2.4.10. In Manchester coding the mid-bit transition serves as a clocking
mechanism and also as data.
In the standard Manchester coding there is a transition at the middle of each bit period. A binary 1
corresponds to a 
!
 
 
and a binary 0 to a  

!
 
in the middle
In Differential Manchester, inversion in the middle of each bit is used for synchronization. The
encoding of a 0 is represented by the presence of a transition both at the beginning and at the middle
and 1 is represented by a transition only in the middle of the bit period.
Key characteristics are:
Y Two levels
Y No DC component
Y Good synchronization

‡ Higher bandwidth due to doubling of bit rate with respect to data rate
The bandwidth required for biphase techniques are greater than that of NRZ techniques, but due to
the predictable transition during each bit time, the receiver can synchronize properly on that
transition. Biphase encoded signals have no DC components as shown in £ig. 2.4.11. A Manchester
code is now very popular and has been specified for the IEEE 802.3 standard for base band coaxial
cables and twisted pair CSMA/CD bus LANs.

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In this paper, IEEE 802.11b Physical Layer is simulated in Matlab for RZ, NRZ and Manchester
line codes. The simulation is made for lower data rate (1 Mbps) using DBPSK modulation and
the signal is spread with 11 chips long Barker Code.

This section shows the results and analysis for the

different transmission techniques of WLAN
simulated under single path as well as multipath
propagating condition. The noise is assumed to be
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) [4]. The
effect of interference from another co-channel
WLAN is also simulated. BER versus Signal to
Noise Ratio (SNR) curves are used as the
performance metric.

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Performance Evaluation of SCM-WDM System Using Different Linecoding, Md. Shamim Reza,
Md. Maruf Hossain, Adnan Ahmed Chowdhury, S. M. Shamim Reza and Md. Moshiur Rahman
,JOURNAL O£ TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1, APRIL 2010

 $$) $./$.,$ 0/ !$/$12$23$1)#!)$)

Pursley, M. Royster Iv, T. Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC IEEE Transactions on
Communications,£ebruary 2009 4!/$" 57 Issue: 2

IEEE Std 802.11b-1999. [Online]. Available: http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/