CHAPTER TWO

Design of Flexural Member at Serviceability Limit

State
Magnel Diagram & Tendon Profiles

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 TOPIC OUTCOMES:

1. Construct a Magnel diagram

2. Produce tendon profiles design

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 CONSTRUCTION OF MAGNEL DIAGRAM
■ Equations 5 to 8 can be used to determine a range of possible values of prestress force
for a given or assumed eccentricity.
■ Calculations would be tedious and repetitive.
■ Useful approach to design if equations are treated graphically. Equations 1 to 4 can be
rearranged into the following form:

1 K (1 / A  e / zt )
 12
Po ( f max  M max / zt )

1 (1 / A  e / zt )
 13
Po ( f ' min  M min/ zt )

1 K (1 / A  e / zb )
 14
Po ( f min  M max / zb )

1 (1 / A  e / zb )
 15
Po ( f ' max  M min/ zb ) 3
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 Transfer Service
Parameter
Symbol Limit Value Symbol Limit Value
′
Compressive Stress 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.6𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.6𝑓𝑐𝑘
′
Tensile Stress 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 -1.0 MPa 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 0
Force Prestressed Force (Po) Prestressed Force Losses

Min. & Max. Characteristic Loading or

Loading Often only Self-weight (SW)
Quasi-Permanent Loading

DESIGN IS MAINLY BASED ON 4 BASIC INEQUALITIES

At transfer : At service :
Po Poe M min KPo KPoe M max
   f ' t  f ' min 1    ft  f max 3
A zt zt A zt zt
KPo KPoe M max
Po Poe M min
   f ' b  f ' max 2    fb  f min 4
A zb zb A zb zb

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**K=Loss Factor that accounts for the prestress losses; eg: K=0.8 for 20% losses
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 DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED FORCE
The inequalities of equations may be arranged to give expression for the minimum
required prestress force for a given eccentricity:

𝑧𝑡 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑜 ≤ 𝑧 5
𝐾 𝑡ൗ𝐴−𝑒

𝑧𝑡 𝑓′𝑚𝑖𝑛 −𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑜 ≥ 𝑧𝑡
ൗ𝐴−𝑒
6

𝑧𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 +𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 For Eq. 5 and Eq. 6, it is possible that the

𝑃𝑜 ≥ 𝑧 7 denominator term (zt/A-e), might be –ve if
𝐾 𝑏ൗ𝐴+𝑒 e>zt/A . In this case, the sense of the
inequality would have to change.
𝑧𝑏 𝑓′𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑜 ≤ 𝑧𝑏 8
ൗ𝐴+𝑒

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■ Equations are linear relationship between 1/Po and e.
■ Magnel diagram is a powerful design tool; covers all possible solutions of the
inequality equations.
■ Enables a range of prestress force and eccentricity values to be
investigated.
■ Values of minimum and maximum prestress forces can be readily read and
easily determined.
■ Shows that minimum prestress force (largest value 1/Po) corresponds to
maximum eccentricity,
■ As eccentricity reduced, the prestress force must be increased to
compensate.
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■ Eq 12 to 15 express linear relationship between 1/Po and e

■ Note that in Eq 13, the sense of the inequality has been reversed to account
for the fact that the denominator is negative

■ The line (1) to (4) correspond to Eq 12 to 15 form a Magnel Diagram

■ Line (5) is the possible physical limitation of the maximum eccentricity

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 5
𝟏 5
2
𝟏 1 2 3

𝑷𝒐 3 𝑷𝒐
1

4
4

e e
𝒛𝒃 𝒛𝒕
𝒛𝒃 𝒛𝒕
𝑨 𝑨
𝑨 𝑨

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 Example 6 (Eg 11.5, Mosley et al., 2007)
Construct the Magnel diagram for the beam given in Example 3 and determine the minimum
and maximum possible values of prestress force. Assume a maximum possible eccentricity
of 125 mm allowing for cover etc. to the tendons. The properties from Example 3:

f ' max  16 N / mm 2 From equation 12, substitute the values

f ' min  1.0 N / mm 2

M min  21 .9 kNm
K  0. 8
A  70000 mm 2
f max  24 N / mm 2
f min  0.0 N / mm 2
Similarly from the other 3 equations:
M max  59 .4 kNm
zb  zt  4.08 x 10 6 mm 3

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 Based on the Magnel Diagram (graph of 106/ Po versus eccentricity, e),
the maximum and minimum prestress forces can be determined.

Maximum 106/ Po = ; thus minimum Po =

Minimum 106/Po = ; thus maximum Po =

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 Can tabulate with a fixed e value

EQ 12 EQ 13 EQ 14 EQ 15
e

-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
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 3000 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝐏𝟎
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Eccentricity, e
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 TENDON PROFILES
• Tendon profiles can be either straight line or parabolic shape.
• Normally, parabolic shape/function is used to design tendon profile for post -
tensioned members.
• The tendons are used to provide forces to the structures.
• Cable is denoted as the resultant of all the individual tendons.

Straight line tendon

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 TENDON PROFILES-PARABOLIC FUNCTION
Y

y=4ax2/L2
a
X

For Post-tensioned beam; let tendon profile behave likes a parabolic function;
y =Ax2+Bx+C
Then for x=0, y=0, C=0
The slope at (0,0) =0, then dy/dx = 2Ax+B = 0
Therefore, dy/dx=0, B=0
At; x=L/2; y = a, A=4a/L2
The equation for the parabolic, y = 4ax2/L2
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 LOCATION OF TENDON

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 • After prestress force determined and satisfied at the critical section, it is
necessary to determine eccentricity at which this force must be provided not
only at the critical section but also throughout the length of the member.
• At any section along the member, e is the only unknown term in the four
expressions and these will yield two upper and two lower limits which must all
be simultaneously satisfied.
• This requirement must be met at all sections throughout the member and will
reflect both variations of moment, prestress force and section properties
along the member.

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 At Transfer Constant value [X] for
constant cross section.
 zt f ' min zt  M min IF the minor changes in
e    16 prestress force is
 A P o  Po neglected
′
𝑧𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑧𝑏 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑒 ≤ − + + 17
𝐴 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑜 Value changes
with respect to
Mmax or Mmin
At Service (based on BMD)

 zt f max zt  M max
e    18
A KPo  KPo

 zb f min zb  M max
e      19
 A KP o  KPo
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■ Evaluate equations at any section to determine the range of eccentricities within which the
resultant force Po must lie.
■ Moments Mmax and Mmin are those relating to the section being considered.
■ For a member of a constant cross-section, if minor changes in prestress force along the
length are neglected, the terms in brackets in the expressions are constant. Therefore the
zone within which the centroid must lie is governed by the shape of the bending moment
envelopes, as shown in Figure below.

𝑧𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑧𝑏
− +
𝐴 𝐾𝑃𝑜 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 centroidal axis
𝑧𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑧𝑏 𝐾𝑃𝑜
−
𝐴 𝐾𝑃𝑜

𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
Cable zone limits 𝑃𝑜
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 Example 7 (Eg 11.6, Mosley et al., 2007)
Determine the cable zone limits at mid-span and ends of the member designed
in previous example for a constant initial prestress force of 700 kN.
f ' max  16 N / mm 2
At Transfer f ' min  1.0 N / mm 2
′
 zt f ' min zt  M min 𝑧𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑧𝑏 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 17 M min  21 .9 kNm
e   16 𝑒 ≤ − + +
A Po  Po 𝐴 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑜 K  0. 8

At Service A  70000 mm 2
f  24 N / mm 2
 zb f min zb  M max
max
 zt f max zt  M max
e   e     19 f min  0.0 N / mm 2
KPo  KPo KPo  KPo
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A  A
M max  59 .4 kNm
zb  zt  4.08 x 10 6 mm 3
𝑧𝑡 ′
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑧𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑧𝑡
= = =
𝐴 𝑃𝑜 𝐾𝑃𝑜

𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑧𝑏
=
𝐾𝑃𝑜
′ 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑧𝑡 = =
= 𝑃𝑜 𝐾𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝑜

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 Example 7 (Eg 11.6, Mosley et al., 2007)

a) Ends of beam

At Transfer

At the end of the beam

where M=0, 𝑧𝑡 = 𝑧𝑏 ,
At Service tendon, e lie within the
range 35 mm

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 Example 7 (Eg 11.6, Mosley et al., 2007)

b) Mid Span of beam

At Transfer

At the mid span of beam, the

At Service
resultant of the tendon force
must lie at an eccentricity of
47.8 to 66 mm

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 - 120
- 100
- 90
- 80
- 60
- 40
- 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140

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 3000 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝐏𝟎 Maximum:
106
=2415,
Po
2500 Minimum Po =414kN Minimum:
Po = 414 kN
Permissible Zone e = 121 mm
2000

Maximum 1500

𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 125 mm
Economic

e = 121 mm
Prestress Force

1000
Minimum: Maximum Po =1160kN
106
=862, e = 17 mm
Po
Maximum: 500
Po = 1160 kN
e = 17 mm
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Eccentricity, e
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 WIDTH OF CABLE ZONE
■ From the Magnel diagram, any chosen value of prestress force, there is
an eccentricity range within which the resultant tendon force must lie.
■ As the force approaches a value corresponding to the top and bottom
limits of the diagram, the width of the available cable zone diminishes
until at the very extremities the upper and lower limits of eccentricity
coincide, giving zero width of cable zone.
■ Thus, practically, a prestress force will be chosen which has a value in
between the upper and lower limits of permissible prestress force
whilst, at the same time, enduring that, for the chosen force, a reasonable
width of cable zone exists.
■ Don’t forget the requirement of cover, minimum spacing between
tendons, available tendon sizes, etc
■ Benefit of Magnel diagram: a range of alternatives can be quickly
considered without the necessity for any further calculations
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 REFERENCES

1. Lecture Slide, Dr Goh Lyn Dee, UiTM Pulau Pinang

2. Lecture Slide, Ir Afiffudin, UiTM Pulau Pinang
3. Lecture Slide, PM Dr Afidah Abu Bakar, UiTM Shah Alam
4. 6th Edition, RC Design to Eurocode 2, (Mosley et al.,2007)

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