Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by William Lorell
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science In Civil Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by William Lorell (1950)
Abstract:
A procedure for the analysis of an open spandrel arch including the effects of the superstructure is
developed by neons of a special adaptation of the method of moment distribution and the virtual Trork
equations. The arch is considered cut at the center line, and the action of one half of the structure upon
the other is replaced by six unknown forces (one horizontal force, one vertical force and one moment
applied at both deck and arch at the center section). All joints of the remaining arch structure are then
held against translation by sets of restraining forces. The moments resulting from separate application
of the real loads and each one of the six above mentioned unknown forces are determined. Additional
joint moments are introduced, obtained from the solution of so-called equilibrium equations, which
remove all restraints and restore equilibrium of external and internal forces. The joint moments,
expressed in terms of actual loads and the six unknowns, are then utilized to determine rotation and
deflections in horizontal and vertical directions of both deck and arch at the center section. The fact that
rotations and deflections at that section must be identical for the two halves of the structure, provides
six equations, permitting solution for the six unknowns. A model arch, tested by the University of
Illinois experiment Station in 1928, is analyzed by this procedure, and a comparison between
calculated and measured stresses is made. Close agreement is obtained, indicating decided superiority
of this approach over the conventional one of neglecting the effects of interaction between deck and
arch rib.
AHATJSi s o: AS Ol /; SP A * ' ARCH
IHCLCDim
SDpmrHDCTims
by
OTLIAU LCRgLL
A THESIS
Submitted to thi* Graduate C ctm lttee
In
p a rtia l. fuJLfillnaint o f the r»qnlrea«ttt»
fo r th e degree of
!Saster o f Sclertoe In C iv il Engineering
at
!Jontana S ta te College
Apprewdi
<?
& dkar.ge'"of' Major Work
■.inn, ifriing
Moaiena
2~
-2 -
a%tX3&B0GB83*r
Assooiefce Prof- aaor JU 0* Dell .H o f th e Der- W a it o f C iv il TJygin-
OtriBe o f Moatsae S \fcf Odlloeo o o at. Ibut-cd m ah to t ie auceeaaftil eco-
..Icfc.. ofc ' tfcoolc. I a: •I, Dfcc-J to fci .
58373
>3~
Page
9 8 .? 7 S
gaa^w x! 11 ,,r-As fa.* o u li O crd ltt a o f IoedEae
Lvav T a t j -------- -— .........
L Vtedblm r # "-WLcmi r.;v Plrial iI oltM oa —
ABSTRACT
A procedure fo r th e a n a ly sis of an open spandrel arch including the
e ffe c ts o:L th e su p erstru ctu re i s developed by neons of a s^x-cial adapta
tio n o f th e r t ; cd of memeni d is trib u tio n nation##
The arch i s considered c u t a t th e c e n ter lin e , and the a c tio n o f one h a lf
of th e stru c tu re upon th e o th e r i s replaced b r s ix unknown fo rc e s (one
h o rizo n tal fo rc e , one v e r tic a l force and one .0 it applied a t bot. deck
and arc,i a t th e cen ter s e c tio n ). A ll jo in ts of th e remaining arch s t n
.
lam ents re s u ltin g fron sep arate ap p lica tio n o f the re a l loads and each one
o f the s ix above ientioned unknown fo rces are determined. A liitio n a l jo in t
ncsnents are introduced, obtained from th e so lu tio n of so -c a lle d equilibrium
eq u atio n s, which remove a l l r e s t r a i n ts and re s to re eru llib riu m o f esrternal
and in te r n a l fo rc e s , The jo in t lam ents, expressed in te rn s o f a ctu a l loads
and th e s ix unknowns, are then u tiliz e d to determine ro ta tio n and deflec
tio n s in h o rizo n tal and v e r tic a l d ire c tio n s of both deck and arch a t the
c e n te r s'eotion* Th th a t ro ta tio n s and d e fle c tio n s a t t h a t section
must be id e n tic a l f o r the two halves of th e s tru c tu re , provides six equa
tio n s , p erm ittin g s o lu tio n lev the s ix unknown#♦ A ; -Odcl arc' , te s te d by
th e U niversity o f I l l i n o i s R p e rin e n t S ta tio n in 1920, i s analyzed by t h i s
procedure, and a comparison between c a lc u la te d and measured s tre s s e s i s
made. Close agreement i s obtained, in d ic a tin g decided s u p e rio rity of th is
approach over th e conventional one of n eg lectin g th e e ffe c ts of in te ra c tio n
b e t r,n dec: and ric h r i b .
- 6-
EfTRODUCTION
The conventional an aly sis of an open spandrel arch bridge as a r ib
w ithout r e s t r a i n t due to the su p e rstru c tu re i s c le a rly incom plete. Ihe
argument th a t bridges designed by a procedure neglecting deck p a rtic ip a
tio n have ayuorenti given good serv ice i s no t c aside* vd to be a pa-'- tic u —
l a r l y v a lid reason fo r neglectin g tn is c ffe c o . ;irxcc .it i s q u ite obvious
tlia t th e su p e rstru ctu re tends to s t i f f e n the rib* i t i s not p a rtic u la rly
astounding th a t r ib s designed on a b a s is neglecting t n i s s tiffe n in g e iie c t
have stood up w ell under design lo a d s. A comparison between th e weights
of open spandrel arch s tru c tu re s designed, by conventional means (neglect
ing the e ffe c ts of th e su p e rstru c tu re ) on one hand, and those designed
w ith due co n sid eratio n to in te ra c tio n on th e o th e r, wo ■?.1 cone c lo se r to
the p o in t.
In c o n tra st to the cu stc ary American approach, Duro ean designs of
open spandrel arches g en erally take in to consideration the in te ra c tio n of
r ib and su p e rstru c tu re * Perhaps the most outstanding r e s u lt of t h i s
o f ana- s is i s th e 160‘-span Grandfe; Viaduct in Sw itzerland, a stru c tu re
.
I. E la stic Arch Brld c s , by HcCollough and Thayer, John Wiley and Sons,
I n c ., I!. Y ., 1931# Pl . 313.
- 7-
H g. I
The a n a ly sis v a il involve an exfceneion of the tlzardy Grooo : icthod of
a ont < -sti-ibution, ocrM aed w ith th e p rin o irlo s o f v i r tu a l vrarte.
In G eneral, t e d loei aeioo v d li bo I i .ite d to on arcli of th e physical
cluc.-acteristica o f th e ay-... .iet r i e e l 7-oaael iech Bnal^vatxi i n the I . .it p a it
oi v ..a to. ice , iUi oxtensJon t ; any cliicg? h c of arch, ’,cccvi -> osn be
3 ,
s^ a q s uttitpo ptto TPttBd H O ^ rim o c%x ptn» •eytpof 6nop,MA ■:?•/:, jo
uoTtvpmm.iq. %T- -:«% %ou «Mp ojt\pooo,td ^trtg, pguuoc^i ®q ^ens: %r •(gqm
" O- <*> eatMaj ustoTttfuti » 1 0 0 »?^ jo <0 0 aoj 000 pt?c? *ep% %TBrt^oy air% jk>j
«*4) euoi^-t vdo #$%.*%&* trp poq.nqp^eB> pwo punoj ate soswoj tiBcxucfun
XTS Otrr jo SjOoo m » j puo ep 0 %%oa% oq-j umj nu nin sca e%aemni pus poeqy?
atpr *sataqgiaat snoptsm mu jo #o#tedoJd ojjtraia aqq. 3ur|ti^te%op
Z "3%
® 0 0 0
(Q lirm o HOIJATOG
-O I-
•
A-B, i t vdl bo wees»G*y t c fin d aew n e ltis tia ornstimfcsi I & 2) the cc^ ty-
TI
i
J
tran a j-atlcn -p rev an tlii; j o in t forces are now exerting t h e i r due influence
ic tu r e in th e s tru c tu re . The next
t :: '■vc t ' jo in t ■" - .: /.a:.s .
Jo in t irstr-: i.nts and i q u il i b r im l. u a tlo n s 3
The removal o f th e re s tra in in g fo rce s i s equivalent t o p erm itting de
f le c tio n s to occur -sliicii th ese r e s tr a in ts had a lly prevented, since
i t i s the primary purpose here to determine the e ffe c ts of th ese d e fle c tio n s,
th e a ctu a l magnitude of th e r e s t r a i n ts i s of no p a rtic u la r i n t e r e s t , as long
as the prevented d e fle c tio n s can be imposed on the stru c tu re ; n ' tiie ir e f -
© 0 © © ©
©
I'lG. 3
-1 6 -
h
. T-ck one of th ese p a r t i a l d e fle c tio n s b , o, end d vtiQl e x is t to a
o ertcd a e x te n t in every panel o f th e ..-,truotm-c., Wiloii io j u s t enotiier mg*
o f -W iag th a t th e re v&ll fee a-: .o v e r tic a l dofle-otioa of any given p a ir o f
ooirespcW lng Pock and trctii J o in ts w ith re a p e e t to t h e i r ad jacent jo in ts m
th e l e f t , io h o risc n ttil d e fle c tio n o f each arch jo in t Y.lth .respect to tiie
-1 7 -
Condition # I
Fig. 5
*
-1 9 -
fa
3 .
2 , ,
% "^ Wkl O f o r o il o f . c r Io W s), and the shear in t.x .t : en el a f te r :tls-
Lribro -n e f f l .b-vu i i. a cr.- r...l Ir '. .:at lotid m 3 f t m to be o , then
t e ..•: . I:,..e u eto sj Wlcrv :." to W fXect u n t i l tin vddltdem l sh-: cor St-Q- i s
ixitrc:.; n d in to to e p: iel.
I t fc s been s ta te d t h a t Condition A w ill eod-.-t with on in te n s ity * '
■' t 'b-.fl !."Lvotb-ii ; i t L Condition W iS it I b t, e tc * , and f in a lly
L ... 'i 7 ' L" I * *
Tio ... ■ . ;. • f. rtf .-re ue.-; -'J- led i n ok; f suexr I .: to Iccc
* LL-L' . . th r ... i i IL v 'b ' Tn f .• of p, ;e t
<3H 1 + b Ht + cHj t dl H 4 + « H g- t- J H b t jH 7 = SH - sA
DEFLBffriiOH EQUATIONS
t'> d ir e c t B trc ji ;.u*c t ' -U .1 vc. T h e ^ d o f lc o -
tl TB OUii bo a m to bo em ail, and ere no r l r i£Lw /3 e d i t e d . I f cos-
I . " ' "i t - c • r..-. ' ■ i Cl::. Cd 1. I t l o u t d i f f i c u lt; .
I .) Doofc D eflections
a) “epk H dctdon
Tlio ro ta tio n o f th e center o f th e dock ’.Till be ew of e ll
d o ck -jo in t ro ta tio n s plun tlie ro ta tio n o f the c e n te r p o in t C
w ith r : a c o t to jo in t 3.
Mco f- Mco1
Mco J c/y (Meo' ~ Mco )
ZfZ<
-2 2 -
6 ^ i i J ( ~ i M' z - M1) cL x- - ~ f ( M 1- M i ) t
m-f- W1
Unit ntoixxen+
©
r
TX f 7
- 23 -
I) Mt o ) - ( / r j c o - Mc o j J ^ J K- m , - M 3 f
F ig. 8
- 24 -
= JTi Jo = ^ 1 CZM1- H J
L*
A y 1 = — ^ M 5-M 4 ) ....... e fc
a t th e ooiitei- i s ■
^yL =
JOT.) JJ [p.Sfa,+ At,)- 5.5 +6.3 Cmi + M 3)-S .5 Cm4 +M 4 ) + 3.3 (ms * M ,) -Z .S On 6 * M6 ) +
O) Uv:.':!' ec i: Cfloctiv-U
TiiQ lto^lsom a l dciloctior. cT tho deck i s . .ensured by tiie .-orisjenU-
El kj le c t io f o f the celvr Uis at ti c l e f t and v i lit abut en t, e-
.6 :
A lJ ^ { (rZ v g U l v- )y d y •
„
M
2) Arch efieoticsns
a) Arch dotation
Bm c f a m .«i d I-
joint rdtationa jlus the ro ta tio n of t i e center Ow ith respect to
.
-2 6 -
F ig, 9 ohcyrs cz'c' g ctio n C1 - I 1 vndcr the action of o o itiv e xnc ents
I1 an Mt0* on- horizontal nd v e r tic a l f croon Ht 1 and V11, v/hlci’, on the
:
i .
ioi- t u ,.I e an* TiiiD c< ___ :a\,o ocnti r i s Iacc a t t t- n ciitiv l o in t
( y ^ f 5 =j ~ ‘ ° *
ua-' ,c by (x, )♦ A rbitr-^ril., chcooint dlcdnsioe rote . t i t o a i t ' v c t
V1'C r , - - H /Cf,-if)
Q>s J K'z, - hI v Jf i - mI
= J f iW K - Kv,-"I)
By anal •:
©
11
‘o r ’ I ft 'T 1 C I , I ■
f*r V f -
©
0 ; - . JgW K-Kv.-
t JI
t C^4%4 ~^4*/* ~ Mg).
T.
tz (Fs . n
B tl CA*
28 —
—
* 4 ) 4 '4 % ^^
-2 9 -
+ Z4p4 - >/4 ^4 - r4 ,
be. used for i ' ’ u-:i i v e r tic a l d f ' exit.V iv;, b rt i ■&. t ' -•': ■ v.
be posi ti v *V- - - - I I- flo e ti- .
Jfj P/ (^+V1
J~ +H’
>)- r, (**1+M’
z) -t PlC
v^4 V
I) - U
tt U
1 z) -V1Cm4+M4^t
F ig. 12
Tihere Xi i s th e h o rizo n tal d e fle c tio n of arch jo in t i due to mom
e n ts, h o rizo n tal and v e r tic a l forces in arch sectio n (i-1 ) - i, and Il
1
- is
the height of arch se ctio n i , or T i- Y (I-I)*
A r b itr a r ily choosing d e fle ctio n s to th e r ig h t p o sitiv e fo r the l e f t
h a lf of the arch:
-3 1 -
D u b stit.Ltlnci
Q <D
... o*
0L
C
'flTf.
4 = « J i-e/
:'r r ' t ' 10, I t y t l l bo octm tiin t <m ‘ 1Cnticvn c-—m a l w nay
be i; ■“ I- r i "c-a an ’.oriacnta3 deflect* cco, cirl t h a t t ' *g esTreaoion w ill
«'u.3o lie "-!"v fo r V -n e c f <na to •.bo r" t,
AX =
n j ^ r K / ; A , ' - ^ K) - ^ ^ 4- v j ) +^ -
rigorous m.
I t cru on" ' be sM ' t " ! -to ir f :*o s , s a a ' ' v" , n" d fw
t:. '•■d-arus c f C flvaticity of concrete and fo r ta nt of v-v v-e of rM n -
f ..j 0 c - tf s c o f . , :_cvrr l i ' c l y fx- 'n iro .X 'c crroi% cooM dcrobly
Fig. 13
Proof:
Fig. 14
34
/ 1 ^
4
/4 ;S W i i 0 M W y¥ - A 1M
/ V zzyyi - / 4 - J z T a x c/x.
Hf V
S u b stitu tio n of these fa c to rs in th e above in te g ra l equation v/ill re
duce th e c o e ffic ie n ts of V and H to zero.
To evaluate the e rro r introduced, the expression fo r/1 x can also be
w r i t te n : .
-3 5
h i " f ( ^ ) ( v [ i A ( / x y + i i / A ) - y A O y y +X t A )J “ H + i f A) ~
-I—
I-----------
— — — —
I I
III
I I
1 II
II
I +
I I
I I I
I I I I
I I
I I
I
I I
-I -I
b. c.
a/. {o/7d/ / / o n # 4
' • I
A B rlring in ter at t>- feotoi-a a to Condition I , b t C iidlt i n '2, o
t O m iitlo a 9 cad d tv D W ltlo n f , an < ‘ing tv.o 38m>.’. n o ta tio n ao
/5
* b t ii c // j za/Ut, - ! / - h
-3 8 -
.
■v ■ ”• I l K a t : ', th e -tvairrU %,11 - ti.-nzX'fcr- be e.> c.x/' to th cot
“ '' - « '5 v h- fr:v CfK^: c ja tt- on:: t
a /% , ^ A / ^ z. c / / z3 v- ^ h ,4 = JW i - ^ i
S W
2., + ^ + CMzl +- H Hlm4 - SHx- S-A2.
e ? ZZj1 f 6 ZZj2 Y- c Z Z jj Y- cZ Z / j 4 = J Z /3 - sA 3
'c 0: ooe* the h.Ci-i'* --,4 of UlIe • Siji-It s IjW lv-y' i n th e onaV ^is
■-r' - ' : ' t ': • 1 m-eh T-It-. r c trz y tn m . In t f- Uc'.I n s rn tio a ,
t ■' v: r h n:: r, I br 01 I e-f v to tv x-.thc- -I to -'• • an .roll urv'or
Given Ioc %- eonditlcno f o r w ch th e s tre s s e e a t eerta? r g< d tlo o s erc;
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