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To choose the realistic flow solution we employ what is know as the ‘Kutta’
condition, that the flow leave smoothly from the trailing edge. The Kutta condition
is an empirical observation that results from the tendency of the viscous boundary
layer to separate at a salient edge.
u
u
2
The Problem of the Airfoil
Terminology
Chord c
α Kutta Joukowski Thm. l = − ρV∞ Γ
V∞
Lo
dζ
Loop
op
~
= ∫ W (ζ ) dz
Γ ~
Γ=Γ loop
dz
~
= ∫ W (ζ )dζ
loop
~
~
W (ζ ) = W ( z )
dz = Γ + iq~ 3
dζ
Symbol Conventions
Initial Flow Mapping Mapped Flow
ζ-plane
z-plane
iy ζ=ζ(z)
Our F ( z) iη F~ (ζ ) = F ( z (ζ ))
~
Mappings dF Critical at ~
W (ζ ) =
dF
=W
dz
W ( z) =
to this dz dζ
=0
dζ dζ
Point x dz
ξ
ζ-plane z-plane
~
F (ζ ) iη z= z(ζ) iy ~
F ( z ) = F (ζ ( z ))
The ~
~
dF dF ~ dζ
Joukowski W (ζ ) =
dζ
Critical at W ( z) =
dz
=W
dz
Mapping dz
=0
ξ dζ x
4
Joukowski Mapping z = ζ + C /ζ 2
-C C -2C 2C
2
⎛ ζ − C ⎞ ⎛ z − 2C ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ζ + C ⎠ ⎝ z + 2C ⎠ Behavior at ∞?
5
Consider a Series of Circles Cutting
the Right-Hand Critical Point
ζ-plane
1. ζ1=0
a
2. Re{ζ1}=0, Im{ζ1}>0
ζ1
3. Re{ζ1}<0, Im{ζ1}=0 C
4. Re{ζ1}<0, Im{ζ1}>0
z = ζ + C2 /ζ
ζ-plane z-plane
~ − iα V∞ a 2 e iα
F (ζ ) = V∞ e ζ +
ζ − ζ1
ζ-plane z = ζ + C2 /ζ z-plane
ζ-plane z-plane
ζ-plane z = ζ + C2 /ζ z-plane
ζ-plane z-plane
ζ-plane z = ζ + C2 /ζ z-plane
ζ-plane z-plane
α δ C
V∞
~ − iα V∞ a 2 eiα iΓ
F (ζ ) = V∞ e ζ + − log e (ζ − ζ 1 )
ζ − ζ 1 2π
~ − iα V∞ a 2 e iα iΓ
W (ζ ) = V∞ e − −
(ζ − ζ 1 ) 2 2π (ζ − ζ 1 )
11
Results for Lift
ζ-plane z=ζ+C2/ ζ z-plane
a dz C2
β = 1− 2
ζ1 dζ ζ
C c 2C
α
V∞
a dz C2
β = 1− 2
ζ1 dζ ζ
C c 2C
α
V∞
~ V∞ a 2 eiα iΓ ~ dζ
− iα
W (ζ ) = V∞ e − − W ( z ) = W (ζ )
(ζ − ζ 1 ) 2 2π (ζ − ζ 1 ) dz