You are on page 1of 46

Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

INDEX:

Contents Page Number


Preface 3
Introduction 5-7
Literature Survey 8-11
Theoretical Overview 12-22
Work Done 23-43
Conclusion 44
Reference 45-47

2|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

PREFACE:

The project ‘WIND POWER INTEGRATION WITH THERMAL POWER PLANT’ highlights
the incorporation of the use of a non conventional energy resource with a conventional one.
Presently in India a greater percentage of the energy demand is fulfilled by the thermal power.
This demand is going to increase by several folds in the subsequent years. From this relation it
can be correctly estimated that the production of thermal power has to be increased and hence
there will a severe crunch in the supply of the conventional fuels in the forthcoming years.
Moreover majority of the conventional fuels produce pollutants of various kinds which affect the
atmosphere as well as the biotic and the abiotic components of the environment. Therefore it is
very much needed that we must enhance the use of renewable sources of energy. However in the
initial years it is not possible to replace every conventional source with a non conventional one.
Hence integration or partial incorporation of renewable fuels is utmost required. This integration
if utilized properly along with the initiative of the respective bodies can easily find a major area
of usage in the subsequent years.
Through this project we have tried to emphasize the integration of wind
power with thermal power. It is not however claimed that integration of a renewable source with
a non renewable one will always yield positive and satisfactory results if all the respective fields
are considered. But keeping aside very minimum number of fallacies this integration will
definitely yield better results in maximum aspects.

3|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

ABSTRACT:

From the view point of modern energy requirement and the load demand, the limit of generation
of power by a thermal power plant is increasing. So if we can integrate one of the renewable
energy sources with a thermal plant to a permissible limit, we can reduce the usage of
conventional energy sources .To analyze the above problem we initiate a load flow analysis
procedure through MI POWER software using Newton- Raphson method . As the power output
from the wind turbine is much smaller, we need to use several wind turbines for getting the
output equal to one generator in thermal power plant. Here after using conventional thermal
generators and obtaining the corresponding results we replace some of the generators by wind
turbine and then derive the result of the same system through MI POWER. Then we make a
comparison of both results and start relating those with the economical advantage. By this we
can make an impact in the usage of non-conventional energy sources in integration with
conventional resource.

4|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

INTRODUCTION:

The ever increasing demand of electrical energy all over the world involves scientists and
engineers to think about renewable energy sources. It is also now widely recognized that the
fossil fuels (i.e. coal, petroleum and natural gas) and other conventional resources may not be
either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever increasing demand of the electrical energy.
The economic and environmental problems in the power generation have received considerable
attention. The apparition of the energy crisis and the excessive increase of the consumption have
obliged production companies to implant renewable sources. However, this production poses
many technical problems for their integration in the electric system.

The economic dispatch is a significant function in the modern energy system. Economic dispatch
is the short-term determination of the optimal output of a number of electricity generation
facilities, to meet the system load, at the lowest possible cost, subject to transmission and
operational constraints. Also generation of electrical power by coal based steam power plant or
nuclear power plants causes pollution, which is likely to be more acute in future due to large
generating capacity on one side and greater awareness of the people in this respect. Renewable
energy sources like solar, wind, bio energy, hydropower etc are becoming popular day by day
because they are plentiful, inexhaustible and non-polluting. One of the major benefits of wind
energy is that, after the initial land and capital costs, there is essentially no cost involved in the
production of power from wind energy conversion systems (WECS).
Drawbacks of wind power are the unwieldy size, high structural area and quite large finance
requirement. Also varying wind speed creates problem in the case of wind mills employed for
electric power generation (ac output). Due to this the speed of the wind mill will vary resulting in
fluctuating voltage and frequency. In particular, optimal selection of On-line units (unit
commitment) and optimal output levels of committed units (dispatch procedures) for
conventional generation need to be revised. With increasing fuel price and environmental
concern the government of all over the world has commissioned research and application on
renewable energy and a huge number of wind farms are going to be connected to the existing
network in the near future.
One of the problems that wind energy will create in electrical power systems is the dependence
of the injected power on the wind speed. Other major problem in wind generator output power

5|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

smoothing is setting of the reference output power. But as seen, the amplitude of the wind power
variation at current wind power grid penetration and the load variations are not much different.
However there are two major aspects of wind power variations which make it complicated to
manage than fluctuation in load; the unpredictability and irregularity. Since the total load
variations are predictable, it is possible to plan the scheduling of the thermal units to compensate
for the load variations. If the sharing of renewable energies in gross domestic energy
consumption is to be achieved, efforts should be directed to the power quality related problems
when fluctuating power from renewable sources is tapped into the power network. Power system
operators are reluctant to accept the fluctuating & largely undispatchable generating resource of
renewable in their pool because of their concern about the quality of power. Voltage quality is
one of the technical problems to be faced when high amounts of renewable sources are
penetrating the power network. Recently voltage-source or current-source inverters based
flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices such as static VAR compensator (SVC),
static reactive compensator (STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and unified power
flow controller (UPFC) have been use for flexible power flow control, secure loading and
damping of power oscillation of grid connected wind wound rotor generator.
For the thermal units it is obviously the aggregated impact of the wind power and the total load
which is of importance. The load on the thermal units ( i.e. the total load reduced by the wind
power generation) will become less predictable and less regular as wind power is introduced in
the system. The Economic Dispatch (ED) of electric power generation is one of the most
important optimization problems in power system. Its task is to allocate load over the set of
dispatch able units so that the required power is generated at the least cost. Since wind power
does not consume fossil fuel, hence adoption & variation of high penetration wind power will
have notable impact to economic dispatch of power system. Variations in load in a wind-thermal
power system that uses no active strategy for management can be managed in three different
ways;
 By part load operation of thermal units ,
 By starting/stopping thermal units or
 By curtailing wind power.
The choice of variation management strategy depends on the properties of the thermal units
which are available for management and the duration of the variation. In a power system where

6|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

cost is minimized, the variation management strategy associated with the lowest cost is
obviously chosen. If the output of wind power and some large base load unit exceeds demand for
an hour, curtailment of wind power (or possibly some combination with part load of the thermal
unit) might be the solution associated with the lowest total system cost. If the same situation lasts
for half a day, stopping the thermal unit might be preferable from a cost minimizing perspective.
To be able to take variation management decisions into account in the dispatch of units,
knowledge of the start up and part load properties of the thermal unit is necessary.
Induction Generator (I.G) is widely used as wind generator due to its simple, rugged &
maintenance free construction. But it has some stability problem.

In this project at first we have done the load flow analyses of a typical electrical system
consisting of 5 thermal generators units. Further we will replace the generators with the wind
turbine and do load flow analysis and compare the two system in terms of cost, advantages and
disadvantages.

7|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

LITERATURE SURVEY:

By surveying about the different facts we find the following details on the works done on wind
energy conversion system , Weibull PDF, fuzzy logic, wind turbine specification, dynamic
economic dispatch:

The reduction in the influence of wind power generations on thermal power plant i.e. the
possibility to reduce variations by means of a moderator, such as a storage unit or import/export
capacity will help in minimizing the costs and other complications.[1] The proposed models of
generations and control system analyze the deviation of power exchange at the western Danish-
German border, taking into account the fluctuating nature of wind power. [2]

There has been proposed works of celebrated scientists on detailed recommendations and
suggestions for complying wind integration studies on power system operation (scheduling and
dispatch) and power system (resource) adequacy from which we get notions about the
importance of wind power integration [3]. [4] Illustrates the options for the development of large
scale wind power integration in Norway. We start this project work after assessing the wind
power’s impact on thermal generation unit commitment and dispatch is, therefore, a fundamental
issue when integrating more wind power into power systems [5]. The voltage recovery after the
network disturbance can be assisted by dynamic slip control & Pitch control in a Wound rotor
I.G based Wind power generation system (WPGS) [6].

In solving the electrical power systems economic dispatch (ED) problem, the goal is to find the
optimal allocation of output power among the various generators available to serve the system
load. With the continuing search for alternatives to conventional energy sources, it is necessary
to include wind energy conversion system (WECS) generators in the ED problem. [7] The
primary problem associated with the incorporation of wind power into the ED model is the fact
that the future wind speed, which is the power source for the WECS, is an unknown at any given
time. Several investigations have looked at the prediction of wind speed for use in determining
the available wind power. These investigations have been based on such foundations as fuzzy
logic [8], neural networks [9], and time series [10]. When the focus is on the ED problem and not

8|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

on wind power forecasting, fuzzy logic or similar theories to develop the wind speed profile will
not be used, but a known probability distribution function (PDF) for the wind speed will be
assumed, and then, transformed to the corresponding wind power distribution for use in the ED
model. This PDF is named as Weibull PDF. The two parameters of Weibull density distribution
function were calculated for 3 different locations, a city area, an extremely exposed area in a city
centre and an open sea area in Hong Kong. [11]

A squirrel cage induction generator feeds the power to a double-sided pulse width modulated
converter system which pumps power to a utility grid or can supply to an autonomous system.
The generation system has fuzzy logic control with vector control in the inner loops. A fuzzy
controller tracks the generator speed with the wind velocity to extract the maximum power. A
second fuzzy controller programs the machine flux for light load efficiency improvement, and a
third fuzzy controller gives robust speed control against wind gust and turbine oscillatory torque.
The complete control system has been developed, analyzed, and validated by simulation study.
Performances have then been evaluated in detail [12].

Since the existing surveys on wind turbine condition monitoring cover the literatures up to 2006,
to report the most recent advances in the past three years, with primary focus on gearbox and
bearing, rotor and blades, generator and power electronics, as well as system-wise turbine
diagnosis. There are several major trends observed through the survey. Due to the variable-speed
nature of wind turbine operation and the unsteady load involved, time-frequency analysis tools
such as wavelets have been accepted as a key signal processing tool for such application.
Acoustic emission has lately gained much more attention in order to detect incipient failures
because of the low-speed operation for wind turbines. There has been an increasing trend of
developing model based reasoning algorithms for fault detection and isolation as cost-effective
approach for wind turbines as relatively complicated system. The impact of unsteady
aerodynamic load on the robustness of diagnostic signatures has been notified. Decoupling the
wind load from condition monitoring decision making will reduce the associated down-time cost
[13].

9|Page
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

In order to maintain the stability and security of the power system, the uncertainty and
intermittency of wind power must be taken into account in economic dispatch (ED) problems.
Dynamic economic dispatch (DED), which determines the optimal generation scheme to meet
the predicted load demand over a time horizon satisfying the constraint such as ramp-rate limits
of generators between time intervals, is crucial for power system operation [14–16]. A dynamic
economic dispatch (DED) model is based on chance constrained programming and an improved
particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has received
increased attention in many research fields recently in the area of electric power systems and its
potential theoretical studies.[17] Many areas in power systems require solving one or more
nonlinear optimization problems. While analytical methods might suffer from slow convergence
and the curse of dimensionality, heuristics-based swarm intelligence can be an efficient
alternative. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), part of the swarm intelligence family, is known
to effectively solve large-scale nonlinear optimization problems. [18]

The economic and environmental problems in the power generation have received considerable
attention. The apparition of the energy crisis and the excessive increase of the consumption have
obliged production companies to implant renewable sources. However, this production poses
many technical problems for their integration in the electric system. Economic Load Dispatch
(ELD) is one of the important issues in Power system operation. The goal of ELD is to obtain the
optimal allocation of various generating units available to meet the system load. Due to the
popularity of renewable resources, it is necessary to include them in ELD problem.[19] The
economic dispatch [20, 21] is a significant function in the modern energy system. It consists in
programming correctly the electric production in order to reduce the operational cost [22, 23, 24,
25].

In the discussion of Weibull PDF and its importance we have found that the two Weibull
parameters of the wind speed distribution function, the shape parameter k (dimensionless) and
the scale parameter c (ms−1), were computed from the wind speed data for İzmir. Wind data,
consisting of hourly wind speed records over a 5-year period, 1995–1999, were measured in the
Solar/Wind-Meteorological Station of the Solar Energy Institute at Ege University [26].

10 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

As wind power penetrations increase in current power systems, its impacts to conventional
thermal unit should be investigated. Development of better wind-thermal co- ordination
economic dispatch is necessary to determine the optimal dispatch scheme that can integrate wind
power reliably & efficiently. The paper named in reference [27] proposes co-ordination of
Synchronous Generator (SG) and Induction Generator (IG) by a simulation method that can fully
assess the impacts of large-scale wind power on system operations from cost, reliability &
environmental perspectives.

11 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

THEORITICAL OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW OF LOAD FLOW STUDIES:-

Load flow studies are one of the most important aspects of power system planning and
operation. The load flow gives us the sinusoidal steady state of the entire system - voltages, real
and reactive power generated and absorbed and line losses. Since the load is a static quantity and
it is the power that flows through transmission lines.

Through the load flow studies we can obtain the voltage magnitudes and angles at each
bus in the steady state. This is rather important as the magnitudes of the bus voltages are required
to be held within a specified limit. Once the bus voltage magnitudes and their angles are
computed using the load flow, the real and reactive power flow through each line can be
computed. Also based on the difference between power flow in the sending and receiving ends,
the losses in a particular line can also be computed. Furthermore, from the line flow we can also
determine the over and under load conditions.

Real And Reactive Power Injected in a Bus :-

For the formulation of the real and reactive power entering a b us, we need to define the
following quantities. Let the voltage at the i th bus be denoted by

(1)

Also let us define the self admittance at bus- i as

(2)

Similarly the mutual admittance between the buses i and j can be written as

12 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

(3)

Let the power system contains a total number of n buses. The current injected at bus- i is given
as

(4)

It is to be noted we shall assume the current entering a bus to be positive and that leaving the bus
to be negative. As a consequence the power and reactive power entering a bus will also be
assumed to be positive. The complex power at bus- i is then given by

(5)

Note that

(5a)

Therefore substituting in (5) we get the real and reactive power as

13 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

(6)

(7)

Load Flow By Newton Raphson Method

Load Flow Algorithm:

Let us assume that an n -bus power system contains a total np number of P-Q buses while the
number of P-V (generator) buses be ng such that n = np + ng + 1. Bus-1 is assumed to be the slack
bus. We shall further use the mismatch equations of ΔPi and ΔQi given in equations given below
respectively. The approach to Newton-Raphson load flow is similar to that of solving a system of
nonlinear equations using the Newton-Raphson method:

The net real power injected in bus-i is

(8)
the injected power calculated by the load flow program be Pi, calc

(9)

the reactive power injected

(10)

For the load flow problem, this equation is of the for

14 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

(11)

where the Jacobian matrix is divided into submatrices as

(12)

It can be seen that the size of the Jacobian matrix is ( n + np − 1) x ( n + np −1). The dimensions
of the submatrices are as follows:

J11: (n - 1) ´ (n - 1), J12: (n - 1) ´ np, J21: np ´ (n - 1) and J22: np ´ np

The submatrices are

(13)

(14)

(15)

15 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

(16)

ADVANTAGES OF NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD IN LOAD FLOW STUDY:-

 The first advantage of this method is that this method is the best fastest convergences to
the root. This feature makes the Newton Raphson method to stand upfront from the other
known methods.

 The second advantage is that apart from the fast convergences, it also converges on the
quadratic root. This advantages show that this method also deals with the higher degree
of variable involved.

 Next third advantage that in this method, the number of significant digits doubles with
each step approximately (near a root). So one can understand clearly that how
advantageous this method is. Apart from this important advantage still we have lot of
advantages of this method.

 Fourth unique advantage of Newton Raphson method is that this method leads to
basically ‘polish’ a root from the other convergence techniques.

 Fifth advantage of this method is that it is flexible; it means that it is easier to convert this
method to multiple dimensions.

Wind Turbine Overview:


Constructional Features:
Wind turbines are classified as horizontal axis wind turbines or the vertical axis wind turbines
depending upon the orientation of the axis of rotation of their rotors. A wind turbine operates by
slowing down the wind and extracting a part of its energy in the process. For a horizontal axis

16 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

wind turbine, the rotor axis is kept horizontal and aligned parallel in the direction of the wind
stream. In a vertical axis wind turbine, the rotor axis is vertical and fixed, and remains
perpendicular to the wind stream.
In general the wind turbines have blades, sails or buckets fixed to the central shaft. The extracted
energy causes the shaft to rotate. This rotating shaft is used to drive a pump, to generate electric
power.
The horizontal axis wind turbine has the following body parts:
1. Blade: Need to be lightweight and possess adequate strength and hence require to be
fabricated with aircraft industry techniques. The blades are made of glass fiber reinforced
polyester with a suitable structural geometrical shape to create lift as the air flows over them.
2. Nacelle: It houses the generator, the gear box hydraulic system and the yawing mechanism.

3.

Power transmission system: Mechanical power developed in the rotor blades is transmitted to
the generator through the two-stage gear box. From the gear box, the transmission shaft rotates
the generator with a built-in clutch. The gear box is provided to increase the generator speed to
1500rpm.
4. Generator: Generally the large ones used with the grid connected systems, have induction
generators. They use the reactive power from the grids and feed the generated power to boost the
grid supply.
5. Yaw control: Done by two yawing motors, which mesh with a big- toothed wheel mounted on
the top of the tower. Yaw control tracks and keeps the rotor axis in the wind direction.

17 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

6. Brakes: Braking is done by full feathering. An emergency stop activates the hydraulic disc
brakes fitted to the high-speed shaft of the gear box:
7. Controllers: Wind generators are controlled and monitored by a microprocessor-based control
unit. A controller monitors the parameters in the nacelle besides controlling the operation of the
pitch system.
8. Tower: Modern wind turbine generators are installed on tubular towers. Large turbines use
lattice towers designed to withstand gravity loads and wind loads.
The parts of the vertical axis wind turbine that are present extra over blades, tower, generator and
gear box are: guy rope, bearing and cross arm.
To start the load flow then we have to specify some of the wind generator data. They can be the
number of turbines used and the reactive and active power designation. To represent a wind
turbine following data are really required to know:
1. Average wind speed: Throughout the year in any particular area if wind turbine is installed
then there will be certain average speed of it depending on the geographical region in which it is
situated. In the load flow we have to give a certain available wind speed in the datasheet.
2. Cut-in speed: It is the minimum speed of the wind required to get a output from the plant
below which the output cannot be gettable.
3. Cut-out speed: It is the maximum speed above which the turbine blades are not able to
generate the thrust to get output that is the turbine is cut out of the supply.
4. Turbine diameter: The axial thrust or torque depends upon the turbine diameter so we have to
specify it even with the software to find the load flow of a system.
5. Air density: the output of the wind turbine depends very much on the wind density so we have
to specify during the representation of a wind turbine.
6. Poles: There is a specification also for the number of poles for the wind generators to get a
suitable system.
7. Synchronous speed: There is also a mention for the synchronous speed for the wind
generators to have a suitable system.
Principle:
Wind turbines extract energy from wind stream by converting the kinetic energy of the wind to
rotational motion required to operate an electric generator. By virtue of the kinetic energy, the
velocity of the flowing wind decreases. It is assumed that the mass of the air which passes

18 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

through the rotor is only affected and remains separate from the air which does not pass through
the rotor. Accordingly, a circular boundary surface is drawn showing the affected air mass and
thus boundary is extended upstream as well as downstream.
As the free wind (stream) interacts with the turbine rotor, the wind transfers part of its energy
into the rotor and the speed of the wind decreases to a minimum leaving a trail of the disturbed
wind called wake. The variation in velocity is considered to be smooth from far upstream to far
downstream.
The kinetic energy of the wind passing through the turbine rotoris
KE=MVb2/2= Ptotal
Vb= velocity of wind at the blades and M=the mass flow rate of wind=dAVb
d=density of air, A= area of blades
KE=dAVb3/2
The above relation shows that the energy in the wind stream striking the blades increases with
velocity as varies with the cube of the velocity at the blades. So, greater wind velocity is required
for more kinetic energy of the wind stream.
Through the Bernoulli's equation we can prove that the power output of wind turbine as
P=dA(Vu+Vd)(Vu2-Vd2)
Vu and Vd are the velocities of wind upstream and downstream respectively.
For maximum power transfer it can be proved that V u=3Vd and the max power output is
Pmax=8dAVu3/27=.593 Ptotal
The factor .593 is called the Bitz limit or power coefficient. Available efficiency is 60% of the
Bitz limit which is very low. That is why we cannot rely fully in a system toi generate power
from the wind turbine and hence comes the fact of integration with the normal thermal plant by
replacing some generators by wind generators.

ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH--- THEORITICAL OVERVIEW

Economic dispatch is the method of determining the most efficient, low-cost and reliable
operation of a power system by dispatching the available electricity generation resources to

19 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

supply the load on the system. The primary objective of economic dispatch is to minimize the
total cost of generation while honoring the operational constraints of the available generation
resources.
In static economic dispatch, the objective is to calculate, for a single period of time, the output
power of every generating unit so that all the demands are satisfied at the minimum cost, while
satisfying different technical constraints of the network and the generators.

Economic Dispatch emphasizes the process of determination of the output power generated by
the unit or units to supply the specified load in a manner that will minimize the total cost of fuel.
Each generating unit has a unique production cost defined by its fuel cost coefficients (a, b, c of
a+bp+cp2). Economic dispatch is also defined as the coordination of the production costs of all
the participating units in supplying the total load. The purpose of economic dispatch is to
determine the optimal power generation of the units participating in supplying the load. The sum
of the total power generation should equal to the load demand at the station. In a simplified case,
the transmission losses are neglected. This makes the task of solution procedure easier. In actual
practice, the transmission losses are to be considered. The inclusion of transmission losses makes
the task of economic dispatch more complicated. A different solution procedure has to be
employed to arrive at the solution.

The transmission losses can be expressed as the form of B-coefficients and the generation of
individual plants as follows
PL=[PG1...PGm]1xm[Bmn]mxn[PG1… PGn]nx1
If we consider
the line losses then the economic load dispatch equation will change as
in equation 18 . The Lagrangian multiplier here is of the following form,

20 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

(18)

Here fT is similar to the fuel cost mentioned before as Cn and the term Ln is the penalty factor for
nth unit which is the inverse of the difference of unity and incremental loss.
By economic load dispatch we can achieve the following:
1. The operation of each unit is done very economically.
2. Idea about the affection of the line losses on the load dispatch equations.
3. Can have an idea of unit commitment i.e. which unit is to run at which time.
4. Can get the idea of penalty factor.
5. Successful maintenance of a power system can be done using the load dispatch results.

The fuel cost function or input-output characteristic of the generator maybe obtained from design
calculations or from heat rate tests. The fuel cost function of generator that usually used in power
system operation and control problem is represented with a second-order polynomial.

Fi(Pi) = ai + biPi + ciPi 2

where ai , bi and ci are non-negative constants of the i th generating unit. For some generator
such as large steam turbine generators, however, the input-output characteristic is not always
smooth. Large steam turbine generators will have a number of steam admission values that are
opened in sequence to obtain ever-increasing output of the unit. This kind of unit’s input-output
curve is shown in Fig. 1. The fuel cost function of this kind of unit can be expressed as

Fi(Pi) = ai + biPi + ciPi 2 + ei sin( fi(Pi min− Pi))

21 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Wind Power Integration With Thermal Power Plant

The economic dispatch problem assumes that the amount of power to be supplied by a given set
of units is constant for a given interval of time and attempts to minimize the cost of supplying
this energy subject to constraints on the static behavior of the generating units. However, plant
operators, to avoid shortening the life of their equipments, try to keep thermal gradients inside
the turbine within safe limits. This mechanical constraint is usually translated into a limit on the
rate of increase/decrease of the power output. Such ramp rate constraints distinguish the dynamic
economic dispatch from the traditional, static economic dispatch. Since these ramp rates
constraints involve the evolution of the output of the generators, the dynamic economic dispatch
cannot be solved for a single value of the load. Instead it attempts to minimize the cost of
producing a given profile of demand.

22 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
WORK DONE:

At first, we design a standard system which is compatible with a generalized practical


power system network. The design however is obtained by utilizing the principles of
single line diagram consisting of synchronous generators, bus-bars, loads, etc. The total
no of generators taken is 5, the total no of bus- bars is 5, and the total no of transmission
lines is 6. The total load demand for the given system is 150 MW. After this we perform
economic load dispatch of the above system using MI POWER incorporating Newton-
Raphson method. The process yields results in a definite number of iterations giving the
individual result parameters of each bus and of each generator. After this operation we
replace some of the thermal generators with wind turbines so as to achieve our motive.
After that we again perform load flow using Newton-Raphson method. The load flow
yields results of the individual buses and both of replaced wind turbines and the replaced
thermal generators. Then we go for mutual comparison in terms of the result parameters
between the first and second result.

System description
Load flow simulation of a typical electrical system consisting of 5 thermal
generators units feeding the power to four load centre’s with MIpower simulation
technique.
Though the project asks us to integrate the wind turbines to the thermal generators
units, we have to study the load flow of a system consisting of thermal generation before
we introduce the wind power along with it. Besides we have to analyze the load
scheduling of typical thermal system for the sake of optimal operation.
In the load flow analysis we have taken 5 thermal generating units system dispatching the
power to 4 load centre shown in the figure below.

23 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
G4
MI POWER SIMULATION:

Figure 1 for depicting the diagram for load flow result using only thermal
generators.

24 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Thermal Generators = Gi (i=1, 2, 3…)
Loads = Li (i=1, 2, 3…)
Buses = Bi (i=1, 2, 3…)

Figure 2 depicting the diagram obtained after load flow of integrated system with
wind tuebines

25 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Load Flow Simulation Results:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Tue Nov 17 11:59:53 2015
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0
CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERSION NUMBER: 8.1
%% First Power System Network
Largest Bus Number Used : 5
Actual Number of Buses : 5
Number of 2 Wind. Transformers : 0 Number of 3 Wind. Transformers : 0
Number of Transmission Lines : 7 Number of Series Reactors : 0
Number of Series Capacitors : 0 Number of Circuit Breakers : 0
Number of Shunt Reactors : 0 Number of Shunt Capacitors : 0
Number of Shunt Impedances : 0 Number of Generators : 5
Number of Loads : 4 Number of Load Characteristics : 0
Number of Under Frequency Relay: 0 Number of Gen.Capability Curves: 0
Number of Filters : 0 Number of Tie Line Schedules : 0
Number of Convertors : 0 Number of dc Links : 0
Number of Shunt Connected Facts: 0 Power Forced Lines : 0
Number of TCSC Connected : 0 Number of SPS Connected : 0
Number of UPFC Connected : 0 Number of Wind Generators : 0
Number of wtg Curves : 0 Number of wtg Detailed Curves : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Load Flow With Newton Raphson Method : 6
Number of Zones : 1
Print Option : 3 - Both Data and Results Print
Plot Option : 1 - Plotting with p.u. Voltage
No Frequency Dependent Load Flow, Control Option: 0
Base MVA : 100.0
Nominal System Frequency (Hz) : 50.0
Frequency Deviation (Hz) : 0.0

26 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Flows in MW and MVAr, Option : 0
Slack Bus : 1
Transformer Tap Control Option : 0
Q Checking Limit (Enabled) : 4
Real Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00100
Reactive Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00100
Maximum Number of Iterations : 15
Bus Voltage Below Which Load Model is Changed : 0.75000
Circuit Breaker Resistance (p.u.) : 0.00000
Circuit Breaker Reactance (p.u.) : 0.00010
Transformer R/X Ratio : 0.05000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual Percentage Interest Charges : 15.000
Annual Percent Operation & Maintenance Charges : 4.000
Life of Equipment in Years : 20.000
Energy Unit Charge (KWH) : 2.500 Rs
Loss Load Factor : 0.300
Cost Per MVAr in Lakhs : 5.000 Rs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS
ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA

BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS kV VMIN (p.u.) VMAX (p.u.) NAME
-------- ---- ---- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
1 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus1
2 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus2
3 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus3
4 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus4
5 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Bus5

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

27 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER RATING KMS
NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(p.u.) X(p.u.) B/2(p.u.) MVA
--- --- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ ------
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.00017 0.00050 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.00002 0.00006 0.00000 2 1.00
3 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 0.00008 0.00025 0.00000 2 1.00
3 1 1 Bus1 4 Bus4 0.00004 0.00012 0.02387 7 1.00
3 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 0.00012 0.00037 0.00000 7 1.00
3 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 0.00012 0.00037 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 5 Bus5 3 Bus3 0.00017 0.00050 0.00000 3 1.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Line Charging Susceptance (in p.u.) : 0.04774
Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage : 4.774
Number of Lines Opened on Both the Ends : 0
Total Line charging susceptance of Existing Lines (in p.u.) : 0.04774
Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage of Existing Lines: 4.774
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Capacitive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr
Total Inductive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA

Sl.No* FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT
NODE NAME*POWER(MW) MVAr MVAr p.u. CURV RATING
------ -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ----
1 1 Bus1 120.0000 0.0000 74.9820 1.0000 0 100.00 3
2 2 Bus2 55.0000 0.0000 83.5160 1.0000 0 100.00 3
3 3 Bus3 21.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0 10.00 3
4 4 Bus4 27.0000 0.0000 96.2860 1.0000 0 100.00 3
5 5 Bus5 15.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0 10.00 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA

Sl.No. FROM FROM REAL REACTIVE COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR F/V
* NODE NAME* MW MVAr MVAr MIN MAX STEP NO. NO.

28 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
STAT
------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 2 Bus2 50.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
2 3 Bus3 20.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
3 4 Bus4 50.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
4 5 Bus5 30.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Specified MW Generation : 238.00000
Total Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 0.00000
TOTAL Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 254.78400
Total Specified MW Load : 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000
Total Specified MVAr Load : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL (Including Out of Service Units)
Total Specified MW Generation : 238.00000
TOTAL Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 0.00000
Total Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 254.78400
Total Specified MW Load : 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000
Total Specified MVAr Load : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW

SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE P-MIN P-MAX %DROOP PARTICI BIAS


NODE NAME* MW MW MW FACTOR SETTING
C0 C1 C2
------ -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 1 Bus1 120.000 0.0000 120.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 2 Bus2 55.000 0.0000 55.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

29 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
3 3 Bus3 21.000 0.0000 21.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 4 Bus4 27.000 0.0000 27.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 5 Bus5 15.000 0.0000 15.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slack bus angle (degrees) : 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 0 maxp 0.230000 maxq 0.000000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 1 maxp 0.000002 maxq 0.000000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000
Iteration count 3 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000
Iteration count 4 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.050002
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 5 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr


NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 Bus1 1.0000 0.00 32.001 -13.206 0.000 0.000 0.000 <
2 Bus2 1.0000 -0.00 55.000 0.000 50.000 0.000 0.000
3 Bus3 1.0000 -0.00 21.000 -0.000 20.000 0.000 0.000 <
4 Bus4 1.0000 -0.00 27.000 8.433 50.000 0.000 0.000
5 Bus5 1.0000 -0.00 15.000 0.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 >
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 2

30 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %


NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 4.643 -1.700 0.0000 0.0001 141.8!
2 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 6.687 -1.009 0.0000 0.0000 288.6!
3 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 9.095 0.309 0.0001 0.0002 492.4!
4 1 1 Bus1 4 Bus4 27.358 -11.505 0.0003 -4.7727 438.8!
5 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 -2.929 0.773 0.0000 0.0000 43.3^
6 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 -1.814 0.605 0.0000 0.0000 54.8$
7 1 5 Bus5 3 Bus3 -5.908 0.299 0.0001 0.0002 169.7!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 5
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 0
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 1
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 0
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1)
------ --------- ----------- ------------
1 50.00000 1 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 150.001 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : -4.772 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 0.999

31 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : -0.000 MW


TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr


TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 150.000 MW


TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 0.000 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 1.000
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 0.000536 MW ( 0.000536+ 0.000000)


PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 0.000
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -4.772085 MVAr

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise distribution
Description Zone # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 150.0005

MVAr generation -4.7721

32 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
MW wind gen. 0.0000

MVAr wind gen. 0.0000

MW solar gen. 0.0000

MVAr solar gen. 0.0000

MW load 150.0000

MVAr load 0.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000

MW loss 0.0005

MVAr loss -4.7721

MVAr - inductive 0.0000

MVAr - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve)
Zone # 1 MW & MVAr
------ -------- --------
1 -----

Area wise distribution


Description Area # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 150.0005

MVAr generation -4.7721

MW wind gen. 0.0000

MVAr wind gen. 0.0000

33 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
MW solar gen. 0.0000

MVAr solar gen. 0.0000

MW load 150.0000

MVAr load 0.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000

MW loss 0.0005

MVAr loss -4.7721

MVAr - inductive 0.0000

MVAr - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Tue Nov 17 11:59:53 2015
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANALYSIS OF LOAD FLOW RESULT

 From the load flow result it is understood that generator at node 4 will deliver
more current to fulfill the same demand as required by other generators.

 Thus it implies that the current delivered by the generator at node 4 will
contribute more resistive losses and thus there will be more voltage drop and poor
regulation.

 The individual generator efficiency if considered will be the least for the
generator at node 4

34 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
 Thus due to more transmission losses there will be additional burden on the
supply of fuel and thus fuel cost may increase to meet the same demand.

 Thus from the above viewpoint the incremental transmission losses as well as the
incremental fuel cost will also increase.

 The maximum rated MW generated is 238 MW while the load demand is only
150MW

 The generator at bus 1 is delivering the maximum rated active power while the
generator at bus 5 generates the least.

 From the load-frequency data it is observed that the droop percentage is same for
all the generators.

 From the above two points it can be concluded that if load demand is increased by
a definite amount then any of generators at buses 1 , 2 , 3 can be overloaded to
compensate the demand. However generator at bus 4 can also be overloaded but
since its contributing losses are more so its not a good option.

Next we have done the economic load dispatch of the same system and take the values as
following:
Quantity Unit1 Unit2 Unit3 Unit4 Unit5
Pmax(MW) 85 80 70 10 10
Pmin(MW) 10 10 10 1 1
Gamma(Rs.) .008 .009 .007 .006 .005
Beta(Rs./MW) 7 6.3 6.8 6.6 6.7
Alpha(Rs./MW2) 200 180 140 160 170

We simulate it through MIPOWER and get the following results


----------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Fri Jan 15 11:46:04 2016

----------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
RESULTS
--------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR NO. GENERATION COST SCHEDULED POWER
RS MW
------------- --------------- ----------------
1 10070.0000 10.00000

35 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
2 9063.0000 10.00000
3 7068.0000 10.00000
4 86.6000 1.00000
5 91.7000 1.00000
--------------------------------------------------------
FINAL TOTAL GENERATION COST : 26379.2988 RS
----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------

Conclusions made from the above results up to 100th iteration and the 1000th iteration's
result of the load dispatch of the system are as follows:
1. We have seen that the total loss in each of the above iterations is 0, so with our taken
value of the constants we can assure no loss in the system.
2. Value of Lambda is changed from 1 in the first iteration to 100.899 in the 1000 th
iteration.
3. The total generation is constant 32 MW with load constant at 150 MW and the delta
power at -118 MW.
4. With the given data the generation cost of the 4 th generator is least and that of the 1 st
generator is largest.
5. Total generation cost is more affected by the first 3 generators and less by the last two.
6. As most of the generators' cost are much higher so there is the requirement of
maintaining the cost effectiveness of the system.
7. We have to provide a suitable way to have the betterment of the system either by
changing the rating of the generators or by integration with some other power generation
system. Here comes our decision of integrating with wind power the thermal power
generation system by replacing two of the thermal generators by wind generators.
The diagram of the new system is as follows:

Then we find out the load flow result of the above system by Newton-Raphson method
through MIPOWER software by giving the necessary data to the system components and
the result of the load flow is as follows:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Wed Jan 20 12:40:53 2016
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0

36 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake

Figure3: The system diagram after integration


CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERSION NUMBER : 8.1
%% First Power System Network
Largest Bus Number Used : 5
Actual Number of Buses : 5
Number of 2 Wind. Transformers : 0 Number of 3 Wind. Transformers : 0
Number of Transmission Lines : 7 Number of Series Reactors : 0
Number of Series Capacitors : 0 Number of Circuit Breakers : 0
Number of Shunt Reactors : 0 Number of Shunt Capacitors : 0
Number of Shunt Impedances : 0 Number of Generators : 3
Number of Loads : 4 Number of Load Characteristics : 0
Number of Under Frequency Relay: 0 Number of Gen.Capability Curves: 0
Number of Filters : 0 Number of Tie Line Schedules : 0
Number of Convertors : 0 Number of dc Links : 0
Number of Shunt Connected Facts: 0 Power Forced Lines : 0
Number of TCSC Connected : 0 Number of SPS Connected : 0
Number of UPFC Connected : 0 Number of Wind Generators : 2
Number of wtg Curves : 1 Number of wtg Detailed Curves : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Load Flow With Newton Raphson Method : 6
Number of Zones : 1
Print Option : 3 - Both Data and Results Print
Plot Option : 1 - Plotting with p.u. Voltage
No Frequency Dependent Load Flow, Control Option: 0
Base MVA : 100.0
Nominal System Frequency (Hz) : 50.0
Frequency Deviation (Hz) : 0.0
Flows in MW and MVAr, Option : 0
Slack Bus : 0 (Max. Generation Bus)
Transformer Tap Control Option : 0
Q Checking Limit (Enabled) : 4
Real Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00100
Reactive Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00100
Maximum Number of Iterations : 15
Bus Voltage Below Which Load Model is Changed : 0.75000
Circuit Breaker Resistance (p.u.) : 0.00000
Circuit Breaker Reactance (p.u.) : 0.00010
Transformer R/X Ratio : 0.05000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual Percentage Interest Charges : 15.000
Annual Percent Operation & Maintenance Charges : 4.000
Life of Equipment in Years : 20.000
Energy Unit Charge (KWH) : 2.500 Rs
Loss Load Factor : 0.300
Cost Per MVAr in Lakhs : 5.000 Rs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS
ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA

BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS kV VMIN(p.u.) VMAX(p.u.) NAME


-------- ---- ---- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
1 1 1 400.000 0.950 1.050 Bus1
2 1 1 400.000 0.950 1.050 Bus2
3 1 1 400.000 0.950 1.050 Bus3
4 1 1 400.000 0.950 1.050 Bus4
5 1 1 400.000 0.950 1.050 Bus5

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

37 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER RATING KMS


NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(p.u.) X(p.u.) B/2(p.u.) MVA
--- --- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ ------
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.00005 0.00015 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.00001 0.00002 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 1 Bus1 4 Bus4 0.00001 0.00004 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 3 Bus3 5 Bus5 0.00005 0.00015 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 0.00003 0.00007 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 0.00004 0.00011 0.00000 3 1.00
3 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 0.00004 0.00011 0.00000 3 1.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Line Charging Susceptance (in p.u.) : 0.00000
Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage : 0.000
Number of Lines Opened on Both the Ends : 0
Total Line Charging susceptance of Existing Lines (in p.u.) : 0.00000
Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage of Existing Lines : 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Capacitive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr
Total Inductive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA

Sl.No* FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT
NODE NAME*POWER(MW) MVAr MVAr p.u. CURV RATING
------ -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ----
1 1 Bus1 150.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3
2 2 Bus2 150.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3
3 4 Bus4 150.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0 100.00 3

Wind Generator Data:

SL.NO* FROM FROM Model No. of MVA Spec P-MIN P-MAX


NODE NAME* No. Turbines Rating p.f. p.u. p.u.
------ -------- -------- ----- -------- ------ ------ ------ -------
1 3 Bus3 WT1 1 1.1000 0.9000 0.0000 1.0000

Q-MIN Q-MAX COMP No. of Syns. Gear Avg.Wind Air


p.u. p.u. STEPS Poles Speed Ratio Speed Density
------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----- ------- --------
0.0000 1.0000 100 4 16.8000 90.0000 12.0000 1.0000

Turbine Cut in Cut out PC Set Power Mech.Pow Vs Mech. Pow Vs


Diameter Speed Speed Variable Curve No. Slip Cur No. Wind Speed Cur
------- ------ ------- -------- --------- ------------ --------------
95.4470 3.0000 20.0000 1 1 0 0

Induction Machine Data:


Rs Xs Rr Xr Xm
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

SL.NO* FROM FROM Model No. of MVA Spec P-MIN P-MAX


NODE NAME* No. Turbines Rating p.f. p.u. p.u.
------ -------- -------- ----- -------- ------ ------ ------ -------
2 5 Bus5 WT1 1 1.1000 0.9000 0.0000 1.0000

Q-MIN Q-MAX COMP No. of Syns. Gear Avg.Wind Air


p.u. p.u. STEPS Poles Speed Ratio Speed Density
------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----- ------- --------
0.0000 1.0000 1 4 16.8000 90.0000 12.0000 1.0000

38 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
Turbine Cut in Cut out PC Set Power Mech.Pow Vs Mech. Pow Vs
Diameter Speed Speed Variable Curve No. Slip Cur No. Wind Speed Cur
------- ------ ------- -------- --------- ------------ --------------
95.4470 3.0000 20.0000 1 1 0 0

Induction Machine Data:


Rs Xs Rr Xr Xm
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA

Sl.No. FROM FROM REAL REACTIVE COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR F/V
* NODE NAME* MW MVAr MVAr MIN MAX STEP NO. NO.
STAT
------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 2 Bus2 50.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
2 4 Bus4 50.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0

3 5 Bus5 30.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0


3 0
4 3 Bus3 20.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Specified MW Generation : 450.00000
Total Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 0.00000
TOTAL Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 3.00000
Total Specified MW Load : 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000
Total Specified MVAr Load : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL (Including Out of Service Units)
Total Specified MW Generation : 450.00000
TOTAL Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 0.00000
Total Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 3.00000
Total Specified MW Load : 150.00000 Changed to 150.00000
Total Specified MVAr Load : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW

SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE P-MIN P-MAX %DROOP PARTICI BIAS


NODE NAME* MW MW MW FACTOR SETTING
C0 C1 C2
------ -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1 1 Bus1 150.000 0.0000 150.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 2 Bus2 150.000 0.0000 150.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 4 Bus4 150.000 0.0000 150.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Wind Turbine Curves Data


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Power Curve No. 1 Given in Formula 1 Format


C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

39 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
b c d a0 a1
-----------------------------------------------------------

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slack bus angle (degrees) : 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS IN THE GIVEN SYSTEM : 1
TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS HAVING ATLEAST ONE GENERATOR : 1
SLACK BUSES CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY
ISLAND NO. SLACK BUS NAME SPECIFIED MW
---------- --------- -------- ------------
1 1 Bus1 150.000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 0 maxp 1.000000 maxq 0.000000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 1 maxp 0.000009 maxq 0.000004
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000
Iteration count 3 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000
Iteration count 4 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.253310
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 5 maxp 0.000001 maxq 0.000005

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr


NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 Bus1 1.0000 0.00 -149.997 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 Bus2 1.0000 0.00 150.000 0.001 50.000 0.000 0.000
3 Bus3 1.0000 0.00 0.000 0.000 20.000 0.000 0.000
4 Bus4 1.0000 0.00 150.000 0.000 50.000 0.000 0.000
5 Bus5 1.0000 0.00 0.000 0.000 30.000 0.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %


NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 -39.856 0.002 0.0008 0.0024 1143.1!
2 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 43.714 0.000 0.0001 0.0004 1253.8!
3 1 1 Bus1 4 Bus4 -110.141 0.005 0.0015 0.0045 3159.0!
4 1 3 Bus3 5 Bus5 14.571 0.000 0.0001 0.0003 417.9!
5 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 15.429 0.000 0.0001 0.0002 442.5!
6 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 -16.428 0.000 0.0001 0.0003 471.2!
7 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 -9.143 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 262.2!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 7
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 0
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 0
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 0
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 0
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DETAILED WIND TURBINE MODEL RESULTS
------------------------------------
SLNO BUS BUS MODEL WIND PITCH REAL REACTIVE COMP.
NUMB NAME NO. SPEED ANGLE(DEG) POWER(MW) POWER(MVAr) STEPS
---- -------- -------- ----- ----- ---------- ---------- ----------- -----

40 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
1 3 Bus3 WT1 12.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0

2 5 Bus5 WT1 12.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1)
------ --------- ----------- ------------
1 50.00000 1 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 300.000 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 0.008 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 1.000

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW


TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) :0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) :0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : -0.000 MW


TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr


TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 150.000 MW


TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 149.997 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 0.000 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 1.000
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 0.002728 MW ( 0.002728+ 0.000000)


PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 0.001
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : 0.008185 MVAr

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise distribution
Description Zone # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 150.0027

MVAr generation 0.0082

MW wind gen. 0.0000

MVAr wind gen. 0.0000

MW solar gen. 0.0000

MVAr solar gen. 0.0000

MW load 150.0000

MVAr load 0.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000

41 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
MW loss 0.0027

MVAr loss 0.0082

MVAr - inductive 0.0000

MVAr - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve)
Zone # 1 MW & MVAr
------ -------- --------
1 -----

Area wise distribution


Description Area # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 150.0027

MVAr generation 0.0082

MW wind gen. 0.0000

MVAr wind gen. 0.0000

MW solar gen. 0.0000

MVAr solar gen. 0.0000

MW load 150.0000

MVAr load 0.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000

MW loss 0.0027

MVAr loss 0.0082

MVAr - inductive 0.0000

MVAr - capacitive 0.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Wed Jan 20 12:40:53 2016
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

During wind power integration we replace thermal generators by wind generators at bus 3
and bus 5 of ratings 1.1mva.Then we start the load flow simulation through MI-POWER
by Newton- Raphson method.
The results conclude that-
 We find that for 400kV bus system wind generator generates very low real power
which tends to nearly 0.000 MW, although the real power generation before
integration is 300mw.
 Total real power loss after integration is 2728 watts and reactive power loss is 8185
VAR.

42 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
 In the results the –ve sign indicates power transfer between the buses in opposite
directions as in given in the tables.
 Injected real power is 0.000 MW.
 Total real power load is 150 MW and total real power drawn is nearly 150 MW that is
why the real power generation is 300 MW.
 The load is operating at good pf after wind generator integration with the system.

Now we compare the load flow results after integration with that before integration. After
comparison we conclude that:
 Using the wind generator power flow between bus3 & bus 5 is 14.571 MVAR,
reactive power is 0.0000 MVAR and loss is 0.0001 MW while the reactive power
loss is 0.0003 MVAR. % loading is 417.9.in case of using thermal generators only
the real power flow for bus3 to bus 5 is 5.908MW, reactive power flow is 0.299
MVAR, loss is 0.0001 MW ,reactive power loss is 0.0002 MVAR and %loading is
169.7.so we see that much more real power flow occurs if we replace the thermal
generators at bus3 and bus 5 by wind generators.

 Total real power loss before integration is 536watt which is much less than
2728watt value after wind power integration.
 Power factor if more or less similar for systems before and after integration (1). As
there is increased power flow and reduced percent loading between the selected
buses where we do the integration preference for wind power integration is more.

CONCLUSION

43 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
We have done the load flow analysis of both the systems (with and without wind turbine).
The load flow results of both the non integrated and the integrated systems enumerate out
some significant differences between them. A very interesting fact is that in the load flow
result of the integrated system is that if the demand of the system is not significantly high
then the wind turbine yelds relatively low power. It is thus clearly understood that load
sharing is more prevalent among the thermal generators. So we need to develop this
particular standard. This can be effectively done if we develop the requisite cost
equations of the integrated system and compare it with the non integrated one. From cost
equation we can easily go for unit commitment which can further help us to analyse the
situation better. However due to shortage of time we were unable to develop the cost
equations of the wind turbine integrated system and we have to stop after the load flow
results. But definitely we be putting our efforts to extend our work so that our motive and
goal is properly reached.

44 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
REFERENCES:

[1] Large scale integration of wind power: moderating thermal power plant cycling by Lisa Goransson
and Filip Johnsson published on 16 June 2010.
Provider: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

[2] Power System Operation with Large Scale Wind Power Integration by A. Suwannarat , Birgitte
Bak-Jensen, Z.chen , Henrick Aalborg Nielsen , Jesper Hjerrild , Poul Sorensen.

Member, IEEE, Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg.


DOI: 10.11.09/PCT.2007.4538396 Conference: Power Tech, 2007 IEEE Lausanne.

[3] Expert group report on recommended practices on wind integration studies (Edition 2013).Edited
by Hannele Holttinen --- Technical research centre of Finland VTT, P.O.Box 1000,02044 VTT ,
Finland.

[4] Impact of integrating wind power on Norweign systems by John Olav Tande at the Sintef Energy
Research on 18.04.2006 bearing project no. 12X423.01

[5] Bart C. Ummels, member, IEEE, Madeliene Gibescu, member, IEEE, Engbert Pelgrum, member,
IEEE, “Impacts of Wind Power on Thermal Generation Unit Commitment & Dispatch”, IEEE
Transaction on Energy conversion , Vol.22,N0.1, March,2007.

[6] S.M.Muyeen, Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Mohd. Hasan Ali, Rion Takahashi, Toshiaki Murata,
Junji Tamura, “Stabilization of grid connected Wind Generator by STATCOM”,Power electronics
& Drives systems, 2005. International conference on Volume 2, Issue ,28-01 Nov 2005.

[7] John Hetzer, David C. Yu, Member, IEEE, and Kalu Bhattarai, Member, IEEE,"An Economic
Dispatch Model Incorporating Wind Power".

[8] I. G. Damousis, M. C. Alexiadis, J. B. Theocharis, and P. S. Dokopoulos, “A fuzzy model for wind
speed prediction and power generation in wind parks using spatial correlation,” IEEE Trans.
Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 352–3361, Jun. 2004. [5]

[9] S. Li, D. C. Wunsch, E. A. O’Hair, and M. G. Giesselmann, " Using neural networks to estimate
the wind turbine power generation",IEEETrans.Energy Convers., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 276–282, Sep.
2001.

[10] B. G. Brown, R. W. Katz, and A. H. Murphy, “Time series models to sim- ulate and forecast wind
speed and wind power,” J. Clim. Appl. Meterol., vol. 23, pp. 1184–1195, Aug. 1984.

45 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
[11] A long term data source, consisting of 30 years (1968-1997) of hourly mean wind data, was
adopted and analyzed. Hongkong

[12] M.G Simoes; Sao Paulo University, Brazil, B.K Bose; Spiegel, Ronald J.,"Their paper
describes A variable speed wind generation system using fuzzy logic principles for efficiency
optimization and performance enhancement control."

[13] Bin Lu; Innovation center, Eaton corp., Milwaukee, WI, USA; Yaoyu Li; Xin Wu; Yang
Z.,"The state-of-the-art advancement in wind turbine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis".

[14] Ren, B.Q.; Jiang, C.W. A review on the economic dispatch and risk management considering wind
power in power market. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2009, 13, 2169–2174.

[15] Xia, X.; Elaiw, A. Optimal dynamic economic dispatch of generation: A review. Electr. Power
Syst. Res. 2010, 80, 975–986.

[16] Guo, C.X.; Zhan, J.P.; Wu, Q.H. Dynamic economic emission dispatch based on group search
optimizer with multiple producers. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2012, 86, 8–16.

[17] AlRashidi, M.R. ; Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, Canada ; El-
Hawary, M.E.,"A Survey of Particle Swarm Optimization Applications in Electric Power
Systems".Published in:Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:13 , Issue: 4 )
Page(s):913 - 918ISSN :1089-778X.

[18] del Valle, Y. ; Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta ; Venayagamoorthy, G.K. ; Mohagheghi, S. ;
Hernandez, J.-C. more authors,"Particle Swarm Optimization: Basic Concepts, Variants and
Applications in Power Systems"Published in:Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on
(Volume:12 , Issue: 2 )Page(s):171 - 195ISSN :1089-778X .

[19] Julia Tholath Jose Assistant professor, Birla Institute of Technology Offshore Campus Ras Al
Khaima,"Comparison Of Economic Load Dispatch Of Wind Hydrothermal Systems " .

[20] Miranda, V. and Hang, P. S. (2005). Economic dispatch model with fuzzy constraints and attitudes
of dispatcher s, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 4, Nov., pp. 2143-2145, 2005.

[21] Dhifaoui R., Hadj Abdallah H. et Toumi B., Le calcul du dispatching économique en sécurité par
la méthode de continuation paramétrique . Séminaire à l’I.N.H.Boumerdes Algérie, 1987.

[22] Lin, C.E. and Viviani, G.L.. Hierarchical economic dispatch for piecewise quadratic cost
functions, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 103, No. 6, pp. 1170-1175,
1984.

46 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake
[23] Lingfeng Wang and Chanan Singh., 2006, Tadeoff between Risk and Cost in Economic Dispatch
Including Wind Power Penetration Using Praticle Swarm Optimisation . International Conference
on Power System Technology, 2006.

[24] Zhao et al./ JZhejiang Univ SCI 2005. ‘Multiple objective particle swarm optimisation technique
for economic load dispatch’ 6A(5) :420-427.

[25] Bhatnagar R. and Rahmen S., Dispatch of direct load control for fuel cost minimisation . IEEE
Trans. on PS, Vol-PWRS-1, pp. 96-102,1986 .

[26] 5-year period, 1995–1999, Institute at Ege University, an expeiment done to compute the wind
speed data.

[27] S.P.Agrawal, student, M.Tech, and K.B.Porate, Assistant Professor, Electrical Department,
G.H.Raisoni college of Engg.,"Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units with the Impact of Wind
Power plant".

47 | P a g e
Techno India, Salt Lake

You might also like