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UNIVERSITY OF BUEA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Internship Duration: Monday 3rd September 2018 to Friday 28th of December 2018
TITLE PAGE
Internship Report Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Award of the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
specialized in Telecommunications System Engineering.
This internship report is submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET) of the University of Buea, in Partial
Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, specialized in Telecommunications System Engineering.
This report is equivalent to Four months of full internship training at the Cameroon Radio
Television, Mballa II Headquarters.
Contact Information:
Author:
BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD
FE15A031/ batchanou.tatap@ubuea.cm
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Tel: +237 654142287/ 656134335
E-Mail: tatapperets@gmail.com
Professional Supervisor:
Mr. NDONGO Norbert ONANA
Head of Unit of Mobile and TV Retransmission Links, CRTV.
Tel: +237 696601101
E-Mail: ndongonorbert@gmail.com
CRTV, Mballa II
Academic Supervisor:
Dr. TSAFACK Pierre
Head of Department (HOD), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, FET
Tel: +237 670913197
E-Mail: pierro_tsafack@yahoo.com
P.O. Box 63, University of Buea
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
Signature……………………………………..........Date……………………………………......
Student (FE15A031)
Signature…………………………………………...Date………………………………………
Professional Supervisor
Signature…………………………………………...Date………………………………………
Academic Supervisor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and most importantly, I thank GOD Almighty for his unconditional love, grace, protection
and guidance throughout my lifetime, and especially throughout my internship training.
I thank my dear parents, Mr. and Mrs. TATAP who love me and have shown me the light of
the world, Jesus Christ. I also thank my brothers and sisters, and all my family for their
refreshing presence. Special thanks to my elder brother TIWE TATAP Joel Ulrich.
I thank the Cameroon Radio Television for giving me the opportunity to intern in such a good
place. I thank Mr. Charles NDONGO, the Director General of CRTV, Mr. Jean Pierre CONGE,
Mr. Michel NGOUBE, Director of Technology and TV Solutions, Mr. Lucien BAMBOK, to
Mr. NDONGO Norbert my supervisor, Mr. NDANGA Thomas, and all those of the
Retransmission team. I also appreciate Mr. EBONG Frank who transferred true Engineering
skills in me. I also think of Mr. Charles EBUNE, Mr. Henry ECHU, Mr. MBALLA, Mr.
BEKOLO Thierry, Mr. Joseph LEISEN, and Mr. EYA’AN Parfait for his practical expertise,
Mr. Benjamin BAMBE for his social support, and many more.
I thank the University of Buea and our Faculty with all our lecturers for their continuous
investments in my life. I think of Professor Emmanuel TANYI, Dr. Pierre TSAFACK, Dr.
AKANA, Dr. NGWASHI, who taught me the ethics of report writing, Mme FENDJI Danielle
for her great support, Mr. Serge NOUADJEP, Mr. Valery NKEMENI, Dr. Janvier FOTSING
and Mr. Emmanuel BISSONG, just to name a few.
I also thank my elders, fellow classmates and friends for their motivations: Ferdinand
NDILLE, GOUMMO Yves Privat, TABE BIAYE Bismac, Husserl FONOU, NGOUNE
Bobby, Mohammed TATAH, TABAH Franklin, Gloria DEMGNE, NYAMSI Dimotho,
SCHOUNE Berthe Djambane, and many more. I also sincerely thank the Church, and Pastor
ADE Jacques-Dominique for spiritual and moral advice. Thanks to all.
ABSTRACT
The Cameroon Radio Television is an audiovisual company that produces TV and radio signals
to the service of the public via satellite and DTT. These signals contain informational, cultural,
educational and social contents.
The field of video transport is constantly evolving. As new technologies emerge, they are put
to work in transporting video signals for live broadcasting. This has been true for radio, coaxial
cable, microwave, satellite, and optical fiber, and will also be true for the Internet Protocol, or
IP. This latest step in the path of evolution may be the most important yet, because IP allows
so many different types of video, audio, and data formats to be transported economically to any
corner of the globe.
The methodology I employed for solving this problem is to implement a real-time video
streaming system using OBS Studio software. This enables live transmission of AV signals via
internet for TV production.
The key parts of my report are in the explanation of the various retransmission techniques
employed, and the implementation of the AVoIP technology in Chapter Three.
This report will benefit the CRTV and many other Telecommunication and Broadcasting
structures in the deployment of the technology for live broadcasting events. It can also be used
for other applications, such as teleconferencing and e-learning.
Keywords: AVoIP, H.264/AVC, RTP, SMPTE-2022, Real-time video streaming, OBS Studio.
LIST OF TABLES
Tab 1: Acronyms……………………………………………………………………….IV
Tab 2: CRTV Regional Television Stations……………………………………………12
Tab 3: CRTV Radio Proximity Channels……………………………………………...13
Tab 4: CRTV’s Identification Elements……………………………………………….18
Tab 5: Retransmission events done during my internship training…………………….38
Tab 6: IPv4 Address Classes…………………………………………………………...53
Tab 7: Various Departments I have worked through…………………………………..66
Tab 8: Work Planning at the Unit of Video and Camera Exploitation………………...67
Tab 9: Work Planning at the Unit of Audio Exploitation……………………………...68
Tab 10: A summary of video codecs……………………………………………………79
Tab 11: Network Streaming Protocols…………………………………………………..79
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PICTURES
LIST OF ACRONYMS
Tab 1: Acronyms
AND Meanings
ACRONYM MEANING
3G Third Generation
4G Fourth Generation
5G Fifth Generation
AV Audiovisual
DG Director General
DTH Direct-To-Home
EM Electromagnetic
HD High Definition
ID Identification
IF Intermediate Frequency
IP Internet Protocol
IPv4 IP version 4
IPv6 IP version 6
LOS Line-Of-Sight
OB Outside-Broadcasting
OS Operating System
R/S Reed/Solomon
RF Radio Frequency
SD Standard Definition
TS Transport Stream
IP: It stands for Internet Protocol. It is the main technology for live streaming applications. Its
function is to correctly address data packets and route them to their corresponding destinations.
SMPTE: It stands for Society of Moving Pictures and Television Engineers. SMPTE is the
world’s largest member’s society for those working with the moving image– and its audio and
metadata. [22]
Broadcasting: It is a way of sending information signals from one source to either one or more
destined receivers. The latter do not do same to the transmitter. In case of one-to-one
communication, we call it unicast, and in the case of one-to-many communication, we call it
multicast.
Bit stream: A bit stream is a flow of data in a given rate. It can be 0s and 1s or any other stream
of information to be conveyed via a channel. It is measured in bits per second.
CODEC: Short for “Encoder and Decoder”; often used to describe video or audio compression
equipment.
RTP: It stands for Real Time Protocol (or Real Time Transport Protocol). It is a Data transport
protocol that is specifically designed for transporting real-time signals such
as streaming video and audio. RTP is often used in conjunction with UDP and provides
important functions such as packet sequence numbering and packet time stamping. RTP is used
in conjunction with RTCP. [12]
OBS Studio: Open Broadcaster Software Studio is an open-source software used to perform
live streaming of video, audio and ancillary information over the internet, for various purposes,
one of which includes live broadcasting of AV signals. It is downloaded at
www.obsproject.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………I
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………….II
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE……………………………………………………………….IV
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………...V
DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………………..VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…...……………………….………………………....................VII
ABSTRACT……………………………………...…………………………………………VIII
List of Tables…………………….………………………………….......................................IX
List of Figures…………………...…………………..………………………………………...X
List of Pictures...……….……………………….………………………………………….....XI
List of Acronyms…..……..……………………..………………………...….......................XIII
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………XVIII
General Introduction…………………….….…………………………….……………....XXI
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………............................................1
1.2 Vision…..…...………………………………………...….........................................1
1.3 Mission……………………………………………………………………………...4
1.4 Core Values……………………………………………………………....................5
1.5 Quality Assurance given by CRTV………………………........................................6
1.6 Company Structure……………………………………………………………….....6
1.6.1 Location and Geographical Background…......................................................6
1.6.2 Historical Background………………………………………………………..7
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………..................................21
2.2 Joining of the company……………………………………………………………21
2.3 Section of the company I have been working………………………………….....22
2.3.1 Unit of Video and Camera Exploitation………………………………………23
2.3.2 Unit of Audio Exploitation……………………………………………………...29
2.3.3 Unit of Exploitation of Post-Production Equipment……………………….......30
2.3.4 Unit of Exploitation of OB Van No 3……………………………………….......32
2.3.5 Unit of Exploitation of Mobile and TV Retransmission Equipment……………34
2.3.6 The Earth Station…………………………………………………….................37
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..................63
3.2 Improving Practical Skill………………………………………………………......63
3.3 Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge……………………………………………63
3.4 Upgrading Interpersonal Communication Skills…………………………………..63
3.5 Improving Team Playing Skill………………………………………………….....64
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………68
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………….71
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Live video streaming is not new, and is now gaining popularity because of its efficiency.
Hardware live video streaming is performed using a multiple of SIM cards to stream over
3G/4G cellular networks. Over the internet, software streaming is used with an encoding
software used to prepare the AV signals for transmission. In either case, the latest technological
demands have proven that the use of IP for technology is the latest trend in getting to pace with
international standards. AVoIP is a future and sure technology for live transmissions that if
adopted with excellence would certainly bring about savings in cost, portability and agility
compared to other technologies.
Due to the ubiquitous nature of the cellular 3G/4G network and the Internet, broadcasting
video over the IP networks has gained lot of momentum. However, the lack of QoS required to
stream real time video makes broadcasting over these networks very challenging.
MOTIVATION OF STUDY
Throughout my internship training program, we went out for many live broadcasting events,
such as installations for the 2018 Presidential elections proclamation at the Congress Hall,
settings for the Presidential swearing-in at the National Assembly, and installations for the
Mutzig Star Awards. In all these live events, the broadcasting techniques used had
disadvantages in terms of distance of propagation, cost, weight, latency, delay, fragility and
complexity. Since IP is the future of broadcasting and Technology, it would be convenient to
implement it for live video productions.
OBJECTIVES
General Objectives
The ultimate objective of this work is to design a new way of broadcasting live AV signals from
a production field through the means of the IP technology in real-time streaming using OBS
Studio software. Several transport methods are actually already in place, such as SONET, ATM,
Ethernet and DSL links. In this case, the public internet shall be used.
Specific Objectives
To select the best video codec technique used for AV-over-IP live broadcasting.
To select the best streaming protocols that would be suited for the technology.
To evaluate the impact of design considerations in implementing the technology.
To understand the functioning of OBS Studio software.
To implement and simulate a live AV production.
To retrieve the sent AV signals for use by a TV station.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study means a lot to the Telecommunications Engineer. It is a step forward to the IT control
over every aspect of technology, and a great lift to innovation. As more and more people
converge into the IoT, it would also be right for the television to accept its last migration for
maximum development.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This study requires a good mastery of the norms and protocols used in the Telecommunications
sector, the various video compression mechanisms that exist, the QoS design considerations,
the principle of live video streaming, and the understanding of the various tools and software
needed to design this technology.
DELIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Video signals on network may interfere with production network traffic – especially if
high resolution, uncompressed video signals are in use. In some cases, network upgrades
or even the use of a dedicated network may be required.
Input and output interfaces (transmitters and receivers) are relatively expensive
compared to HDBaseT solutions Requires the designer / integrator / customer to have
some IP-knowledge (IP addresses, QoS, network capacity, etc.)
Video over IP solutions are relatively new and several technology stacks are in use.
Equally, the range of products available is limited
Video over IP solutions require technology from more than one vendor (video vendor
and the network switch vendor), which may impact reliability and multiple management
tools must be used. [16]
ADVANTAGES OF AV OVER IP
1 There is great cost reduction in broadcasting AV signals over the Internet Protocol than over
other transport links such as optic fibers.
2 Latency is very low.
3 Flexibility. Signals can be received by many other devices with the same hardware and
software specifications, not only a given antenna, unlike other retransmission technologies.
4 The system is reliable and easy error-detectable.
5 Efficiency. The QoS delivered by this transport technology is relatively high compared to
other transport technologies.
6 There is low bandwidth needed for setup.
7 There is long-term cost effectiveness. [41]
8 AVoIP can be used for videoconferencing and Tele justice [12]
9 It can also be used for e-learning.
10 IPTV is a new technology that can be used from AVoIP or video over IP. It enables
consumers to have video, voice and data signals over the internet, without necessarily
passing through the satellite, cable or DTH services.
11 There is point-to-multipoint content distribution. Signals can be sent, not only to the
broadcasting center, but also to all users of the IP network in place.
Chapter two deals with the work done during my internship: the overall internship experience.
It describes the various units where I have been working, the retransmission techniques
employed, the challenges faced and measures taken for challenges, the performance during
accomplishing tasks, and many more. In summary, it tells about the work done throughout my
internship training.
The next chapter has to do with the project of real-time broadcasting using OBS Studio
software; its concept of operations, system design considerations and simulations.
Finally, the last chapter gives a conclusion of the whole matter, together with recommendations
to the internship institution and to the University of Buea. It also projects a future scope to the
work done; how it can be ameliorated. Then we have the references and appendices section.