Structural Steel Connections Beam End Connections

‰ End Fixity
‰ Overview of Connections
ƒ Simple (Shear) Connections
ƒ Beam End Connections
Beam-to-Girder ƒ Moment Connections
Beam-to-Column - Fully Restrained (FR)
- Partially Restrained (PR)
ƒ Other Connection Types

‰ Primary Applications
‰ Connection Basics: Bolt and weld
ƒ Beam-to-Girder Connections
strength, and other design issues
- usually Simple connections
ƒ Beam-to-Column Connections
‰ Design Example - Simple or Moment (FR)
- Moment (PR) rarely used

Beam-
Beam-to-
to-Girder Connections

Double Angle: Bolted- Bolted

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Double Angle: Welded - Bolted

Shear End Plate

2
Single Plate (Shear Tab)

3
Beam-
Beam-to-
to-Column Connections
Simple ("Pinned") Framing

4
2 Angles 2 Angles

Double Angle
Double Angle

5
Flange Seat Flange Seat

Single Plate

Single Plate (Shear Tab)

6
Beam-
Beam-to-
to-Column Connections
Moment Connections

7
Bolted Flange Plate

V M

Welded Flange

8
Moment End Plate

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Other Connections

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11
12
Specification References for Connection Design

2005 AISC Specification:

Chapter J - Design of Connections

Additional References for Connections in

Seismic-Resistant Steel Structures:

2005 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural

Steel Buildings.
Prequalified Connections for Special and
Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for
Seismic Applications

Connection Basics: Bolt and Weld

Strength and other Design Issues

2005 AISC Specification

Chapter J - Design of Connections

13
Bolt Strength Examples:

Three cases to consider: Bolts loaded in tension

1. Bolts loaded in tension

2. Bolts loaded in shear
3. Bolts loaded in shear + tension

For any loading case:

Limit State = Bolt Fracture

Examples: Bolts loaded in shear Examples: Bolts loaded in shear and tension

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Bolt Strength - Tension Bolt Strength - Tension

Tension Strength Requirement: Rn = Fnt Ab

LRFD: Ru ≤ φ Rn φ = 0.75
Fnt = nominal tensile stress = 0.75 Fu
ASD: Ra ≤ Rn / Ω Ω = 2.00
A325 Bolt: Fu = 120 ksi Fnt = 0.75 x 120 ksi = 90 ksi
A490 Bolt: Fu = 150 ksi Fnt = 0.75 x 150 ksi = 113 ksi
Nominal Strength in Tension:

Rn = Fnt Ab
Ab = nominal area of bolt (area of unthreaded portion)
Fnt = nominal tensile stress = 0.75 Fu

Example:

Compute the Available Tension Strength of a 7/8" A325 Bolt

Rn = Fnt Ab

7/8 Bolt: Ab = π (.875"/2)2 = 0.601 in2

A325: Fnt = 90 ksi

Rnt = 90 ksi x 0.601 in2 = 54.1 kips

LRFD: φ Rn = (0.75) (54.1 kips) = 40.6 kips

ASD: Rn / Ω = 54.1 kips / 2.00 = 27.1 kips

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 Bolt Strength - Shear

Shear Strength Requirement:

LRFD: Ru ≤ φ Rn φ = 0.75
ASD: Ra ≤ Rn / Ω Ω = 2.00

Nominal Strength in Shear (per shear plane):

Rn = Fnv Ab
Ab = nominal area of bolt (area of unthreaded portion)
Fnv = nominal shear stress

Nominal Strength in Shear (per shear plane):

Rn = Fnv Ab
Ab = nominal area of bolt (area of unthreaded portion)
Fnv = nominal shear stress

Fnv = 0.40 Fu threads included in shear plane

Fnv = 0.50 Fu threads excluded from shear plane

A325-N Fnv = 0.40 x 120 ksi = 48 ksi

A325-X Fnv = 0.60 x 120 ksi = 60 ksi
A490-N Fnv = 0.40 x 150 ksi = 60 ksi
A490-X Fnv = 0.50 x 150 ksi = 75 ksi

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Example:

Compute the Available Shear Strength of a 7/8" A325-N Bolt in

Double Shear:
Rn = Fnv Ab

7/8 Bolt: Ab = π (.875"/2)2 = 0.601 in2

A325-N: Fnv = 48 ksi

Rnt = 48 ksi x 0.601 in2 x 2 shear planes

= 57.7 kips

LRFD: φ Rn = (0.75) (57.7 kips) = 43.3 kips

ASD: Rn / Ω = 57.7 kips / 2.00 = 28.9 kips

Bolt Strength - Shear + Tension

Tension Strength Requirement:

LRFD: Ru ≤ φ Rn φ = 0.75
ASD: Ra ≤ Rn / Ω Ω = 2.00

Nominal Strength in Tension:

Rn = F'nt Ab
Ab = nominal area of bolt (area of unthreaded portion)
F'nt = nominal tensile stress modified to include effects of shear

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Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

Limit States:
- Excessive elongation at bolts holes Excessive hole
- Tear-out at bolt holes elongation

Tear-out

Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes

2.4 d t Fu
Standard holes: Rn = lesser of
1.2 Lc t Fu

Lc Lc

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Welds
Welds

Groove weld: Complete joint

penetration (CJP)
w = leg size

Fillet Weld

Groove weld: Partial joint

penetration (PJP)

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Welds Welds

Limit State for welds: Fracture

Plug Weld

Welds

Available Strength:

LRFD: φ Rn
ASD: Rn / Ω

FBM ABM Base metal

Rn = lesser of
Fw Aw Weld metal

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21
 Connection Elements in Tension
Other Connection Design Issues
Gusset Plate in Tension

• Connection Elements in Tension

• Connection Elements in Shear
P
• Block Shear Rupture

Check yield of Gusset Plate

Rn = Ag F y
φ = 0.9 Ω = 1.67

Pu ≤ φ Rn (LRFD)
Pa ≤ Rn / Ω (ASD)

Connection Elements in Tension Connection Elements in Tension

Gusset Plate in Tension Whitmore Section

Check fracture of Gusset Plate

Rn = Ae Fu
φ = 0.75 Ω = 2.00

Pu ≤ φ Rn (LRFD)
Pa ≤ Rn / Ω (ASD)

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Connection Elements in Shear Connection Elements in Shear

Vu Vu

Check shear yield of connection plate Check shear fracture of connection plate
Rn = Ag (0.6 Fy) Rn = Ae (0.6 Fu)
φ = 0.9 Ω = 1.67 φ = 0.75 Ω = 2.00

Vu ≤ φ Rn (LRFD) Vu ≤ φ Rn (LRFD)
Va ≤ Rn / Ω (ASD) Va ≤ Rn / Ω (ASD)

Block Shear Rupture Block Shear Rupture

tension surface of block

P
P
shear surface of block

Anv (0.6 Fu)

Anv (0.6 Fu) Rn = Ubs Ant Fu + lesser of
Rn = Ubs Ant Fu + lesser of Agv (0.6 Fy)
Agv (0.6 Fy)
Ant = net area of tension surface of block
LRFD: φ = 0.75 Pu ≤ φ Rn Agt = gross area of shear surface of block
ASD: Ω = 2.00 Pa ≤ Rn / Ω Ant = net area of shear surface of block

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 Block Shear Rupture
tension surface of block

shear surface of block

Anv (0.6 Fu)

Rn = Ubs Ant Fu + lesser of
Agv (0.6 Fy)

Ubs = 1 for uniform stress on tension surface

Ubs = 1 for non-uniform stress on tension surface

Single Plate Connection: Conventional Configuration

Example: Beam to Column Shear Connection Limitations
Single Plate Connection
• L≥T/2
• Single row of bolts.
Ref: AISC Manual - Section 10 • 2 ≤ n ≤ 12
• a ≤ 3.5"
Two options:
• Standard or Short-Slotted Holes
• Conventional Configuration
Permitted.
• Extended Configuration
• Leh ≥ 2 db for plate and for beam
web.
• Lev must satisfy Spec. Table J3.4
• Plate or beam web must satisfy:
t ≤ db/2 + 1/16".

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 L≥T/2

Single Plate Connection: Conventional Configuration Example: LRFD

a=3"
Leh=1.75"
Design
Compute Design PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)

1.5"
• Check bolt shear and Strength of this
bearing. Single Plate
• Check plate for shear Connection W24x76 (A992)

4 @ 3" = 12"
yielding, shear fracture, and

L = 15"
block shear rupture. Vu
• For standard holes, ignore
eccentricity on bolts for
n≤9

1.5"
• Size fillet weld with leg size Bolts: 7/8" A325-N
1/4
of 5/8 tp (develops strenght Welds: E70
1/4
of either A36 or Gr. 50 plate) W10x112 (A992)

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Check Limitations Check Limitations
a=3" a=3"
Leh=1.75" Leh=1.75"

PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36) PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)

L≥T/2 Leh ≥ 2 db

1.5"

1.5"
W24x76: T = 20¾" Leh = 1.75"
L = 15" W24x76 (A992) 2 db = 1.75" OK W24x76 (A992)

4 @ 3" = 12"

4 @ 3" = 12"
OK

L = 15"

L = 15"
Vu Vu
Single Row of Bolts OK Lev must satisfy Spec.
Table J3.4
2 ≤ n ≤ 12 n=5 OK Lev = 1.5"
Per Table J3.4:
Lev ≥ 1.25" OK

1.5"

1.5"
Standard Holes OK Bolts: 7/8" A325-N Bolts: 7/8" A325-N
1/4 1/4
n ≤ 9 - ignore W10x112 (A992)
1/4 Standard Holes
W10x112 (A992)
1/4 Standard Holes
eccentricities OK Welds: E70 Welds: E70

Check Limitations Design Strength: Bolt Shear and Bearing

a=3"
Leh=1.75"
Bolt Shear
Plate or beam web PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36) PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)
1.5"

1.5"
must satisfy: 7/8" A325-N single
t ≤ db/2 + 1/16" shear:
W24x76 (A992) W24x76 (A992)
φ rn = 21.6 kips / bolt
db/2 + 1/16" = 1/2"
4 @ 3" = 12"

4 @ 3" = 12"
(Table 7-1)
L = 15"

L = 15"
tp = 3/8" OK Vu Vu
1.5"

1.5"
Bolts: 7/8" A325-N Bolts: 7/8" A325-N
1/4
1/4 Standard Holes Standard Holes
W10x112 (A992)
Welds: E70 Welds: E70

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 Design Strength: Bolt Shear and Bearing

Bolt Bearing on 3/8" Plate

PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)

1.5"
W24x76 (A992)
Top Bolt: φ rn = lesser of:

4 @ 3" = 12"

L = 15"
φ 2.4 d t Fu = Vu
(0.75)(2.4) (7/8) (3/8) (58) =
34.3 kips

OR

1.5"
Bolts: 7/8" A325-N
φ 1.2 Lc t Fu =
Standard Holes
(0.75) (1.2) [1.5-(15/16/2)] (3/8) (58) =
Welds: E70
20. 2 kips controls

Design Strength: Bolt Shear and Bearing Design Strength: Bolt Shear and Bearing

Bolt Bearing on 3/8" Plate Bolt Bearing on W24x76 web

PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36) PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)
1.5"

1.5"
W24x76: tw = .44"
Lower four bolts:
W24x76 (A992) Bearing on beam W24x76 (A992)
φ rn = lesser of:
web does not control
4 @ 3" = 12"

4 @ 3" = 12"
L = 15"

L = 15"
Vu by inspection Vu
φ 2.4 d t Fu =
(0.75)(2.4) (7/8) (3/8) (58) =
34.3 kips controls

OR
1.5"

1.5"
Bolts: 7/8" A325-N Bolts: 7/8" A325-N
φ 1.2 Lc t Fu =
Standard Holes Standard Holes
(0.75) (1.2) [3-15/16] (3/8) (58) =
Welds: E70 Welds: E70
40.4 kips

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Design Strength: Bolt Shear and Bearing Design Strength: Shear Yield of Plate

Top bolt: PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36) PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)

φ Rn = (0.9) (Agross) (0.6Fy)

1.5"

1.5"
Bearing in 3/8" Plate
Controls
φ rn = 20.2 kips
W24x76 (A992) Agross = 3/8" x 15" =
5.625 in2

4 @ 3" = 12"

4 @ 3" = 12"
L = 15"

L = 15"
Vu Vu
Remaining bolts: φ Rn = (0.9) (5.625)
Bolt Shear Controls (0.6x36) =
φ rn = 21.6 kips / bolt
109 kips

1.5"
1.5"
Bolts: 7/8" A325-N

φ Rn = 20.2k +4 (21.6k) = 106.6 kips Standard Holes

Welds: E70

Design Strength: Shear Fracture of Plate Design Strength: Block Shear Rupture of Plate

LP 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)
Anv (0.6 Fu)
PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36) φ Rn = (0.75) Ubs Ant Fu + lesser of 1.75"
φ Rn = (0.75) (Anet) (0.6Fu)
1.5"

Agv (0.6 Fy)

Ubs = 1
Anet = 3/8" x (15" - 5x1")
= 3.75 in2 Ant = [ 1.75" - ½(1") ] (3/8") = 0.469 in2
4 @ 3" = 12"

L = 15"

Vu 13.5"
φ Rn = (0.75) (3.75)x Agv = (13.5") (3/8") = 5.063 in2
(0.6x58) =
Anv = [ 13.5" - 4½(1") ] (3/8") = 3.375 in2
97.9 kips

Anv (0.6 Fu) = (3.375) (0.6x58) = 117.5k

1.5"

Agv (0.6 Fy) = (5.063) (0.6x36) = 109.4k controls

φ Rn = (0.75) [ (0.469) (58) + 109.4 ] = 102.5 kips

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Design Strength: Weld Fracture Design Strength
a=3"
For Conventional Configuration: Leh=1.75"

PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)
Limit State φ Rn
Double sided fillet weld is

1.5"
adequate (weld stronger than
plate) if: leg size ≥ 5/8 tp Bolt shear and bearing 106.6k
W24x76 (A992)
5/8 tp = 5/8 x 3/8 = 0.23" Shear yield of plate 109k

4 @ 3" = 12"

L = 15"
Fillet weld leg size = 1/4" Shear fracture of plate 97.9k Controls
Vu
Weld OK for strength
Block shear rupture of plate 102.5k
Weld fracture OK
Minimum weld size (Spec.
Table J2.4): 3/16" OK

1.5"
Bolts: 7/8" A325-N
1/4
1/4 Welds: E70
W10x112 (A992)
Weld: OK

Example: LRFD
a=3"
Leh=1.75"
Compute Design PL 3/8 x 4½ x 15 (A36)
1.5"

Strength of this
Single Plate
Connection W24x76 (A992)
4 @ 3" = 12"

φ Rn = 97.9 kips
L = 15"

Vu φ Rn = 97.9 kips

Vu ≤ 97.9 kips Rn / Ω = 65.3 kips

1.5"

ASD: Bolts: 7/8" A325-N

1/4
Rn / Ω = 97.9k / 1.5 = 65.3 kips 1/4 Welds: E70
W10x112 (A992)
Va ≤ 65.3 kips

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