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During the application of standards for calculating wind effects, we used the quasi- • wind effect
statical analysis calculated with the dynamic factor, size factor and force coefficient. • artificial wind function
From the Eurocode we can get these factors only in the case of special structures. If we • fluent program system
know the power spectral density function (calculated from the nondimensional power
spectral density function given by the Eurocode), we can calculate the artificial wind
velocity function and determine the dynamic calculation of the effect of dynamic and
size factors. During the calculation of vortex shedding we calculated by the correlation
length given in the Eurocode and used the modal analysis to calculate the displacement
and initial forces from vortex shedding. Using this method we have got fewer values than
in the case of the approximate statical calculation. In the standard we can find for the
force coefficient, Strouhal numbers in the case of special cross section parameters only.
Using the Fluent program system we can get the result for these parameters without
standards and wind channel experiments.
Here the vm(z) is the mean wind velocity: power spectral density function from the Eurocode, and δ is the
logarithmic decrement of the damping.
. (2) If we calculate the Re(v(zs)) Reynolds number at the given roughness
of the structure, we can calculate the cf,0 coefficient. Multiplying it
The value of the basic wind velocity in Hungary is 20 m/s, cr(z) is with the end-effect factor, we can get the cf force coefficient in the
the roughness factor in different terrain categories, and c0(z) is the formula (4).
orography factor. The Iv(z) is the turbulence intensity function:
2.2 Dynamic calculation for wind direction excitation
if zmin = ≤ z ≤ zmax,
In the standards there are some quasi-statical methods for calculation
of the displacement from wind excitation. But the wind velocity is
if z < zmin. (3) changing; therefore, the Eurocode applies the dynamic and size
factors and calculates with the turbulence intensity function. If we
The z0 and zmin have different values in the case of different terrain know the wind velocity functions overthe height of a structure, we
categories; from these we can calculate the kI turbulence factor. The can calculate the dynamic forces. From the dynamic calculations we
σv is the standard deviation of the turbulence. The wind force is can get the time-dependent displacements and internal forces.
calculated from the The EN uses the SL (z, n) non-dimensional power spectral density
function. From it we can calculate the Sv (z, n) one-sided variance
. (4) spectrum in the form:
The ze is the reference height for external wind action, and Aref . (8)
is the reference area. The cs size factor takes into account the
reduction effect on the wind action due to the nonsimultaneity of the
occurrence of peak wind pressures on the surface: The σv standard derivation can be calculated by multiplying the
terrain factor by the basic wind velocity. In (7) we saw the redaction
effect of Rh (ηh) and Rb (ηb) aerodynamic admittance functions;
. (5) therefore, the v(z,t) was multiplied by . If we know
the Sv (z, n), we can calculate at the z height of the structure the
artificial wind function of the dynamic part of the wind function
Here B2 is the background factor, which depends on the height - Bucholdt, H. A. (1999) - in the form:
and width of a structure and the L (zs) turbulent length scale at the
reference height. zs is the reference height for calculation of cs and (9)
cd factors. The cd dynamic factor can be calculated from the
(6)
In the formula ϕi changes randomly between 0 and 2π. In Fig. 2 we
can see three different functions on the top of the structure using the
formula. Here kp is the peak factor and the R2is the resonance EN at terrain category III.
response factor: Calculating by the time dependent dynamic force:
. (7) (10)
.
The peak wind’s velocity: . (11)
Rh (ηh) and Rb (ηb) are the aerodynamic admittance functions,
which depend on the size of the structure and from the fL (zs, The turbulent part depends on the turbulence intensity function,
n1,x) non-dimension frequency (n1,x is the first frequency of the which changes during the height. The cs size factor takes into
structure at a wind direction). The SL (z, n1,x) is a non-dimensional account the reduction effect on the wind’s action due to the
Fig. 2 The artificial wind function at the top in the case of different random
v [m/s]
nonsimultaneity of the occurrence of the peak wind pressures on the Here M is the mass and K is the stiffness matrix of the structure; x
surface. The velocity of the turbulent part during the height: is the displacement vector of the system and q is the force vector.
If we know the M normalised eigenvectors of the system in the
. (12) V matrix:
VTMV = E, , (15)
Fig. 3 shows the wind velocities at a different height.
During the calculation we have to allow for the changing of the we can calculate the displacement vector in x(t) = Vy(t) form.
turbulence during the height and the correlation between the Multiplying the equation from the left by VT:
velocities of the neighbouring height points’ velocity. If we know
the wind function, we can calculate the wind force using the force . (16)
coefficient from the standard. On one part of the structure it will
be: Because of the orthogonality, we have to solve some one degree of
freedom system:
(13)
. (17)
If we calculate the Re(v(zs)) Reynolds number at the given For the solution of this differential equation we can use the
roughness of the structure, we can calculate the cf,0 coefficient. numerical integration methods from Bathe and Wilson (1976).
Multiplying it with the end-effect factor, we can get the cf force On Fig. 4 we can see the displacement at the top and on Fig. 5 the
coefficient in formula (13). bending moment at the bottom from the dynamic calculation in the
The matrix differential equation of the system - if we want to function of the time, the results of statical calculation and from the
calculate by structural damping - Györgyi (1996) – is: Eurocode. We can see that the Eurocode gave larger values.
Fig. 6 shows the bending moment at the bottom from the dynamic
. (14) calculation in the function of the time in the case of a different
random. In the maximum of the moment, are not too large
Fig. 4 The displacement at the top from the dynamic calculation and from the Eurocode
Fig. 5 The bending moment at the button from the dynamic calculation and from the Eurocode
Fig. 6 The bending moment at the button in the case of a different random
Fig. 7 The effect of reduction of the turbulent part’s velocity during the height
differences, but during the correct analysis we have to calculate of the structure the 31.2 m length force and calculates the critical
more than one wind function. velocity in the middle of the 31.2 m. The mean wind velocity at the
Fig. 7 shows the effect of the reduction of the turbulent part’s centres of the correlation length is vm,L1 = 25,00 m/s
velocity during the height. The reduced values are equivalent to the In the EN the value of the clat force coefficient changes between 0.2
effect of the cs size factor on the structure in Fig. 1. and 0.7 depending on the Reynolds number, which is:
. (18)
Here Kw is the correlation length factor, K the mode shape factor
In the EN it is 0.18 and from (18), the critical velocity is 12.42 m/s. and Sc is the Scruton number from the standard. Using the φ1(z)
In the case of vortex excitation, there is a look-in effect. In this case vibration form, the accelerations are:
the frequency of the vortex shedding is the same. In the Eurocode
the correlation length is 6b, where the b is the diameter of the . (20)
cylinder. Under the above correlation length there is excitation too,
but here the frequency of the vortex shedding is different from the If we know the accelerations, we can calculate the inertial forces
natural frequency of the system; therefore, during this part of the and from them the internal forces of the structure.
chimney, there is no resonance. The Eurocode puts from the top
Tab. 1 Maximum of the displacement, moment and shear force at the dynamic calculation of the vortex shedding
H 40 H 60 H 80 H 100 H 85 EN 2007
Displacement at top [cm] 9,18 17,39 26,91 15,41 26,48 29,70
Moment at bottom [kNm] 15882 29003 44346 25379 43598 45810
Shear force at bottom [kN] 221 403 616 352 605 623
Fig. 8 The moments at the button from different positions of critical velocity
Fig. 10 The contour of the velocity field Fig. 11 Velocity vector plot
, (22)
found with the values from the measurements and standards. We tried other types of cross sections. We investigated rectangular
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Fig. 19 Comparison of the Strouhal numbers
The authors are grateful for the support of the Department of Fluid
Mechanics (University of Technology and Economics, Budapest)
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