Index

abietic acid, 2-28 acenaphthene, 2-28
abrasion index, 20-12 acentric factor, 4-16

absorptance, 5-25 to 5-27 acetal, 2-28, 2-61
definition, 5-25 acetaldehyde, 2-28, 2-52, 2-61
variation with temperature of radiation source, acetaldehyde ammonia, 2-28
5-26 acetamide, 2-28, 2-53, 2-61
accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC), 26-50 acetanilide, 2-28, 2-61
acceleration: acetic acid, 2-28, 2-52, 2-61, 2-110, 2-175, 2-184,
centrifugal, 18-106 2-204
coriolis, 18-107 acetic anhydride, 2-28, 2-52
accounting, 9-39 to 9-54 acetic nitrile, 2-28, 2-53
accountacy, types of, 9-41 acetone, 2-28, 2-52, 2-61, 2-175, 2-206
balance sheets, 9-41 acetonyl urea, 2-28
books, closing of, 9-39 acetophenone benzoyl hydride, 2-28
budgets, 9-54 acetphenetidide, 2-28
capital: acettoluidide, 2-28
concepts, 9-40 acetyl chloride, 2-28
conventions, 9-40 acetylene, 2-28, 2-50, 2-61, 2-125, 2-206
cost of, 9-47 to 9-48 acetylene dichloride, 2-28
cost control, 9-54 acetyl phenylenediamine, 2-28
double-entry, 9-39 acid egg, 10-35
working, 9-52 to 9-54 aconitic acid, 2-28
company data, comparative, 9-45 acridine, 2-28, 2-61
equities, purchase and sale of, 9-44 acrolein ethylene aldehyde, 2-28
financial ratios, 9-42 to 9-43 acrylic acid, 2-28, 2-61
financing debt, 9-44 to 9-45 acrylic nitrile, 2-28
financing of assets: activity coefficient, 4-25
by debt, 9-43 actuators, 8-66 to 8-67
by equity, 9-43 to 9-44 diaphragm actuator, 8-66
income statements, 9-41 electric, 8-67
inventory evalution and control, 9-49 to 9-51 hydraulic, 8-67
management and cost, 9-48 motion conversion, 8-67
overall company ratios, application of, 9-45 to 9-46 pneumatic, 8-66 to 8-67
principles of, 9-39 Adams-Bashforth method, 3-55
retained earnings, 9-44 adaptive meshes, 3-60
I.3
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I.4 INDEX
adiabatic, 10-5 advanced control system (Cont.):

flow, 10-5 fuzzy logic control, 8-21
adipic acid, 2-28, 2-61 override control, 8-19 to 8-20
adipic amide, 2-28 relative gain array method (RGA), 8-24
adipic nitrile, 2-28 smith preditor, 8-19 to 8-20
adrenaline, 2-28 statistical process control, 8-21
adsorbents: aerosol deposition:
density: mechanism, 17-25
bulk, 16-11 parameter, 17-25
particle, 16-11 affinity laws, 10-25
skeletal, 16-11 agglomeration, 19-33, 20-56
wet, 16-11 agitation, 20-56
See also sorbents circuit, 20-57
adsorption: compression, 20-56
adiabatic, 16-32 to 16-34 density, 20-59
batch processes, 16-25 to 16-29 extent of, 20-57
biochemical separation, 22-75 granulation, 20-57
countercurrent, 16-60 to 16-64 kinetics, 20-57
crosscurrent, 16-61 to 16-62 porosity, 20-59
cycles, 16-48 to 16-52, 16-54 to 16-56 rate process, 20-61 to 20-73
pressure swing adsorption (PSA), 16-49 to breakage, 20-68
16-51 growth and consolidation, 20-64
purge/concentration swing adsorption, 16-51 powder compaction, 20-69
to 16-52 wetting, 20-61
temperature swing adsorption (TSA), 16-48 to size, 20-59
16-49 strength of, 20-60
design concepts, 16-5 to 16-7 agitated vessels, jackets of, 18-23
energy balance, 16-17 agitation, 11-27
equilibrium, 16-5 bed agitation intensity, 20-64
multiple components, 16-15 high agitation intensity, 20-64
separation factor, 16-14 to 16-16 low agitation intensity, 20-64
equipment, 16-56 agitation equipment, 18-12 to 18-13
controls, 16-59 selection of, 18-12
regeneration, 16-58 to 16-59 air, 2-53, 2-125, 2-133, 2-140, 2-200, 2-207 to
vessels, 16-56 to 16-58 2-214, 2-221
fixed beds. See fixed beds air conditioning, 11-74 to 11-76
heat transfer in, 16-18 application of, 11-74
isotherms. See isotherms definition of, 11-74
mass transfer in. See mass transfer equipment for, 11-74
material balance, 16-17 air-cooled:
moving beds, simulated, 16-56, 16-63 to 16-64 heat exchanger, 11-47 to 11-52
physical properties of, 16-9 air-flow control, 11-50
process selection, 16-56 air recirculation, 11-50
rate factor, 16-17 costs of, table, 11-51
selection of, 16-5 to 16-6 evaporative cooling, 11-50
adsorptive-bubble separation, 22-30 to 22-36 fan drivers, 11-49
adsorption, 22-32 to 22-33 fans, 11-49
bubble fractionation, 22-35 to 22-36 finned-tube construction, 11-49
classification, 22-30 to 22-32 forced-draft, 11-48
column operation, 22-34 humidification chambers, 11-50
enriching, 22-33 trim coolers, 11-50
foam-column theory, 22-33 to 22-34 tube-bundle, 11-48
foam considerations, 22-34 to 22-35 tubing, 11-48
limiting equations, 22-34 overhead condenser, 11-51
simple mode, 22-33 steam condenser, 11-51
stripping, 22-33 air filter:
advanced control system: classification, 17-51
adaptive control, 8-20 high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA), 17-50 to
cascade control, 8-18 to 8-19 17-51
decoupling, 8-23 to 8-24 theory, 17-48 to 17-50
feedback, 8-17 types, 17-50
feed forward, 8-16 to 8-18 air lift, 10-35
INDEX I.5
air pollutants, effects of, 25-24 to 25-29 American Society for Testing and Materials
air-quality legislation and regulations, 25-5 to 25-9 (ASTM), 13-26, 13-86, 28-28
alanine, 2-28 American Society of Mechanical Engineers
aldol acetaldol, 2-28 (ASME), 28-28
algae, 24-4 amino-anthraquinone, 2-28
algebra, 3-12 to 3-15 amino azobenzene, 2-28
binomial theorem, 3-13 amino benzoic acid, 2-28
factor theorem, 3-14 aminodiphenylamine, 2-29
fundamental theorem, 3-14 amino-G-acid, 2-29
permutations, 3-14 amino-J-acid, 2-29
probability, 3-14 amino monopotassium salt, 2-29
remainder theorem, 3-14 amino monosodium salt, 2-29
algebra, elementary, 3-12 to 3-15 aminonaphthol sulfonic, 2-29
binomial theorem, 3-13 aminophenol, 2-29
determinants, 3-15 aminotoluene sulfonic acid, 2-29
operations, 3-12 to 3-13 ammonia, 2-8, 2-53, 2-57, 2-85 to 2-88, 2-99,
permutations, combinations, and probability, 2-125, 2-184, 2-214 to 2-216
3-14 ammonium acetate, 2-8
progressions, 3-13 to 3-14 ammonium auricyanide, 2-8
theory of equations, 3-14 to 3-15 ammonium bicarbonate, 2-8
algebraic inequalities: ammonium bromide, 2-8, 2-57, 2-121, 2-201
arithmetic–geometric inequality, 3-9 ammonium carbonate, 2-8, 2-57
Carleman’s inequality, 3-9 ammonium chloride, 2-8, 2-57, 2-99, 2-120, 2-201
Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, 3-9 ammonium chloroplatinate, 2-8
Hölder’s inequality, 3-9 ammonium chloroplatinite, 2-8
Lagrange’s inequality, 3-9 ammonium chlorostannate, 2-8
Minkowski’s inequality, 3-9 ammonium chromate, 2-8
Alizarin, 2-28 ammonium cyanide, 2-8, 2-57
allyl alcohol, 2-28, 2-61 ammonium dichromate, 2-8
allyl bromide, 2-28 ammonium hydrosulfide, 2-8, 2-57
allyl chloride, 2-28, 2-61 ammonium hydroxide, 2-8
allyl thiocyanate, 2-28 ammonium ferrocyanide, 2-8
allyl thiourea, 2-28 ammonium fluoride, 2-8
alum: ammonium formate, 2-8
ammonium: ammonium molybdate, 2-8
chrome, 2-8 ammonium nitrate, 2-8
iron, 2-8 ammonium nitrite, 2-8
potassium, 2-8 ammonium osmochloride, 2-8
potassium chrome, 2-8 ammonium oxalate, 2-8
sodium, 2-8 ammonium perchlorate, 2-8
aluminum acetate, 2-7 ammonium persulfate, 2-8
aluminum and alloys as construction material, ammonium phosphate, 2-8 to 2-9
28-36 ammonium phosphomolybdate, 2-9
properties of, 28-43 ammonium silicofluoride, 2-9
aluminum bromide, 2-7 ammonium sulfamate, 2-9
aluminum carbide, 2-7 ammonium sulfate, 2-9
aluminum chloride, 2-7, 2-57, 2-121, 2-151, 2-161, ammonium sulfide, 2-9
2-187, 2-201 ammonium sulfite, 2-9
aluminum ethoxide, 2-28 ammonium tartrate, 2-9
aluminum fluoride, 2-7, 2-57, 2-161, 2-187, 2-201 ammonium thiocyanate, 2-9
aluminum hydroxide, 2-7 ammonium vanadate, meta-, 2-9
aluminum nitrate, 2-7 amyl acetate, 2-29, 2-61
aluminum nitride, 2-7 amyl alcohol, 2-29, 2-61
aluminum oxide, 2-7, 2-57, 2-151, 2-161, 2-187 amyl amine, 2-29
aluminum phosphate, 2-7 amyl aniline, 2-29
aluminum potassium silicate, 2-8 amyl benzoate, 2-29
aluminum potassium tartrate, 2-8 amyl bromide, 2-29
aluminum sodium fluoride, 2-8 amyl chloride, 2-29
aluminum sodium silicate, 2-8 amyl formate, 2-29
aluminum sulfate, 2-8 amyl i-butyrate, 2-29
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), amyl i-cyanide, 2-29
28-28 amyl iodide, 2-29
I.6 INDEX
amyl isobutyl carbinol, 2-29 anthraquinone sulfonate, 2-30

amyl i-valerate, 2-29 anthranfin, 2-30
amyl mercaptan, 2-29 antimony, 2-9, 2-57, 2-151, 2-161, 2-187
amyl methyl propyl carbinol, 2-29 antimony chloride, tri-, 2-9, 2-57, 2-151, 2-161,
amyl n-butyrate, 2-29 2-187
amyl phenol, 2-29 antimony oxide, tri-, 2-9, 2-57, 2-151, 2-161, 2-187
amyl propionate, 2-29 antimony sulfide, penta-, 2-9
amyl salicylate, 2-29 antimony sulfide, tri-, 2-9
amylene, 2-30 antimony telluride, 2-9
analytic geometry, 3-16 to 3-20 antimonyl potassium tartrate, 2-9
plane analytic geometry, 3-16 to 3-18 antimonyl sulfate, 2-9
asymptotes, 3-16 antipyrene, 2-30
conic sections, 3-17 Antoine equation, 4-15
coordinates, 3-16 constants, 13-21
curves, 3-16 to 3-17 aperture, 19-18
line, 3-16 apiole, 2-30
parametric equations, 3-18 arabinose, 2-30
polar equations, 3-18 arachidic acid, 2-30
solid analytic geometry, 3-18 to 3-20 argon, 2-9, 2-20, 2-53, 2-57, 2-133 to 2-134, 2-140,
coordinate systems, 3-18 to 3-19 2-161, 2-217
lines and planes, 3-19 arithmetic-geometric, 3-9
space curves, 3-19 arithmetic progression, 3-9, 3-13, 3-32
surfaces, 3-19 to 3-20 arsanilic acid, 2-30
analyzers: arsenic:
chemical-composition, 8-50 to 8-51 black, 2-9, 2-57, 2-151, 2-161, 2-187
chromatography, 8-51 crystalline, 2-9
infrared analyzers, 8-51 arsenic acid, 2-9
paramagnetism, 8-51 arsenic pentoxide, 2-9
sampling system, 8-52 to 8-53 arsenic sulfide, di-, 2-9
ultraviolet and visible radiation, 8-51 arsenic sulfide, penta-, 2-9
anemometers: arsenious chloride, 2-9
current meter, 10-10 arsenious hydride, 2-9
heated-thermocouple, 10-10 arsenious oxide, 2-9
hot-film, 10-10 asbestos:
hot-wire, 10-10 flexible metal hose, 10-96
laser-Doppler, 10-11 pressure, 10-97
thermistor, 10-10 ASOG method, 4-26
turbine, 10-10 asparagine, 2-30
vane, 10-10 asphalt as construction material, 28-49
anethole, 2-30 aspirin, 2-30
angle of kinematic friction, 21-28 ASME Code, 10-144 to 10-152
angle of repose, 21-27 atmospheric tanks, 10-138
anhydroformaldaniline, 2-30 definition of, 10-138
aniline, 2-30, 2-52, 2-61, 2-175, 2-184 elevated, 10-138
aniline hydrochloride, 2-30 open, 10-138
aniline nitrate, 2-30 posttensioned concrete, 10-138
aniline sulfate, 2-30 pressure, 10-138
anisalacetone, 2-30 atomizers, 27-34 to 27-35
anisic acid, 2-30 atropic acid, 2-30
anisic aldehyde, 2-30 auramine, 2-30
anisidine, 2-30 auric chloride, 2-9
anisole, 2-30 auric cyanide, 2-9
annual cash income, 9-5 to 9-6 aurine, coralline, 2-30
annual expense, 9-6 aurous chloride, 2-9
annual tax, 9-6 aurous cyanide, 2-9
annulus Reynolds number, 10-17 axial dispersion in adsorption, 16-20 to 16-21,
anthracene, 2-30 16-24, 16-34 to 16-37
anthranil, 2-30 coefficient, 16-17, 16-20 to 16-22
anthranilic acid, 2-30 azeotropes, 13-54 to 13-56
anthrapurpurin, 2-30 azeotropes, multicomponent, 13-10
anthraquinone, 2-30 azeotropic distillation, 13-68 to 13-75, 13-78. See
anthraquinone disulfonate, 2-30 also distillation
INDEX I.7
azoanisole, 2-30 bearings, types of (Cont.):

azobenzene, 2-30, 2-61, 2-175 cylindrical bore, 10-65
azoxybenzene, 2-30 lemon bore, 10-65
offset halves, 10-65
plain journal, 10-65
pressure dam, 10-65
bacteria, 24-4 three-lobe, 10-65
baffles: tilt-pad bearings, 10-65
cut, 11-42 beds:
impingement, 11-43 flooded fixed bed, 23-36
longitudinal, 11-43 fluidized, 23-38, 23-54
rod, 11-42 moving, 23-38
segmental, 11-42 multiple fixed, 23-36
spacer, 11-43 single fixed, 23-36
spacing, 11-42 solid, 6-34, 6-38
ball-mill: suspended catalyst, 23-54
liners, 20-32 thin, 23-38
oscillation, 20-32 trickle, 23-53
planetary, 20-39 Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State, 4-21,
surge, 20-32 13-17
barbituric acid, 2-30 benzal acetone, 2-30
barium, 2-57, 2-151, 2-161, 2-187 benzaldehyde, 2-30, 2-61
barium acetate, 2-9 benzamide, 2-30
barium bromide, 2-7 to 2-10 benzanilide, 2-30
barium carbonate, 2-10 benzene, 2-30, 2-51, 2-61, 2-175, 2-221
barium chlorate, 2-10 benzene sufinic acid, 2-30
barium chloride, 2-10 benzene sulfonic acid, 2-30
barium hydroxide, 2-10 benzene sulfonic amide, 2-30
barium nitrate, 2-10 benzene sulfonic chloride, 2-30
barium oxalate, 2-10 benzidine, 2-30
barium oxide, 2-10 benzidine disulfonic acid, 2-30
barium peroxide, 2-10 benzil, 2-30, 2-61
barium phosphate, 2-10 benzoic acid, 2-30, 2-52, 2-61, 2-175, 2-204
barium silicofluoride, 2-10 benzoic anhydride, 2-30, 2-61
barium sulfate, 2-10 benzoic nitrile, 2-30, 2-53, 2-61
barium sulfide, 2-10 benzoin, 2-31, 2-61
Barker’s method, 4-27 benzophenone, 2-31, 2-61
barometer, mercury, 10-12 benzotrichloride, 2-31, 2-61
Basset force, 6-52 benzoylbenzoic acid, 2-31
batch: benzoylchloride, 2-31, 2-61
centrifuges, 18-117 benzoylperoxide, 2-31
crystallation, 18-49 benzylacetate, 2-31, 2-61
distillation, 13-96 to 13-103. See also distillation benzyl alcohol, 2-31, 2-61
filtration, 18-86 to 18-88 benzyl amine, 2-31, 2-62
heating and cooling of vessels, 11-18 benzyl aniline, 2-31
mixers, 18-25 to 18-29 benzyl benzoate, 2-31
operations, 11-18 to 11-20 benzyl butyrate, 2-31
percolators, 18-55 benzyl chloride, 2-31
processes: benzyl ether, 2-31
cyclical batch, 8-38 benzyl formate, 2-31
flexible batch, 8-38 benzyl propionate, 2-31
multigrade, 8-38 berberonic acid, 2-31
semibatch, 8-38 beryllium, 2-10
trays and dryers, 12-42 to 12-44 Bessel’s method, 3-37
weighing, 21-32 binary interaction parameters, 13-20
beach, 18-114 binary solution:
bearings: behavior for liquid solutions, 4-12
thrust, 10-66 equation, 4-7
thrust-bearing power loss, 10-67 binomial probability distribution, 3-71
types of, 10-65 Bernoulli process, 3-71
bed-expansion ratio, 11-28 binomial series, 3-32
circumferential grooved, 10-65 binomial theorem, 3-13
I.8 INDEX
bin opening, 21-29 bismuth nitrate, 2-10

biochemical engineering, 24-3 to 24-22 bismuth oxide, 2-10
biological reactors, 24-7 to 24-15 bismuth oxychloride, 2-10
fermenters, 24-7 to 24-10 biuret, 2-31
oxygen transfer to, 24-10 to 24-11 blending:
scale-up of, 24-11 to 24-13 of chemical reactions, 18-14
sparger systems in, 24-11 of high-viscosity systems, 18-13
cell cultures, 24-6 to 24-7, 24-14 to 24-15, 24-18 of solid dispersion, 18-16
to 24-19 of solid-liquid, 18-15
primary growth, 24-6 to 24-7 of solid-liquid mass transfer, 18-16
secondary metabolic requirements, 24-7 of speed for just suspension, 18-15
enzyme engineering, 24-21 to 24-22 blinding, 18-76
immobilizing enzymes, 24-21 to 24-22 blowcase, 10-35
reaction kinetics, 24-21 blowdown drum, 26-31
reactors, 24-22 sizing and design, 26-35 to 26-36
process modeling, 24-16 to 24-21 blowers, 10-45 to 10-46
cell cultures, 24-18 to 24-19 backward-curved blade, 10-46
computer aids, 24-18 centrifugal, 10-45
continuous culture, 24-17 forward-curved blade, 10-46
controls, 24-20 to 24-21 boilers, 27-40 to 27-47
mathematical analysis, 24-17 to 24-18 boiling liquids, 5-22 to 5-23
mixed cultures, 24-19 to 24-20 coefficients, 5-22 to 5-23
recycle, 24-19 expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs), 26-59 to
product recovery, 24-15 to 24-16 26-60
rundown, definition of, 24-3 mechanisms, 5-22
sterilization, 24-13 to 24-14 Boltzmann-type T, 4-23
batch, 24-14 bonding index, 20-72
continuous, 24-14 bonnet, 11-40
by filtration, 24-13 book value, 9-8
of media, 24-13 to 24-14 boric acid, 2-10
See also biological concepts borneol, 2-31
biological concepts, 24-4 to 24-6 bornyl acetate, 2-31
algae, 24-4 boron, 2-10
autotrophs and heterotrophs, definitions of, 24-4 boron carbide, 2-10
bacteria, 24-4 boron oxide, 2-10
cells, 24-4 boundary layer, 6-40 to 6-41
fungi, 24-4 brass:
genetic engineering, 24-6 as a construction material, 28-37
mutations, 24-6 properties of, 28-44
viruses, 24-4 brazing, 10-126
biochemical separation processes, 22-69 to 22-79 breakage:
final purification, 22-75 to 22-78 controlling, 20-70
chromatography, 22-75 to 22-78 fracture measurements, 20-69
drying, 22-78 fracture properties, 20-68
lyophilization (freeze drying), 22-78 mechanisms of, 20-69
general, 22-69 to 22-71 breakeven:
initial product harvest, 22-71 to 22-73 charts, 9-7
centrifugation, 22-71 to 22-72 production rate, 9-7
filtration, 22-72 breakthrough curves in adsorption, 16-30 to 16-38
initial purification, 22-73 to 22-75 in chromatography. See elution, curves
adsorption, 22-75 constant pattern, 16-32 to 16-36
extraction, 22-74 to 22-75 J function, 16-36 to 16-37
precipitation, 22-73 to 22-74 brick construction, 28-39, 28-43
biochemistry, 24-4 to 24-6 briquettes, 20-57
energy, 24-5 brittle fracture index (BFI), 20-72
enzymes, 24-5, 24-21 to 24-22 bromic acid, 2-10
photosynthesis, 24-5 to 24-6 bromine, 2-10, 2-53
proteins, 24-4 to 24-5 bromine hydrate, 2-10
See also biological concepts bromoaniline, 2-31
bismuth, 2-10, 2-57, 2-151, 2-162 bromobenzene, 2-31, 2-53, 2-62
bismuth carbonate, sub-, 2-10 bromocamphor, 2-31
bismuth chloride, 2-10, 2-57, 2-151 bromodiphenyl, 2-31, 2-62
INDEX I.9
bromoform, 2-31, 2-62 cadmium sulfide, 2-11

bromonaphthalene, 2-31 caffeic acid, 2-32
bromophenol, 2-31 caffeine, 2-32
bromostyrene, 2-31 calciners, indirect heat, 12-62 to 12-64
bromotoluene, 2-31, 2-62 calcium, 2-11, 2-57, 2-100, 2-151, 2-162, 2-188
bronzes as construction material, 28-37 calcium acetate, 2-11
properties of, 28-44 calcium aluminate, 2-11
Brownian motion, 6-57 calcium aluminum silicate, 2-11
bubble point, 13-25 calcium arsenate, 2-11
Buckingham pi method, 3-89 calcium bromide, 2-11
bulk densities, 21-6 calcium carbonate, 2-11
burners: calcium chloride, 2-11
gas, 27-37 to 27-39 calcium citrate, 2-11
oil, 27-35 to 27-36 calcium cyanamide, 2-11
butadiene, 2-31, 2-50, 2-62 calcium ferrocyanide, 2-11
butadienyl acetylene, 2-31 calcium fluoride, 2-11
butane, 2-31, 2-50, 2-62, 2-222 to 2-223 calcium formate, 2-11
butene, 2-50, 2-62 calcium hydride, 2-11
butyl acetate, 2-31, 2-52 calcium hydroxide, 2-11
butyl alcohol, 2-31, 2-51, 2-62 calcium hypochlorite, 2-11
butyl amine, 2-31, 2-62 calcium hypophosphate, 2-11
butyl aniline, 2-31 calcium lactate, 2-11
butyl arsonic acid, 2-31 calcium magnesium silicate, 2-11
butyl benzoate, 2-31, 2-62 calcium nitrate, 2-11
butyl bromide, 2-31, 2-62 calcium nitride, 2-11
butyl butyrate, 2-31, 2-62 calcium nitrite, 2-11
butyl caproate, 2-31 calcium oxalate, 2-11
butyl carbamate, 2-31 calcium oxide, 2-11
butyl cellosolve, 2-31 calcium peroxide, 2-11
butyl chloride, 2-32, 2-62 calcium phosphate, 2-11
butyl dimethylbenzene, 2-32 calcium phosphide, 2-11
butylene, 2-32 calcium silicate, 2-11
butyl formate, 2-32, 2-63 calcium sulfate, 2-11 to 2-12
butyl furoate, 2-32 calcium sulfhydrate, 2-12
butyl iodide, 2-32, 2-63 calcium sulfide, 2-12
butyl iso-thiocyanate, 2-32 calcium sulfite, 2-12
butyl lactate, 2-32 calcium tartrate, 2-12
butyl mercaptan, 2-32, 2-53 calcium thiocyanate, 2-12
butyl methacrylate, 2-32 calcium thiosulfate, 2-12
butyl p-aminophenol, 2-31 calcium tungstate, 2-12
butyl phenol, 2-32, 2-63 calculus, 3-23 to 3-30
butyl propionate, 2-32 differential calculus, 3-23 to 3-26
butyl stearate, 2-32 derivative, 3-23 to 3-25
butyl valerate, 2-32 indeterminant forms, 3-25
butyraldehyde, 2-32 partial derivative, 3-25 to 3-26
butyric acid, 2-32, 2-52, 2-63 integral calculus, 3-27 to 3-30
butyric amide, 2-32 definite, 3-29 to 3-30
butyric anhydride, 2-32 indefinite, 3-27 to 3-29
butyric anilide, 2-32 thermodynamics and multivariable calculus, 3-26
to 3-27
camphene, 2-32, 2-63, 2-175
camphor, 2-32
cadmium, 2-10, 2-57, 2-151, 2-162, 2-188 camphoric acid, 2-32
cadmium acetate, 2-10 cantharidine, 2-32
cadmium carbonate, 2-10 capacity:
cadmium chloride, 2-10, 2-11, 2-57, 2-120, 2-151, terminology of, 10-22
2-188, 2-201 capillary state, 20-60
cadmium cyanide, 2-11 capillary theory, 12-33
cadmium hydroxide, 2-11 capital cost, 9-7
cadmium nitrate, 2-11 capping, 20-72
cadmium oxide, 2-11, 2-57, 2-151, 2-162, 2-188 capric acid, 2-32, 2-63, 2-175
cadmium sulfate, 2-11 caproic acid, 2-32, 2-63
I.10 INDEX
caprylic acid, 2-32 catalysts (Cont.):

carbazole, 2-32, 2-63 single fixed beds, 23-36
carbitol, 2-32 types, 23-28
carbon, 2-12, 2-57, 2-151, 2-162, 2-188 uniform deactivation, 23-31
as construction material, 28-49 to 28-50 cavitation, 6-44 to 6-45, 8-75 to 8-76, 10-23, 28-5
properties of, 28-61 cellosolve, 2-33
carbon dioxide, 2-12, 2-54, 2-63, 2-122, 2-125, cellosolve acetate, 2-33
2-134, 2-141, 2-162, 2-188, 2-224 to 2-225 cells, 24-4
absorption coefficients, 23-41 cellulose, 2-33
correlation of KGa, 23-41 cement and concrete as construction materials,
self-diffusion, 5-61, 5-64 28-43
as supercritical fluid in separations, 22-14 to centrifugal force:
22-18 terminology of, 10-22
carbon disulfide, 2-12, 2-32, 2-54, 2-63 centrifugal pumps, 10-24 to 10-29
carbon monoxide, 2-12, 2-32, 2-54, 2-63, 2-122, action of, 10-24
2-125, 2-141, 2-162, 2-188, 2-225 to 2-226 canned-motor, 10-29
as a pollutant, 27-28 casings, 10-24
carbon oxychloride, 2-12 characteristic curve of, 10-24
carbon oxysulfide, 2-12, 2-57 characteristics of, 10-24
carbon suboxide, 2-12, 2-32 close-coupled, 10-29
carbon tetrabromide, 2-32 double-suction single-stage, 10-28
carbon tetrachloride, 2-32 multistage, 10-29
carbon tetrafluoride, 2-32 diffuser-type, 10-29
carbon thionyl chloride, 2-12 dry-pit, 10-29
carbonyl sulfide, 2-32 volute, 10-29
carminic acid, 2-32 wet-pit, 10-29
carvacrylamine, 2-33 performance curve of, 10-26
carvone, 2-33 process pumps, 10-28
caryacrol, 2-32, 2-63 horizontal, 10-28
cash flow, 9-13 to 9-33 vertical, 10-28
curves of, 9-14 to 9-15 sealing in, 10-28
discounted, 9-13 mechanical seals, 10-28
casting: packing, 10-28
circular, 10-24 shaft seals, 10-28
volute, 10-24 specific speeds of, 10-25, 10-27
cast iron, 28-29 sump, 10-29
austenitic, 28-6 system curves of, 10-25
ductile, 28-29 vertical process, 10-29
gray, 28-6, 28-29 centrifugal separators:
high-silicon, 28-29 dust collection, 17-32
low-alloy, 28-6 centrifugation:
malleable, 28-29 biochemical separation, 22-71 to 22-72
nickel-alloy, 28-29 centrifuges, 18-106 to 18-125
properties, 28-38 cost of, 18-125
white, 28-29 filtering, 18-117 to 18-123
catalysis: base-bearing centrifuges, 18-117
homogeneous, 23-26, 23-32 batch-automatic basket centrifuges, 18-118
phase-transfer, 23-26 batch centrifuges, 18-117
by solid, 23-26 continuous-filtering centrifuges, 18-119
catalysts: link-suspended basket centrifuges, 18-117
activity, 23-31 open-bottom basket centrifuges, 18-117
deactivation, 23-30 solid-bottom basket centrifuges, 18-117
diffusivity, 23-29 top-suspended centrifuges, 18-118
effectiveness, 23-30 variable-speed basket centrifuges, 18-117
heterogenized, 23-26 principles of, 18-106 to 18-110
immobilized, 23-26 sedimenting, 18-110
membrane reactors, 23-32 decanter centrifuges, 18-113
multiple fixed beds, 23-36 disk centrifuges, 18-113
poisoning, 23-32 knife-discharge centrifugal clarifiers, 18-112
polymer bound, 23-26 laboratory test, 18-110
pore, 23-29 to 23-31 multichamber centrifuges, 18-112
selection, 23-26 screenbowl centrifuges, 18-115
INDEX I.11
centrifuges, sedimenting (Cont.): chromatography (Cont.):

transient centrifugation theory, 18-111 displacement development, 16-39, 16-44 to 16-47
tubular-bowl centrifuges, 18-112 elution. See elution
selection of, 18-123 frontal analysis, 16-39
theory of centrifugal filtration, 18-121 Gaussian curves, 16-40 to 16-42
centroid, 3-67 ion-exchange, 16-44
ceric hydroxide, 2-12 productivity, definition of, 16-47
ceric hydroxynitrate, 2-12 resolution, 16-41
ceric oxide, 2-12 retention factor, 16-40
ceric sulfate, 2-12 reversed-phase, 16-44
cerium, 2-12 chromic acetate, 2-12
cetyl acetate, 2-33 chromic chloride, 2-12
cetyl alcohol, 2-33 chromic fluoride, 2-12
channel, 11-40 chromic hydroxide, 2-12
Chebyshev’s method, 3-38 chromic nitrate, 2-12
Chemical Exposure Index (CEI), 26-8, 26-11 chromic oxide, 2-12
chemical potential: chromic sulfate, 2-12
pure ideal gases, 4-33 chromic sulfide, 2-13
chemical-reaction equilibrium constant, 4-32 chromium, 2-12, 2-58, 2-162
chiller, definition of, 11-35 chromium trioxide, 2-13
chi-square distribution, 3-75 chromous chloride, 2-13
chloral, 2-33, 2-63 chromous hydroxide, 2-13
chloral hydrate, 2-33, 2-63, 2-175 chromous oxide, 2-13
chloranil, 2-33, 2-63 chromous sulfate, 2-13
chloretone, 2-33 chromous sulfide, 2-13
chloric acid, 2-12 chromyl chloride, 2-13
chlorine, 2-12, 2-53, 2-58, 2-122, 2-126, 2-162, chrysene, 2-33
2-229 to 2-230 chrysoidine, 2-33
chlonine hydrate, 2-12 chrysophanic acid, 2-33
chloroacetanilide, 2-33 cineole, eucalyptole, 2-33
chloroacetic acid, 2-33, 2-63, 2-175 cinnamic acid, 2-33, 2-64
chloroacetone, 2-33 cinnamic aldehyde, 2-33
chloroacetophenone, 2-33 cinnamyl alcohol, 2-33, 2-64
chloroacetyl chloride, 2-33 cinnamyl cinnamate, 2-33
chloroaniline, 2-33, 2-63 citraconic acid, 2-33
chloroanthraquinone, 2-33 citral, 2-33, 2-64
chlorobenzaldehyde, 2-33 citric acid, 2-33
chlorobenzene, 2-33, 2-53, 2-63 citronellal, 2-33
chlorobenzoic acid, 2-33 citronellol, 2-33, 2-64
chlorobuta-1,2-diene, 2-33 Clapeyron equation, 4-15
chlorobuta-1,3-diene, 2-33 clarifiers:
chlorodimethylhydantoin, 2-33 cartridge, 18-102
chlorodiphenyl, 2-33, 2-64 micronic, 18-102
chloroform, 2-33, 2-64, 2-231 circular, 18-65
chlorohydroquinone, 2-33 clarifier-thickener, 18-66
chloronaphthalene, 2-33, 2-64 design criteria, table, 18-72
chloronitrobenzene, 2-33 industrial waste secondary, 18-66
chloronitrotoluene, 2-33 rectangular, 18-65
chlorophenol, 2-33, 2-64 selection of, 18-73
chlorophyll, 2-33 solids-contact, 18-66
chloropicrin, 2-33, 2-64 tilted-plate, 18-66
chloroplatinic acid, 2-12 classification, wet, 19-23 to 19-30
chloropropane, 2-53 classifiers, 19-8, 19-24 to 19-30
chloropropionic acid, 2-33 air, 20-39
chlorostannic acid, 2-12 bowl, 19-28
chlorosulfonic acid, 2-12, 2-58 bowl desilter, 19-28
chlorotoluene, 2-33, 2-64 cone, 19-24
cholesterol, 2-33 countercurrent, 19-29
choking, 6-22 to 6-23, 6-29 to 6-30 }O siphon sizer, 19-29
chromatography, 16-38 to 16-47 drag, 19-28
biochemical separation, 22-75 to 22-78 dry, 20-39
chromatograms, 16-40 hydraulic, 19-29
I.12 INDEX
classifiers (Cont.): external coils, 11-22

hydrocyclone, 19-24 fin-tube, 11-21
hydroseparator, 19-28 helical, 11-20
jet sizer, 19-29 panel, 11-21
nonmechanical, 19-24 pipe tank, 11-20
rake, 20-40 plate, 11-21
rake and spiral, 19-28 Teflon immersion, 11-21
rotor blades of, 20-39 Colburn j factor, 5-13 to 5-14, 5-16 to 5-18
screw, 20-40 in an annulus, 5-17 to 5-18
solid-bowl centrifuge, 19-28 combustion, 27-25
vari-mesh, 20-39 excess air, 27-25
wet, 20-40 fluidized-bed, 27-32
Clean Air Act of 1970, 25-5 gaseous fuels, 27-37 to 27-39
Clean Air Act of 1990, 25-8 liquid fuels, 27-34 to 27-36
Clean Water Act of 1977, 25-10 solid fuels, 27-29 to 27-34
closure models, 6-46 theoretical oxygen, 27-25
cloth: combustion chamber, 5-40 to 5-42
silk bolting, 19-22 bayonet-tube, 11-57
woven-wire, 19-22 in furnace, 5-41
coal: thermal performance, 5-41
coal-ash, 27-5 common units, 1-4 to 1-12
coke, 27-6 to 27-7 compact heat exchangers, 11-52 to 11-58
composition, 27-5 atmospheric section, 11-57
classification, 27-4 brazed-plate-fin, 11-56
derived fuels, 27-11 cascade coolers, 11-57
derived gases, 27-14 to 27-15 ceramic, 11-58
gasification, 27-13 to 27-18 gasketed-plate, 11-52
heating value, 27-5 graphite, 11-57
liquefaction, 27-18 nonmetallic, 11-57
direct, 27-18 to 27-20 plate-and-frame, 11-52
economics, 27-24 plate-fin tubular, 11-56
indirect, 27-21 to 27-24 PVDF, 11-57
physical properties, 27-6 spiral-plate, 11-55
coalescence kernel, 20-86 spiral tube, 11-56
for granulation, table, 20-87 Teflon, 11-58
coating flows, 6-42 welded- and brazed-plate, 11-55
coatings, properties of: compartment through circulation equipment,
in atmospheric service, 28-55 12-44 to 12-46
for concrete surfaces, 28-56 complex chemical-reaction equilibria, 4-33
in immersion service, 28-54 complex functions:
cobalt, 2-13 conformal mapping, 3-35
cobalt carbonyl, 2-13 exponential, 3-33
cobalt sulfide, di-, 2-13 harmonic, 3-34
cobaltic chloride, 2-13, 2-58 hyperbolic, 3-33
cobaltic hydroxide, 2-13 inverse hyperbolic, 3-34
cobaltic oxide, 2-13 inverse trigonometric, 3-34
cobaltic sulfate, 2-13 logarithms, 3-33
cobaltic sulfide, 2-13 polynomials, 3-33
cobalto-cobaltic oxide, 2-13 trigonometric, 3-33
cobaltous acetate, 2-13 complex variables, 3-33 to 3-35
cobaltous chloride, 2-13 algebra, 3-33
cobaltous nitrate, 2-13 complex functions (analytic), 3-34 to 3-35
cobaltous oxide, 2-13 elementary complex functions, 3-33 to 3-34
cobaltous sulfate, 2-13 powers and roots, 3-33
cobaltous sulfide, 2-13 special operations, 3-33
coefficient: trigonometric representation, 3-33
discharge, 6-22 compressibilities, 2-140 to 2-150
orifice, 6-21 of powder, 20-71
thermal-expansion, 10-118 compressibility factor, 4-8
cogeneration, 27-51 partial compressibility factor, 4-18
coils: residual properties, 4-8
bayonet heaters, 11-22 formulations, 4-14
INDEX I.13
compression: condenser (Cont.):

adiabatic, 10-37 jet, 11-117
calculations, 10-37 multicomponent, 11-12 to 11-13
head, 10-37 overhead, 11-51
equipment selection, 10-45 refrigeration, 11-83
of gases, 10-37 to 10-45 single component, 11-11 to 11-12
isothermal, 10-37 surface, 11-116
polytropic, 10-37 thermal design of, 11-11 to 11-13
theory of, 10-37 horizontal in-shell condenser, 11-11
work, 10-38 horizontal in-tube condensers, 11-12
compressors: mean temperature difference, 11-11
axial flow, 10-49 pressure drop, 11-11
aspect ratio, 10-49 vertical in-shell condensers, 11-12
individual blade stall, 10-49 vertical in-tube condensers, 11-12
pressure ratio, 10-49 condensing coefficient, 11-11
rotating stall, 10-49 conduction, 5-8 to 5-11
stall flutter, 10-49 conduction equation, three-dimensional, 5-8 to 5-9
casing material, 10-48 conductivity, thermal, 5-9
categories of, 10-47 Fourier’s law, 5-8
centrifugal, 10-47 steady-state, 5-9 to 5-10
pressure ratio, 10-47 bodies in parallel, 5-10
configuration, 10-48 bodies in series, 5-9 to 5-10
selection of, 10-48 one-dimensional, 5-9
continuous-flow, 10-47 two-dimensional, 5-10
high-pressure compressors, 10-54 unsteady state, 5-10 to 5-11
metallic diaphragm, 10-55 one-dimensional, 5-10 to 5-11
nonlubricated cylinders, 10-53 phase change, 5-11
open inlet-valve unloaders, 10-53 two-dimensional, 5-11
piston-rod packing, 10-55 conductivity, thermal, 5-9
three-step control, 10-53 coniine, 2-33
valve losses, 10-52 consolidation:
impeller fabrication, 10-49 contact mechanics, 20-64
techniques, 10-49 controlling, 20-68
operating range: deformability, 20-64
choke, 10-48 granule, 20-64
stonewall, 10-48 high-agitation intensity growth, 20-66
surge, 10-47 low-agitation intensity growth, 20-65
positive displacement, 10-50 tensile strength, 20-64
reciprocating: constant-composition systems, 4-5
clearance unloaders, 10-53 constants:
closed suction unloaders, 10-53 gas law, 1-18
control devices, 10-52 physical, 1-22
five-step control, 10-53 constrained derivatives, 3-66
rotary, 10-50 continuity method (homotopy), 3-51
characteristic curve, 10-50 continuous compound interest, 9-10 to 9-12
figures, 10-51 factors, 9-11
liquid-piston type, 10-51 continuous stirred tank reactor, 23-17 to 23-19, 23-23
screw-type, 10-50 continuous surfaces, 6-40 to 6-41
sliding-vane type, 10-51 continuous tunnels, 12-47 to 12-51
straight-lobe type, 10-50 contraction strains, 10-103
selection of, 10-45 contribution charts, 9-7
speed of rotation of, 10-45 contribution efficiency, 9-37
computational fluid dynamics, 6-47 to 6-48 control:
computer process control, 8-4 feedback, 8-4, 8-17
condensation, 5-70 to 5-72 feed forward, 8-4, 8-16 to 8-18
coefficients, 5-20 to 5-22 multivariable control problems, 8-22
Dukler theory, 5-20 to 5-21 strategies for solution, 8-22 to 8-23
vapor shear control, 5-21 on/off, 8-12
mechanisms, 5-20 proportional, 8-12
condenser: proportional-plus-integral (PI), 8-12
barometric, 11-117 proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative (PID),
definition of, 11-35 8-12
I.14 INDEX
controller, 8-61 to 8-63 conversion factors, 1-4 to 1-14

distributed control systems, 8-61 common, 1-15 to 1-18
electronic controllers, 8-61 common to S.I., 1-4 to 1-12
fieldbus controller, 8-60, 8-62 examples of, 1-23
multiloop controllers, 8-61 metric, 1-13 to 1-14
pairing, 8-24 U.S. customary to S.I., 1-4 to 1-12
performance criteria, 8-13 water volume, 22-48
personal computer controllers, 8-62 conveyors:
pneumatic controller, 8-62 to 8-63 auxiliary equipment:
programmable logic controllers, 8-60, 8-61 to brake, 21-5
8-62 cleaners, 21-5
reliability and application, 8-62 torque-limiting devices, 21-5
single-loop controls, 8-59 to 8-60, 8-62 belt conveyors:
tunning, 8-13 to 8-14 belt selection, 21-8
method, 8-15 belt width and speed, 21-9
control valves, 8-64 to 8-79 design, 21-8
ball valves, 8-65 idlers and return rolls, 21-9
booster relays, 8-71 loading and discharge points, 21-10
butterfly valves, 8-64 to 8-65 operating conditions, 21-9
contour-plug globe valves, 8-64 power, 21-9
digital field communications, 8-72 to 8-73 pulleys, 21-8
fire, explosion protection, 8-72 tonnage requirement, 21-8
flow characteristics, 8-76 to 8-77 bucket elevators:
globe and angle valve, 8-64 continuous-bucket, 21-13
liquid pressure recovery, 8-74 horsepower, 21-14
manual, 8-67 skip hoists, 21-14
materials and pressure ratings, 8-73 spaced-bucket centrifugal-discharge, 21-10
plug valves, 8-65, 8-66 spaced-bucket positive-discharge, 21-10
positioners, 8-69 to 8-71 supercapacity continuous-bucket, 21-14
air spring rate, 8-71 V-bucket elevator-conveyors, 21-14
applications, 8-71 continuous-flow conveyors:
frequency response curves, 8-70 apron-conveyors, 21-18
pneumatic, 8-69 capacities, 21-19
stiffness, 8-69 to 8-71 closed-belt conveyor, 21-18
seals, bearings, packing system, 8-76 control of:
sizing, 8-73 to 8-74 process-control computers, 21-5
solenoid valves, 8-71 programmable controllers, 21-5
special application valves, 8-65 to 8-66 conveyor drives:
stem-position transmitters, 8-72 adjustable-speed drives, 21-5
trip valves, 8-72 fixed-speed drives, 21-5
valve application technology, 8-73 conveyor motors:
valve-control devices, 8-67 to 8-68 silicon-controlled rectifier, 21-5
vena contracta, 8-73 squirrel-cage motor, 21-5
convection, 5-12 to 5-19 feed selection, 21-4
forced, 5-14 to 5-19 flight-conveyors, 21-18
dimensional equations, 5-17 pneumatic conveyors, 21-19
laminar flow, 5-15 to 5-16 blow tank, 21-21
transition region, 5-16 capacity, 21-20
turbulent flow, 5-16 to 5-17 fluidizing systems, 21-20
heat transfer coefficient, 5-12 to 5-13 optimum system, 21-20
energy equation, 5-12 pressure system, 21-20
film coefficients, 5-13 pressure-vacuum systems, 21-20
individual coefficient, 5-12 vacuum systems, 21-20
overall coefficient, 5-12 screw conveyors:
liquid metals, 5-19 discharge arrangements, 21-7
natural, 5-13 feed arrangements, 21-7
dimensional equations, simplified, 5-13 gates, 21-8
enclosed spaces, 5-13 hanger bearings, 21-7
Nusselt equation, 5-13 hollow screws and pipes, 21-7
radiation, simultaneous loss, 5-13 jacketed casings, 21-7
nonnewtonian fluids, 5-19 power calculations, 21-7
convergent nozzles, 6-25 short-pitch screws, 21-7
INDEX I.15
continuous-flow conveyors (Cont.): corrosion (Cont.):

selection, 21-4 high-temperature attack, 28-8 to 28-9
vibrating or oscillating conveyors: hydrogen attack, 28-5 to 28-6
classification, 21-14 impingement, 28-5
electrical vibrating, 21-14 intergranular, 28-4
mechanical vibrating, 21-14 liquid-metal, 28-5
pneumatic and hydraulic vibrating, 21-14 oxygen-concentration cell, 28-4
processing operations, 21-16 parting (dealloying), 28-6
cooler exchanger, pitting, 28-3
definition of, 11-35 stress-corrosion cracking, 28-4 to 28-5
cooling: testing methods. See corrosion-testing methods
equipment for, 11-47 to 11-118 corrosion-testing methods, 28-10 to 28-28
evaporative, 11-29, 11-50 AC impedance, 28-23
mixers, 18-34 to 18-35. See also heat exchanger crevice corrosion prediction, 28-21
of tanks, 11-20 electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS),
of vessels, 11-18, 11-19 28-23
cooling ponds, 12-23 to 12-25 electrical-resistance method, 28-14 to 28-16
cooling towers: pourbaix diagrams, 28-14 to 28-15
energy management, 12-20 tafel extrapolation, 28-15 to 28-16
fan horsepower, 12-17 environmental cracking, 28-21 to 28-23
fogging, 12-18 fracture mechanics methods, 28-23
operation, 12-17 to 12-20 modulus measurements, 28-22 to 28-23
plume abatement, 12-18 polarization, 28-23
pumping horsepower, 12-18 separated anode/cathode, 28-23
water makeup, 12-17 slow strain-rate test, 28-22
copper, 2-13, 2-58, 2-163, 2-189 stress corrosion cracking, 28-21 to 28-23
copper and alloys as construction material, 28-36 to laboratory tests, 28-11 to 28-14
28-37 aeration of solution, 28-12
properties of, 28-17 apparatus, 28-12
Coriolis acceleration, 18-107 cleaning specimens, 28-13
corrosion, 28-3 to 28-64 duration of test, 28-13
biological, 28-6 to 28-7 evaluating results, 28-13 to 28-14
microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), galvanic corrosion in, 28-14
28-6 to 28-7, 28-24 immersion test, 28-11
cavitation, 28-5 impurities, 28-14
combating: planned-interval test, 28-13
altering the environment, 28-9 solution velocity, 28-12
anodic protection, 28-10 supporting specimens, 28-13
cathodic protection, 28-10 temperature of solution, 28-12
cladding, 28-10 temperature of specimen, 28-14
coatings, 28-10 test piece, 28-11
inhibitors, 28-3, 28-9 test solution, composition of, 28-12
insulation, 28-4 volume of solution, 28-12 to 28-13
linings, 28-10 linear-polarization method, 28-16
material selection, 28-9 plant tests, 28-24 to 28-28
organic coatings, 28-10 corrosion rate measurements, 28-26 to
proper design, 28-9 28-27
corrosion fatigue, 28-5 monitoring probes, 28-25 to 28-28
crevice, 28-3 on-line corrosion monitoring, 28-25
dezincification, 28-6 test results, 28-25
erosion, 28-5 test specimens, 28-24 to 28-25
factors influencing: potentiodynamic-polarization method, 28-16 to
films, 28-8 28-20
fluid velocity, 28-8 corrosion behavior diagrams, 28-17 to 28-20
oxidizing agents, 28-7 to 28-8 logic sequence diagrams, 28-18 to 28-20
solution pH, 28-7 scan rates, 28-16 to 28-18
stream concentration, 28-8 velocity, 28-21
temperature, 28-8 cosolvents, 22-16
fretting, 28-5 cost, 9-13
galvanic, 28-4 annual, 9-13
area effects, 28-4 capitalized, 9-13
graphitic, 28-6 example of, 9-13
I.16 INDEX
cost estimation: crystallization (Cont.):

fixed-capital, 9-63 to 9-79 fractional, 18-37
manufacturing, 9-54 to 9-63 general, 22-3 to 22-4
coumaric acid, 2-34 heat effect, 18-36
coumarin, 2-34, 2-64 from the melt, 22-3 to 22-13
coumarone, 2-34 phase diagrams, 18-35, 18-36
coupling: population balance, 18-42
acoustic, 11-35 principle of, 18-35 to 18-36
fluid-elastic, 11-35 product purity, 18-38
Courant number, 3-63 progressive freezing, 22-4 to 22-5
Cramer’s rule, 3-15 recompression evaporation, 18-50
creatine, 2-34 solubility, 18-35, 18-36
creatinine, 2-34 from solution, 18-35 to 18-54
creosol, 2-34, 2-51, 2-64 yield of, 18-36
cresyl benzoate, 2-34 zone melting, 22-5 to 22-6
critical constants, 2-136 to 2-139 crystallizers:
critical deformation strain, 20-64 Armstrong, 18-49
critical pressure ratio, 10-14 costs of, 18-54
critical speed, 20-32 direct-contact-refrigeration, 18-47
crotonic acid, 2-34 draft-tube-baffle evaporator-crystallizer, 18-46
crotonic aldehyde, 2-34 draft-tube crystallizer, 18-46
crushers: evaporative, 18-49
classification of, 20-23 forced-circulation evaporator-crystallizer, 18-45
comparison of, 20-23 mixed-suspension, classified-product-removal,
control of, 20-27 18-48
gyratory, 20-24 mixed-suspension, mixed-product-removal,
core, 20-25 18-44
primary, 20-25 operation of, 18-51
secondary, 20-25 Oslo, 18-48
hammer, 20-28 surface-cooled, 18-49
jaw, 20-23 reaction-type, 18-47
Blake, 20-23 scraped-surface, 18-49
overhead eccentric, 20-23 double-pipe, 18-49
pan, 20-30 specification of, 18-50
product sizes, 20-26 surface-cooled, 18-47
roll, 20-27 crystals:
corrugated, 20-27 definition of, 18-35
smooth, 20-27 formation, 18-37
toothed, 20-27 growth, 18-37, 18-39, 18-40
selection of, 20-23 nucleation, 18-37, 18-39, 18-40
See also grinding equipment geometry of, 18-38
crushing equipment. See grinding equipment habit, 18-38
cryogenic process: morphology, 18-38
cryogenic fluids in, 11-96 to 11-98 cubic B-splines, 3-60
instrumentation, 11-106 cubic equations, 3-14
insulation, 11-104 of state, 4-20
foam, 11-105 culture of cells. See biochemical engineering
multilayer, 11-104 cutter:
powder, 11-105 giant dicing, 20-30
vacuum, 11-104 cumene, 2-34
Joule-Thomson values, 11-102 cumic acid, 2-34
refrigeration, 11-98 to 11-110 cumidine, 2-34
safety in, 11-107 cupric acetate, 2-13
crystallization: cupric aceto-arsenite, 2-13
batch, 18-49 cupric ammonium chloride, 2-13
bulk liquid, 22-6 to 22-11 cupric ammonium sulfate, 2-13
center-fed column, 22-6 to 22-9 cupric carbonate, 2-13
end-fed column, 22-6 to 22-7, 22-9 cupric chloride, 2-13
coefficient of variation, 18-38 cupric chromate, 2-13
equipment for. See crystallizers cupric cyanide, 2-13
falling-film, 22-10 to 22-13 cupric dichromate, 2-13
INDEX I.17
cupric ferricyanide, 2-13 decane, 2-34, 2-50

cupric ferrocyanide, 2-13 decantation:
cupric formate, 2-13 equipment for, 18-71
cupric hydroxide, 2-13 flow-sheet design, 18-71
cupric lactate, 2-13 interstage mixing efficiencies, 18-72
cupric nitrate, 2-13 overflow pumping, 18-72
cupric oxychloride, 2-14 underflow pumping, 18-72
cupric oxide, 2-14 decene, 2-50
cupric phosphide, 2-14 decision trees, 9-29 to 9-30
cupric sulfate, 2-14 decoupler, 8-23 to 8-24
cupric sulfide, 2-14 decyl alcohol, 2-34
cupric tartate, 2-14 deformation, 6-4
cupronickels as construction material, 28-37 degrees API, 1-20
properties of, 28-44 degrees baumé, 1-20
cuprous ammonium iodide, 2-14 degrees twaddell, 1-20
cuprous carbonate, 2-14 deionization, 16-53
cuprous chloride, 2-14, 2-58, 2-100, 2-122 delta L law, 18-40
cuprous cyanide, 2-14 dense-media separation, 19-36 to 19-40
cuprous ferricyanide, 2-14 additives in, 19-38
cuprous ferrocyanide, 2-14 costs of, 19-39
cuprous fluoride, 2-14 equipment for, 19-38 to 19-39
cuprous hydroxide, 2-14 cone separator, 19-38
cuprous oxide, 2-14 cyclone separator, 19-38
cuprous phosphide, 2-14 drum separator, 19-38
cuprous sulfide, 2-14 dyna whirlpool, 19-39
cyanamide, 2-34 feed in, 19-36
cyanic acid, 2-34 preparation, 19-36
cyanoacetic acid, 2-34 process control, 19-39
cyanogen, 2-14, 2-34, 2-54, 2-58, 2-64 densities:
cyanogen bromide, 2-34, 2-64 of aqueous inorganic solutions, 2-99 to 2-109
cyanogen chloride, 2-34, 2-64 of aqueous organic solutions, 2-109 to 2-118
cyanuric acid, 2-34 of miscellaneous materials, 2-119 to 2-120
cyclobutane, 2-34, 2-64 of pure substances, 2-91 to 2-98
cycloheptane, 2-34 density and specific gravity measurement, 8-50
cyclohexane, 2-34, 2-51, 2-64 depreciation, 9-7 to 9-8
cyclohexanol, 2-34, 2-51 annual amount of, 9-8
cyclohexanone, 2-34, 2-52, 2-64 example of methods, 9-16
cyclohexene, 2-34, 2-51 DePriester charts, 13-10
cyclohexyl acetate, 2-34 diagram, 13-17 to 13-18
cyclohexyl amine, 2-34 DePriester correlation, 4-28
cyclohexyl bromide, 2-34 derivatives, 3-23 to 3-25
cyclohexyl chloride, 2-34 partial, 3-25 to 3-26
cyclopentadiene, 2-34 Descartes’ rule, 3-50
cyclopentane, 2-34, 2-51, 2-64 desiccant cooling, 16-53, 16-55. See also adsorp-
cyclopentanone, 2-34 tion, cycles
cyclopropane, 2-34, 2-64 design, 14-5 to 14-12
cyclone vapor-liquid separator, 26-31 to 26-33 design variables, 13-22 to 13-25
sizing and design, 26-36 for complex processes, 13-24 to 13-25
cymene, 2-34, 2-64 gas-adsorption systems, 14-5 to 14-8
cystine, 2-34 packed-tower, 14-8 to 14-11
plate-tower, 14-11 to 14-12
Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems
(DIERS), 26-29
danabase, 2-34 determinants, 3-15
Darcy’s law, 6-39 detonability:
database, 8-58 to 8-59 limits, 11-107
distributed database, 8-58 to 8-59 dew point, 12-3, 13-25
subsystem, 8-59 dextrin, 2-34
data reduction, 4-26 diacetone alcohol, 2-34
Dean effect, 6-18 diamagnetic, 19-40
decahydronaphthalene, 2-34 diaminobenzophenone, 2-34
I.18 INDEX
diaminodiphenylamine, 2-34 diethyl malonate, 2-35

diaminodiphenylmethane, 2-34 diethylmalonic acid, 2-35
diaminodiphenylurea, 2-34 diethyl oxalate, 2-35, 2-66
diamylamine, 2-34 diethyl phthalate, 2-35
diamyl ether, 2-34, 2-65 diethyl sulfate, 2-35, 2-66
diamyl ketone, 2-34 diethyl sulfide, 2-35, 2-53, 2-66
diamyl phthalate, 2-34 diethyl tartrate, 2-36, 2-66
diamyl tartrate, 2-34 diethyl toluidine, 2-36
dianisidine, 2-34 diethynaphthylamine, 2-35
diatomite, 20-55 difference equations, 3-41 to 3-42
diazoaminobenzene, 2-34 homogeneous, 3-41
diazoaminotoluene, 2-34 nonhomogeneous, 3-41
diazomethane, 2-34 Riccati Difference Equation, 3-42
dibensoyl methane, 2-35 differential equations, 3-35 to 3-40
dibensylamine, 2-35, 2-65 ordinary, 3-35 to 3-37
dibensylaniline, 2-35 partial, 3-38 to 3-40
dibensyl ketone, 2-35 special, 3-37 to 3-38
dibensyl phthalate, 2-35 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 26-50
dibensyl succinate, 2-35 differential thermal analysis (DTA), 26-50
dibenzothiazyl-disulfide, 2-35 diffusion:
dibromobenzene, 2-35, 2-65, 2-175 particle, 16-19 to 16-20, 16-23, 16-26 to
dibromodiphenyl, 2-35 16-29
dibutyladipate, 2-35 pore, 16-19 to 16-20, 16-23
dibutylamine, 2-35, 2-65 diffusion battery, definition of, 18-55
dibutylaniline, 2-35 diffusivity:
dibutyl carbonate, 2-35 in adsorption, 16-24 to 16-29
dibutyl ether, 2-35 estimation:
dibutyl ketone, 2-35 gases, 5-48 to 5-50
dibutyl malate, 2-35 liquids, 5-50 to 5-54
dibutyl oxalate, 2-35 liquids, free-volume theory, 5-50
dibutyl-p-aminophenol, 2-35 liquids, Stokes-Einstein, 5-50, 5-52
dibutyl phthalate, 2-35, 2-65 fluids in porous solids, 5-54, 5-55
dibutyl tartrate, 2-35 in ion exchange, 16-20
dichloramine, 2-35 interdiffusion coefficient, 5-46
dichloroacetic acid, 2-35, 2-65 mass, 5-46
dichloroacetone, 2-35 mutual, 5-46
dichloroaniline, 2-34 self, 5-46
dichloroanthraquinone, 2-35 gas, high-pressure, 5-49
dichlorobenzene, 2-35, 2-65, 2-175 tracer, 5-46
dichlorobutane, 2-35, 2-65 difluorodichloromethane, 2-36
dichlorodiphenyl, 2-35 digital technology:
dichloroethane, 2-35 distributed control system, 8-57 to 8-58
dichloronaphthalene, 2-35 hierarchy of information systems, 8-56 to 8-57
dichloronitrobenzene, 2-35 corporate information systems, 8-57
dichloropentane, 2-35 production controls, 8-57
dichlorophenol, 2-35, 2-65 regulatory controls, 8-57
dichloropropane, 2-53 supervisory controls, 8-57
dicyandiamide, 2-35 diglycerol, 2-36
dielectric constant measurement, 8-50 DiHus-Boelter equation, 5-16
dielectrophoresis, 22-23 to 22-28 dihydroxydinaphthyl, 2-36
diethanolamine, 2-35 dihydroxydiphenyl, 2-36
diethyladipate, 2-35 dihydroxyethyl formal, 2-36
diethylamine, 2-35, 2-52, 2-66 dihydroxynaphthalene, 2-36
diethyl amino phenol, 2-35 dimensional analysis, 3-89 to 3-90
diethylaniline, 2-35, 2-66 dimensionless group, 6-48 to 6-50
diethylaniline sulfonic acid, 2-35 dimethoxybenzene, 2-36
diethyl carbonate, 2-35 dimethoxydiphenylamine, 2-36
diethyl diethyl malonate, 2-35 dimethoxyethyl adipate, 2-36
diethyl dimethyl malonate, 2-35 dimethyl adipate, 2-36
diethyleneglycol dinitrate, 2-36 dimethylamine, 2-36, 2-52, 2-66
diethyl glutarate, 2-35 dimethylaminoasobenzene, 2-36
diethyl ketone, 2-35 dimethylaminoethanol, 2-36
INDEX I.19
dimethylaminophenol, 2-36 disintegrator, 20-42

dimethylaniline, 2-36, 2-53, 2-66 angle, 20-42
dimethylaniline sulfonic acid, 2-36 in-line, 20-42
dimethyl carbonate, 2-36 Rietz, 20-42
dimethyl ether, 2-36, 2-52, 2-67 vertical, 20-42
dimethylformamide, 2-36 dispersion from stacks, 25-32 to 25-35
dimethyl fumarate, 2-36 dispersion model, 23-17, 23-23
dimethyl glutarate, 2-36 displacement:
dimethyl glyoxime, 2-36 measurement, 8-50
dimethylnaphthalene, 2-36 terminology of, 10-21
dimethylnaphthylamine, 2-36 disruption, cell, 20-56
dimethyl oxalate, 2-36 distillation, 13-1 to 13-108
dimethyl phthalate, 2-36, 2-67 azeotropic, 13-68 to 13-75, 13-78
dimethyl sulfate, 2-36 design and operation, 13-75
dimethyl sulfide, 2-36, 2-53, 2-67 examples of, 13-69
dimethyl tartrate, 2-36, 2-67 pressure sensitivity, 13-72
dimethylvinyl-ethenyl carbinol, 2-36 batch, 13-96 to 13-103
dinaphthyl, 2-36 control, 13-96 to 13-97
dinaphthylmethane, 2-36 operating methods, 13-98 to 13-100
dinitroanisole, 2-36 boiling-point method, 13-45 to 13-47
dinitrobenzene, 2-36 complex operations, 13-4 to 13-5
dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, 2-36 continuous, 13-4 to 13-9
dinitrobenzoic acid, 2-36 definition of, 13-4
dinitrobenzophenone, 2-36 dynamic, 13-104 to 13-108
dinitrodiphenyl, 2-36 enhanced, 13-54 to 13-85
dinitronaphthalene, 2-36 distillation region diagrams (DRDs), 13-58 to
dinitrophenol, 2-36 13-64
dinitrosalicylic acid, 2-36 residue curve map (RCM), 13-56 to 13-58
dinitrostilbene, 2-36 extractive, 13-8 to 13-9, 13-75 to 13-81
dinitrotoluene, 2-36 examples of, 13-77
dioxane, 2-36 salt effects, 13-81
dipentene, 2-36 solvent effects, 13-76 to 13-77
diphenyl, 2-37, 2-51, 2-62, 2-176, 2-233 solvent selection, 13-79 to 13-81
diphenylamine, 2-37 solvent-to-feed (S/F) ratio, 13-78
diphenyl carbonate, 2-37 Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG) method,
diphenylchloroarsine, 2-37 13-35 to 13-37
diphenylene oxide, 2-37 flash calculations, 13-25 to 13-26
diphenylethane, 2-37 graphical methods, 13-26 to 13-34
diphenyl ether, 2-37, 2-51 McCabe-Thiele method, 13-27 to 13-34
diphenyl guanidine, 2-37 homotopy-continuation methods, 13-51 to
diphenylmethane, 2-37 13-52
diphenyl phenylenediamine, 2-37 inside-out method, 13-49 to 13-51
diphenyl succinate, 2-37 Kremser group method, 13-37 to 13-39
diphenyl sulfide, 2-37 Naphtali-Sandholm simultaneous-correction
diphenyl sulfone, 2-37 method, 13-48 to 13-49
diphenyl urea, 2-37 packed columns, 13-108
dipropyl adipate, 2-37 petroleum and complex-mixture, 13-85 to 13-95
dipropyl amine, 2-37, 2-52 applications, 13-89
dipropyl aniline, 2-37 design procedures, 13-89 to 13-93
dipropyl carbonate, 2-37 pressure-swing, 13-72
dipropyl ether, 2-37 rate-based models, 13-52 to 13-54
dipropyl ketone, 2-37 reactive, 13-81 to 13-85
dipropyl oxalate, 2-37 applications, table, 13-82
direct manufacturing costs, 9-57 catalyst systems, 13-83
direct mass measurement, 8-50 conditions for azeotropy, 13-82
direct numerical simulation, 6-46 to 6-47 secondary reflux and vaporization (SRV), 13-5
disalicylalethylene diamine, 2-37 sum-rates (SR) method, 13-47 to 13-48
discharge coefficient: Thiele-Geddes (TG) method, 13-40 to 13-42
for orifices, 10-16 tridiagonal-matrix algorithm, 13-44 to 13-45
for venturi meter, 10-14 distribution curves, 9-24 to 9-26
discharge head, 10-22 examples of, 9-24 to 9-26
discounted breakeven point (DBEP), 9-14 mathematical models for, 9-24 to 9-26
I.20 INDEX
ditolyl guanidine, 2-37 drying (Cont.):

divergent nozzle, 6-75 periods of, 12-31 to 12-33
divided solid, heat-transfer equipment for, 11-62 to constant-rate period, 12-31 to 12-32
11-67 falling-rate period, 12-32 to 12-33
agitated-dun type, 11-63 rate, 11-30
conveyor-belt devices, 11-64 time, estimations for total, 12-34
cylindrical fluidizer, 11-62 Duhem’s theorem, 4-25
deep-finned type, 11-64 Dukler theory, 5-20 to 5-22
double-cone bending devices, 11-65 dulcitol, 2-37
elevator devices, 11-67 Durand factor, 6-31
flighted type, 11-63 durene, 2-37
jacketed solid flight, 11-64 dust collection, 17-22
kneading devices, 11-63 air filter, 17-48
large-spiral, hollow-flight, 11-64 classification, 17-51
moving-bed type, 11-63 high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA), 17-50
plain type, 11-63 to 17-51
pneumatic conveying devices, 11-67 theory, 17-48 to 17-50
rotating-shell devices, 11-63 types, 17-50
shelf devices, 11-63 centrifugal separators, 17-32
small-spiral, large-shaft, 11-64 equipment, 17-26 to 17-60
spiral-conveyor devices, 11-64 cyclone design factors, 17-29 to 17-31
tubed-shell type, 11-63 cyclone efficiency, 17-27 to 17-28
vacuum-shelf type, 11-67 cyclone separators, 17-27
vibratory-conveyor devices, 11-65 flow pattern, 17-27
divinyl acetylene, 2-37 gravity settling chambers, 17-26 to 17-27
docosane, 2-37 impingement separators, 17-27
dodecane, 2-37, 2-50 pressure drop, 17-28 to 17-29
double-pipe heat exchangers. See hairpin exchanger fabric filters, 17-42 to 17-45
drag: efficiency, 17-46 to 17-47
coefficient, 6-50 to 6-51 fabrics, 17-45 to 17-46
force, 6-50 types of, 17-43 to 17-45
reduction, 6-14, 6-30 granular-bed filters, 17-47
drift flux theory, 6-28, 6-31 cleanable, 17-47 to 17-48
dryers: fixed, 17-47
agitated, 12-64 to 12-71 mechanism, 17-24 to 17-25
flash, 12-91 scrubbers:
classification of, 12-36 to 12-38 condensation scrubbing, 17-35
conical mixer, 12-69 to 12-71 cyclone, 17-37, 17-39
continuous through-circulation, 12-47 to 12-49 dry scrubbing, 17-39 to 17-41
control of, 8-36 to 8-37 ejector-venturi, 17-37 to 17-38
conveyor, 8-37 fiber-bed, 17-38 to 17-39
direct-heat rotary, 12-53 to 12-56 impingement-plate, 17-38
direct-heat vibrating-conveyor, 12-76 to 12-77 mechanical, 17-38
dispersion, 12-77 to 12-90 mobile bed, 17-36 to 17-37, 17-39
equipment, selection of 12-38 packed-bed, 17-36
exhaust temperature, 8-37 performance, 17-33, 17-34 to 17-35
gravity, 12-71 to 12-76 performance model, 17-33
indirect-heat rotary steam-tube, 12-60 to 12-62 self-induced spray scrubbers, 17-36 to 17-37
plate, 12-68 to 12-69 spray, 17-37
pneumatic-conveyor, 12-77 to 12-80 types, 17-33
rotary, 8-37, 12-52 to 12-64 venturi, 17-36
for sheeted solids, 11-62 dust collectors, 17-25 to 17-26
spray, 8-37, 12-77, 12-81 to 12-90 design, 17-26
turbo-tray, 12-65 to 12-68 performance, 17-25
vacuum rotary, 12-65 dynamic distallation, 13-104 to 13-108. See also
vacuum-shelf, 12-44 to 12-45 distillation
variables, 8-37
drying:
application of psychrometry to, 12-27 to 12-29
batch, 8-37 economic comparisons, 9-16 to 9-19
general conditions for, 12-29 to 12-31 capitalized cost-based, 9-18 to 9-19
INDEX I.21
economic comparisons (Cont.): electrostatic separation (Cont.):

incremental, 9-18 operating conditions, 19-55
time-based, 9-17 to 9-18 principles of, 19-50
economic pipe diameter, 6-14 electrostatic separators: 19-51 to 19-53
eddy-current technique, 10-149 capacity, 19-53
eddy simulations, 6-46 to 6-47 conductive roll, 19-52
eddy spectrum, 6-46 plate, 19-52
effectiveness of reactions, 23-30 power supplies, 19-53
efficiency: screen-plate, 19-52
adiabatic, 10-141 triboelectric, 19-51
of alternating-current motors, 29-7 to 29-8 elliptic equations, 3-62
of cyclones, 17-27 to 17-28 elution, 16-38 to 16-45
of fabric filters, 17-46 to 17-47 curves, 16-40 to 16-44. See also breakthrough
of fans, 10-45 curves
fluidization, 11-28 gradient, 16-38 to 16-39, 16-44 to 16-45
grade, 18-116 isocratic, 16-38, 16-42 to 16-43, 16-45
grinding, 20-14 emissions:
mill, 20-34 estimating, 25-23 to 25-24
polytropic, 10-41 nitrogen oxide, 27-33
practical energy, 20-14 particulate, 27-33
of precipitators, 17-53 sulfur, 27-33
of pump, 10-23 emissions measurement, 25-47 to 25-57
pushing, 18-121 carbon monoxide, 25-51 to 25-52
reactor, 23-15 fluorides, 25-52 to 25-53
of screens, 19-25 hydrogen chloride, 25-55 to 25-56
eicosane, 2-50 metals testing, multiple, 25-56
ejectors, 6-8, 10-35, 10-56 to 10-57 moisture content, 25-49
aftercondenser, 10-56 molecular weight, 25-48 to 25-49
booster, 10-56 nitrogen oxides, 25-50 to 25-51
constant area mixing, 10-56 organic concentration, total gaseous, 25-53 to
performance of, 10-56 25-55
steam-jet, figure, 10-56 organic sampling:
uses of, 10-57 semivolatile, 25-57
See also steam-jet volatile, 25-56 to 25-57
Ekman layers, 18-107 particulates, 25-49 to 25-50
elaidic acid, 2-37, 2-67 sulfur dioxide, 25-50
elastomers as a construction material. See rubber velocity and volumetric flow rate, 25-47 to 25-48
elbow meters, 10-17 emissivity, 5-25 to 5-27, 11-31
electrical solid/liquid separations theory, 22-20 to combustion products, 5-32 to 5-36
22-21 flames, 5-35 to 5-36
dielectrophoresis, 22-23 to 22-28 gas emissivity/adsorptivity, 5-34 to 5-35
electrofiltration, 22-22 to 22-23 mean beam lengths, 5-32 to 5-33
cross-flow, 22-22 to 22-23 particle clouds, 5-36
electrophoresis, 22-21 to 22-22 definition, 5-25
electroanalytical instruments: gas emissivity, 3-38
conductometric analysis, 8-51 normal total, various surfaces, 5-28 to 5-29
pH measurement, 8-51 emittance, 5-25 to 5-27
specific-ion electrodes, 8-51 emulsions, 18-18
electrodialysis, 22-42 to 22-48 energy, electrochemical, 27-55
electrofiltration, 22-22 to 22-23 energy dissipation rate, 6-45
cross-flow, 22-22 to 22-23 engines, internal combustion, 29-14 to 29-17
electromagnetic force, terminology of, 10-22 brake-specific fuel consumption, 29-16
electrophoresis, 22-21 to 22-22 design characteristics, 29-14 to 29-15
electrostatic forces, 20-60 emission control, 29-16
electrostatic separation, 19-50 to 19-55 fuel characteristics, 29-15 to 29-16
applications of, 19-53 heat recovery, 29-16
charging mechanisms, 19-50 intermittent, 29-15
conductive induction, 19-51 installation and costs, 29-16 to 29-17
contact electrification, 19-50 maintenance and reliability, 29-15
equipment for, 19-51 to 19-53 operating characteristics, 29-15
ion bombardment, 19-51 rating, 29-15
I.22 INDEX
engines, internal combustion (Cont.): equivalent maximum investment period (EMIP),

size, 29-15 9-15
starting, 29-15 equivalent residence time, 23-14
supercharging, 29-15 Erlang distribution, 23-19
entertainment, 14-26 to 14-29, 14-66 to 14-67 erythritol, 2-37
enthalpy, 4-5 erythritol tetranitrate, 2-37
entrainer, 13-68, 13-70 to 13-72 estimation:
entrepreneurial return, 9-34 fixed capital, 9-63 to 9-79
entropy, 4-3 manufacturing cost, 9-54 to 9-63
change, 4-15 ethane, 2-37, 2-50, 2-68, 2-126, 2-134, 2-233 to
change of surroundings, 4-34 2-235, 23-13
function of T and P, 4-5 cracking, 23-13
entropy-generation analysis, 4-35 ethanolamine, 2-37
environmental regulations in the U.S., multimedia ethanol formamide, 2-37
approach to, 25-4 to 25-5 ether, 2-37
enzymes, 24-5, 24-21 to 24-22 ethyl abietate, 2-37
eosine, 2-37 ethyl acetate, 2-37, 2-52, 2-68
ephedrine, 2-37 ethyl acetoacetate, 2-37, 2-68
epichlorhydrin, 2-37, 2-68 ethylal, 2-38
epidichlorohydrin, 2-37 ethyl alcohol, 2-37, 2-51, 2-112 to 2-114, 2-141,
equation-of-state approach, 4-28 2-176, 2-184, 2-235
equations: ethylamine, 2-37, 2-52, 2-68
Bernoulli, 6-7, 6-29 ethylamine hydrochloride, 2-37
Cauchy Momentum, 6-8 ethyl aniline, 2-37, 2-68
continuity, 6-6 to 6-7, 6-45 ethyl aniline sulfonic acid, 2-37
Durand, 6-31 ethyl anisate, 2-37
Navier-Strokes, 6-8, 6-45 ethyl anthranilate, 2-37
equilibria: ethyl benzene, 2-37, 2-68
activity coefficients, 15-8 dehydrogenation, 23-14
adsorption and ion exchange, 16-11 to 16-16, ethyl benzoate, 2-37, 2-52, 2-68
16-30 to 16-38 ethylbenzyl aniline, 2-37
Donnan uptake, 16-14 ethyl bromide, 2-37
equilibrium constants for ion exchangers, ethyl butyrate, 2-37, 2-52
16-14 ethyl caprate, 2-37
fixed beds, 16-30 to 16-38 ethyl caproate, 2-37
mass action law, 16-13 to 16-14, 16-16 ethyl caprylate, 2-37
separation factor, 16-14 to 16-16 ethyl chloride, 2-37, 2-68
critical solution temperature, 15-6 ethyl chloroacetate, 2-37, 2-68
experimental data, 15-9 to 15-16 ethyl chlorocarbonate, 2-37
hydrogen bonding interactions, 15-8 to 15-9 ethyl cinnamate, 2-37, 2-68
liquid/liquid, 4-30 to 4-31, 15-6 to 15-16 ethyl cyanoacetate, 2-37
partition ratios, 15-6, 15-8 to 15-16 ethylene, 2-38, 2-50
phase diagrams, 15-6 ethylene bromide, 2-38
relative separation, 15-6 ethylene bromohydrin, 2-38
selectivity, 15-6 ethylene chlorobromide, 2-38
vapor/liquid/liquid, 4-30 to 4-31 ethylene chlorohydrin, 2-38
equilibria, phase and supercritical fluids, 22-15 to ethylene diamine, 2-38
22-19 ethylene oxide, 2-38, 2-53
cosolvents, 22-16 ethyl formate, 2-37, 2-52
glass transition, 22-16 ethyl furoate, 2-37
liquid-fluid, 22-15 to 22-16 ethyl heptoate, 2-37
models, 22-16 to 22-17 ethyl hypochlorite, 2-37
polymer-fluid, 22-16 ethylidene diacetate, 2-38
solid-fluid, 22-16 ethyl iodide, 2-37, 2-68
surfactants, 22-16 ethyl lactate, 2-37
equilibrium-stage concept, 13-4 ethyl laurate, 2-38
equipment: ethyl mercaptan, 2-38, 2-53, 2-68
batch reactors, 7-27 to 7-28 ethyl methacrylate, 2-38
costs, 9-72 to 9-73, 9-78 ethyl naphthylamine, 2-38
flow reactors, 7-28 ethyl naphthyl ether, 2-38
multiple phase, 7-28 ethyl nitrate, 2-38
equivalent length method, 6-16 ethyl nitrite, 2-38
INDEX I.23
ethyl oleate, 2-38 expansion turbines (Cont.):

ethyl palmitate, 2-38 efficiency of, 29-42
ethyl perlargonate, 2-38 functional description, 29-41 to 29-42
ethyl propionate, 2-38, 2-52 instrumentation, 29-46
ethyl salicylate, 2-38 lubrication, 29-45
ethyl stearate, 2-38 radial inflow design, 29-42 to 29-43
ethyl toluate, 2-38 reversible incremental enthalpy drop, 29-46
ethyl toluene sulfonate, 2-38 rotor resonance, 29-44
ethyl toluidine, 2-38 seals, 29-43
ethyl urea, 2-38 rotor, 29-43
ethyl valerate, 2-38 shaft, 29-43
eugenol, 2-38 size, 29-46
Euler equation, 10-11 special characteristics, 29-42
Euler’s method, 3-37, 20-18 variable nozzles, 29-43 to 29-44
evaporative cooling, 12-14 to 12-24 work, 29-42
examples, 12-15 to 12-17, 12-21, 12-23 expense:
evaporators: annual manufacturing, 9-6
accessories for, 11-117 total annual, 9-6
agitated thin-film, 11-111 expert systems, 8-31
applications of, 11-108 to 11-110 exponential series, 3-32
arrangement of, 11-113 to 11-114 expression, 18-125 to 18-130
batch, 11-13 definition of, 18-126
calculations of, 11-115 to 11-117 equipment for:
cascade, 11-111 belt presses, 18-126
continuous, 11-113 disk presses, 18-126
corrosion in, 11-108 roll presses, 18-126
entrainment in, 11-112 screw presses, 18-126
flash, 11-111, 11-115 tube presses, 18-127
foaming in, 11-112 variable-volume filter presses, 18-126
fouling in, 11-108 optimization of, 18-127 to 18-130
heat transfer in, 11-107 theory of, 18-130
horizontal tube, 11-110 extraction:
long-tube vertical, 11-109, 11-110 biochemical separation, 22-74 to 22-75
falling-film, 11-110 dissociation, 15-6
multiple-effect, 11-113 to 11-114 fractional, 15-5 to 15-6
evaporation, 11-107, 11-113 liquid-liquid, 15-4 to 15-47, 18-22
operations of, 11-118 differential contactor, 15-5
propeller calandria, 11-109 dispersions, 15-25 to 15-26
salting in, 11-107 dissociation, 15-6
salt removal, 11-117 emulsions, 15-25 to 15-26
scaling in, 11-107 equipment. See extraction equipment
semibatch, 11-113 extract, definition of, 15-5
short-tube vertical, 11-109 extraction factor, 15-18 to 15-19
splashing in, 11-112 fractionation, 15-5 to 15-6, 15-20 to 15-21
thermal design of, 11-13 to 11-18 heat transfer in, 15-22
thermocompression, 11-113, 11-115 raffinate, definition of, 15-5
types of, 11-108 to 11-110 solutes, definition of, 15-5
vent system, 11-117 solvents, definition of, 15-5
excess-property, 4-10 solvent selection, 15-9
excitation: staged contactor, 15-5
brushless, 29-7 stage efficiency, 15-20, 15-22
direct-current field, 29-7 liquid-liquid, countercurrent, 15-5
expanders, mechanical, 11-101 calculation of theoretical stages, 15-16 to
expansion factor, 10-14 15-19
expansion joints of heat exchangers, 11-38 liquid-liquid, crosscurrent, 15-5
expansion turbines, 29-41 to 29-46 calculation of theoretical stages, 15-16
application of, 29-45 extraction equipment, 15-22 to 15-47
bearings, 29-43 centrifuges, 15-27
radial, 29-43 continuous contact equipment, 15-29
thrust, 29-43 centrifugal extractors, 15-46 to 15-47
buffer-gas system, 29-45 to 29-46 Karr reciprocating plate tower, 15-42
condensing streams, 29-44 to 29-45 Kühni towers, 15-42
I.24 INDEX
extraction equipment, continuous contact equip- ferric sulfate, 2-14

ment (Cont.): ferromagnetism, 19-40
Lightnin mixer towers, 15-38 to 15-40 ferroso-ferric chloride, 2-14
packed towers, 15-32 to 15-34 ferroso-ferric ferricyanide, 2-14
perforated-plate towers, 15-34 to 15-37 ferroso-ferric oxide, 2-14
pilot plants, 15-39 to 15-42 ferrous ammonium sulfate, 2-14
pulsed columns, 15-44 to 15-46 ferrous chloride, 2-14
rotary-disk contactors, 15-37 to 15-38 ferrous chloroplatinate, 2-14
Scheibel extraction towers, 15-40 to 15-42 ferrous ferricyanide, 2-14
slip velocity, 15-38 ferrous formate, 2-14
spray towers, 15-30 to 15-32 ferrous hydroxide, 2-14
Treybal towers, 15-42 ferrous nitrate, 2-14
volumetric efficiency, 15-43 ferrous oxide, 2-14
cyclones, 15-27 ferrous phosphate, 2-15
flooding, 15-29, 15-31 to 15-33 ferrous silicate, 2-15
holdup, 15-31 to 15-33 ferrous sulfate, 2-15
mass transfer in, 15-22 to 15-25 ferrous sulfide, 2-15
continuous-phase coefficients, 15-22 to 15-23 Fick’s first law, 5-42, 5-47
dispersed-phase coefficients, 15-23 film:
mixers, 15-24 to 15-25 thickness, 6-43
equilibrium, 15-24 velocity, 6-43
mixer-settlers, 15-22, 15-28 to 15-29 filter medium:
settlers, 15-25 to 15-27 characteristics of, 18-89
decanters, 15-26 to 15-27 definition of, 18-74
stage efficiency, 15-23 fabrics:
extractive distillation, 13-75 to 13-81. See also dis- metal or screens, 18-88
tillation of woven fibers, 18-88
extractor: filter papers, 18-89
Bollman-type, 18-55 polymer membranes, 18-89
Bonotto, 18-57 pressed felts, 18-89
de Smet belt, 18-56 rigid porous media, 18-89
Hildebrandt total-immersion, 18-57 filters:
Kennedy, 18-56 Aqidisc, 18-99
Lurgi frame belt, 18-56 batch cake, 18-90
Rotocel, 18-56 centrifugal-discharge, 18-96
screw-conveyor, 18-57 external-cake tubular, 18-92
filter press, 18-91
horizontal plate, 18-91
liquid bag filters, 18-92
failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), 26-9 Nutsche filters, 18-90
falling-film crystallization, 22-10 to 22-13 pressure leaf, 18-94
false position method, 3-50 cake, 18-90
fans, 10-45 to 10-46 clarifying, 18-100
axial-flow, 10-45 continuous, 18-96
efficiency, 10-46 cost of, 18-105
performance, 10-46 cycle, 18-75
power requirement, 10-46 diatomaceous silica, 18-90
fatal accident rate (FAR), 26-15 disk, 18-99
F distribution, 3-75 dust collection, 17-47 to 17-51
feedwell, 18-69 air filter, 17-48 to 17-51
fenchyl alcohol, 2-38, 2-69 cleanable granular-bed, 17-47
Fenske’s equation, 13-35 fixed granular-bed, 17-47
Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG) method, granular-bed, 17-47
13-35 to 13-37, 13-100 Dyna Sand, 18-103
Feret’s diameter, 20-8 granular media, 18-102
ferric acetate, 2-14 horizontal vacuum, 18-99
ferric chloride, 2-14 Maxi-Flo, 18-103
ferric dimethyl-dithiocarbamate, 2-38 perlite, 18-90
ferric hydroxide, 2-14 rotary drum, 18-96
ferric lactate, 2-14 colifilter, 18-97
ferric nitrate, 2-14 continuous precoat, 18-99
ferric oxide, 2-14 continuous pressure, 18-98
INDEX I.25
filters, rotary drum (Cont.): fittings and valves, 6-17, 6-27

removable-medium, 18-97 fixed bed operation:
roll-discharge, 18-97 heat transfer in, 11-24
scraper-discharge, 18-96 fixed beds, 16-30 to 16-38
single-compartment drum, 18-97 breakthrough curve for, 16-30 to 16-38
string-discharge, 18-97 equilibrium, 16-30 to 16-38
selection of, 18-104 See also adsorption
sizing, 18-85 fixed-capital-cost estimation, 9-63 to 9-79
thickeners, 18-100 auxiliaries, 9-74 to 9-75
filtrate, 18-74 checklist of items, 9-65
filtration, 18-74 to 18-105 complete plant costs, 9-78
batch, 18-86 to 18-88 computers, use of, 9-75 to 9-76
biochemical separation, 22-72 construction time, 9-76 to 9-77
cake, 18-74, 18-76 cost indices, 9-63
centrifugal, 18-117 to 18-123 electrical, 9-73 to 9-74
filtration rate, 18-122 engineering, 9-79
classification of, 18-74 equipment costs, 9-72 to 9-73, 9-78
constant pressure, 18-86 base, 9-68
constant rate, 18-86 typical exponents for, 9-69
continuous, 18-74 estimates:
data correlation, 18-81 to 18-83 rapid, 9-64 to 9-68
air rate, 18-83 types and accuracy, 9-63 to 9-64
cake moisture, 18-81 factor methods, 9-68 to 9-72
cake washing, 18-82 modular approach, 9-68
correlation, 18-81 to 18-83 multiple, 9-68
effect of time, 18-81 single, 9-68
filtration rate, 18-81 factors for foreign site, 9-79
wash time, 18-83 instrumental, 9-73 to 9-74
definition of, 18-74 labor:
equipment for, 18-90 to 18-100 construction, 9-78
selection of, 18-100 productivity, 9-78
See also filters piping, 9-73
filter sizing, 18-85 project control, 9-77 to 9-78
scale-up factors, 18-84 to 18-85 startup costs, 9-76
test procedure, 18-77 to 18-80 total cost, 9-63
bottom-feed procedure, 18-77 flaking, 20-85
precoat procedure, 18-80 flame arresters, 26-38 to 26-43
top-feed procedure, 18-80 flammability limits, 11-107
theory, 18-74 flash processes, 13-25 to 13-26
variable pressure and rate, 18-87 adiabatic, 13-26
final condenser, definition of, 11-35 isothermal, 13-25
finite difference method, 3-57, 3-58 three phase, 13-26
finned surface: flocculation, 18-63
application of, 11-22 flooding, 6-43
high fins, 11-22 flow:
low fins, 11-23 adiabatic, 6-22 to 6-24, 10-5
pressure drop, 11-23 compressible, 6-22 to 6-25
fins: equalizers, 10-6
high, 11-22 incompressible, 6-5, 6-9
longitudinal, 11-41 isentropic, 10-5
low, 11-23 isothermal, 6-22
transverse, 11-41 laminar, 6-6, 6-10 to 6-17, 6-42
fittings: measurement, 10-6 to 10-20
butt-welding, 10-83, 10-86 molecular, 6-15
cast-iron screwed, 10-86 multiphase, 6-26
elbow, 10-83 nonisothermal, 6-12
flanged, 10-75, 10-83, 10-84 nonnewtonian, 6-13 to 6-14, 6-19, 6-21,
malleable-iron screwed, 10-86 6-27
reducing elbow, 10-87 one-dimensional, 6-5
fire and explosion index (F&EI), 26-9, 26-11 open channel, 6-12
Fischer-Assay, 27-7 pulsations, 10-17
Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis, 27-22 slip, 6-15, 6-29
I.26 INDEX
flow (Cont.): fluid:

turbulent, 6-6, 6-10 to 6-17, 6-34 to 6-36, 6-43 mechanics, 18-6
to 6-45, 6-52 mixing technology, 18-5
vacuum, 6-14 fluid corrosion. See corrosion
visualization, 10-11 fluid distribution, 6-32 to 6-34
flow birefringence, 10-11 fluidization, 11-28
water table, 10-11 efficiency, 11-28
flow-assisting devices: fluidized-bed systems, 17-2 to 17-19
belt or apron feeders, 21-31 adsorption-desorption, 17-18 to 17-19
screw feeders, 21-31 bed height, 17-5
table feeders, 21-32 bubbing or turbulent beds, 17-8 to 17-9
vibrating hoppers, 21-31 circulating beds, 17-9 to 17-10
gyrating type, 21-31 coating, 17-19
whirlpool type, 21-31 design of fluidized bed, 17-3
vibratory feeders, 21-32 fluidization vessel, 17-4 to 17-5
flow coefficient, 10-45 dust separation, 17-12
flow measurements, 8-48 to 8-49 entrainment, 17-5 to 17-6
area meters: fast beds, 17-9 to 17-10
rotameters, 10-18 fluid bed status graph, 17-3
head meters, 10-11 to 10-17 freeboard, 17-5 to 17-6
accuracy, 10-17 gas distributor, 17-6 to 17-8
calibration of gauges, 10-13 gas-solid systems, 17-2 to 17-3
conditions of use, 10-13 fluidization regimes, 17-2
critical flow nozzles, 10-14 fluidization velocity, 17-4
elbow meters, 10-17 phase diagram, 17-2
flow nozzles, 10-14 types of solid, 17-2
liquid-column manometers, 10-11 to heat transfer, 17-10
10-17 heat treatment, 17-19
mechanical pressure gauges, 10-13 instrumentation, 17-13 to 17-14
multiplying gauges, 10-12 flow measurement, 17-13 to 17-14
orifice meters, 10-15 pressure measurement, 17-13
static head, 10-11 length of seal leg, 17-12 to 17-13
tube size for manometers, 10-2 mixing, 17-10
venturi meters, 10-13 gas, 17-10
mass flowmeters: solid, 17-10
axial-flow transverse-momentum, 10-19 scale-up, 17-8 to 17-10
inferential mass flowmeter, 10-19 size enlargement, 17-10
static pressure, 10-6 to 10-7 size reduction, 17-10
average, 10-6 solid discharge, 17-11 to 17-12
local, 10-6 quench tank, 17-11
special tubes, 10-7 seal leg, 17-12
specifications for piezometer taps, 10-6 solids:
static temperature, 10-8 feeders, 17-10 to 17-12
total temperature, 10-7 to 10-8 flow control, 17-10 to 17-12
resistive thermal detectors (RTDs), 10-8 types of, 17-11
thermocouples, 10-7 standpipes, 17-10 to 17-12
for two-phase system, 10-20 temperature control, 17-10
gas-liquid mixtures, 10-20 transport disengagement height (TDH), 17-6
gas-solid mixtures, 10-20 uses of fluidized beds, 17-14 to 17-19
liquid-solid mixtures, 10-20 chemical reactions, 17-14 to 17-17
velocity measurements, 10-8 to 10-11 physical contacting, 17-17 to 17-19
anemometers, 10-10 physical contacting and drying, 17-17 to 17-18
flow visualization, 10-11 fluid mixing, 6-34
pitot tubes, 10-8 fluid motion:
traversing for mean velocity, 10-9 heat transfer, 18-22
Weirs, 10-19 pumping, 18-22
flowmeters: fluids, bulk transport of, 10-142 to 10-144
coriolis mass, 8-49 marine transportation, 10-143
magnetic, 8-49 materials of construction, 10-144
ultrasonic, 8-49 pipelines, 10-142
vortex-shedding, 8-48 to 8-49 tank cars, 10-142
INDEX I.27
fluids, bulk transport of (Cont.): furfuryl alcohol, 2-38, 2-69

tanks, 10-142 furfuryl butyrate, 2-38
tank trucks, 10-143 furfuryl propionate, 2-38
fluid statics, 6-8 furnaces:
fluoboric acid, 2-15 batch and kilns, 12-45 to 12-46
fluorene, 2-38, 2-69 continuous, 12-49 to 12-51
fluorescein, 2-38 hearth, 12-71
fluorine, 2-15, 2-53, 2-58, 2-163, 2-189, 2-239 multiple hearth, 12-71
fluorobenzene, 2-53, 2-69 shaft, 12-73 to 12-75
fluorodichloromethane, 2-38 furoic acid, 2-38
fluorotrichloromethane, 2-38 fusion, 11-61
fluosilicic acid, 2-15 of solids, 11-61
force, roll-separating, 20-82
forced-circulation reboiler, definition of, 11-35
formaldehyde, 2-38, 2-52, 2-69
formamide, 2-38, 2-53, 2-69 G-acid, 2-38
formanilide, 2-38 gadolinium, 2-15
formic acid, 2-38, 2-52 galactose, 2-38
fouling: Galerkin finite element method, 3-59
asymptotic, 11-23 gallic acid, 2-38
biofouling, 11-23 gallium bromide, 2-15
chemical reaction, 11-23 gamma acid, 2-38
control of, 11-23 gamma distribution, 23-19
corrosion, 11-23 gamma function, 3-83
definition of, 11-108 gamma-phi approach, 4-25
freezing, 11-23 gas absorption, 14-12 to 14-17
linear, 11-23 heat effects, 14-12 to 14-15
particulate, 11-23 adiabatic design, 14-14
precipitation, 11-23 equipment considerations, 14-13 to 14-14
resistances, 11-24 examples, 14-14 to 14-15
Fourier cosine transform, 3-46 isothermal design, 14-14
Fourier’s law, 5-8 operating variables, 14-13
Fourier techniques, 20-8 rigorous methods, 14-14
fractal logic, 20-8 multicomponent systems, 14-15 to 14-17
fracture toughness, 20-60 concentrated system design, 14-16 to 14-17
friction, wall angle of, 20-71 dilute system design, 14-15 to 14-16
frictional losses, 6-16 gas absorption by chemical reaction, 14-17 to
contraction and entrance, 6-16 14-23
expansion and exit, 6-17 design methods, 14-17 to 14-22
friction factor, 6-9 to 6-10, 6-36 to 6-38 traditional, 14-18 to 14-19
friction head, 10-22 rigorous, 14-20 to 14-22
Froude number, 20-80 desorption, 14-23
fructose, 2-38 scaling up, 14-19
fuchsin, 2-38 two gases, 14-22 to 14-23
fuel cells, 27-55 to 27-60 gas adsorption systems:
efficiency, 27-55 design diagrams, 14-6 to 14-8
types, 27-57 design of, 14-5 to 14-8
fuels: equipment selection, 14-6
gaseous, 27-11 to 27-13 liquid-to-gas ratio, calculation of, 14-5 to 14-6
liquid, 27-8 to 27-11 operating conditions, selection of, 14-6
solid, 27-4 to 27-7 solvent selection, 14-5
fugacity and fugacity coefficient, 4-9 gaseous emissions, source control of, 25-35 to
in ideal solution, 4-10 25-46
fungi, 24-4 absorption, 25-35 to 25-36
funicular state, 20-60 adsorption, 25-36 to 25-37
fulminic acid, 2-38 biofilters, 25-41 to 25-43
fumaric acid, 2-38 combustion, 25-37 to 25-41
furan, 2-53 condensation, 25-41
furfural, 2-38, 2-69 membrane filtration, 25-43 to 25-46
furfuran, 2-38 gas-film coefficient, 23-43
furfuryl acetate, 2-38 gasifier, 27-16
I.28 INDEX
gasketed-plate exchanger, 11-52 gas turbines, turbine-blade cooling (Cont.):

applications of, 11-52, 11-54 convection cooling, 29-33
gasket materials, properties of, 28-60 to 28-61 film and convection cooling design, 29-34 to
gaskets, 10-76 29-35
spiral-wound, 10-76 film cooling, 29-33
gas-law constant, 1-18 impingement cooling, 29-33
values of, 1-18 transpiration cooling, 29-33
gas-liquid contacting systems, 14-23 to 14-61 water cooling, 29-33 to 29-34
economics, 14-58 to 14-61 turbines, 29-32
cost of column, 14-58 to 14-59 axial flow, 29-32
cost of internals, 14-58 impulse, 29-32
optimization, 14-61 radial inflow, 29-32
plates vs. packings, 14-59 to 14-61 reaction, 29-32 to 29-33
liquid-dispersed contactors, 14-54 to 14-56 Gates-Gaudin-Schumann, 20-5
packed columns, 14-38 to 14-54 Gaudin-Meloy, 20-5
plate columns, 14-24 to 14-38 gauges, 1-21
welted-wall columns, 14-56 to 14-58 Bourdon-tube, 10-13
gas-liquid systems: calibration of, 10-13
gas-liquid dispersion, 18-16 compound, 10-13
gas-liquid mass transfer, 18-17 diaphragm, 10-13
liquid-gas-solid system, 18-18 high-vacuum, 10-13
loop reactors, 18-18 mechanical pressure, 10-13
gas measures, industrial, 22-61 multiplying, 10-12
gas-solid separations, 17-19 to 17-60 open, 10-11
aerosol deposition, 17-25 sheet metal, 1-21
dust collection, 17-22 wire, 1-21
mechanisms, 17-24 to 17-25 Gaussian distribution, 23-19
dust collectors, 17-25 to 17-26 Gaussian quadrature, 3-53
design, 17-26 gear train, 8-52
performance, 17-25 generalized reduced gradient (GRG), 3-68
nomenclature, 17-19 to 17-21 genetic engineering, 24-6
particle dispersoids, 17-22, 17-23 geometric figures:
particle measurements, 17-22 to 17-24 plane:
atmospheric pollution measurements, 17-22 to catenary, 3-11
17-23 circle, 3-10
characteristics, 17-23 ellipse, 3-11
particle size analysis, 17-24 parabola, 3-11
process gas sampling, 17-23 to 17-24 ring, 3-10
gas turbines, 29-29 to 29-41 with straight boundaries, 3-10
aeroderivative, 29-29 solid:
blade materials, 29-39 cone, 3-11
Brayton-Rankine cycle, 29-37 to 29-38 cube, 3-11
combustors, 29-31 cylinders, 3-11
annular, 29-31 ellipsoid, 3-11
can-annular, 29-31 frustum of pyramid, 3-11
tubular or side, 29-31 hollow cylinders, 3-11
compressors, 29-29 oblate spheroid, 3-11
fuel, 29-39 to 29-41 prism, 3-11
industrial heavy-duty, 29-29 prolate spheroid, 3-11
intercoded regenerative reheat cycle, 29-36 pyramid, 3-11
life cycle, 29-39 rectangular parallelepiped, 3-11
major cycles, 29-35 right circular cone, 3-11
operation characteristics, 29-38 to 29-39 right circular cylinder, 3-11
regenerative cycle, 29-36 sphere, 3-11
regenerators, 29-29 to 29-31 torus, 3-11
reheat cycle, 29-36 truncated right circular cylinder, 3-11
simple cycles, 29-35 geometric probability distribution, 3-71
steam injection cycle, 29-36 to 29-37 geometric progression, 3-9, 3-13, 3-32
turbine-blade cooling, 29-33 to 29-35 Geraniol, 2-38, 2-69
convection and impingement cooling strut Gibb-Duhem equation, 4-11
insert design, 29-34 in binary system, 4-26
INDEX I.29
Gibbs energy, 4-5 granulators:

partial molar Gibbs energy, 4-8 centrifugal, 20-79
residual Gibbs energy, 4-8 CF granulator, 20-80
standard Gibbs-energy change, 4-32 fluidized, 20-77
glass and glassed steel as construction material, fluidized bed, 20-77
28-37 to 28-38 spouted bed, 20-77
properties of, 28-49 mixer, 20-76
glucinium, 2-15 batch planetary, 20-76
glucose, 2-38 high-speed, 20-76
glucuronic acid, 2-38 low-speed, 20-76
glutam(in)ic acid, 2-38 tumbling, 20-73
glutaric acid, 2-39, 2-69, 2-176 disc, 20-73
glyceral tricaprate, 2-39 drum, 20-74
glycerol, 2-39, 2-69, 2-116, 2-176, 2-184 graphite as a construction material, 28-49 to
glycerol acetate, 2-39 28-50
glycerol dinitrate, 2-39 properties of, 28-61
glycerol nitrate, 2-39 gravity sedimentation. See sedimentation
glyceryl triacetate, 2-39 grindability, 20-10, 20-11
glyceryl tribenzoate, 2-39 function, 20-21
glyceryl tributyrate, 2-39 grinding:
glyceryl tricaproate, 2-39 aids, 20-15
glyceryl tricaprylate, 2-39 balls, 20-32
glyceryl trilaurate, 2-39 batch, 20-18
glyceryl trimyristate, 2-39 bone black, 20-54
glycerol trinitrate, 2-39 carbon products, 20-54
glycerol trinitrite, 2-39 cement, 20-53
glyceryl trioleate, 2-39 charcoal, 20-54
glyceryl tripalmitate, 2-39 chemicals, 20-54
glyceryl tristearate, 2-39 circuits, 20-21
glycide, 2-39 coal, 20-54
glycine, glycocoll, 2-39 coke, 20-54
glycol, 2-39 color and pigments, 20-54
glycol diacetate, 2-39 cryogenic, 20-56
glycol dibenzoate, 2-39 dry, 20-15, 20-33
glycol dibutyrate, 2-39 efficiency, 20-14
glycol dicaprylate, 2-39 equipment, 20-22 to 20-48
glycol diformate, 2-39 fertilizers, 20-52
glycol dilaurate, 2-39 flour and feed, 20-48
glycol dinitrate, 2-39 gilsonite, 20-54
glycol dinitrite, 2-39 gypsum, 20-54
glycol dipalmitate, 2-39 lime, 20-54
glycol dipropionate, 2-39 ores and minerals, 20-49
glycol ether, 2-39 asbestos and mica, 20-51
glycol formal, 2-39 autogenous milling, 20-50
glycol formate, 2-39 carbonates and sulfates, 20-51
glycolic acid, 2-39 clays and kaolins, 20-50
gold, 2-15, 2-58, 2-163, 2-189 crushed stone and aggregate, 20-52
Gompertz curve, 9-27 to 9-29 cryogenic, 20-56
goodness-of-fit test, 3-81 to 3-82 metalliferous, 20-49
Gram Charlier series, 23-20 nonmetallic minerals, 20-50
granulation: refractories, 20-51
balling, 20-73 silica and feldspar, 20-51
equipment for. See granulators talc and soapstone, 20-51
modeling, 20-85 to 20-88 organic polymers, 20-55
attrition, 20-87 phosphates, 20-52
coalescence, 20-86 practice, 20-48 to 20-56
layering, 20-86 rate function, 20-18
nucleation, 20-85 soaps, 20-55
pelletization, 20-73 soybeans, 20-48
rate processes, 20-75, 20-77, 20-79 starch, 20-48
simulation of, 20-89 sulfur, 20-55
I.30 INDEX
grinding (Cont.): head (Cont.):

wet, 20-15, 20-33 required net positive suction head, 10-23
white pigments, 20-55 static discharge head, 10-22
grinding equipment: static suction head, 10-22
classification of, 20-23 total discharge head, 10-22
disk attrition mill, 20-45 total dynamic head, 10-22
dispersion and colloid mills, 20-45 total static head, 10-22
gyratory crushers, 20-24 total suction head, 10-22
hammer mills, 20-41 velocity head, 10-22
impact breakers, 20-28 heat capacity:
hammer crusher, 20-28 at constant pressure, 4-5
rotor impactors, 20-29 at constant volume, 4-6
jaw crushers, 20-23 mean heat capacity, 4-15
jet mills, 20-47 pressure or volume, temperature dependence, 4-6
novel media mills, 20-39 ratio, 4-6
pan crushers, 20-30 standard heat-capacity change, 4-32
ring-roller mills, 20-43 heat energy, value of, 9-62 to 9-63
Raymond, 20-44 heat exchangers:
roll crushers, 20-27 absorbers, 11-40
roll press, 20-28 air-cooled, 11-47 to 11-51
selection of, 20-22 baffled, 11-7
stirred media mills, 20-35 baffles, 11-42 to 11-43
tumbling mills, 20-31 ceramic, 11-58
circuits, 20-33 compact and nontubular, 11-52 to 11-58
vibratory mills, 20-39 construction, 11-36 to 11-42
guaiacol, 2-39 corrosion in, 11-43
guanidine, 2-39 cost of, 11-44
gyratory crusher: double pipe, 11-5, 11-46
fixed-spindle, 20-25 evaporators, 11-40
operation, 20-24 expansion joints, 11-38
performance of, 20-25 falling-film, 11-40
supported-spindle, 20-25 freezers, 11-40
suspended-spindle, 20-25 internal floating-head, 11-40
liquid coolers, 11-40
nomenclature, 11-36, 11-37, 11-38
outside-packed floating-head, 11-39
H-acid, 2-39 packed-lantern-ring, 11-39
Hadden’s method, 13-16 plate-and-frame, 11-52
hafnium, 2-15 pull-through floating head, 11-40
hairpin exchanger, 11-46 to 11-47 for solids, 11-58 to 11-67
applications of, 11-47 TEMA, 11-33
finned, 11-46 U-tube, 11-39
multitube, 11-46 heating:
hammer mills: equipment for, 11-46 to 11-118
Aero pulverizer, 20-42 with tank coils, 11-20
Atrita pulverizer, 20-41 of tanks, 11-20
Blue Streak dual-screen pulverizer, 20-41 of vessels, 11-18, 11-19
Imp pulverizer, 20-41 See also heat exchanger
Mikro-pulverizer, 20-41 heat of mixing, 4-12, 18-34, 18-35
screen for, 20-41 heats and free energies of formation, 2-186 to
stedman, 20-29 2-195
See also mills heats of solution, 2-201 to 2-204
Hardgrove method, 20-11 heat tracing systems, 10-133
grindability index, 20-11 costs of, 10-135
harmonic progression, 3-32 fluid, 10-133
hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), 26-9, types of, 10-133
26-10 to 26-11 heat transfer:
head, 10-11 cements, 11-22
adiabatic, 10-37 combustion chamber, 5-40 to 5-42
available net positive suction head, 10-23 conduction, 5-8 to 5-11, 11-24
friction head, 10-22 contactive, 11-28
net positive suction head calculation, 10-23 convective, 11-30
INDEX I.31
heat transfer (Cont.): hexyne, 2-50

effect of fluid properties on, 11-17 high-rate discharge (HRD) explosion suppressors,
effect of noncondensables on, 11-18 26-66, 26-68
finned tubes, use in, 5-10 to 5-19 hippuric acid, 2-40
modes of, 5-8 histidine, 2-40
momentum, analogy to, 5-14 to 5-15, 5-19 Hodgson number, 10-18
nomenclature and units, 5-3 to 5-6 holdup, 20-33
phase change, 5-20 to 5-23 homophthalic acid, 2-40
radiation, 5-23 to 5-42, 11-30 humid heat, 12-3
heat transfer coefficient: humidity:
bed-to-wall, 11-29 absolute, 12-3
overall, 11-4 charts for solvent vapors, 12-29
for air-cooled exchangers, 11-76 measurement of, 12-3
for coils immersed in liquids, 11-21 percentage absolute, 12-3
external coil, 11-27 percentage relative, 12-3
jacketed vessels, 11-27 saturation, 12-3
refining service, 11-25 humid volume, 12-3
in tubular heat exchangers, 11-25 hutch, 19-30
packed-bed-to-fluid, 11-28 hydraulic jumps, 6-13
particle-to-fluid, 11-29 hydraulic radius, 6-12 to 6-13
pseudo, 11-118 hydraulic transients, 6-44
height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP): hydrazine, 2-15, 2-53
in chromatography, 16-40, 16-42 hydrazine formate, 2-15
reduced HETP, 16-42 hydrazine hydrate, 2-15
height of a diffusion unit (HDU), 15-38 hydrazine hydrochloride, 2-15
height of transfer units (HTU): hydrazine nitrate, 2-15
inadsorption, 16-24 hydrazine sulfate, 2-15
in liquid-liquid extraction, 15-20, 15-32, 15-38 hydrazoic acid, 2-15
helium, 2-15, 2-53, 2-58, 2-126, 2-135, 2-163, hydriodic acid, 2-15
2-239 to 2-242 hydrobromic acid, 2-15, 2-54, 2-58, 2-85, 2-163,
Helmholtz energy, 4-5 2-189
Henry’s law/constant, 4-27 hydrochloric acid, 2-15, 2-54, 2-58, 2-76, 2-101,
heptachloroethane, 2-39, 2-69 2-127, 2-163, 2-184, 2-189, 2-247
heptacosane, 2-39, 2-69 Hydrocyanic acid, 2-15, 2-40, 2-54, 2-58, 2-70,
heptadecane, 2-50 2-189
heptane, 2-39, 2-50, 2-69 hydrofluoric acid, 2-15, 2-54, 2-58, 2-101, 2-189
heptene, 2-50, 2-69 hydrogen, 2-15, 2-53, 2-58, 2-101, 2-126, 2-127,
heptoic acid, 2-39 2-135, 2-171, 2-163, 2-189, 2-243 to 2-246
heptoic aldehyde, 2-39 hydrogen bonding, 13-80
heptyl acetate, 2-39 hydrogen peroxide, 2-15
heptyl alcohol, 2-39 hydrogen selenide, 2-15
heptyl mercaptan, 2-39 hydrogen sulfide, 2-15, 2-54, 2-58, 2-127, 2-163,
heptyne, 2-50 2-189, 2-246
Hermite’s method, 3-38 hydroquinone, 2-40, 2-70
heterogeneous reactions, 7-26 to 7-27 hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-40, 2-70
industrial noncatalytic, 7-26 hydroxybenzanilide, 2-40
mechanism, 7-26 to 7-27 hydroxylamine, 2-15
hexachlorobenzene, 2-39, 2-69 hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 2-15
hexacosane, 2-39, 2-69 hydroxylamine nitrate, 2-15
hexadecane, 2-39, 2-50 hydroxylamine sulfate, 2-15
hexaethyl benzene, 2-39, 2-70 hydroxyquinoline, 2-40
hexamethylbenzene, 2-39 hyl-thiuram disulfide, 2-47
hexamethylenediamine, 2-39 hyperbolic equations, 3-63
hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2-39 hypergeometric probability distribution, 3-71
hexamethyleneglycol, 2-39 hypobromous acid, 2-16
hexamethylene tetramine, 2-39 hypothesis tests, 3-76 to 3-81
hexane, 2-39, 2-50, 2-70
hexene, 2-50, 2-70
hexyl acetate, 2-40
hexyl alcohol, 2-40 ideal gas, 4-6
hexyl formate, 2-40 universal constant, 4-6
hexyl resorcinol, 2-40 illinium, 2-16
I.32 INDEX
impact breakers: integral equations, 3-42 to 3-43

hammer crushers, 20-28 classification, 3-42 to 3-43
Jeffrey hammermills, 20-29 relation to differential equations, 3-43
Pennsylvania nonreversible hammermill, 20-28 solution, methods of, 3-43
Pennsylvania reversible impactor, 20-28 integral, indefinite, 3-27 to 3-29
rotor impactors, 20-29 integration, methods of, 3-28 to 3-29
cage mills, 20-29 integral transforms, 3-44 to 3-46
ring-type granulator, 20-29 convolution integral, 3-45
prebreakers, 20-30 Fourier cosine transform, 3-46
Mikro roll crusher, 20-30 Fourier transform, 3-46
Rietz, 20-30 Laplace transform, 3-44 to 3-45
impeller: z-transform, 3-45 to 3-46
axial flow, 18-8 intensity:
axial flow fluidfoil, 18-13 bed agitation, 20-64
closed clearance, 18-8 high agitation, 20-64
anchor, 18-8 low agitation, 20-64
helical, 18-8 interaction parameter, 4-21
closed type/shrouded, 10-24 intercomputer communications, 8-60
double suction, 10-24 interest, 9-10 to 9-12
fabrication, 10-49 annual compound, 9-10
open type/semiopen type, 10-24 compound factors, 9-11
power consumption of, 18-2 continuous compound, 9-10
radial flow, 18-9 short-interval compound, 9-10
Reynolds number, 18-10 simple, 9-10
side-entering, 18-13 interlocks, 8-83 to 8-84
single suction, 10-24 testing, 8-84
top-entering, 18-13 internal energy, 4-3
Imp pulverizer, 20-41 International Organization for Standardization
income: (ISO), 28-28
annual cash, 9-5 to 9-6 interpolation:
indigo, 2-40 higher-order, 3-51
indigo white, 2-40 lagrange interpolation formulas, 3-52
indium, 2-16 linear, 3-51
indole, 2-40 investment, 9-5 to 9-38
indoxyl, 2-40 iodic acid, 2-16
industrial furnace, 27-48 iodine, 2-16, 2-58, 2-122, 2-152, 2-163, 2-189
inequalities, algebraic, 3-9 iodine oxide, penta-, 2-16
infinite series, 3-30 to 3-33 iodobenzene, 2-40, 2-70, 2-176
operations, 3-31 iodoform, 2-40
series summation and identities, 3-32 to 3-33 iodophenol, 2-40
test for convergence and divergence, 3-31 to iodoplatinic acid, 2-16
3-32 ion exchange, 16-4 to 16-66
inflation, 9-34 to 9-38 breakthrough curve. See breakthrough curve
considering PBP, 9-35 to 9-37 cycles, 16-52 to 16-53
differential, effects of, 9-38 in deionization, 16-53
effect on: equilibrium, 16-11 to 16-16
DCFRR, 9-35 Donnan uptake, 16-14
NPV, 9-34 isotherms, 16-5 to 16-7, 16-11 to 16-16
with MSF, 9-37 to 9-38 multiple exchanges, 16-15
injectors, 10-35, 18-19 separation factor, 16-14 to 16-15
inone, 2-40 equipment, 16-64
instantaneous rate, 21-3 mass transfer in, 16-18 to 16-38
insulation, 11-68 to 11-74 mass transfer rates, 16-21 to 16-25
material for, 11-68 regeneration. See regeneration
system selection of, 11-69 selection of materials, 16-5 to 16-6
cryogenic, 11-69 in water treatment, 16-65
foamed, 11-69 See also adsorption
multilayer, 11-69 ion exchangers, 16-8 to 16-9
thickness of, 11-70 to 11-73 capacity, 16-13 to 16-14
insurance and risk, 9-33 to 9-34 equilibrium constants of, 16-14
integral, definite, 3-29 to 3-30 internal porosity, 16-8, 16-11
integration, methods of, 3-30 ionic self diffusivities, 16-20
INDEX I.33
ion exchangers (Cont.): joints (Cont.):

physical properties of, 16-10 grooved, 10-81
resins, 16-8 to 16-9 metal-ring-joint-facing, 10-78
ionone, 2-40 packed-gland, 10-79
iridium, 2-16 poured, 10-80
iron, 2-16, 2-58, 2-152, 2-163, 2-189 pressure-seal, 10-82
iron carbide, 2-16 push-on, 10-80
iron carbonyl, 2-16, 2-58 seal-ring, 10-82
iron nitride, 2-16 silver brazed, 10-83
iron silicide, 2-16 soldered, 10-83
iron sulfide, 2-16 straight pipe threads, 10-75
isatin, 2-40 seal-welded, 10-75
isentropic, 10-5 union joints, 10-75
flow, 10-5 threaded, 10-71
isoprene, 2-40 taper-pipe-thread, 10-71
isotherms, 16-5 to 16-7, 16-11 to 16-16, 16-26 to tubing, 10-82
16-37 bite-type-fitting, 10-82
favorability, 16-5, 16-12 compression-fitting, 10-82
Freundlich, 16-13, 16-16 flared-fitting, 10-82
Langmuir, 16-13, 16-16, 16-26, 16-28, 16-45 O-ring seal, 10-83
linear, 16-12 to 16-13, 16-28 to 16-29, 16-36 to welded, 10-71
16-37 butt-weld, 10-71
pore-filling, 16-13 socket-weld, 10-71
Sips, 16-13 V-clamp, 10-81
Tóth, 16-13 Joukowski formula, 6-44
types, 16-12 Joule-Thomson effect, 2-132 to 2-135
isotropic, 10-5
Kady, 20-46
Kamack’s equation, 20-8
jaw crushers:
Kellogg charts, 13-10
blake, 20-23
ketene, 2-40
overhead eccentric, 20-23
kettle reboiler, 11-13
performance, 20-24
Kiel probe, 10-7
Jenike’s criteria, 21-27
kilns:
flow analysis, 21-29
cement manufacture, 23-60
jet behavior, 6-20
ceramic tunnel, 12-51
jet mixers, 18-19
direct-heat rotary, 12-56 to 12-60
jig, 19-30 to 19-31
rotary, 23-60
basic, 19-30, 19-32
vertical, 23-60
Batac, 19-30, 19-32
kinematics of fluid flow, 6-5
Baum, 19-30, 19-32
kinematic viscosity, 1-18
capacity, 19-31
conversion formulas, 1-18
definition of, 19-30
definition of, 10-5
feed, 19-30
table of, 10-5
Harz, 19-30, 19-32
kinetic laws, 23-5
power requirements, 19-31
Koch acid, 2-40
Remer, 19-30, 19-32
Kolmogorov eddy scale, 6-46
water consumption in, 19-31
Kremser group method, 13-37 to 13-39
jigging, 19-30 to 19-31
krypton, 2-16, 2-58, 2-143, 2-152, 2-163, 2-248 to
equipment, 19-30
2-249
operation, 19-30
Kuhn-Tucker multipliers, 3-66
joints:
K-values, 4-28, 13-10 to 13-21
bolting, 10-78
analytical correlations, 13-16 to 13-21
branch welds, 10-71
definition of, 13-10
expanded, 10-80
graphical correlations, 13-10 to 13-16
expansion, 10-123
Raoult’s law equation, 13-21
flanged, 10-75
flanged-end fittings, 10-75
flanged-end pipe, 10-75
gaskets, 10-76 lactic acid, 2-40
spiral-wound, 10-76 lactic anhydride, 2-40
I.34 INDEX
lactide, 2-40 lecithin, 2-40

lactose, 2-40 Lee and Kesler correlation, 4-16
Lagrange multiplier, 4-33 Legendre’s method, 3-38
Laguerre’s method, 3-38 Leibniz rule, 3-43
laminar flow, 7-23 to 7-24 L’Hospital’s theorem, 3-25
forced convection, 5-15 to 5-16 lepidine, 2-40
residence time distribution, 7-24 to 7-25 leucine, 2-40
land farming, 25-108 to 25-111 level measurements:
landfills, 25-102 to 25-108 bubble-tube systems, 8-49
Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, 7-11 to electrical methods, 8-49 to 8-50
7-12 float-actuated devices, 8-49
lanthanum, 2-16 chain or tape float gauge, 8-49
Laplace transform, 3-44 lever and shaft mechanisms, 8-49
latent heats, 2-150 to 2-160, 4-15 magnetically coupled devices, 8-49
lauric acid, 2-40, 2-70, 2-176 head devices, 8-49
laurone, 2-40 sonic methods, 8-50
lauryl alcohol, 2-40 thermal methods, 8-50
law of mass, 4-32 levulinic acid, 2-40, 2-70
leaching: Lewis/Randall rule, 4-10
definition of, 18-55 limonene, 2-40, 2-70
equipment for, 18-55 to 18-58 linaloul, 2-40
dispersed-solids leaching, 18-56 linalyl acetate, 2-70
percolation, 18-55 linear equations, 3-14
screw-conveyor extractors, 18-57 linoleic acid, 2-40
tray classifier, 18-58 liquid column measurements, 8-50
mechanism of, 18-55 liquid diffusion, 12-33
operation, 18-55 liquid-dispersed contactors, 14-55 to 14-56
process design, 18-58 backmixed, 14-56
choice of solvents, 18-58 cocurrent, 14-56
extractor-sizing calculations, 18-58 countercurrent, 14-56
leaching cycle, 18-58 heat-transfer applications, 14-55
temperature, 18-58 theoretical transfer model, 14-55 to 14-56
terminal stream compositions, 18-59 liquid flow, internal mechanisms of, 12-31
type of reactor, 18-58 liquid-liquid contacting, 18-18
lead, 2-16, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190 emulsions, 18-18
lead acetate, 2-16 equipment for, 18-18 to 18-22
lead and alloys as construction material, 28-37 continuous, 18-19
properties of, 28-48 stagewise, 18-19
lead arsenate, 2-16 See also mixer-settler
lead azide, 2-16 liquid-liquid extraction. See extraction, liquid-
lead bromide, 2-16, 2-58, 2-122, 2-152, 2-164, liquid
2-190, 2-201 liquid-liquid-gas-solid system, 18-24
lead carbonate, 2-16 liquid-liquid-solid system, 18-22
lead chloride, 2-16, 2-58, 2-122, 2-152, 2-164, lithium, 2-17, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190, 2-249
2-190, 2-201 lithium benzoate, 2-17
lead formate, 2-16 lithium bromide, 2-17, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190,
lead hydroxide, 2-16 2-201, 2-249
lead nitrate, 2-16 lithium carbonate, 2-17
lead oxide, 2-16, 2-17, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190 lithium chloride, 2-17, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190,
lead silicate, 2-17 2-201
lead sulfate, 2-17 lithium citrate, 2-17
lead sulfide, 2-17, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190 lithium fluoride, 2-17, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190,
lead tetraethyl, 2-40 2-201
lead tetramethyl, 2-40 lithium formate, 2-17
lead thiocyanate, 2-17 lithium hydride, 2-17
learning curves, 9-20 to 9-23 lithium hydroxide, 2-17
example of, 9-22 to 9-23 lithium nitrate, 2-17
least squares: lithium oxide, 2-17
linear, 3-84 lithium phosphate, 2-17
nonlinear, 3-86 lithium salicylate, 2-17
Levenberg-Marquardt method, 3-86 lithium sulfate, 2-17
Le Chatelier’s principle, 13-81 local composition, 4-22
INDEX I.35
logarithmic-mean temperature difference (LMTD), magnetic separator (Cont.):

11-4 high-gradient (HGMS), 19-48
correction factor, 11-6 induced pole, 19-44
logarithmic series, 3-32 induced roll, 19-43
logistics curve, 9-26 to 9-29 lifting magnets, 19-42
log-normal probability law, 20-5 magnetic hump, 19-42
lower flammable limit (LFL), 26-54 open gradient (OGMS), 19-48
lubricants: plate magnets, 19-42
external, 20-73 pulley magnets, 19-42
internal, 20-73 wet drum, 19-43
lutecium, 2-17 magnetic susceptibility of minerals and elements,
lyophilization (freeze-drying) 19-41
biochemical separation, 22-78 magnetization, 19-41
curves, 19-41
maldistribution, 6-32
maleic acid, 2-40
Mac-Cormack method, 3-63 maleic anhydride, 2-40, 2-70
mach number, definition of, 10-9 malic acid, 2-40
Maclaurin’s series, 3-32 malonic acid, 2-40
magnesium, 2-17, 2-58, 2-152, 2-164, 2-190 maltose, 2-40
magnesium acetate, 2-17 mandelic acid, 2-40
magnesium ammonium chloride, 2-17 manganese, 2-18, 2-58, 2-152, 2-165, 2-190
magnesium ammonium phosphate, 2-17 manganese acetate, 2-18
magnesium ammonium sulfate, 2-17 manganese carbonate, 2-18
magnesium benzoate, 2-17 manganese chloride, 2-18, 2-58, 2-152, 2-165,
magnesium carbonate, 2-17 2-191, 2-202
magnesium chloride, 2-17, 2-58, 2-101, 2-122, manganese hydroxide, 2-18
2-152, 2-164, 2-190, 2-202 manganese nitrate, 2-18
magnesium hydroxide, 2-17 manganese oxide, 2-18
magnesium nitride, 2-17 manganese sulfate, 2-18
magnesium oxide, 2-17 manifolds:
magnesium perchlorate, 2-17 discharge, 6-32
magnesium peroxide, 2-18 return, 6-32
magnesium phosphate, 2-18 mannitol, 2-40
magnesium potassium chloride, 2-18 mannose, 2-40
magnesium potassium sulfate, 2-18 manometers:
magnesium silicofluoride, 2-18 open or differential, 10-11
magnesium sodium chloride, 2-18 tubes size for, 10-12
magnesium sulfate, 2-18 manufacturing-cost estimation, 9-54 to 9-63
magnets: budgetary control:
C-frame, 19-45 actual costs, 9-60 to 9-61
drum, 19-42 standard costs, 9-59 to 9-61
flux density, 19-40 variances, 9-60 to 9-61
force, 19-42 contribution analysis, 9-61 to 9-62
grate type, 19-42 costs:
intensity of, 19-40 annual, 9-54
lifting, 19-42 direct, 9-57
plate, 19-42 indirect, 9-57
pulley, 19-42 general considerations, 9-55
solenoid, 19-45 one main product, 9-55 to 9-56
superconducting, 19-47 product pricing:
susceptibility, 19-41 cost basis, 9-58 to 9-59
magnetic separation, 19-40 to 19-47 rapid estimates, 9-57 to 9-58
equipment for, 19-42 recycled heat energy:
principles of, 19-40 to 19-42 value of, 9-62 to 9-63
magnetic separator, 19-42 to 19-48 two main products, 9-56 to 9-57
applications of, 19-48 margaric acid, 2-40
drum magnets, 19-42, 19-43 Margules equation, 4-22, 13-18
alternating polarity, 19-43 Martin’s diameter, 20-8
unigap, 19-43 mass transfer:
dynamic devices, 19-47 in adsorption, 16-18 to 16-38
grate type, 19-42 coefficients, 16-20 to 16-21
I.36 INDEX
mass transfer, in adsorption (Cont.): matrix (Cont.):

limits, 16-26, 16-28 to 16-29 calculations, 3-47 to 3-48
particle diffusion, 16-19 to 16-20, 16-23 computations, 3-48 to 3-49
pore diffusion, 16-19 to 16-20, 16-23 Gauss elimination, 3-49
rates, 16-21 to 16-24 Lu factorization, 3-48
resistances, combining, 16-22 to 16-24 maximum mixedness, 23-16, 23-21
Chilton-Coulburn analogy, 5-58 and 5-79 McCabe-Thiele method, 13-27 to 13-34,
continuity equational material balance, 5-46 to 13-97
5-47 mean temperature difference, 11-4
correlations, 5-58, 5-60 to 5-61 mean value, 9-23
tables, 5-59 to 5-77 measured-survival function (MSF), 9-31 to 9-33
diffusivity: example of, 9-32 to 9-33
estimation in gases, 5-48 to 5-50 measures, 1-19
estimation in liquids, 5-50 to 5-54 U.S. Customary, 1-19
fluids in porous solids, 5-54 mechanical impulse, 10-22
interdiffusion coefficient, 5-46 mechanical power transmission, 29-54 to 29-63
mass, 5-46 bearings, 29-54 to 29-57
mutual, 5-46 magnetic, 29-57
self, 5-46 oil-film, 29-55 to 29-56
trace, 5-46 rolling-element, 29-56 to 29-57
flux expressions: mellitic acid, 2-40
Fick’s first law, 5-42 and 5-47 membrane separation processes, 22-37 to 22-69
Stefan-Maxwell equations, 5-47 electrodialysis, 22-42 to 22-48
interphase: gas-separation, 22-61 to 22-67
concentrated systems, 5-56 to 5-57 general, 22-37 to 22-42
dilute systems, 5-54 to 5-56 microfiltration, 22-57 to 22-61
effective area of, 5-74, 5-78 nanofiltration, 22-48 to 22-52
height equivalent to one transfer unit (HTU), pervaporation, 22-67 to 22-69
5-57 reverse osmosis, 22-48 to 22-52
number of transfer units (NTU), 5-57 ultrafiltration, 22-52 to 22-57
nomenclature and units, 5-43 to 5-45 mensuration formulas, 3-10 to 3-12
separation of supercritical fluids, 22-17 irregular areas and volumes, 3-12
mass transfer coefficients, 5-46, 23-39, 23-43, planar geometric figures, 3-10 to 3-11
23-51 to 23-52, 23-46 solid geometric figures, 3-11 to 3-12
definition, 5-57 to 5-58 menthol, 2-40, 2-70, 2-89, 2-111, 2-184, 2-254 to
factors influencing, 5-61, 5-64, 5-66, 5-69, 5-71, 2-255
5-74 mercapto benzothiazole, 2-40
masurium, 2-18 mercaptothiazoline, 2-40
materials of construction, 28-3 to 28-64 mercuric acetate, 2-18
hard, 20-11 mercuric bromide, 2-18
hardness of, 20-11 mercuric carbonate, 2-18, 2-19
mechanical properties, 28-45 to 28-47 mercuric chloride, 2-18, 2-58, 2-152, 2-165, 2-191,
selection of: 2-202
corrosion resistance. See corrosion; specific mercuric cyanide, 2-40
material mercuric fulminate, 2-18, 2-40
economics, 28-28 mercuric hydroxide, 2-18
in high temperatures, 28-8 to 28-9, 28-50, mercuric oxide, 2-18
28-56 to 28-59, 28-62, 28-64 mercuric oxychloride, 2-18
in low temperatures, 28-50 mercuric silicofluoride, 2-18
soft, 20-11 mercuric sulfate, 2-18
standards and specifications, 28-28 mercurous acetate, 2-18
material-to-void ratio, 20-33 mercurous bromide, 2-18
mathematical constants, miscellaneous, 3-8 mercurous chloride, 2-19
mathematical symbols, 1-24 mercurous iodide, 2-19
matrix: mercurous nitrate, 2-19
algebra, 3-46 to 3-47 mercurous oxide, 2-19
addition and subtraction, 3-47 mercurous sulfate, 2-19
adjugate matrix of, 3-47 mercury, 2-19, 2-58, 2-93, 2-152, 2-165, 2-191,
equality of, 3-47 2-250 to 2-252
inverse of, 3-47 MERSHQ equations, 13-53
multiplication, 3-47 mesh, 19-18
transposition, 3-47 mesitylene, 2-40
vectors, 3-48 mesityl oxide, 2-40
INDEX I.37
metals and alloys: methyl ethyl ketone, 2-41, 2-52

corrosion resistance, 28-28 to 28-37 methyl ethyl oxalate, 2-41
high alloys, 28-35 methyl formate, 2-41, 2-52, 2-71
in high-temperature construction, 28-50, 28-56 methyl furoate, 2-41
to 28-59, 28-62, 28-64 methyl glucamine, 2-45
aluminum, 28-56 methyl glycolate, 2-41
castable monolithic refractories, 28-62, methyl heptoate, 2-41
28-64 methyl hypochlorite, 2-41
ceramic-fiber insulation linings, 28-62 methyl iodide, 2-41, 2-71
chrome bricks, 28-58 methyl lactate, 2-41
chromium in, 28-50, 28-56 methyl laurate, 2-41, 2-71
creep in, 28-50 methyl mercaptan, 2-41, 2-53
high-alumina bricks, 28-57 methyl methacrylate, 2-41
internal insulation, 28-57 methyl myristate, 2-41
magnesite bricks, 28-58 methyl naphthalene, 2-41
refractories, 28-57 to 28-59, 28-62, 28-64 methyl nitrate, 2-41
refractory brick, 28-57, 28-63 methyl nitrite, 2-41
silica bricks, 28-57 to 28-58 methyl nonyl ketone, 2-41
silicon in, 28-56 methyl oleate, 2-41
stress rupture in, 28-50 methyl orange, 2-41
in low-temperature construction, 28-50 methyl palmitate, 2-41
aluminum, 28-50 methyl phosphine, 2-41
copper and alloys, 28-50 methyl propionate, 2-41, 2-52
nickel steel, 28-50 methyl propyl ketone, 2-41, 2-71
stainless steel, 28-50 methyl salicylate, 2-41
medium alloys, 28-35 methyl stearate, 2-41
properties, 28-28 to 28-37 methyl toluate, 2-41
mechanical properties, 28-45 to 28-48 methyl toluidine, 2-41
melting temperatures, 28-35 methyl valerate, 2-41
metanilic acid, 2-40 methyl vinyl ketone, 2-41
methane, 2-40, 2-50, 2-70, 2-127, 2-135, 2-144, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 24-21 to 24-22
2-251, 2-253 Michler’s hydrol, 2-41
methanol, synthesis, 23-13 Michler’s ketone, 2-41
methoxy-methoxyethanol, 2-41 microfiltration, 22-57 to 22-61
methyl acetate, 2-41, 2-52 micromanometers, 10-13
methyl acrylic acid, 2-41 micronizer, 20-47
methylal, 2-41 Mikro pulverizer, 20-41
methyl alcohol, 2-41, 2-51 mills:
methylamine, 2-41, 2-52 air-swept, 20-32
methylamine hydrochloride, 2-41 Andritz-Sprout-Bauer attrition, 20-45
methylaniline, 2-41, 2-53 annular gap, 20-36
methyl anthranilate, 2-41 APV Gaulin colloid, 20-46
methyl anthraquinone, 2-41 ball, 20-31
methyl athracene, 2-41 batch, 20-32
methyl benzylaniline, 2-41 bowl, 20-45
methyl benzoate, 2-41, 2-52 Bradley pneumatic Hercules, 20-45
methyl bromide, 2-41, 2-70 Buhrstone, 20-45
methyl butyrate, 2-41, 2-52 cage, 20-29
methyl caprate, 2-41, 2-70 capacity, 20-34
methyl caproate, 2-41, 2-70 Charlotte, 20-46
methyl caprylate, 2-41, 2-70 circuit, 20-15, 20-18
methyl cellosolve, 2-41 continuous, 20-32
methyl chloride, 2-41, 2-70 disk attrition, 20-45
methyl chloroacetate, 2-41, 2-70 efficiencies, 20-34
methyl chloroformate, 2-41 entoleter impact, 20-42
methyl cinnamate, 2-41, 2-70 feeders, 20-34
methyl cyclohexane, 2-41, 2-70 fine impact, 20-42
methylene-bis-(phenyl-4-isocyanate), 2-41 Fitz, 20-42
methylene bromide, 2-41 hammer, 20-41
methylene chloride, 2-41 grate-discharge, 20-34
methylene dianiline, 2-41 horizontal tube, 20-37
methylene iodide, 2-41 jet, 20-47
methyl ethyl carbonate, 2-41 Majac, 20-47
I.38 INDEX
mills (Cont.): mixer (Cont.):

Marcy Ball, 20-35 vacuum, 19-16
Morehouse, 20-46 pressure, 19-16
novel media, 20-39 vertical screw, 19-12
pebble, 20-31 wear of, 19-16
pin, 20-42 mixer-settler:
premier, 20-46 definition of, 18-19
Pulvert, 20-39 flow or line mixer, 18-19
Raymond VR, 20-45 liquid-liquid extraction, 18-19
ring-roller, 20-43 mixing in agitated vessels, 18-19
rock-pebble, 20-31 mixing, 19-10 to 19-17
selection of, 20-34 charging in, 19-14
simulation of, 20-18 classification of, 18-5
speed, 20-32 continuous, 19-16
stirred media, 20-35 cooling, 19-16
tumbling, 20-31 dust formation in, 19-14
turbo, 20-42 electrostatic charge, 19-16
vertical vibratory, 20-37 equipment for, 18-8 to 18-10, 19-12 to 19-14
vibratory, 20-37 axial-flow impellers, 18-8
wear, 20-11 baffled tanks, 18-10
mixer: close-clearance impellers, 18-8
batch, 18-25 to 18-27 close-clearance stirrers, 18-9
change-lan, 18-25 radial-flow impellers, 18-9
double-arm kneading, 18-26 small tanks, 18-8
helical blade, 18-26 unbaffled tanks, 18-9
intensive, 18-27 See also mixers
roll mills, 18-28 fluid behavior, 18-10
cleaning, 19-14 fluid motion and process performance, 18-11
continuous, 18-29 laminar flow, 18-12
Farrel continuous, 18-30 turbulent flow, 18-11
Holo-flite processor, 18-31 heating, 19-16
Kenics static, 18-32 impact, 19-14
Kneadermaster, 18-32 liquid adding in, 19-16
motionless, 18-32 mechanisms of, 19-12
Porcupine processor, 18-31 of paste and viscous-material, 18-25 to 18-34
pug mills, 18-32 pilot tests, 19-16
Rietz extractor, 18-30 product contamination, 19-16
single-screw, 18-29 solid-solid, 19-10 to 19-12
Sulzer static, 18-32 objectives of, 19-10
trough-and-screw, 18-30 properties affecting, 19-10
twin-screw extractor, 18-30 segregation problems, 19-11
double cone, 19-13 uniforming of, 19-11
figures of, 19-13 technology of, 18-5
flexibility of, 19-16 time, 19-14
heating and cooling, 18-34 uniformity of, 19-14
horizontal drum, 19-13 mixing cell calorimetry (MCC), 26-50
impact, 19-14 model predictive control (MPC), 8-25 to 8-27
Muller, 19-13, 19-14 basic features, MPC, 8-25
performance characteristics of, 19-14 to on-line optimization, 8-25, 8-27
19-16 standard quadratic programming, 8-26 to 8-27
power for, 19-14, 19-15 step-response, 8-26
ribbon, 19-12 modulus of elasticity, 10-107
scale-up of, 18-32 to 18-34 Mohs scale, 20-11
shell and internal device rotate, 19-14 moisture content:
single rotor, 19-14 critical, 12-33 to 12-34
solid-solid, 19-12 to 19-14 equilibrium, 12-34
stationary shell (trough), 19-12 of granulation, 20-75
tumbler, 19-13 moisture measurement:
turbine, 19-13, 19-14 absolute-moisture methods, 8-51
twin rotor, 19-13, 19-14 capacitance methods, 8-52
twin shell, 19-13 dew-point methods, 8-51 to 8-52
types of, 19-12 to 19-14 oxide sensors, 8-52
INDEX I.39
moisture measurement (Cont.): motors, alternating current, multispeed (Cont.):

photometric moisture analysts, 8-52 single-winding consequent-pole motors,
piezoelectric methods, 8-52 29-7
relative-humidity methods, 8-51 two-winding motors, 29-7
molybdenum, 2-19, 2-58, 2-152, 2-165, 2-191 alternating current, wound-rotor induction, 29-7
molybdenum chloride, 2-19 to 29-8
molybdenum oxide, 2-19, 2-58, 2-152, 2-191 characteristics, 29-8
molybdenum sulfide, 2-19 control of, 29-8
molybdic acid, 2-19 efficiency, 29-7 to 29-8
momentum transfer, 10-22 saturable reactors, 29-8
Monte Carlo method, 9-26 thyristors, 29-8
Monte Carlo simulation, 3-60 direct current motors, 29-8 to 29-9
morphine, 2-41 compound-wound DC, 29-9
motor control: series, 29-8 to 29-9
centralized control, 29-11 electric, 29-4 to 29-10
contactor type, 29-10 to 29-11 mucic acid, 2-41
direct-current motor control, 29-13 multinomial distribution, 3-72
multispeed alternating current, 29-13 multiple regression, 3-84 to 3-85
protection, 29-11 to 29-13 Murphree plate efficiency, 13-34
differential, 29-12 mustard gas, 2-42
ground-fault, 29-13 mutations, 24-6
locked-rotor, 29-12 myricyl alcohol, 2-42
motor, 29-11 myristic acid, 2-42
overload, 29-11 to 29-12 myristyl alcohol, 2-42
phase-current balance, 29-12
reverse-phase, 29-12
short-circuit, 29-12
surge, 29-13 nanofiltration, 22-48 to 22-52
undervoltage, 29-12 naphthalene, 2-42, 2-51, 2-71, 2-176
reduced-voltage starting, 29-13 naphthalene disulfonic acid, 2-42
secondary control of wound-rotor motors, 29-13 naphthalene sulfonic acid, 2-42
starters, 29-10 to 29-11 naphthasultam, 2-42
types of, 29-10 to 29-11 naphthasultam disulfonate, 2-42
switch gear, 29-10 to 29-11 naphthoic acid, 2-42, 2-71
synchronous motor starters, 29-13 naphthol, 2-42, 2-71
motor enclosures, 29-9 to 29-10 naphthol sulfonic acid, 2-42
fire, explosion hazards, 29-10 naphthyl acetate, 2-42
open, dripproof, 29-9 naphthyl amine, 2-42, 2-71
totally enclosed, 29-9 to 29-10 naphthyl amine hydrochloride, 2-42
weather-protected, 29-9 naphthyl amine sulfonic acid, 2-42
motors, 29-4 to 29-10 naphthyl isocyanate, 2-42
adjustable-speed drives, 29-9 Nasselt equation, 5-13
adjustable-frequency alternating current, 29-9 for condensate films, 5-20 to 5-22
electromagnetic, 29-9 for nucleate-boiling, 5-22 to 5-23
mechanical, 29-9 natural-draft towers, 12-20 to 12-21
RectiFlow, 29-9 natural gas:
alternating current motor, constant speed, 29-4 compressibility, 27-12
to 29-7 liquefied, 27-12
alternating current squirrel-cage induction neodymium, 2-19
motors, 29-4 to 29-5 neon, 2-19, 2-53, 2-59, 2-144, 2-152, 2-165, 2-256
braking, regeneration, 29-6 to 2-257
braking time, 29-6 neptunium, 2-19
control, 29-5 to 29-6 Nernst-Haskell equation, 5-53
direct-current field excitation, 29-7 Newtonian, 10-5
formulas, 29-4 Newtonian fluid, 6-4
power-factor correction, 29-6 to 29-7 Newton-Raphson procedure, 3-50, 3-51
synchronous alternating current motors, 29-6 Newton’s law, 6-51 to 6-52
synchronous speed, 29-4 to 29-5 NFPA Standard System for Identification of Haz-
alternating current, multispeed, 29-7 ards, 26-12, 26-13
four-speed, two-winding squirrel-cage, 29-7 nickel, 2-19, 2-59, 2-152, 2-165, 2-191
pole-amplitude-modulated induction motors, nickel acetate, 2-19
29-7 nickel ammonium chloride, 2-19
I.40 INDEX
nickel ammonium sulfate, 2-19 nitrophthalic acid, 2-43

nickel and alloys as construction material, 28-35 to nitrosodimethylaniline, 2-43
28-36 nitrosonaphthol, 2-43
properties of, 28-42 nitrotoluene, 2-43, 2-72
nickel bromate, 2-19 nitrotoluene sulfonic acid, 2-42
nickel bromide, 2-19 nitrotoluidine, 2-43
nickel bromoplatinate, 2-19 nitroxyl chloride, 2-20
nickel carbonate, 2-19 noise control, 8-74 to 8-75
nickel carbonyl, 2-19, 2-59 nomographs:
nickel chloride, 2-19, 2-59, 2-101, 2-122, 2-152, preliminary calculation, 21-25
2-191, 2-202 design factor, 21-27
nickel chloride, ammonia, 2-19 preliminary design, 21-22 to 21-26
nickel cyanide, 2-19 nonadecane, 2-43, 2-50
nickel dimethylglyoxime, 2-19 nonane, 2-43, 2-50, 2-72
nickel formate, 2-19 nonene, 2-50
nickel hydroxide, 2-19 nonnewtonian fluids, 6-4, 6-19, 6-27, 6-40, 6-51,
nickel nitrate, ammonia, 2-19 6-53
nickel oxide, 2-19 heat transfer in, 5-19
nickel potassium cyanide, 2-19 normal distribution, 3-72 to 3-74
nickel sulfate, 2-19 to 2-20 NRTL equation, 4-22, 4-23, 13-18
nicotinic acid, 2-42 number:
nicotine, 2-42, 2-71 cavitation, 6-44 to 6-45, 6-49
nitric acid, 2-20, 2-84, 2-102 to 2-103, 2-184 Dean, 6-19, 6-49
nitroacetanilide, 2-42 Deborah, 6-5, 6-49
nitroacetophenone, 2-42 Hatta, 23-42 to 23-43
nitro acid sulfite, 2-20 mach, 6-22, 6-23, 6-49
nitroaminoanisole, 2-42 Peclet, 23-16, 23-55
nitroaminophenol, 2-42 power, 6-34 to 6-35, 6-50
nitroaniline, 2-42, 2-71, 2-176 pumping, 6-35
nitroanisole, 2-42 Reynolds, 6-6, 6-9 to 6-10, 6-19 to 6-20, 6-31 to
nitroanthraquinone, 2-42 6-34, 6-37 to 6-42, 6-46, 6-50, 6-53
nitroanthraquinone sulfonic acid, 2-42 Strouhal, 6-41, 6-48, 6-50
nitrobenzalchloride, 2-42 Weber, 6-50 to 6-54
nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-42, 2-71 number of transfer units (NTU):
nitrobenzene, 2-42, 2-71 in adsorption and ion exchange, 16-7, 16-34 to
nitrobenzidine, 2-42 16-35
nitrobenzoic acid, 2-42 in liquid-liquid extraction, 15-19 to 15-20
nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2-42 numerical analysis and approximate methods, 3-49
nitrobenzyl bromide, 2-42 to 3-65
nitrochlorotoluene, 2-42 Fast Fourier transform, 3-64 to 3-65
nitrocresol, 2-42 interpolation of finite difference, 3-51 to 3-53
nitrocymene, 2-42 linear equations, 3-50
nitrodimethylaniline, 2-42 Monte Carlo simulations, 3-60 to 3-61
nitrodiphenyl, 2-42 nonlinear equations, 3-50 to 3-51
nitrodiphenylamine, 2-42 numerical differentiation, 3-53
nitrogen, 2-20, 2-53, 2-59, 2-127, 2-135, 2-145, numerical integration, 3-53 to 3-54
2-152, 2-165, 2-191, 2-257, to 2-259 numerical solution of integral equations, 3-60
nitrogen oxide: numerical solution of ODEs:
as a pollutant, 27-26 boundary value problems, 3-57 to 3-60
tetra-, 2-20 luitial value problems, 3-54 to 3-57
tri-, 2-20 numerical solution of PDEs, 3-61 to 3-64
nitrogen oxide, di-, 2-20, 2-59, 2-152, 2-191 spline functions, 3-67
nitrogen oxide, mono-, 2-20, 2-54, 2-59, 2-152, numerical approximations to some expressions,
2-165, 2-191, 2-259 to 2-260 3-49
nitrogen oxide, penta-, 2-20, 2-59, 2-152, 2-191 Nusselt number, 3-89
nitrogen oxybromide, 2-20 Nyquist critical frequency, 3-64
nitrogen oxychloride, 2-20
nitroguanidine, 2-42
nitron, 2-43
nitronaphthalene, 2-43 octadecane, 2-43, 2-50
nitrophenol, 2-43, 2-71 octane, 2-43, 2-50, 2-72
Nitrophenol sulfonic acid, 2-43 octene, 2-50
INDEX I.41
octyl acetate, 2-43 packaging (Cont.):

octyl alcohol, 2-43 operations of, 21-51
octylene, 2-43 bag fillers, packers, 21-55 to 21-56
octyne, 2-50 performance data, 21-52
oleic acid, 2-43 sealing, wrapping, loading, 21-58 to 21-59
optimization, 3-65 to 3-69 weighing, 21-51, 21-54, 21-55
conditions for, 3-66 to 3-67 package testing, 21-44
constrained optimization, 8-30 to 8-31 regulation of, 21-36
formulation objective function, 8-30 solid packaging:
multivariable optimization, 8-30 boxes, 21-50 to 21-51
indirect methods, 8-30 containers, 21-50
Nelder-Meade method, 8-30 liners, 21-50
Powell’s method, 8-30 multiwall paper bags, 21-46
real-time process, 8-27 types of, 21-59 to 21-62
reduced gradient algorithm (GRC), 8-31 packed columns, 14-38 to 14-54
single-variable optimization, 8-30 distillation applications, 14-52 to 14-54
interpolation, 8-30 end effects, 14-50 to 14-51
region elimination, 8-30 flooding, 14-41 to 14-42
square curve-fitting, 8-29 hydraulics, 14-40 to 14-41
steady-state, 8-27 interfacial area, 14-51 to 14-52
strategies of, 3-67 to 3-69 liquid distribution, 14-48 to 14-50
techniques, 8-28 to 8-29 liquid holdup, 14-46 to 14-48
unconstrained optimization, 8-30 loading, 14-41 to 14-42
orcinol, 2-43 maldistribution, 14-50
ordinary differential equations, 3-35 to 3-37 mass transfer, 14-52
first order, 3-35 to 3-36 packed vs. plate columns, 14-39 to 14-40
higher orders, 3-36 to 3-37 pressure drop, 14-42 to 14-45
nonhomogeneous, 3-37 support plates, 14-46
orifice meters, 8-48 packed tower design, 14-8 to 14-11
annular, 10-17 HETP data, use of, 14-10 to 14-11
quadrant-edge, 10-16 mass-transfer-rate expression, 14-8
segmental and eccentric, 10-17 operating curve, 14-8 to 14-9
square-edged, 10-15 stripping equations, 14-9 to 14-10
orifices, 6-21, 6-27, 18-19 transfer units, 14-9
orthogonal collocation, 3-59 paddles, 18-9
osmium, 2-20 palladium, 2-20
osmium chloride, 2-20 palladium bromide, 2-20
osmosis, reverse, 22-48 to 22-52 palladium chloride, 2-20
oxalic acid, 2-43 palladium cyanide, 2-20
oxygen, 2-20, 2-53, 2-59, 2-127, 2-145, 2-152, palladium hydride, 2-20
2-165, 2-191, 2-262 to 2-264 palladous dichlorodiamine, 2-20
ozone, 2-20, 2-59, 2-128, 2-152, 2-191 palmitic acid, 2-43, 2-72, 2-177
Pappus theorem, 3-12
paramagnetic, 19-40
parametric pumping, 16-54 to 16-55
package handling: partial derivative, 3-25
conveyors, 21-68 to 21-70 partial differential equation, 3-38 to 3-40
system of, 21-67 first order, 3-38
package storage: higher orders, 3-38 to 3-40
storage racks, 21-71 to 21-72 partial condenser, definition of, 11-35
packaging: particle:
agency and administrative law of, 21-41 fracture, 20-10
coding, 21-62 to 21-64 permeametry, 20-10
cost of containers, 21-37 to 21-39 sampling, 20-7
ecology concerns, 21-36 size of:
labeling, 21-62 average, 20-6
liquid packaging: distribution, 20-5
containers, 21-44 measurement, 20-7
safety regulation, 21-46 surface area, 20-9
seals and closures, 21-45 particle size:
weighing, 21-45 analysis, 20-5 to 20-10
metric system, 21-42 distribution, 20-5 to 20-7
I.42 INDEX
particle size (Cont.): perfect fluid, 10-5

enlargement, 20-56 to 20-85 perforated-pipe distributors, 6-32
equations, 20-5 periodic acid, 2-20
Gates-Gaudin-Schumann, 20-5 perlargonic acid, 2-43, 2-72
Gaudin-Meloy, 20-5 permanganic acid, 2-20
Rosin-Rammler-Bennett, 20-5 permeability, 6-39
measurement, 20-7 to 20-10 permolybdic acid, 2-20
reduction, 20-10 to 20-22 persulfuric acid, 2-20
particle size distribution, 20-5 to 20-7 perturbation method, 3-37, 3-50
particle size measurement, 20-7 to 20-10 pervaporation, 22-67 to 22-69
centrifugal sedimentation, 20-8 Petlyuk tower, 13-5
dynamic, 20-10 petroleum:
electrical sensing zone, 20-9 chemical and physical properties, 27-9
elutriation, 20-9 commercial, 27-10
field scanning methods, 20-9 liquid fuel, 27-8
gravitational sedimentation, 20-7 safety, 27-11
light blockage methods, 20-9 pressure:
light diffraction, 20-9 dynamic, 10-5
light scattering methods, 20-9 stagnation, 10-5
microscope methods, 20-8 static, 10-6 to 10-7
on-line procedures, 20-10 total, 10-5
permeametry, 20-10 pressure coefficient, 10-45
photon correlation spectroscopy, 20-9 phase change, heat transfer in, 5-20 to 5-23
sedimentation balance, 20-8 boiling (vaporization) of liquids, 5-22
sieving methods, 20-9 mechanisms, 5-22
dry sieving, 20-9 condensation, 5-20 to 5-22
wet sieving, 20-9 coefficients, 5-20 to 5-22
static, 20-10 mechanisms, 5-20
stream-scanning methods, 20-8 phase diagrams:
particle size reduction, 20-10 to 20-22 multicomponent systems, 15-7 to 15-8
abrasion index, 20-12 right-triangular diagram, 15-6
attainable size and energy required, 20-13 ternary-phase equilibrium, 15-6, 15-8
ball-mill, 20-11 tie lines, 15-16 to 15-17
bond law, 20-13 phase dispersion, 14-62 to 14-80
energy laws, 20-13 gas-in-liquid, 14-69 to 14-80
milling problems, 20-11 axial dispersion, 14-80
mill wear, 20-11 bubble and foam formation, 14-70 to 14-72
properties of solids, 20-10 characteristics of dispersion, 14-72 to 14-73
safety, 20-12 mass transfer, 14-79 to 14-80
particular solutions, 3-36 methods of gas dispersion, 14-73 to 14-78
particulate emissions, source control of, 25-46 liquid-in-gas, 14-62 to 14-69
partition ratio, 16-5, 16-30 atomizers, 14-63, 14-66
payback period (PBP), 9-10, 9-19 droplet breakup, 14-62 to 14-63
payment, 9-13 droplet distribution, 14-63
annual, 9-13 drop size, 14-63 to 14-64
capitalized, 9-13 drop size distribution, 14-68 to 14-69
example of, 9-13 entrainment, 14-66 to 14-67
peat, 27-7 fog condensation, 14-67 to 14-68
pellet coolers and dryers, 12-75 pressure drop and nozzle size, 14-64 to 14-66
pendular state, 20-60 phase equilibrium, 13-10
Peng-Robinson (PR) equation, 4-21, 13-17 binary systems, 13-10
pentachloroethane, 2-43, 2-72 table, 13-11 to 13-15
pentyne, 2-50 liquid-liquid, 15-6 to 15-16
pentadecane, 2-43, 2-50 phase rule:
pentaerythritol, 2-43 application, 4-25
pentandiol, 2-43 degrees of freedom, 4-23
pentane, 2-43, 2-50, 2-72 phase separation, 14-81 to 14-98
pentene, 2-50, 2-72 gas-phase continuous system, 14-81 to 14-95
perchloric acid, 2-20 collection design, 14-82 to 14-83
percolators: collection equipment, 14-83 to 14-92
batch, 18-55 collection of fine mists, 14-93
continuous, 18-55 collection mechanisms, 14-82
endless-belt, 18-56 electrostatic precipitators, 14-94
INDEX I.43
phase separation, gas-phase continuous system physical properties:

(Cont.): organic compounds, 2-28 to 2-47
gas sampling, 14-81 prediction and correlation, 2-337 to 2-374
particle-size analysis, 14-82 density, 2-355 to 2-361
liquid-phase continuous system, 14-95 to diffusivity, 2-370 to 2-372
14-98 enthalpy of vaporization and fusion, 2-349 to
defoaming techniques, 14-97 to 14-98 2-351
foam control, 14-98 flammability properties, 2-374
foam prevention, 14-98 ideal gas thermal properties, 2-347 to 2-349
types of dispersions, 14-95 pure component constants, 2-340 to 2-345
unstable systems, 14-95 to 14-97 solid and liquid heat capacity, 2-351 to 2-355
phenacetin, 2-43 surface tension, 2-372 to 2-374
phenanthrene, 2-43 vapor and liquid thermal conductivity, 2-367
phenetidine, 2-43, 2-72 to 2-370
phenetole, 2-43 vapor pressure, 2-345 to 2-347
phenol, 2-43, 2-51, 2-72, 2-177 viscosity, 2-361 to 2-367
phenolphthalein, 2-43 pure substances, 2-7 to 2-27
phenolsulfonic acid, 2-43 picoline, 2-44, 2-72
phenyl acetaldehyde, 2-43 picramic acid, 2-44
phenyl acetic acid, 2-43, 2-72 picric acid, 2-44
phenylacetylene, 2-43 Piezometer opening:
phenyl aniline, 2-43 definition of, 10-6
phenylene-diamine, 2-44 dimensions, 10-7
phenylethyl alcohol, 2-43 piezometer ring, 10-7
phenylglycine, 2-43 specifications for, 10-6
phenylhydrazine, 2-43, 2-72 pinacol, 2-44
phenyl hydrazine sulfonic acid, 2-43 pinacoline, 2-44
phenyl isocyanate, 2-43 pinene, 2-44, 2-72
phenyl methylpyrazolone, 2-43 pinene hydrochloride, 2-44
phenylmustard oil, 2-43 pinol, 2-44
phenyl naphthalene, 2-43 pipe:
phenyl naphthylamine, 2-43 asbestos cement, 10-70, 10-96
phenyl phenol, 2-43 bends and fittings, 10-83. See also fittings
phenyl propyl alcohol, 2-43 borosilicate glass, 10-70
phenyl quinoline, 2-43 cement-lined steel, 10-98
phenyl salicylate, salol, 2-43 chemical-porcelain, 10-99
phenyl stearate, 2-43 cast-iron flanges, 10-99
phenyl urethane, 2-43 chemical ware, 10-98
phonoglucinol, 2-44 concrete, 10-98
phonone, 2-44, 2-72 dope, 10-71
phosgene, 2-44, 2-72 flanged end, 10-75
phospharic acid, 2-20 fused silica, 10-100
phosphatomolybdic acid, 2-20 glass, 10-99
phosphine, 2-20, 2-59 glass-lined steel, 10-99
phosphonium chloride, 2-20, 2-59 gravity sewer, 10-97
phosphoric acid, 2-21 impregnated graphite, 10-70, 10-97
phosphorous, 2-21, 2-59, 2-165, 2-191 joint in. See joint
phosphorous chloride, 2-21, 2-59, 2-165, 2-192 metals:
phosphorous oxide, 2-21, 2-59, 2-192 alloy steels, 10-68
phosphorous oxychloride, 2-21 aluminum, 10-68, 10-93
phosphotungstic acid, 2-21 carbon steel, 10-68, 10-70
photosynthesis, 24-5 to 24-6 copper, 10-68, 10-93
phthalic acid, 2-44 irons, 10-68, 10-90, 10-93
phthalic anhydride, 2-44, 2-72 nickel, 10-68, 10-95
phthalic nitrile, 2-44 stainless steels, 10-68, 10-70
phthalide, 2-44, 2-72 tantalum, 10-70
phthalimide, 2-44 titanium, 10-70, 10-95
physical-chemical treatment, 25-76 to 25-78 zirconium, 10-70, 10-96
adsorption, 25-76 to 25-77 nonmetals:
chemical oxidation, 25-77 reinforced thermosetting resins, 10-70
ion exchange, 25-77 thermoplastics, 10-70
membrane processes, 25-77 to 25-78 plastic, 10-100
physical constants, 1-22 plastic-lined, 10-100
I.44 INDEX
pipe (Cont.): plant performance, analysis (Cont.):

properties of steel pipe, 10-72, 10-74 reconciliation, 30-25 to 30-29
rubber-lined, 10-100 rectification, 30-29 to 30-30
rubber-lined steel, 10-100 plastic as a construction material, 28-43 to 28-44,
subaqueous, 10-98 28-47, 28-49
support, 10-124 acetals, 28-44
vitrified clay sewer, 12-98 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, 28-43
welded, 10-70 cellulose acetate butyrate, 28-44
wood, 10-100 chlorotrifluoroethylene (Kel-F, Plaskon),
wood-lined steel, 10-100 28-43
piperidine, 2-44, 2-73 corrosion resistance of, 28-49
piperidine carboxylic acid, 2-44 perfluoroalkoxy, 28-43
piping: polyamides and polyimides, 28-44
assembly, 10-126 polycarbonate, 28-44
bends and fittings in, 10-83 polyethylene, 28-43
code for process-plant, 10-67 to 10-68 polyphenylene oxide, 28-44
government regulations, 10-67 polyphenylene sulfide, 28-44
national standards, 10-67 polypropylene, 28-44
pressure-piping code, 10-67 polysulfone, 28-44
costs of, 10-133, 10-134 polyvinyl chlorides (Saran), 28-43
design of, 10-102 to 10-126 polyvinylidene fluorine, 28-43
dynamic effects, 10-103 properties of, 28-51 to 28-53
erection, 10-126 tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), 28-43
fabrication, 10-126 thermosetting, 28-44, 28-47
forces of, 10-133 plastic pipe, 10-100 to 10-102
heat tracing of, 10-133 polyethylene, 10-101
scope of, 10-69 polypropylene, 10-101
selection of material in, 10-68 to 10-70 polyvinyl chloride, 10-101
metals, 10-68 reinforced-thermosetting-resin, 10-101
nonmetals, 10-70 plate columns, 14-24 to 14-38
See also pipe column capacity, 14-25 to 14-29
testing, 10-107 download flooding, 14-29
vibration, 10-133 entrainment, 14-28 to 14-29
pitometer, 10-7 entrainment flooding, 14-26 to 14-28
pitot tubes, 10-8 weeping, 14-29
angle of attack, 10-9 phase inversion, 14-34
mach number, 10-9 plate efficiency, 14-34 to 14-38
pulsating flow on, 10-9 plate layouts, 14-29 to 14-30
pitot-venturi, 10-7 plate types, 14-24 to 14-25
Pitzer’s corresponding states correlation, 4-16 pressure drop, 14-30 to 14-34
plane analytic geometry: downcomer loss, 14-33
asymptotes, 3-16 hydraulic gradient, 14-33 to 14-34
conic sections, 3-17 plate efficiency, 14-34 to 14-38
coordinate systems, 3-16 plate tower design, 14-11 to 14-12
graphs of polar equations, 3-18 algebraic methods, 14-11
parametric equations, 3-18 graphical procedure, 14-11
straight line, 3-16 stripping equations, 14-11 to 14-12
plant model preparation, 30-13 to 30-14 tray efficiencies, 14-12
plant performance, analysis, 30-4 to 30-36 platinum, 2-21, 2-59, 2-165, 2-192
initial constraints, 30-24 to 30-25 platinum chloride, 2-21
spreadsheet solutions, 30-24 to 30-26 platinum cyanide, 2-21
interpretation, 30-30 to 30-36 plug flow reactor, 23-17 to 23-19
introduction, 30-4 to 30-9 Poisson probability distribution, 3-71
overview, 30-4 to 30-7 Poisson process, 3-71
personnel barriers, 30-8 to 30-9 polarity, relative, 13-80
technical barriers, 30-8 to 30-9 pollutant:
measurements, 30-23 to 30-24 combustion, 27-26 to 27-29
preparation, 30-10 to 30-17 gaseous, 25-22 to 25-23
analyst, 30-10 to 30-13 particulate, 25-23
guidelines, 30-17 pollution prevention:
laboratory, 30-16 to 30-17 assessment procedures, 25-16 to 25-17
plant, 30-14 to 30-16 barriers and incentives to, 25-18 to 25-19
plant model, 30-13 to 30-14 at the domestic and office levels, 25-20 to 25-21
INDEX I.45
pollution prevention (Cont.): potassium formate, 2-21

economic considerations associated with, 25-19 potassium hydride, 2-21
to 25-20 potassium hydrosulfide, 2-21
ethical considerations, 25-21 potassium hydroxide, 2-21
hierarchy, 25-14 to 25-15 potassium iodate, 2-21
life-cycle analysis, 25-15 to 25-16 potassium iodide, 2-21, 2-59, 2-192, 2-202
multimedia analysis, 25-15 tri-, 2-22
polyethylene, 10-101 potassium iodoplatinate, 2-22
polymerization, 23-35 potassium manganate, 2-22
types, 23-36 potassium metabisulfate, 2-22
polypropylene, 10-101 potassium nitrate, 2-22
polyvinyl chloride, 10-101 potassium nitrite, 2-22
popular variance, 3-70 potassium oxalate, 2-22
porcelain and stoneware as construction material, potassium oxide, 2-22
28-38 to 28-39 potassium perchlorate, 2-22
properties of, 28-62 potassium permanganate, 2-22
pore diffusion in adsorbent particles, 16-19 to potassium persulfate, 2-22
16-20 potassium phosphate, 2-22
porous media, 6-39 potassium phthalate, 2-22
positive-displacement pumps, 10-31 to 10-35 potassium platinocyanide, 2-22
diaphragm pumps, 10-33 potassium silicate, 2-22
pneumatically actuated, 10-33 potassium sulfate, 2-22
fluid-displacement pumps, 10-35 potassium sulfide, 2-22
gear, 10-34 potassium sulfite, 2-22
metering, 10-33 potassium tartrate, 2-22
piston pumps, 10-32 potassium thiocyanate, 2-22
duplex double-acting, 10-32 potassium thiosulfate, 2-22
simplex double-acting, 10-32 powder compaction:
plunger pump, 10-32 compact density, 20-71
power pump, 10-33 compaction cycles, 20-72
proportioning, 10-33 compact strength, 20-71
reciprocating pumps, 10-32 controlling, 20-73
diaphragm, 10-32 Hiestand tableting indices, 20-72
multicylinder, 10-32 mechanisms of, 20-71
piston, 10-33 powder feeding, 20-73
plunger, 10-32 transmission of force, 20-71
single-cylinder, 10-32 powder mechanics, 20-58
rotary, 10-34 measurements, 20-70
exterior-bearing type, 10-34 yield locus, 20-70
interior-bearing type, 10-34 powders:
screw, 10-34 cohesive, 20-6
potassium, 2-21, 2-59, 2-166, 2-192, 2-264 to 2-265 free-flowing, 20-6
potassium acetate, 2-21 sampling, 20-6
potassium aluminate, 2-21 See also particles
potassium amide, 2-21 power law fluid, 6-13, 6-19, 6-40
potassium arsenate, 2-21 power recovery from liquid streams, 29-46 to
potassium auricyanide, 2-21 29-54
potassium aurocyanide, 2-21 design considerations, 29-48 to 29-49
potassium bicarbonate, 2-21 economics of, 29-46 to 29-47
potassium bisulfate, 2-21 electrical generation, 29-54
potassium bromate, 2-21 fluid volumes, 29-50
potassium bromide, 2-21 hydraulic behavior, 29-47
potassium carbonate, 2-21 efficiency, 29-47
potassium chlorate, 2-21 installation features, 29-49 to 29-54
potassium chloride, 2-21, 2-59, 2-104, 2-123, integral units, 29-54
2-166, 2-185, 2-192, 2-202 operating behavior, 29-47 to 29-48
potassium chloroplatinate, 2-21 performance, 29-48
potassium chromate, 2-21 overcapacity, 29-53 to 29-54
potassium cyanate, 2-21 principles of, 29-46
potassium cyanide, 2-21 process controls, 29-50 to 29-53
potassium dichromate, 2-21 speed of, 29-53
potassium ferricyanide, 2-21 startup, 29-53 to 29-54
potassium ferrocyanide, 2-21 vaporizing fluids, 29-50
I.46 INDEX
power transmission: pressure tap:

with speed change, 29-60 to 29-61 corner taps, 10-15
without speed change, 29-57 to 29-60 flange taps, 10-15
flexible couplings, 29-59 to 29-60 pipe taps, 10-15
synchro-self-shifting clutches, 29-58 to radius taps, 10-15
29-59 vena-contracta taps, 10-15
variable-speed electric motor drives, 29-57 See also piezometer opening
variable-speed mechanical drives, 29-57 to pressure vessels:
29-58 ASME Code, 10-144 to 10-152
variable-speed turbo coupling, 29-58 brittle fracture, 10-148
power transmission equipment, 29-61 to 29-63 care of, 10-151
lubricant, 29-61 to 29-63 ceramic, 10-150
grease, 29-61 to 29-62 Code administration, 10-144
oil, 29-62 to 29-63 corrosion in, 10-151
Poynting factor, 4-26 cost of, 10-151
Prandtl number, 3-89 design and construction, 10-149
praseodymium, 2-22 graphite, 10-150
precipitation, biochemical separation, 22-73 to lined, 10-150
22-74 metal fatigue, 10-148
precipitators, 17-51 to 17-60 plastic, 10-150
alternating current, 17-59 to 17-60 unusual construction of, 10-149
application, 17-53 vacuum in, 10-151
charging particles, 17-52 weight, 10-151
conditioning agents, 17-55 pretreatment, 25-63 to 25-64
current flow, 17-52 equalization, 25-63
electrical, 17-51 grease and oil removal, 25-63 to 25-64
electric wind, 17-52 neutralization, 25-63
field strength, 17-51 toxic substances, 25-64
particle mobility, 17-52 to 17-53 prilling, 20-81
potential and ionization, 17-51 to 17-52 primary treatment, 25-63 to 25-64
power supply, 17-58 chemical precipitation, 25-64
rapping, 17-57 gravity sedimentation, 25-63 to 25-64
resistivity, 17-55 to 17-56 grit chambers, 25-63
single-stage, 17-56 to 17-57 screens, 25-63
two-stage, 17-58 to 17-59 probability density, 3-69
present value, 9-13 process analyzers, 8-52 to 8-53
presses: sampling system, 8-52 to 8-53
belt, 18-126 sample conditioning, 8-53
disk, 18-126 sample transport, 8-53
roll, 18-126 sample withdrawal, 8-52 to 8-53
screw, 18-126 sampling point, 8-52
tube, 18-127 process control:
variable-volume filter, 18-126 language, 8-59
pressure compaction processes: plant safety, 8-81 to 8-83
piston and molding presses, 20-81 automation, 8-81 to 8-82
roll presses, 20-82 safety interlock system, 8-82 to 8-83
tableting presses, 20-81 process dynamics:
pressure drop: closed loop, 8-4
in condenser, 11-11 dead-time element, 8-9
packed column, 14-42 to 14-45 distance/velocity lag, 8-9
plate column, 14-30 to 14-34 first-order lag, 8-8
pressure measurement, 8-47 to 8-48 higher-order lags, 8-9
elastic-element methods, 8-47 mathematical model, 8-5 to 8-7
bellows element, 8-47 continuous model, 8-7
Bourdon-tube elements, 8-47 empirical model, 8-5
diaphragm elements, 8-48 linear model, 8-6
electrical methods, 8-48 nonlinear model, 8-6
piezoelectric transducers, 8-48 physical model, 8-5
piezoresistive transducers, 8-48 simulation, 8-6
strain gauges, 8-48 multiinput, multioutput system, 8-10
liquid-column method, 8-47 open loop, 8-4
INDEX I.47
process dynamics (Cont.): propyl alcohol, 2-44, 2-51, 2-73, 2-115, 2-185
pulse-testing, 8-10 to 8-11 propyl amine, 2-44, 2-52
pseudo random binary system (PRBS), 8-10 to propyl aniline, 2-44
8-11 propyl benzoate, 2-44, 2-73
responses, 8-5, 8-8 to 8-9 propyl bromide, 2-44, 2-73
second-order element, 8-8 propyl chloride, 2-44, 2-73
process economics, nomenclature and units, 9-3 to propylene, 2-44, 2-50, 2-73, 2-128, 2-267 to 2-268
9-4 propylene bromide, 2-44
process engineering, intelligent systems in, 3-91 propylene chloride, 2-44
process hazard analysis (PHA), 26-9 propylene chlorohydrin, 2-44
process heating equipment, 27-47 propylene glycol, 2-44, 2-73
processing cost, annual, 9-58 propylene oxide, 2-44, 2-73
process measurements: propyl formate, 2-44, 2-52
calibration, 8-45 propyl furoate, 2-44
general considerations, 8-43 to 8-44 propyl i-butyrate, 2-44, 2-73
selection criteria, 8-44 to 8-45 propyl lactate, 2-44
process safety, 26-1 to 26-92 propyl mercaptan, 2-53
damage estimation, 26-17 to 26-21 propyl n-butyrate, 2-44, 2-73
definition of, 26-4 to 26-5 propyl propionate, 2-44
discharge rates from punctured lines and vessels, propyl thiocyanate, 2-44
26-84 to 26-92 propyl valerate, 2-44
effluent collection and handling, 26-31 to 26-38 proteins, 24-4 to 24-5
flame arresters, 26-38 to 26-43 protocatechuic acid, 2-44
hazard analysis, 26-8 to 26-11 pseudolayering, 20-86
hazardous materials and conditions, 26-43 to pseudoparameters, 4-16
26-92 psychometric charts, 12-4 to 12-13
combustion, 26-51 to 26-53 examples illustrating use, 12-4 to 12-13
explosions, 26-53 to 26-70 psychrometric charts, 12-4 to 12-7
gas dispersion, 26-78 to 26-84 pulegol, 2-45
measures of toxicity, 26-44 pulegone, 2-45
reactive chemicals, 26-49 to 26-51 pulsations, 6-44
static electricity, 26-70 to 26-72 pulverizers, 27-29
storage, 26-44 to 26-47 Aero, 20-42
vacuum, 26-73 to 26-75 Atrita, 20-41
plant design, 26-5 to 26-8 Blue Streak dual screen, 20-41
pressure relief systems, 26-26 to 26-31 Imp, 20-41
project review process, 26-21 to 26-25 jet, 20-47
risk analysis, 26-11 to 26-17 Majac jet, 20-47
process simulation, 3-90 MBF, 20-45
process valves, 8-77 to 8-79 Mikro-ACM, 20-43
batch, 8-77 Mikro pulverizer, 20-41
check valve, 8-78 to 8-79 Turbo, 20-42
gate valve, 8-78 Pulvocron, 20-43
isolation, 8-77 to 8-78 pump-down time, 6-15
on/off applications, 8-77 pumping:
pressure relief valves, 8-78 equipment for. See pumps and compressors
relief valve, 8-78 of gases, 10-37 to 10-57
profit: of liquids, 10-21 to 10-37
gross annual, 9-6 speed, 6-15
net annual, 9-6 work performance in, 10-23
profitability, 9-5 to 9-38 pumps, 18-20
progressions, 3-9, 3-13 to 3-14 canned-motor, 10-29
progressive freezing, 22-4 to 22-5 capacity of, 10-22
propane, 2-44, 2-50, 2-73, 2-135, 2-266 casings, 10-24
cracking, 23-13 cavitation in, 10-23
property changes of mixing, 4-11, 4-12 centrifugal, 10-24 to 10-29. See centrifugal
propionic acid, 2-44, 2-52 pumps
propionic aldehyde, 2-44, 2-73 classification of, 10-21
propionic anhydride, 2-44 close-coupled, 10-29
propinquity effect, 18-53 common standards, 10-21
propyl acetate, 2-44, 2-52 definition of, 10-20
I.48 INDEX
pumps (Cont.): quantitative risk analysis (QRA), 26-9, 26-11

diagnostics, 10-37, 10-38 quartic equations, 3-14
diaphragm, 10-33 quenching:
diffusion, 10-58 dry, 20-79
efficiency, 10-23 wet, 20-79
electromagnetic, 10-35 quench tank, 26-33 to 26-34
fluid displacement, 10-35 sizing and design, 26-36 to 26-38
gear, 10-34 Quercitrin, 2-45
head, 10-22 quinaldine, 2-45
jet, 10-35 quinoline, 2-45, 2-73
ejectors, 10-35 quinone, 2-45
injectors, 10-35
material of construction, 10-24
metering, 10-33
multistage centrifugal, 10-29 R-acid, 2-45
piston, 10-32 radiation:
plunger, 10-32 density gauges measurement, 8-50
positive displacement, 10-31 to 10-35 emissivities of combustion products, 5-32 to 5-36
power, 10-33 flames, 5-35 to 5-36
power input, 10-23 gas emissivity/adsorptivity (example), 5-34 to
power output, 10-23 5-35
process, 10-28 mean beam lengths, 5-23 to 5-33
propellor and turbine, 10-29 to 10-31 particle clouds, 5-36
axial-flow, 10-29 exchange, gases, 5-36
regenerative, 10-31 area, 5-37 to 5-38
turbine, 10-31 enclosure by refractory walls, 5-39 to 5-40
proportioning, 10-33 example, 5-36 to 5-37
ranges of operation, coverage chart, 10-24 in furnace (example), 5-41
reciprocating, 10-32 thermal performance, 5-41
rotary, 10-34 exchange, solid surfaces, 5-25 to 5-32
sealing in, 10-28 absorbance, 5-25 to 5-27
selection of, 10-23 to 10-24 area (example), 5-27, 5-29
screw, 10-34 black surface enclosures, 5-27, 5-29
solids in, 10-24 emissivities, 5-25 to 5-27, 5-28 to 5-29
specifications, 10-37, 10-40 emittance, 5-25 to 5-27
suction limitation of, 10-23 in furnace chamber (example), 5-31 to 5-32
sump, 10-29 nonblack surface enclosures, 5-29
vertical, 10-29 specific surfaces, 5-26 to 5-27, 5-28 to 5-29
vibration in, 10-36 view factor (example), 5-27 and 5-29
vibration monitoring in, 10-36 nomenclature, 5-23
alert level, 10-36 radiation, 5-23 to 5-42
See positive displacement pumps thermal, 5-23, 5-24 to 5-25
pure-species parameters, 4-21 blackbody, 5-24 to 5-25
pyrazole, 2-45 Wein equation, 5-25
pyrazoline, 2-45 Wein’s displacement law, 5-24 to 5-25
pyrazolone, 2-45 radium, 2-22
pyrene, 2-45 radium bromide, 2-22
pyridazine, 2-45 radon, 2-22, 2-59, 2-166
pyridine, 2-45, 2-53 raffinose, 2-45
pyrocatechol, 2-45 ragging, 19-30
pyrogallol, 2-45 random variables, 3-69
pyrometallurgical processes, 23-60 Raoult’s law, 4-26, 13-55
pyrone, 2-45 rate constants, 7-8
pyrrole, 2-45 rate of reaction, 7-5
pyrrolidine, 2-45 rate equations, chemical reaction:
pyrroline, 2-45 analysis of three simultaneous reactions, 7-10
pyruvic acid, 2-45 Arrhenius equations, 7-5 to 7-6
catalysis by solids, 7-11 to 7-13
adsorption rate controlling, 7-13
Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, 7-11
Q-line equation, 13-29 surface reaction controlling, 7-12
quadratic equations, 3-14 chain polymerization, 7-11
INDEX I.49
rate equations, chemical reaction (Cont.): reaction reactors (Cont.):

chemical equilibrium, 7-13 to 7-14 plug flow reactor (PFR), 7-15, 7-19 to 7-20
complex rate equations, 7-8 frictional pressure drop, 7-19 to 7-20
concentration expression, 7-5 material and energy balance, 7-20
continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), 7-4 true contact time, 7-21
derivation of, 7-8 pressure drop, conversion in PFR, 7-33
differential equation, 7-8 recycle and separation modes, 7-20 to 7-21
integrated equation, 7-8 reactor size with recycle, 7-20 to 7-21
derivation of half-times, 7-8 segregated flow, 7-25
diffusion between phases, 7-11 semibatch, 7-30
enzyme kinetic, 7-10 to 7-11 unsteady conditions, 7-22 to 7-23
isothermal rate equations, 7-14 semibatch process, 7-23
integrals, 7-14 reactions:
Laplace transform, 7-15 carbothermic, 23-58
law of mass action, 7-4, 7-5 catalytic organic, 23-28
linear analysis of catalytic rate equations, 7-9 exothermic catalytic, 23-31
mass transfer resistance, 7-4 gas/liquid, 23-39
mole fraction expression, 7-5 gas/liquid/solid, 23-52
multiple reactions, 7-8 to 7-10 homogeneous, 23-37
partial pressure expression, 7-5 liquid/liquid, 23-50
plots, 7-6 noncatalytic gas phase, 23-34
plug flow reactor (PFR), 7-4 solid, 23-55 to 23-56
rates of change at constant pressure, 7-7 reaction time, 7-7 to 7-8
rates of change at constant volume, 7-7 derivation of, 7-8
solid-catalyzed reactions, 7-4, 7-11 residence time, 7-7
Stoichiometric balances, 7-10 space velocity, 7-7
typical units of specific rates, 7-7 reactive distillation, 13-81 to 13-85. See also distil-
rate of reaction, 23-29 lation
with diffusional resistances, 23-52 reactive system screening tool (RSST), 26-50
rate of return, 9-8 to 9-10 reactors:
discounted-cash-flow rate of return (DCFRR), bubble, 23-49
9-14 efficiency, 23-15
Rayleigh distillation, 13-96 entrainment, 23-38
reaction coordinate, 4-31 falling film, 23-50
reaction reactors: flooded fixed bed, 23-53
autocatalytic reaction with recycle, 7-32 multitubular, 23-37
batch reaction with heat transform, 7-29 slurry, 23-38
batch reactor, 7-15 to 7-17 with solid catalysts, 23-27
concentration profile, 7-16 for solids, 23-59
daily yield, 7-16 transpose, 23-38
energy balance, 7-15, 7-17 tubular, 23-49
filling and emptying periods, 7-16 reactotherm, 12-71
material balance, 7-15, 7-17 real-number system, 3-8 to 3-9
optimum operation of reversible reaction, absolute value, 3-8
7-16 indeterminants, 3-8
types of flow reactors, 7-16 inequalities, 3-8
CSTR reactor, 7-15, 7-17 to 7-19 integral exponents, 3-8
comparison to batch, 7-17 to 7-18, 7-31 logarithms, 3-9
material and energy balance, 7-19 order, 3-8
dispersion, 7-25 properties, 3-8
heat effects, 7-21 to 7-22 roots, 3-9
batch reactions, 7-21 to 7-22 reboiler:
CSTR reactions, 7-22 definition of, 11-35
packed bed reaction, 7-22 kettle, 11-13
plug flow reactions, 7-22 thermal design of, 11-13
heat transfer in a cylindrical reactor, 7-33 Thermosiphon reboiler, 11-13
instantaneous and gradual feed rates, 7-31 rectifying section, 13-4
laminar flow, 7-23 to 7-24 recuperators, 27-53
minimum residence time in PFR, 7-32 to 7-33 recycled heat energy, value of, 9-62 to 9-63
multiple steady states, 7-23 Redlich/Kwong equation, 4-21
optimum conditions, 7-25 to 7-26 alternative form, 4-21
optimum cycle period with downtime, 7-24 reduced T and P, 4-16
I.50 INDEX
refractive-index measurement, 8-50 rhodium, 2-22

refrigerants: rhodium chloride, 2-22
definition of, 11-93 ribbon theory, 20-27
secondary, 11-94 ricinoleic acid, 2-45
salt brines, 11-94 ring dryers, 12-80 to 12-81
refrigerants’ thermodynamic properties, 2-269 to risk, 9-23 to 9-34
2-298, 2-317 to 2-318 analysis:
refrigeration: example of, 9-28 to 9-29
absorption systems, 11-88 to 11-89 numerical measures of, 9-30
Brines, 11-94 example of, 9-30
equipment for, 11-79 Robbins chart, 13-79
centrifugal compressors, 11-83 table, 13-56
compressors, 11-79 to 11-87 roll crushers:
condensers, 11-83 capacity of, 20-27
evaporators, 11-84 corrugated, 20-27
positive-displacement compressors, 11-80 smooth, 20-27
vapor-compression system, 11-77 to 11-79 toothed, 20-27
cycles of, 11-77 roll press, 20-28
multistage systems, 11-78 Romberg’s method, 3-54
regeneration, 16-5 to 16-7, 16-48 to 16-56, 27-52 rosaniline, 2-45
in adsorption, 16-48 to 16-52, 16-60 to 16-64 Rosin-Rammler-Bennett, 20-5
pressure swing adsorption (PSA), 16-49 to rosolic acid, 2-45
16-51 rotameter, 8-48
purge/concentration swing adsorption, 16-51 rubber as a construction material, 28-47, 28-49
to 16-52 butyl, 28-47, 28-49
with steam, 16-55 chloroprene, 28-47
temperature swing adsorption (TSA), 16-48 to chlorosulfonated polyethylene (Hypalon), 28-49
16-49 cis-polybutadiene, 28-49
in ion exchange, 16-52 to 16-53, 16-64 to 16-66 cis-polyisoprene, 28-49
backwash, 16-52 ethylene-propene, 28-49
countercurrent, 16-64 to 16-66 fluoroelastomers, 28-49
loading, 16-52 to 16-53 hard, 28-47
rinse, 16-52 natural, 28-47
thermal, 16-32 to 16-34 nitrile, 28-47
regime: polyvinyl chloride elastomer (koroseal), 28-49
coating, 20-65 properties of, 28-58 to 28-59
inertial, 20-65 silicone, 28-49
noninertial, 20-65 styrene, 28-47
regulators, 8-79 to 8-82: rubidium, 2-22, 2-59, 2-166, 2-192, 2-299
oven-pressure protection, 8-81 Runge-Kutta-Feldberg formulas, 3-55
pilot-operated, 8-81 Runge-Kutta methods, 3-55
self-operated, 8-80 to 8-81 runner, 20-45
throttling process, 8-80 ruthenium, 2-22
relative volatility, 13-10, 13-27
required relief rate, 26-29
residence time, 23-7 to 23-9, 23-16, 23-53
residence time distribution, 6-11, 23-15 to 23-16, saccharin, 2-45
23-19 to 23-20 safrole, 2-45, 2-73
residue curve maps (RCM), 13-56 to 13-58 salicylic acid, 2-45, 2-73
Resorcinol, 2-45, 2-73 salicylic aldehyde, 2-45
retene, 2-45 saligenin, 2-45
reverse osmosis, 22-48 to 22-52 saltation, 6-30
Reynolds number, 3-89, 10-45 samarium, 2-22
for annulus, 10-17 sample mean, 3-70
condensate film, 5-20 sample standard deviation, 3-70
equation, 10-5 sampler:
impeller, 18-10 cross-belt, 19-8
shell side, 11-9 rotary, 19-7
Reynolds stress, 6-45 rotary-table, 19-8
rhamnose, 2-45 traversing, 19-7
rhenium, 2-22 sampling, 19-4 to 19-10
rheology, 6-4 cross-stream, 19-6
INDEX I.51
sampling (Cont.): scrubbers (Cont.):

dry, 19-4, 19-9 cut-power correlation, 17-35
equipment for, 19-7 cyclone, 17-37, 17-39
cost of, 19-9 to 19-10 dry scrubbing, 17-39 to 17-41
cross-belt sampler, 19-8 Ejector-Venturi, 17-37 to 17-38
rotary sampler, 19-7 electrically augmented, 17-39
rotary-table sampler, 19-8 entrainment separation, 17-35 to 17-36
traversing sampler, 19-7 fiber-bed, 17-38 to 17-39, 17-40
error variance in, 19-5 impingement plate, 17-38
gravity, 19-6 mechanical, 17-38
mechanical, 19-6 mobile-bed, 17-36 to 17-37, 17-39
for moisture analysis, 19-6 packed-bed, 17-36
process of, 19-4 particulate scrubbers, 17-32 to 17-33
for size analysis, 19-5 performance, 17-33
slurry, 19-4, 19-9 curve, 17-34 to 17-35
solids, 19-3 to 19-10 models, 17-33
theory of, 19-5 spray, 17-37
saturated volume, 12-3 self-induced, 17-37
saturation temperature, 12-3 types, 17-33
scaling. See fouling seals:
scandium, 2-22 external, 10-63
Schaeffer’s salt, 2-45 face, 10-58
screening, 19-18 to 19-23 fixed seal rings, 10-61
capacity, 19-23 floating seal rings, 10-61
definitions of, 19-18 internal, 10-63
efficiency, 19-23 labyrinth, 10-59, 10-60
equipment for, 19-19 to 19-22 Elgi leakage formula, 10-61
feeding, 19-23 material used, 10-64
noise, 19-23 mechanical face, 10-62
operations, 19-22 arrangement, 10-62
probability, 19-22 environment, 10-62
safety, 19-23 equipment for, 10-62
surface, 19-18, 19-22 face combinations, 10-63
screens: gland plate, 10-63
aperture, 19-18 main body, 10-63
capacity, 19-23 product, 10-62
efficiency, 19-23 secondary packing, 10-62
grizzly: selection of, 10-62
flat, 19-20 noncontacting, 10-58, 10-59
stationary, 19-20 packing, 10-61
vibrating, 19-20 application of, 10-61
gyratory, 19-21 lubricant in, 10-62
gyratory riddles, 19-22 seal cage, 10-62
mechanical shaking, 19-20 ring, 10-61
mesh, 19-18 throttle bushings, 10-64
open area of, 19-18 secondary treatment, 25-65 to 25-76
oscillating, 19-21 activated sludge, 25-69 to 25-72
reciprocating, 19-21 biological treatment systems, design of, 25-66 to
revolving, 19-20 25-67
selection of, 19-22 fixed film reactor systems, 25-74 to 25-75
sieve, 19-18 to 19-19 fluidized beds, biological, 25-75 to 25-76
surface, 19-22 lagoons, 25-72 to 25-74
bar screens, 19-22 reactor concepts, 25-67 to 25-68
punched plates, 19-22 sedimentation:
silk bolting cloth, 19-22 balance, 20-8
woven-wire cloth, 19-22 centrifugal, 18-106 to 18-125, 20-8
vibrated: drive assemblies in, 18-68 to 18-69
electrically, 19-21 feedwell, 18-69
mechanically, 19-20 overall flow arrangements, 18-69
scrubbers, 17-32 to 17-33 rake-lifting mechanisms, 10-68
condensation scrubbing, 17-35 rake mechanism, 18-69
contacting parer correlation, 17-33 to 17-34 underflow arrangements, 18-69
I.52 INDEX
sedimentation (Cont.): separation process (Cont.):

flocculation, 18-63 supercritical fluids, 22-14 to 22-19
by gravity, 18-60 to 18-73 applications, 22-17 to 22-19
classification of settleable solids, 18-60 mass transfer, 22-17
components and accessories, 18-67 phase equilibria, 22-15 to 22-17
continuous countercurrent decantation. See physical properties, 22-14 to 22-15
decantation process concepts, 22-15
design of unit, 18-73 separators:
test of, 18-60 classifiers, 19-24 to 19-30
See also thickness and clarifiers cone, 19-38
other gravitational methods, 20-7, 20-8 cyclone, 19-38
hydrometer method, 20-7 drum, 19-38
photosedimentation methods, 20-8 electrostatic, 19-51 to 19-53
pipet method, 20-7 magnetic, 19-42 to 19-47
x-ray sedimentation methods, 20-8 screens, 19-19 to 19-22
torque requirement, 18-63 septum. See filter medium
segregated flow, 23-21 to 23-22, 23-16 shadow prices, adjoint variables, dual variables,
selenic acid, 2-22 3-66
selenium, 2-22 to 2-23, 2-59, 2-166, 2-192 shape factor, 20-7
selenous acid, 2-23 shear thinning, 6-4
semicarbazide, 2-45 sheet-metal gauges, 1-21
semicarbazide hydrochloride, 2-45 shift rate, 21-3
sensitivity analysis, 9-19 to 9-20 shock sensitivity, reactive chemicals, 26-50
example of, 9-20 shooting methods, 3-57
sensors: sieves:
hall effect, 8-52 scale, 19-18
sludge bed level, 18-71 series, 19-19
separation: testing, 19-19
dense-media, 19-36 to 19-40 sieve scale, 19-18
electrostatic, 19-50 to 19-55 sieve series:
magnetic, 19-40 to 19-47 international test, 19-19
of solid-liquid, 18-60 to 18-133 Tyler standard, 19-19
selection of separators, 18-131 to 18-133 U.S., 19-19
superconducting magnetic, 19-47 to 19-50 signal transmission:
thermoadhesive, 19-18 alarms, 8-55 to 8-56
separation factor, 16-14 to 16-16 analog, 8-55
separation process: discreet, 8-55
biochemical, 22-69 to 22-79 ganging, 8-56
final purification, 22-75 to 22-78 intelligent, 8-56
general, 22-69 to 22-71 analog, 8-53
initial product harvest, 22-71 to 22-73 electronic, 8-53
initial purification, 22-73 to 22-75 pneumatic, 8-53
crystallization, from the melt: digital, 8-53 to 8-55
bulk liquid, 22-6 to 22-11 analog inputs and outputs, 8-53 to 8-54
falling-film, 22-10 to 22-13 microprocessor-based transmitters, 8-54
progressive freezing, 22-4 to 22-5 pulse inputs, 8-54
zone melting, 22-5 to 22-6 serial interfaces, 8-54
membrane, 22-37 to 22-69 transmitter/actuator networks, 8-54
electrodialysis, 22-42 to 22-48 filtering and smoothing, 8-55
gas separation, 22-61 to 22-67 smoothing equations, 8-55
general, 22-37 to 22-42 silicic acid, 2-23
microfiltration, 22-57 to 22-61 silicon, 2-23, 2-59, 2-166, 2-193
nanofiltration, 22-48 to 22-52 silicon carbide, 2-23
pervaporation, 22-67 to 22-69 silicon chloride, 2-23
reverse osmosis, 22-48 to 22-52 silicon dioxide, 2-23
ultrafiltration, 22-52 to 22-57 silicon fluoride, 2-23
solid/liquid, 22-20 to 22-36 silicon hydride, 2-23
by adsorptive-bubble methods, 22-30 to silver, 2-23, 2-60, 2-166, 2-193
22-36 silver bromide, 2-23
by electric field, 22-20 to 22-28 silver carbonate, 2-23
surface-based with second liquid phase, 22-28 silver chloride, 2-23, 2-60, 2-167, 2-193
to 22-30 silver cyanide, 2-23
INDEX I.53
silver nitrate, 2-23 sodium bisulfite, 2-23

Simpson’s rule, 3-53 sodium bromate, 2-23
singular solution, 3-36 sodium bromide, 2-23, 2-60, 2-104, 2-153, 2-167,
sink-float processing. See also dense-media separa- 2-193
tion sodium carbonate, 2-23
S.I. units, 1-2 to 1-3 sodium chlorate, 2-24
base units, 1-3 sodium chloride, 2-24, 2-60, 2-123, 2-153, 2-167,
derived units of, 1-3 2-185, 2-193, 2-202
graphic relationships of, 1-2 sodium chromate, 2-24
prefixes, 1-3 sodium citrate, 2-24
size: sodium cyanide, 2-24, 2-60, 2-153, 2-193, 2-202
classifiers, 20-17 sodium dichromate, 2-24
internal classification, 20-17 sodium ferricyanide, 2-24
selectivity, 20-17 sodium ferrocyanide, 2-24
size enlargement: sodium fluoride, 2-24, 2-60, 2-153, 2-167, 2-193,
agglomeration, 20-56 2-202
coalescence, 20-58 sodium formate, 2-24
equipment. See granulator sodium hydride, 2-24
formulation, 20-57 sodium hydrosulfide, 2-24
granulation, 20-57 sodium hydrosulfite, 2-24
layering, 20-86 sodium hydroxide, 2-24, 2-60, 2-89, 2-105,
methods and applications of, 20-58 2-123, 2-153, 2-185, 2-193, 2-202, 2-302
nucleation, 20-58 sodium hypochlorite, 2-24
physical transformations, 20-57 sodium iodide, 2-24, 2-60, 2-153, 2-167, 2-193,
pressure compaction processes, 20-81 to 20-84 2-203
sintering, 20-57 sodium lactate, 2-24
spray-drying, 20-57, 20-81 sodium methylate, 2-45
spray processes, 20-80 to 20-81 sodium nitrate, 2-24
thermal processes, 20-84 to 20-85 sodium nitrite, 2-24
drying, 20-85 sodium oxide, 2-24
hardening, 20-84 sodium perborate, 2-24
sintering, 20-84 sodium perchlorate, 2-24
solidification, 20-85 sodium peroxide, 2-24
wetting, 20-57 sodium phosphate, 2-24
skatole, 2-45 sodium potassium tartrate, 2-24
slip velocity, 6-27, 6-31 sodium sesquicarbonate, 2-24
slot distributors, 6-33 sodium silicate, 2-24
sludge, 25-78 to 25-80 sodium silicofluoride, 2-24
disposal, 25-79 to 25-80 sodium stannate, 2-24
incineration, 25-79 to 25-80 sodium sulfate, 2-24 to 2-25
landfills, 25-80 sodium sulfide, 2-25
land spreading, 25-80 sodium sulfite, 2-25
processing, 25-78 to 25-79 sodium tartrate, 2-25
concentration, 25-78 sodium tetraborate, 2-23
stabilization, 25-78 to 25-79 sodium thiocyanate, 2-25
slurries, sampling, 19-4, 19-9 sodium thiosulfate, 2-25
snowballing, 20-86 sodium tungstate, 2-25
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation, 4-21, sodium uranate, 2-25
13-7 sodium vanadate, 2-25
sodium, 2-23, 2-60, 2-153, 2-167, 2-193, 2-300 to soil as a construction material, 28-43
2-301 soldering, 10-126
sodium acetate, 2-23 solid analytic geometry:
sodium aluminate, 2-23 coordinate systems, 3-18
sodium amide, 2-23 lines and planes, 3-19
sodium ammonium phosphate, 2-23 surfaces, 3-19
sodium antimonate, 2-23 solidification, 11-27, 11-58 to 11-61
sodium arsenate, 2-23 equipment for, 11-58
sodium arsenite, 2-23 agitated-pan type, 11-58
sodium benzoate, 2-23 belt, 11-59
sodium bicarbonate, 2-23 rotating-drum, 11-60
sodium bifluoride, 2-23 rotating-shelf, 11-61
sodium bisulfate, 2-23 vibratory type, 11-59
I.54 INDEX
solids: spiral-plate exchanger, 11-55

jigging, 19-30 to 19-31 applications of, 11-55
mixing, 19-10 to 19-16 types of, 11-55
physical transformations, 20-57 spiral-tube exchanger, 11-56
properties of, 20-10 applications of, 11-56
sampling, 19-4 to 19-9 spouted beds, 12-75 to 12-76
screening, 19-18 to 19-23 spray ponds, 12-21 to 12-23
separations, 19-34 to 19-55 spray processes:
sorting, 19-17 flash-drying, 20-81
tabling, 19-31 to 19-33 prilling, 20-81
wet classification, 19-23 to 19-29 spray-drying, 20-81
solids-liquid separator: S-shaped curves, 9-26 to 9-29
selection of, 18-131 to 18-133 logistics curve, 9-26 to 9-29
solid waste, 25-80 to 25-111 example of, 9-26 to 9-28
collection, 25-86 to 25-89 stainless steel, 28-29
disposal, 25-102 to 25-111 austenitic alloys, 28-4, 28-34
generation, 25-81 to 25-84 properties of, 28-39
handling, storage, processing, 25-84 to 25-86 cast corrosion-resistant, properties of, 28-41
legislation and regulations, 25-12 to 25-13 cast heat-resistant, properties of, 28-41
processing, 25-91 to 25-99 cast stainless alloys, 28-34 to 28-35
transport, 25-89 to 25-91 ferritic alloys, 28-29
waste combustors, regulations, 25-99 to 25-102 properties of, 28-39
solubilities, 2-120 to 2-128 martensitic alloys, 28-29
solvent extraction. See extraction, liquid-liquid properties of, 28-38
sonic flow, 6-22 to 6-23 special types, properties of, 28-40
sorbents, selection of, 16-5 to 16-6. See also adsor- standard deviation, 3-70
bents standard state, 4-31
sorbitol, 2-45 stannic chloride, 2-25, 2-60, 2-168, 2-194
sorbose, 2-45 stannic oxide, 2-25
sorption, equilibrium, 16-11 to 16-16. See also stannic sulfate, 2-25
adsorption stannous bromide, 2-25, 2-60, 2-194
sorting, 19-17 to 19-18 stannous chloride, 2-25
electrical conductivity in, 19-18 stannous sulfate, 2-25
optical, 19-17 starch, 2-45
source-control-problem strategy, 25-29 to 25-32 starters:
space velocity, 23-7 to 23-8 control of, 29-10 to 29-11, 29-13
special differential equations, 3-37 to 3-38 multispeed alternating-current, 29-13
Bessel’s equation, 3-37 to 3-38 synchronous-motor, 29-13
Euler’s equation, 3-37 types of, 29-10 to 29-11
Hermite’s equation, 3-38 state functions, 3-26
Laguerre’s equation, 3-38 static electricity, 26-70 to 26-72
Legendre’s equation, 3-38 static pressure:
specific gravity, 1-20 average, 10-6
degrees API, 1-20 definition of, 10-5
degrees baumé, 1-20 local, 10-6
degrees twaddell, 1-20 measurement of, 10-7
pounds per cubic foot, 1-20 piezometer taps, 10-6
pounds per gallon, 1-20 static temperature, 10-8
specific heats of aqueous solutions, 2-184 to 2-185 statistics: 3-69 to 3-89
specific heats of miscellaneous materials, 2-186 error analysis, 3-87
specific heats of pure compounds, 2-161 to 2-183 experiment design and variance analysis, 3-87 to
specific rate, 23-43 3-89
specific surface, 20-6 hypothesis testing, 3-76 to 3-83
speed pumps, adjustable, 8-79 least squares, 3-83 to 3-87
spiral concentration, 19-34 to 19-36 measuring and sampling data, 3-72 to 3-76
costs of, 19-35, 19-36 probability distributions, 3-71 to 3-72
maintenance of, 19-35 steam engines, 29-14
operating characteristics of, 19-35 expanding, 29-14
operation, 19-34 nonexpanding, 29-14
requirements for, 19-35 uniflow design, 29-14
water requirement for, 19-35 steam generator, definition of, 11-35
INDEX I.55
steam jet: storage (Cont.):

condenser, 11-90 of gases, 10-141 to 10-142
flash tank, 11-92 gas holders, 10-141
primary steam ejector, 11-90 materials, 10-141
refrigeration, 11-92 in pressure vessels, 10-141
steam turbines, 29-17 to 29-29 solution of gases in liquids, 10-141
blades and staging, 29-18 of liquids, 10-138 to 10-141
Curtis stage, 29-18 atmospheric tanks, 10-138
impulse stage, 29-18 container materials and safety, 10-140
reaction stage, 29-18 pond and underground, 10-141
control-system components, 29-21 pressure tanks, 10-138
efficiency of, 29-18, 29-20 volume calculation, 10-139
extraction-pressure control, 29-22 storage of bulk solids:
operating problems: storage bins, silos, hoppers:
erosion, 29-28 flow-factor tester, 21-28
leakage from the glands, 29-27 funnel flow, 21-27
power loss, 29-28 mass flow, 21-27
sticking of valve stems, 29-27 storage piles:
temperature bow, 29-27 to 29-28 discharge arrangements, 21-27
turbine bearings, 29-28 to 29-29 mobile equipment, 21-27
performance, 29-18, 29-20, 29-27 reclaiming, 21-27
mechanical, 29-27 strain index, 20-72
thermodynamic, 29-27 stresses:
selection of, 29-22 to 29-27 allowable, 10-110 to 10-116
speed-control systems, 29-21 to 29-22 bending, 10-117
electrohydraulic, 29-21, 29-25 displacement, 10-109
mechanical-hydraulic, 29-21, 29-25 flexibility, 10-117
remote or process speed control, 29-21 longitudinal, 10-103
stage and value options, 29-17, 29-19 reduction factors, 10-116
multistage, single-valve, 29-17, 29-19 stripping section, 13-4
single-stage, single-valve, 29-17 strontium, 2-25, 2-60, 2-153, 2-167, 2-193
steam rate, 29-20 to 29-21 strontium acetate, 2-25
actual, 29-20 strontium carbonate, 2-25
theoretical, 29-20 strontium chloride, 2-25
types of, 29-17 strontium hydroxide, 2-25
stearic acid, 2-45, 2-73 strontium nitrate, 2-25
stearic anide, 2-45 strontium oxide, 2-25, 2-60, 2-193
Stedman disintegrator. See cage mills strontium peroxide, 2-25
steel, 28-28 to 28-29 strontium sulfate, 2-25
carbon, 28-6 styrene, 2-45, 2-51, 2-73
low-alloy, 28-29 subcooling, 11-12
properties, 28-36 to 28-37 suberic acid, 2-45
stainless. See stainless steel subsonic flow, 6-22
Stefan-Maxwell equations, 5-47, 5-54 successive substitutions method, 3-51
sterilization, 24-13 to 24-14. See also biochemical succinic acid, 2-45
engineering sucrose, 2-45
stirred tanks, 23-44 suction head, 10-22
correlations of mass-transfer coefficients, suction-specific speed, 10-25
23-46 sulfamic acid, 2-25
hydrogenation of oils, 23-46 sulfanilic acid, 2-45
Stoichiometric number, 4-31 sulfur, 2-25, 2-60, 2-153, 2-167, 2-194
stokers, 27-32 in coal, 27-5
Stokes-Cunningham correction, 6-54 sulfur bromide, 2-25
Stokes diameter, 20-7 sulfur chloride, 2-25, 2-60, 2-153, 2-167, 2-194
Stokes-Einstein, 5-50, 5-52 sulfur dioxide, 2-77, 2-124, 2-128, 2-153, 2-167,
Stokes flow, 10-5 2-194, 2-302
Stokes law, 6-50 to 6-52, 20-7 sulfuric acid, 2-25 to 2-26, 2-78 to 2-83, 2-107 to
Stokes number, 20-65 2-108, 2-185, 2-203, 2-303
determination of, 20-66 sulfuric oxychloride, 2-26
storage: sulfurous oxybromide, 2-26
cost of, 10-142 sulfurous oxychloride, 2-26
I.56 INDEX
sulfur oxide, 2-25, 2-54 temperature, 1-19

as a pollutant, 27-28 conversion formulas, 1-19
supercritical fluids, 22-14 to 22-19 dynamic, 10-6
mass transfer, 22-17 static, 10-6
phase equilibria, 22-15 to 22-16 total, 10-6
cosolvents, 22-16 temperature-controlled residuum oil supercritical
glass transition, 22-16 extraction (ROSE), 22-17
liquid-fluid, 22-15 to 22-16 temperature measurement:
models, 22-16 bimetal thermometers, 8-46
polymer-fluid, 22-16 types of elements, 8-46
solid-fluid, 22-16 filled-system thermometers, 8-46
surfactants, 22-16 application of, 8-46
physical properties, 22-14 to 22-15 international practical temperature scale, 8-45
process concepts, 22-15 pyrometers, 8-46 to 8-47
separations, applications to, 22-17 to 22-19 accuracy pyrometer, 8-47
adsorption, 22-17 types of pyrometers, 8-47
antisolvent, 22-18 resistance thermometers, 8-45
cleaning, 22-18 thermistors, 8-45
crystallization, 22-18 thermocouples, 8-45
desorption, 22-17 terbium, 2-26
drying, 22-18 terephthalic acid, 2-45
extraction, 22-17 to 22-18 terminal settling velocity, 6-50
food and pharmaceutical, 22-17 terpineol, 2-45, 2-73
polymers, 22-18 terpin hydrate, 2-45
reactive separation, 22-18 to 22-19 terpinyl acetate, 2-45
temperature-controlled residuum oil supercrit- tetrabromoacetate, 2-45
ical extraction (ROSE), 22-17 tetrachloroethane, 2-45
supercritical, 23-34 tetrachloroethylene, 2-45
superheated, 11-11 tetracosane, 2-45
superheated vaporizer, definition of, 11-35 tetradecane, 2-45, 2-50
supersaturation coefficient, 18-37 tetraethylthiuram disulfide, 2-45
supersonic flow, 6-22 tetrafluoroethylene, 2-46
superconductivity, 11-97 tetrahydrofuran, 2-46
surfactants, 22-16 tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, 2-46
sylverstrene, 2-45 tetrahydropyran, 2-46
symbols, 1-24 tetralin, 2-46, 2-74
mathematical, 1-24 tetramethylthiuram disulfide, 2-46
systems of variable composition: tetryl, 2-46
partial molar properties, 4-7 thallium, 2-26, 2-60, 2-167, 2-194
summability equation, 4-7 thallium acetate, 2-26
thallium chloride, 2-26
thallium sulfate, 2-26
theobromine, 2-46
tabling, 19-31 to 19-34 theoretical or equilibrium stages, definition of, 15-5
agglomeration, 19-33 calculation in liquid-liquid extraction, 15-16 to
dry, 19-33 15-20
wet, 19-31 height equivalent to a theoretical stage, 15-20
tanks: shortcut methods, 15-17 to 15-19
atmospheric, 10-138 theory:
fixed roofs, 10-138 of compression, 10-37
floating roofs, 10-138 of filtration, 18-74
open, 10-138 thermal conductivity measurement, 8-50
pressure, 10-138 thermal cracking, 23-13
volume calculation, 10-139 thermal decomposition, 23-56
tantalum, 2-26 thermal design, 11-4
as a construction material, 28-37 cocurrent flow, 11-4
tartaric acid, 2-45 condenser thermal design, 11-11
tartronic acid, 2-45 countercurrent flow, 11-4
tax, annual amount of, 9-6 cross-flow, 11-5
Taylor’s series, 3-32 design, 11-4
tellurium, 2-26, 2-60, 2-153, 2-167, 2-194 evaporator design, 11-13 to 11-18
TEMA heat exchangers, shell-and-tube, 11-33 heat-exchange design, 11-4
INDEX I.57
thermal design (Cont.): titanium chloride, 2-26, 2-60, 2-168, 2-194

insulation, 11-68 to 11-74 titanium dioxide, 2-26
mean temperature difference, 11-4 tolidine, 2-46
overall heat-transfer coefficient, 11-4 toluene, 2-46, 2-74, 2-304
reboiler thermal design, 11-3 toluene sulfonic acid, 2-46
single-phase heat transfer thermal design, 11-5 toluene sulfonic amide, 2-46
to 11-11 toluene sulfonic chloride, 2-46
solid processing design, 11-24 to 11-33 toluic acid, 2-46
tank-coil design, 11-20 toluidine, 2-46, 2-74, 2-177
thermal expansion, 2-128 to 2-131 toluidine hydrochloride, 2-46
coefficients of, 10-118, 10-126 toluidene sulfonic acid, 2-46
for metals and alloys, 28-34 toluylene diamine, 2-46
thermocouples, 10-7 to 10-8 tolylene diisocyanate, 2-46
range of, 10-8 tower packings, 6-40
thermodynamic efficiency, 4-35 towers:
thermodynamic properties, 2-205 to 2-318 countercurrent absorption, 23-41
thermodynamics: mechanical-draft, 12-15 to 12-17
first law: cross-flow, 12-16
closed and open system, 4-3 forced-draft, 12-15
heat, work, 4-3 induced-draft, 12-16
multivariable calculus and, 3-26 to 3-27 removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide,
properties: 23-44
intensive and extensive, 4-3 sulfur dioxide, spray, 23-44
second law, 4-3 types, 23-39
thermosiphon reboiler, 11-13 tracers, 23-15 to 23-16
thickeners: equations, 23-17
basin area, 18-61 response, 23-16
classes of, 18-65 tracing:
bridge-supported, 18-65, 18-67 electric, 10-135 to 10-138
center-column supported, 18-65, 18-67 MI cables, 10-13
traction drives, 18-65, 18-67 polymer-insulated constant wattage electric
costs of, 18-73 heaters, 10-137
design criteria, 18-72 SECT, 10-137
high-density, 18-64 self-regulating, 10-137
high-rate, 18-64 heat, 10-133
operation of, 18-65 impedance, 10-137
selection of, 18-73 selections of, 10-137
Thiele-Geddes (TG) method, 13-40 to 13-42 steam, 10-133
thioacetic acid, 2-46, 2-74 transducers:
thioaniline, 2-46 F/P transducer, 8-68 to 8-69
thiocarbanilide, 2-46 rotational motion, 8-52
thionaphthol, 2-46 differential transformer, 8-52
thiophene, 2-46, 2-53 gear train, 8-52
thiophenol, 2-46, 2-74 hall-effect sensors, 8-52
thiosalicylic acid, 2-46 transfer function, 23-17, 23-19
thiourea, 2-46 transformer, differential, 8-52
thorium, 2-26 transportation:
thorium oxide, 2-26 of bulk solids, 21-72 to 21-74
thorium sulfate, 2-26 of packaged items:
three-point formulas, 3-53 vehicle choice, 21-74
throughput, 6-15 transport of fluids. See fluids, bulk transport of
parameter, 16-7, 16-30 transport properties, 2-318 to 2-337
throw, 20-24 trapezoidal rule, 3-53
thulium, 2-26 tray dryers, direct heat, 12-42 to 12-44
thymol, 2-46, 2-74 trehalose, 2-46
time-dependent motion, 6-52 triamylamine, 2-46
time value of money, 9-10 tributyl amine, 2-46
tin, 2-26, 2-60, 2-168, 2-194 tributyl phosphite, 2-46
titanic acid, 2-26 trichloroacetic acid, 2-46, 2-74, 2-177
titanium, 2-26 trichlorobenzene, 2-46, 2-74
as construction material, 28-37 trichloroethane, 2-46, 2-74
properties of, 28-48 trichloroethylene, 2-46, 2-74
I.58 INDEX
trichlorophenol, 2-46, 2-74 ultrafiltration, 22-52 to 22-57

tricosane, 2-46, 2-75 ultrasonic techniques, 10-149
tricresyl phosphate, 2-47 unconfined vapor cloud explosions, (UVCEs),
tridecane, 2-46, 2-50 26-57 to 26-59
triethanol amine, 2-46 undecane, 2-47, 2-50
triethylamine, 2-46, 2-52 Underwood’s equations, 13-35
triethylbenzene, 2-46, 2-75 undetermined coefficients method, 3-37
triethyl borate, 2-46 UNIFAC equation, 13-18
triethyl citrate, 2-46, 2-75 method, 4-22
triethylene glycol, 2-46, 2-75 unified alloy numbering system, 28-34
trifluorochloroethylene, 2-46 UNIQUAC equation, 4-22, 4-23, 13-18
trifluorochloromethane, 2-46 unit operations, control of:
trifluorotrichloroethane, 2-46 batch logic, 8-42 to 8-43
trigonometric series, 3-32 batch operations, 8-37 to 8-43
trigonometry: automation functions, 8-39 to 8-41
approximation, 3-23 control of process states, 8-40
functions of circular trigonometry, 3-20 to discrete devices, 8-39
3-21 production monitoring, 8-39
hyperbolic trigonometry, 3-22 to 3-23 production scheduling, 8-39
inverse trigonometric functions, 3-21 to 3-22 regulatory control, 8-40 to 8-41
trigonometry, plane, 3-20 to 3-23 sequence logic, 8-41
angles, 3-20 batch production facilities, 8-41 to 8-42
circular trigonometry, functions of, 3-20 to chemical reactor, 8-33 to 8-35
3-21 composition control, 8-35
identities, 3-21 dryers, 8-36 to 8-37
hyperbolic trigonometry, 3-22 to 3-23 evaporators, 8-35 to 8-36
inverse trigonometric functions, 3-21 to 3-22 temperature control, 8-35
sides of triangles and angles, relations between, distillation column, 8-33 to 8-34
3-21 basic control, 8-33
trimethoxybutane, 2-46 product quality, 8-33
trimethylamine, 2-46, 2-52 heat exchangers, 8-32 to 8-33
trimethylene bromide, 2-46 enthalpy control, 8-32
trimethylene chloride, 2-46 feed forward control, 8-32
trimethylene glycol, 2-46 units, 1-1 to 1-14
trinitrobenzene, 2-46 common, 1-4 to 1-12
trinitrobenzoic acid, 2-46 S.I., 1-2 to 1-3
trinitronaphthalene, 2-46 U.S. Customary, 1-4 to 1-12
trinitrophenol, 2-47 upper flammable limit (UFL), 26-54
trinitrotert-butylxylene, 2-46 uranic acid, 2-26
trinitrotoluene, 2-47 uranium, 2-26
trional, 2-47 uranium carbide, 2-26
triphenylarsine, 2-47 uranium oxide, 2-26 to 2-27
triphenyl carbinol, 2-47 uranium sulfate, 2-27
triphenyl guanidine, 2-47 uranyl acetate, 2-27
triphenyl methane, 2-47, 2-75 uranyl carbonate, 2-27
triphenyl methyl, 2-47 uranyl sulfate, 2-27
triphenyl phosphate, 2-47, 2-75 urea, 2-47
tripropylamine, 2-47 urea nitrate, 2-47
troubleshooting plant performance, 30-20 to 30-22, uric acid, 2-47
30-30 to 30-32 U.S. Customary units, 1-4 to 1-12
tube banks, 6-36
tubing. See piping
tungsten, 2-26, 2-60, 2-168, 2-194
tungsten carbide, 2-26 vacuum, 26-73 to 26-75
tungsten trioxide, 2-26 vacuum systems:
tungstic acid, 2-26 equipment for, 10-57, 10-59
turbine: valeric acid, 2-47, 2-75
flat-blade, 18-7 valeric aldehyde, 2-47
pitched-blade, 18-7 valeric amide, 2-47
turbine meter, 8-48 valves:
turbulent flow, forced convection, 5-16 to 5-17 angle, 10-90
two-way test, 3-82 to 3-83 ball, 10-90
INDEX I.59
valves (Cont.): Von Kármán coefficient, 6-42

butterfly, 10-91 vortex depth, 18-12
diaphragm, 10-90 Vortex shedding, 6-41, 11-35
dimensions of, 10-88 to 10-89 vorticity, 6-5
gate, 10-87
inclined-seat, 10-87
parallel-seat, 10-87
globe, 10-87 Wagner equation, 4-15
lift check, 10-91 wall effects, 6-54
plug cocks, 10-90 Ward-Leonard system, 29-9
lubricated, 10-90 waste-heat boiler, definition of, 11-35
swing check, 10-91 waste processing, 20-55
tilting-disk check, 10-91 waste, solid, 25-81 to 25-84
trim, 10-91 properties, 25-82 to 25-83
vanadic acid, 2-27 quantities, 25-83 to 25-84
vanadium, 2-27 sources, 25-82
vanadium chloride, 2-27 types, 25-81 to 25-82
vanadium oxide, 2-27 wastewater characteristics, 25-60 to 25-63
vanadium oxychloride, 2-27 eutrophication, nutrients and, 25-62 to 25-63
vanadyl chloride, 2-27, 2-60 inorganics, 25-62
vanillic acid, 2-47 oil and grease, 25-63
vanillic alcohol, 2-47 organics, 25-60 to 25-62
vanillin, 2-47, 2-75 oxygen, dissolved, 25-62
Van Laar equation, 4-27, 13-18 pH, 25-62
Van Ness, 4-26 priority pollutants, 25-60
vaporization of liquids, heat transfer in. See boiling solids, 25-62
of liquids temperature, 25-62
vapor pressures of pure substances, 2-48 to 2-75 wastewater treatment, 25-63 to 25-80
vapor pressures of solutions, 2-76 to 2-89 physical-chemical treatment, 25-76 to 25-78
variation of parameters method, 3-37 pretreatment, 25-63 to 25-64
velocity: primary treatment, 25-64 to 25-65
collisional, 20-65 secondary treatment, 25-65 to 25-76
measurement of, 10-8 to 10-11 sludge disposal, 25-79 to 25-80
velocity head, 10-22 sludge processing, 25-78 to 25-79
velocity head method, 6-16 water 2-27, 2-48 to 2-49, 2-54, 2-90, 2-91 to 2-92,
vent sizing package (VSP), 26-50 2-147 to 2-148, 2-304 to 2-315
Venturi flowmeter, 6-9, 8-48 heavy, 2-27
Herschel-type, 10-14 as a supercritical fluid, 22-14 to 22-15
veratrole, 2-47 water hammer, 6-44
vinyl acetate, 2-47, 2-52 water quality legislation and regulations, 25-9 to
vinyl acetic acid, 2-47 25-12
vinyl acetylene, 2-47, 2-50 water-vapor content of air, 2-90
vinyl alcohol, 2-47 Wegstein method, 3-51
vinyl chloride, 2-47, 2-53, 2-75 weighing of bulk solids:
vinyl propionate, 2-47 batch weighing:
virial equations of state: additive weigh scale, 21-34
cross coefficient, 4-19 loss-of weigh scale, 21-34
empirical interaction parameter, 4-20 principle of operation, 21-32
in pressure, 4-19 continuous weighing
second virial coefficient, 4-20 equipment, 21-55 to 21-56
virial coefficient, 4-19 weight sensing, 21-35
viruses, 24-4 weights and measures, 1-19
visbreaking, 23-10 to 23-13 U.S. Customary, 1-19
viscoelastic, 6-4 to 6-5, 6-17, 6-40 Wein:
viscosity, 6-4 displacement law, 5-24 to 5-25
kinematic, 6-4 equation, 5-25
measurement, 8-50 weirs:
Volterra equation, 3-43 broad-crested, 10-19
volume: narrow rectangular notches, 10-20
change, 4-15 rectangular, 10-19
expansivity, 4-15 sharp-edged, 10-19
relation to compressibility factor, 4-15 triangular-notch, 10-20
I.60 INDEX
welding, 10-126 xylene sulfonic acid, 2-47

wet-bulb temperature, 12-3 xylidine, 2-47, 2-75
and adiabatic-saturation temperature: xylose, 2-47
flow past cylinders, 12-3 xylylene dichloride, 2-47
psychrometric ratio, 12-3
relation, 12-3 to 12-4
wet classification, 19-23 to 19-30
definition of, 19-23 yaw, 10-9
equipment for, 19-24 to 19-30 ytterbium, 2-27
wetted-wall columns, 14-56 to 14-58 yttrium, 2-27
wetting:
Bartell cell, 20-62
contact angle, 20-61
controlling, 20-63 zinc, 2-27, 2-60, 2-168, 2-194
flotation test, 20-61 zinc acetate, 2-27
mechanism of, 20-61 zinc bromide, 2-27
rate, 6-42 zinc carbonate, 2-27
Washburn test, 20-62 zinc chloride, 2-27, 2-60, 2-159, 2-168, 2-194,
Wilson equation, 4-22, 4-23, 13-18, 13-19 2-203
wire gauges, 1-21 zinc cyanide, 2-27
Wong and Sandler, 4-28 zinc diethyl, 2-47
wood as a construction material, 28-50 zinc dimethyl, 2-47
chemical resistance of, 28-62 zinc dimethyl-dithiocarbamate, 2-47
work: zinc hydroxide, 2-27
ideal work, 4-35 zinc iodide, 2-27
lost work, 4-35 zinc nitrate, 2-27
minimum work required, 4-35 zinc oxide, 2-27
shaft work, 4-35 zinc peroxide, 2-27
work analysis, 4-35 to 4-36 zinc phosphide, 2-27
lost work analysis, 4-36 zinc silicate, 2-27
work index, 20-11, 20-14 zinc sulfate, 2-27
working-capital cost, 9-7 zinc sulfide, 2-27
zinc sulfite, 2-27
zirconium, 2-27, 2-60, 2-168, 2-196
as a construction material, 28-37
Xenon, 2-27, 2-60, 2-149, 2-168, 2-315 to 2-316 zirconium dioxide, 2-27
X-factors, 10-42 to 10-44 zone melting, 22-5 to 22-6
xylene, 2-47, 2-51, 2-75 z-transform, 3-45

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abietic acid, 2-28 acenaphthene, 2-28

abrasion index, 20-12 acentric factor, 4-16

adiabatic, 10-5 advanced control system (Cont.):

amyl isobutyl carbinol, 2-29 anthraquinone sulfonate, 2-30

azoanisole, 2-30 bearings, types of (Cont.):

bin opening, 21-29 bismuth nitrate, 2-10

bromoform, 2-31, 2-62 cadmium sulfide, 2-11

caprylic acid, 2-32 catalysts (Cont.):

centrifuges, sedimenting (Cont.): chromatography (Cont.):

classifiers (Cont.): external coils, 11-22

compression: condenser (Cont.):

controller, 8-61 to 8-63 conversion factors, 1-4 to 1-14

continuous-flow conveyors (Cont.): corrosion (Cont.):

cost estimation: crystallization (Cont.):

cupric ferricyanide, 2-13 decane, 2-34, 2-50

diaminodiphenylamine, 2-34 diethyl malonate, 2-35

dimethylaminophenol, 2-36 disintegrator, 20-42

ditolyl guanidine, 2-37 drying (Cont.):

economic comparisons (Cont.): electrostatic separation (Cont.):

engines, internal combustion (Cont.): equivalent maximum investment period (EMIP),

ethyl oleate, 2-38 expansion turbines (Cont.):

extraction equipment, continuous contact equip- ferric sulfate, 2-14

filters, rotary drum (Cont.): fittings and valves, 6-17, 6-27

flow (Cont.): fluid:

fluids, bulk transport of (Cont.): furfuryl alcohol, 2-38, 2-69

gasketed-plate exchanger, 11-52 gas turbines, turbine-blade cooling (Cont.):

Gibbs energy, 4-5 granulators:

grinding (Cont.): head (Cont.):

heat transfer (Cont.): hexyne, 2-50

impact breakers: integral equations, 3-42 to 3-43

ion exchangers (Cont.): joints (Cont.):

lactide, 2-40 lecithin, 2-40

logarithmic-mean temperature difference (LMTD), magnetic separator (Cont.):

mass transfer, in adsorption (Cont.): matrix (Cont.):

metals and alloys: methyl ethyl ketone, 2-41, 2-52

mills (Cont.): mixer (Cont.):

moisture measurement (Cont.): motors, alternating current, multispeed (Cont.):

nickel ammonium sulfate, 2-19 nitrophthalic acid, 2-43

octyl acetate, 2-43 packaging (Cont.):

particle size (Cont.): perfect fluid, 10-5

phase separation, gas-phase continuous system physical properties:

pipe (Cont.): plant performance, analysis (Cont.):

pollution prevention (Cont.): potassium formate, 2-21

power transmission: pressure tap:

pumps (Cont.): quantitative risk analysis (QRA), 26-9, 26-11

rate equations, chemical reaction (Cont.): reaction reactors (Cont.):

refractive-index measurement, 8-50 rhodium, 2-22

sampling (Cont.): scrubbers (Cont.):

sedimentation (Cont.): separation process (Cont.):

silver nitrate, 2-23 sodium bisulfite, 2-23

solids: spiral-plate exchanger, 11-55

steam jet: storage (Cont.):

sulfur oxide, 2-25, 2-54 temperature, 1-19

thermal design (Cont.): titanium chloride, 2-26, 2-60, 2-168, 2-194

trichlorophenol, 2-46, 2-74 ultrafiltration, 22-52 to 22-57

valves (Cont.): Von Kármán coefficient, 6-42

welding, 10-126 xylene sulfonic acid, 2-47

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