https://www.mdpi.

com/1996-1073/11/8/2113/htm

Thermal stress to mechanical stator windings*********

Electrical transport in carbon nanotube fibres

From this we can conclude that the fiber used for an electrical generator would need to be a balance
here, depending on the mechanical strength of larger/smaller diameter ones? Tradeoff

The viability of producing these materials while factoring cost, quality, yield, and process consistency are
additional obstacles that need to be considered.

Overall, higher current density is to be expected due to the expectations for heat removal in CNT in
comparison to metallic conductors.
Again, the temperature and resistivity coefficients of CNT materials will be highly dependent on the CNT
structures used.
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/Carbon%20Conductors%20for%20Lightweight%2
0Motors%20and%20Generators_0.pdf

Replacing Copper with New Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrical Machine Windings

[Sankey diagram losses in generator]

Availability: carbon is highly abundant and while copper is not, with the growth of the processes for
making CNTs for commercial applications, the price will see a significant decrease. Copper is ~$3/lb
($6.6/kg).

CNT is lighter weight, more flexible, more resilient in terms of fatigue, corrosion resistant, high
strength/modulus of elasticity************* this true?

Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotube

CNT have greater stability at high temperatures, can withstand chemical treatment, and can move
charges without scattering. If these benefits can be scaled up, copper can be replaced as the standard
conductor used in these machines. Currently, macroscopic CNT wire has a resistivity 100x greater than
that of individual nanotubes, but is 1/5 the density of metal wire. A significant amount of work is still
needed tomake CNT macrostructures a viable replacement for metallic conductors.

conductivity of Cu is 59.6 MS/m at room temp and resistivity temperature coefficient is 3.886 x 10−3.
Copper winding losses in electrical machines. Developing economies are also a factor, as developing
nations will further require copper, making the demand higher and extraction requires a lot of
energy/cost. Operating winding temp is 120C for electrical machines. Skin effect increases as rfrequency
increases, CNT electrical machines gives the possibility for higher operating frequencies/temperatures in
electrical machines.

The electrical conductivity of CNT yarn/composite materials are still improving and is expected to
surpass the conductivity of copper. Copper conductivity at the operating temperature for electrical
machines is 72% of the conductivity at room temperature (5.96×107S/m -> 4.29x107S/m.

MWCNTs are multiple SWCNTs embedded inside each other so that they are coaxial.

Electrical performance of CNTs may be adversely affected by structural defects formed either during
synthesis or by mechanical forces on them.

Mechanical properties of CNTs have shown tensile strengths within 10-100GPa. Themal conductivity
axially has been found to be 3000-3500W/Mk.
Light weight and high frequency capable because It resembles that of a litz wire, and doesn’t see skin
effect.

Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Based Fibers and Their Future Use in Electrical Wiring

On the Feasibility of Carbon Nanotube Windings for Electrical Machines – Case Study for a Coreless Axial
Flux Motor

A breakthough in Japan showed that CNT-Cu composites are promising in that electroplated CNTs (45%
volume CNT) fills the space between CNT fibers and gives a stable current density of 6×108 A/cm2 (100
times greater than Cu) with a comparable conductivity.

Even though CNTs currently have a lower conductivity and would require a larger number of stator
stacks, increased axial coil length, and machine outer diameter, when the same torque and loss per unit
area exists in an electrical machine, higher speed (>5000rpm) machines are superior with CNTs because
of negligible skin effect losses. At 10000rpm, mass is less than half of that of a copper based electrical
machine while having the same volume and torque.

Fabricating and strengthening the carbon nanotube/copper compositefibers with high strength and high
electrical conductivity

Electrical Properties and Applications of Carbon Nanotube Structures

[Better image at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/befb/77852f43b66ca10eb4c0f195330f3170c276.pdf]

). Reduced scattering is due to the “reduced phase space for phonon scattering in lower dimensional
structures”, meaning
http://www.physics.umd.edu/condmat/mfuhrer/publications/NTChapter.pdf

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/30e8/b30b740228cc2198cae8088dcd1f0e0bcc00.pdf

Copper/carbon nanotube composites: research trends and outlook

Thermal Expansion of Single Wall

Thermal and Structural Properties of Fusion related Materials

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3202
Spinning Methods for Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Electrical Conductivity of CNT-PEEK Composites

Research:

Tunneling resistance between unaligned tubules

Skin effect: skin depth vs frequency CNT-CU

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.9255&rep=rep1&type=pdf

magnetic flux density cnt:

cnt fibers in power lines

Course Info:
Armature copper losses,

A generator works by a time varying magnetic field being imposing on a conductor, which then induces a
voltage as a reaction flux generates currents to repel the incoming flux.

The importance of choosing the value of current density in the stator windings on the cost and
efficiency of the synchronous generator

The current density in the stator windings

***********This shit will be important for doing my own analysis***************

Trash:

The temperature coefficient of varies depending on the structure, and at times can be negative,
meaning as temperature increases the resistivity decreases, but this is only the case for a narrow range
of MWCNTs (short length, 10um).

Chirality and graphene sheet manufacturing

**** Nickel CNT-Cu https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ni-Nanobuffer-Layer-Provides-Light-

Weight-CNT%2FCu-Zou-Liu/65510196fe0df2d4fb753c1db8a4ccfcee800a80

Carbon as Conductor: A Pragmatic View

https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/93180-can-carbon-nanotubes-replace-copper

Reliability and current carrying capacity of carbon nanotubes

Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric Motors

Performance Comparison of Carbon Nanotubes with Copper and Aluminium as Winding Material in
Transformer

https://people.engr.ncsu.edu/ytzhu/papers/CNT/CNT-conductor.pdf
https://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=3752&context=theses