Lecture 4 Introduction VCR Part 2 OK

ME340A: Prof.
Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan
ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in Kanpur 208016 India
Introduction to
Vapor Compression
Refrigeration
Systems – Part II
Sameer Khandekar
Sameer Khandekar
Sir M. Visvesvaraya Chair Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur (UP) 208016 INDIA
Webpage: home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/ 1

In this presentation…
◉ Performance measurement
◉ Ideal vapor compression system
◉ Real/Practical system
◉ Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Sameer Khandekar

208016 Kanpur India 1
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar

Measuring performance of
1 refrigeration systems
Rating, Carnot cycle, Ideal and real cycles
Sameer Khandekar

Refrigeration effect
Refrigerating effect (N): It is defined as the quantity of heat extracted
from a cold body or space to be cooled in a given time.
N = Heat extracted from the cold space/(time taken)
Note:
1 Metric ton = 1000 kg (also referred to as ‘tonne’, to distinguish it with
a ‘short ton’
Sameer Khandekar
1 Short ton = 2000 pounds = 907 kg (in US a short ton is called as ‘ton’)


Refrigeration Capacity or Tonnage rating

◉ Capacity of refrigerating machines are expressed by their cooling
capacity. The commonly used unit for expressing the capacity of a
refrigerating machine is Ton of refrigeration.
◉ One ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat extracted
(refrigerating effect) to freeze one metric ton of water at 0°C into ice in
24 hours.
◉ Latent heat of ice = 334 kJ/kg i.e., 334 kJ of heat should be extracted
from one kg of water at 0°C to convert it into ice.
Sameer Khandekar
◉ One ton of refrigeration = 334 x 1000 kJ/24 hrs.

= 336 x 1000/(24 X 60 X 60) kJ/s
= 3.86 kW (or = 3.5 kW if we use a short ton)
5

Coefficient of performance
◉ How to estimate the efficiency of the system?

Sameer Khandekar
for fixed values of QL and QH


Reversed Carnot cycle

◉ The reversed Carnot cycle is the most
efficient refrigeration cycle operating
between TL and TH.
◉ However, it is not a suitable model for
refrigeration cycles since processes 2-3
and 4-1 are not practical because:
○ Process 2-3 involves the compression
of a liquid–vapor mixture, which
Sameer Khandekar
requires a compressor that will handle

two phases, and,
Schematic of a Carnot refrigerator and T-
○ Process 4-1 involves the expansion of s diagram of the reversed Carnot cycle.
high-moisture-content refrigerant in a
turbine.
7

COP of reversed Carnot cycle
◉ Both COPs increase as the

difference between the two
temperatures decreases, that is,
as TL rises or TH falls.
Sameer Khandekar
Schematic of a Carnot refrigerator and T-s

diagram of the reversed Carnot cycle.
8


Ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle

◉ The vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle is the ideal
model for refrigeration systems.
◉ Unlike the reversed Carnot cycle,
the refrigerant is vaporized
completely before it is
compressed and the turbine is
replaced with a throttling device.
Sameer Khandekar
◉ This is the most widely used

cycle for refrigerators, A-C
systems, and heat pumps. Schematic and T-s diagram for the ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. 9

Ideal vapor compression cycle
◉ The ideal vapor-compression

refrigeration cycle involves an
irreversible (throttling) process to
make it a more realistic model for
the actual systems.
◉ Replacing the expansion valve by

a turbine is not practical since the
added benefits cannot justify the
Sameer Khandekar
added cost and complexity.
10


Ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle

Sameer Khandekar
Steady-flow energy balance
11

A refrigeration cycle drawn on T-s diagram
1-2: Compression
2-3: Condenser
3-4: Expansion
4-5: Evaporator
Sameer Khandekar
12


Refrigeration cycle on a P-v diagram

Sameer Khandekar
13

Example: A household refrigerator

Sameer Khandekar
General Electric: 1927

Sulphur dioxide/ Methyl formate) Modern: 21st century Fridge advert of 1905
14


Example: A household refrigerator
◉ −18 °C (0 °F) (freezer)

◉ 0 °C (32 °F) (meat zone)
◉ 5 °C (41 °F) (cooling zone)
◉ 10 °C (50 °F) (crisper)
Sameer Khandekar
An ordinary household refrigerator.

15

Actual vapor compression cycle

◉ An actual vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle differs from
the ideal one in several ways,
owing mostly to the
irreversibilities that occur in
various components, mainly due
to fluid friction (causes pressure
drops) and heat transfer to or
Sameer Khandekar
from the surroundings.

◉ The COP decreases as a result of
irreversibilities. Schematic and T-s diagram of actual vapor
compression refrigeration cycle.
16


Actual vapor compression cycle

DIFFERENCES
◉ Non-isentropic compression
◉ Superheated vapor at
evaporator exit
◉ Subcooled liquid at condenser
exit
Sameer Khandekar
◉ Pressure drops in condenser

and evaporator
Schematic and T-s diagram of actual vapor
compression refrigeration cycle.
17

Practical refrigeration cycle

Sameer Khandekar
18



Sameer Khandekar
19


Sameer Khandekar
20


2 The Heat Pump

Extracting heat from cold space
Sameer Khandekar
21

A heat pump
◉ A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a “source” of

heat to a "heat sink".
◉ Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of

spontaneous heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space (usually
atmospheric air/ground water) and releasing it to a warmer one
(conditioned space/house).
◉ A heat pump uses a small amount of external power to accomplish the

Sameer Khandekar
work of transferring energy from the heat source to the heat sink.
22


A heat pump
◉ When a heat pump is used for heating, it employs the same basic
refrigeration cycle used by an air conditioner or a refrigerator, but in the
opposite direction – releasing heat into the conditioned space rather
than the surrounding environment.
◉ In heating mode, heat pumps are three to four times more effective at
heating than simple electrical resistance heaters using the same amount
of electricity.
◉
Sameer Khandekar
However, the typical cost of installing a heat pump is also higher than
that of a resistance heater.
23

A heat pump
◉ The most common energy source for heat pumps is atmospheric air
(air-to-air systems).
◉ Water-source systems usually use well water and ground-source
(geothermal) heat pumps use earth as the energy source. They typically
have higher COPs but are more complex and more expensive to install.
◉ Both the capacity and the efficiency of a heat pump fall significantly at
low temperatures. Therefore, most air-source heat pumps require a
Sameer Khandekar
supplementary heating system such as electric resistance heaters or a

gas furnace.
24


Same machine – cooling/heating

◉ A heat pump can be used to heat a
house in winter and to cool it in
summer.
◉ Heat pumps are most competitive

in areas that have a large cooling
load during the cooling season and
a relatively small heating load
during the heating season. In these
Sameer Khandekar
areas, the heat pump can meet the

entire cooling and heating needs of
residential or commercial buildings.
25

Reversing valve design

Sameer Khandekar
26


Winter/Summer operation of the same machine

Sameer Khandekar
27

Practical layouts
Between atmospheric air to room air

Sameer Khandekar
Between ground and room air

28


Practical layouts: Geothermal heat pump

Sameer Khandekar
29

3 Gas Refrigeration Cycle

Reversing the Brayton Cycle…
Sameer Khandekar
30


Brayton cycle
◉ In general, the Brayton cycle describes the workings of a constant-
pressure heat engine. Today, modern gas turbine engines and air
breathing jet engines are also a constant-pressure heat engines
Sameer Khandekar
31

Reversing the Brayton cycle

◉ A Brayton cycle that is driven in reverse direction is known as the
reverse Brayton cycle. It is similar to the ordinary Brayton cycle but
it is driven in reverse, via net work input.
◉ This cycle is also known as the gas refrigeration cycle or Bell
Coleman cycle.
◉ It is widely used in jet aircrafts for air conditioning systems using
air from the engine compressors.
◉ It is also widely used in the LNG industry where the largest reverse
Sameer Khandekar
Brayton cycle is for subcooling LNG using of the order of 100 MW

of power from a gas turbine-driven compressor and nitrogen
refrigerant.
32


Gas refrigeration cycles

◉ The reversed Brayton cycle
(the gas refrigeration cycle)
can be used for refrigeration.
Sameer Khandekar
Simple gas refrigeration cycle.

33


◉ The gas refrigeration cycles have lower
COPs relative to the vapor-compression
cycles or the reversed Carnot cycle.
◉ The reversed Carnot cycle consumes a
fraction of the net work (area 1A3B) but An open-cycle aircraft
cooling system.
produces a greater amount of
refrigeration (triangular area under B1).
◉
Sameer Khandekar
Despite their relatively low COPs, the

gas refrigeration cycles involve simple,
lighter components, which make them
suitable for aircraft cooling, and they
can incorporate regeneration 34



◉ Without regeneration, the lowest
turbine inlet temperature is T0, the
temperature of the surroundings
or any other cooling medium.
◉ With regeneration, the high-
pressure gas is further cooled to
T4 before expanding in the
turbine. Gas refrigeration cycle with regeneration.
Sameer Khandekar
◉ Lowering the turbine Tinlet Extremely low temperatures can

automatically lowers the turbine be achieved by repeating
Texit, which is the minimum regeneration process.
temperature in the cycle. 35

Thanks!
Any questions ?
You can find me at
◉ samkhan@iitk.ac.in
Sameer Khandekar
36


Lecture 4 Introduction VCR Part 2 OK

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4 Introduction VCR Part 2 OK

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ME340A: Prof.

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Refrigeration Capacity or Tonnage rating

◉ One ton of refrigeration = 334 x 1000 kJ/24 hrs.

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

◉ How to estimate the efficiency of the system?

for fixed values of QL and QH

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Reversed Carnot cycle

requires a compressor that will handle

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

COP of reversed Carnot cycle

◉ Both COPs increase as the

Schematic of a Carnot refrigerator and T-s

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle

◉ This is the most widely used

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Ideal vapor compression cycle

◉ The ideal vapor-compression

◉ Replacing the expansion valve by

added cost and complexity.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle

Steady-flow energy balance

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

A refrigeration cycle drawn on T-s diagram

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Refrigeration cycle on a P-v diagram

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Example: A household refrigerator

General Electric: 1927

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Example: A household refrigerator

◉ −18 °C (0 °F) (freezer)

An ordinary household refrigerator.

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Actual vapor compression cycle

from the surroundings.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Actual vapor compression cycle

◉ Pressure drops in condenser

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Practical refrigeration cycle

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Practical refrigeration cycle

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Practical refrigeration cycle

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

2 The Heat Pump