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Seminar goal
Building structures
Non building structures
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Two important points
To be discussed
1. Philosophy
2. Types of errors
3. Understanding the software
4. The infinitely rigid diaphragm
5. Load combinations
6. Building structures
Gravity framing
LLRS
7. Non building structures
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Simple tools can be Simple checks can be
used to provide used to validate a complex
important information structural analysis
performed with a computer
IBC
ASCE 7
AISC 360
ACI 318
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Philosophy & mindset
1. Strength
2. Stability
3. Load paths
4. Bracing
5. Connections
6. Serviceability
7. Redundancy
8. Constructability
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Philosophy & mindset
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Philosophy &
mindset
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Types of errors
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Types of errors
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Understanding the software
>and limitations
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Understanding the software
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Understanding the software
Load path issues are drag struts analyzed?
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Understanding the software
What are the defaults?
Some examples,
Structure self weight
Roof snow or roof live (can computer deal with both?)
Unit weight & f’c of concrete (slab on metal deck)
Rg and Rp values for headed studs on composite beams
Minimum “studdable” beam size
Bracing constraints
Second order analysis (“on” or “off”?)
Notional load, Ni
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Understanding the software
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Understanding the software
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Understanding the software
Diaphragm issues:
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Diaphragms
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Diaphragms
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Diaphragms
Assumptions of infinitely
rigid diaphragms can
(incorrectly) pull loads out of
a braced frames & moment
frames.
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Diaphragms
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Diaphragms
Sloped columns need braces at each end and a
load path to the LLRS.
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Diaphragms
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Diaphragms
In plane offset in braced frame
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Diaphragms
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Load combinations
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Load Combinations
1.2D+1.6W+L
1.2D+E+L
0.9D+1.6W
0.9D+E
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Load Combinations
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Building Structures
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Validating floor framing (gravity)
− Geometry
− Framing
− Loads from,
elevators, escalators, stairs, folding partitions,
mechanical shafts, heavy runs of suspended
piping, dense files, rooftop mechanical equipment,
roof screens, parapets (snow drifts), facade loads,
window washing davits
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Three steps,
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Validating floor framing (gravity)
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Validating the LLRS
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Wind
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Validating the LLRS
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Validating the LLRS
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Non building structures
Unusual geometry
Many load combinations
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Non building structures
Storage bin
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Conveyor
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Non building structures
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Non building structures
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Non building structures
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Summary
– Understand ASCE 7, AISC 360, ACI 318, IBC, NWS, etc>
– Understand the software limitations and defaults
– Follow the loads / show the reactions
– Floor framing: manually design a typical beam, girder & column
– LLRS: compute base shear w/ simplified lateral load calculations
– Rigid diaphragms in models can hide and distort load distribution
– Diaphragms require strength and stiffness
– Diaphragms must be connected to the LLRS
– Look at the deflected shapes
– Verify that there are continuous & legitimate load paths
– Never get complacent
– Get a second set of eyes on all models
– “The map is not the territory.”
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Thank you!
Questions?
Clifford Schwinger, P.E.
610 337 3360
cschwinger@harmangroup.com
www.harmangroup.com
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