B. P. Pattanaik1*, M. K. Mohanty2, B. K. Nanda1, S. K. Nayak1, R. Panua3, P. K.

Bose3

1
School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 2
College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura

Presented at the 4th International Conference on “Advances in Energy Research (ICAER-2013)”

10 – 12 December 2013 , IIT Bombay

OBJECTIVES

Development of Karanja biodiesel from neat Karanja oil by

base catalyzed transesterification method
Characterization of fuel properties of Karanja oil, Karanja
biodiesel and comparison with diesel
Preparation of test fuels in the form of biodiesel blends
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Application of the test fuels to a single cylinder low
compression ratio diesel engine
Estimation of various engine performance and emission
parameters for various test fuels and comparison of those
with that of diesel fuel
INTRODUCTION
Why Alternative Energy?
Limited stock of present fossil fuel reserves which will last
for few more years to come

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Increasing rate of air-pollution from automobiles using
petroleum based fuels
Alarming increase in Green House Gases in the
atmosphere
Reducing health standards due to excessive automobile
pollution
Continuous hike in crude petroleum prices
Causes for Promotion of Biofuels
Contribution to the Energy Security Policy

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Environmental Concerns
Foreign Exchange Savings
Socio-Economic Issues Related to Rural Sector
Greater Use of Renewable Energy
Less Green House Gas Emissions
Biodiesel as a Renewable Fuel
Biodiesel is a chemically derived fuel comprised of Mono-
alkyl ester / Methyl ester of long chain fatty acids of the
triglycerides present in the straight vegetable oil (SVO) /
animal fat obtained during the transesterification Process.
It possesses almost similar fuel properties as mineral diesel
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Completely bio-degradable and non-toxic
Requires no engine modifications when used in engines
Produces less green house gas emissions as compared to
diesel
Karanja as a potential source for
biodiesel production
Suitable climatic and soil conditions for
Karanja plantation in the Indian context
Can grow in unused and infertile lands
Higher oil content in the harvested seeds
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Completely non-edible vegetable oil
Higher conversion yield potential for biodiesel production
Low cost biodiesel production

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Photograph of Karanja Tree

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Harvested Karanja fruits and seeds

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Structure of Neat Vegetable Oil

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The Transesterification Reaction

Transesterification Process
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EXPERIMENTAL
Biodiesel Production Methodology
Heating & Grease Removal of Vegetable oil
Acid Esterification of Vegetable oil
Reagent Mixture Preparation (KOH+CH3OH)
Base Catalyst Transesterification below 65 C
Biodiesel Separation
Methanol Recovery Glycerol
Collection
Biodiesel Collection, Washing & Purification
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Schematic diagram of a small biodiesel reactor

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Process Parameters used during Transesterification
Sl No. Process parameters Description

1 Process selected Alkali catalyzed transesterification

2 Reaction temperature 55 – 60 oC

3 Sample oil used 1250 ml of neat Karanja oil

4 Methanol used 200 ml / kg of oil

5 Catalyst used (KOH) 0.5 – 1 % per kg of oil

6 Reaction time 1.5 hours

7 Settling time 8 – 10 hours

8 Water washing 8 – 24 hours

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9 Stirring speed 550 – 700 rpm

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Biodiesel & Glycerol Separation

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Variation in viscosity of Karanja oil with temperature

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Comparison in density at various stages of biodiesel
production

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Comparison of viscosity of Karanja oil at various
stages

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Comparison in FFA composition of Karanja oil at
various stages

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Biodiesel Conversion Yield
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 0.92

0.9

0.88

0.86

0.84

0.82

0.8

0.78
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Reaction Time (Min.)

Characterization of Fuel Properties

Properties Karanja oil Karanja biodiesel Diesel ASTM Methods

Density at 25oC (kg/m3) 910 880 860 D 1298

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Kinematic Viscosity at 34.78 6.5 2.56 D 445
40oC (cSt.)

Acid value (mg KOH/g) 30.8 1.12 - D 664

FFA (mg KOH/g) 15.4 0.56 - D 664

Calorific value
(MJ/kg) 36.4 40.2 44.2 D 240

Cetane number 32.22 56.64 47 D 613

Flash point (oC) 219 124 76 D 93

Fire point (oC) 228 146 78 D 93

Cloud point (oC) 9 5 -10 D 2500

Pour point (oC) 3 -2 -18 D 97

Preparation of Biodiesel Blends (Test Fuels)

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B-20 (20% Biodiesel + 80% Petro Diesel) B-50
(50% Biodiesel + 50% Petro Diesel)
B-100 (100% Biodiesel)
Photograph of various test fuel samples

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Schematic Presentation of the Test Engine

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Photograph of the Test Engine Setup
Test Engine Specification
Parameter Description
Make/Model Kirloskar oil engines India Ltd / AV-1
Engine type Four-Stroke diesel engine
No. of cylinder One
Bore × Stroke 80 × 110 mm2

Compression ratio 16.5:1

Injection pressure 220 bar

Injection nozzle opening 23obTDC

Rated power 6.25 kW

Rated speed 1500 rpm

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Cooling type Water cooled
Lubricating oil SAE 20 W40
Dynamometer Eddy current type (10kW, 43.5 A)

RESULTS
Engine Performance Analysis

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1. Brake Thermal Efficiency

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2. Brake Specific Energy Consumption

3. Exhaust Gas Temperature

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Engine Emission Analysis
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4. CO Emission

5. HC Emission
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6. CO2 Emission

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7. Smoke Emission

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8. NOX Emission

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CONCLUSIONS
The BTE was found to be increasing and the BSEC found to be
decreasing with increase in engine power output. The BTE was
highest for diesel and the BSEC was highest for Karanja
biodiesel at all loads.
The CO and HC emission decrease initially at lower loads and
then increases when the load is increased above 50%. The CO
and HC emissions were also found to be higher for diesel.
The CO2 emission in g/kWh decreases with increase in engine
power and the smoke emission increases with engine power and
load. Smoke emission was higher in case of B50 and B100.

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Continued….
The EGT increases with increase in engine power and NOx
emission in g/kWh was found to be decreasing with increase in
engine power and load. Both EGT and NOx emission were
higher for Karanja biodiesel.
FUTURE SCOPE
Biodiesel being more viscous than diesel may require frequent
cleaning of engine components. Use of preheated biodiesel
blends in engines may be studied.
Biodiesel if used for longer time in engines causes corrosive
effects. Studies on engine wear and corrosion due to the use of
biodiesel must be carried out.
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Biodiesel combustion causes higher combustion and exhaust
temperatures. Studies must be carried out for suitable engine
modifications resulting in low temperatute biodiesel
combustion.
Continued….
Higher NOx emission due to biodiesel combustion is a great
matter of environmental concern. Investigation must be
undertaken for reduction of the same using newer methods like
exhaust gas recirculation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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The authors are extremely thankful to the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata and
the College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology,
OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for providing laboratory
facilities for conduct of the experiments.

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