Six Contemporary Filipino

Architects You Should Know

Cassandra Naji
Updated: 11 January 2018


The architecture of the Philippines reflects the country’s

complex cultural identity. First colonized by Spain, then
Japan and finally America, Filipinos joke that they spent
400 years in a convent, five in a prison camp, and 45 in
Hollywood. This complexity finds its creative expression in
the work of these six post-war architects, whose vision
simultaneously captured the country’s history while looking
towards the region’s future.
Sign Up. Get More. Do More.
Read the Culture Trip newsletter. Because you want to see what's out there.
Sign up
For more information on how we use your data, see our privacy policy. Unsubscribe in one click. To see what our
newsletters include, click here.
*
 Manila street scene | © Pixabay

Leandro Locsin
Leandro Locsin (1928-1994) was in some ways a quintessential Renaissance man. A
brilliant architect, interior designer, artist, and classically trained pianist, Locsin was also
a keen art collector, amassing a sizable collection of fine Chinese art and ceramics
during his lifetime. It is for his buildings, however, that he is remembered. From airport
terminals to memorial chapels, arts centers to stock exchange structures, Locsin left his
mark on the urban landscape of the Philippines.

Locsin was determined to reconfigure western architectural mores for a Filipino

audience. His most substantial contribution to Filipino architecture is the Cultural Center
of the Philippines, a collection of five buildings that demonstrate the architect’s drive to
find a vernacular form of modernist architecture. The National Theatre building within
the complex is a good example of Locsin’s trademark style. Known as “floating volume,”
it consists of a two-floor-high block of travertine marble cantilevered 12 feet into the air.
The theatre harks back to traditional Filipino dwelling huts, but on a monumentally
modern scale.

Despite the wide range of buildings Locsin created, all of them have one thing in
common: concrete. His ability to make this most monolithic of materials appear
weightless, and to elegantly combine Western brutalism with vernacular elements, led
Locsin’s peers to dub him the “poet of space.”

UPLB Public Library, designed by Leandro Locsin | © Julia Sumangil/Flickr

Ildefonso P Santos
The father of Philippine landscape architecture, Ildefonso Paez Santos, or IP Santos as
he was known, created some of the best-loved urban spaces in the Philippines.
Landscape architecture, which deals with parks, plazas, and green spaces, was a little-
considered element of urban planning in the first half of the 20th century. However,
Santos changed that, carrying out pioneering work that, after four decades in the
profession, led him to become National Artist for Architecture in 2006.

One of his earliest successful projects was the Makati Commercial Center, an outdoor
shopping mall in which the shop fronts and walkways were interspersed with garden
trails, fountains, and public artworks. This led him to be commissioned to revitalize
Manila’s Paco Park, the work for which he is perhaps best remembered. A former
Spanish cemetery and Japanese ammunitions store, the park was transformed into a
national park in 1966. Between 1967-1969 Santos revived the park’s grounds and
incorporated the original park structures, including memorial sites and fortification walls,
into a space for urban recreation.
 View from the pathway at Paco Park | © Wikimedia Commons

Pablo Antonio
One of the first exponents of modernist architecture in the Philippines, Pablo Antonio
(1901-1975) is revered as a pioneer and the foremost architect of his time. This success
was perhaps unexpected for a boy who was orphaned at 12 and who dropped out of his
first architecture program. It was during his studies at the University of London that
Antonio began to shine, completing a five-year program in only three years. He went on
to revolutionize popular architecture in the Philippines, eschewing the fashionable neo-
classical style for his own version of art deco. Antonio was acutely aware of the
demands made on architecture by the unforgiving Philippine climate. Buildings such as
the Galaxy Theatre, the Far Eastern University, and the Manila Polo Club display
practical innovations such as natural ventilation systems and sunscreens, all of which
are rendered in Antonio’s signature style: clean lines, strong shapes, and simplicity. As
Antonio’s son Pablo Jr explains, “for our father, every line must have a meaning, a
purpose. For him, function comes first before elegance and form.”
 Far Eastern University by Pablo S. Antonio Sr. | © Wikicommons

Juan Nakpil
The son of veterans of the Philippine Revolution, Juan Nakpil (1899–1986) was
committed to the belief that architecture built in the Philippines should reflect its culture
and people. In his early career, Nakpil spent time studying in the United States and
France, absorbing the lessons of international architecture. When he returned to Manila
in the mid-1920s, Nakpil applied his new-found knowledge to Filipino structures. He
worked on the restoration of the home of national hero Jose Rizal and, like Locsin, took
inspiration from traditional stilt houses, remaking them in cantilevered concrete on a
mammoth scale. His own holiday home was designed along these lines, combining
traditional nipa roofing (made out of natural materials) with a poured concrete
base. Nakpil worked on dozens of buildings across the nation, from the Manila Jockey
Club and the Quiapo Church, to the Mabini Shrine and government departments.
Despite his determination to make buildings specifically for Filipino citizens, some of his
designs were considered too radical by the public. Nakpil’s stainless steel pylon,
superimposed over a granite obelisk memorialising Jose Rizal was unpopular and was
soon removed. But Nakpil’s failures were few, and he remained one of the Philippines’
most popular and revered architects until his death. He was named a National Artist for
Architecture in 1973.
 Quiapo Church, Manila | © shankar s./Flickr

Francisco Mañosa
Francisco ‘Bobby’ Mañosa has been challenging architectural convention in his native
country for five decades. He displayed an artistic temperament from an early age and
remained a keen painter throughout his life. Along with his three brothers, Mañosa
eventually chose to pursue architecture, and before long became the “outspoken
champion of indigenous architecture,” thus popularizing the idea of Philippine
architecture for Filipinos.

Mañosa’s distinctive style, known as Contemporary Tropical Filipino Architecture, is a

heady mixture of seemingly incongruous elements. Coconut lumber, rattan, shell,
thatch, and even indigenous textiles are juxtaposed with hypermodern materials: metal,
glass, concrete. The Coconut Palace at the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex
typifies Manosa’s style. Its coconut gourd roof, coconut shell chandelier, and pineapple
fiber bedcovers are infused with technological innovation for the modern era. In 2009
Mañosa was designated a National Artist in Architecture.

Carlos A. Santos-Viola
An urbane young man who enjoyed lawn tennis and playing the saxophone, Carlos
Santos-Viola was also a gifted architect. He was a devout Catholic throughout his life,
and many of his best known designs were executed for the Iglesia Ni Cristo, a Filipino
religious group. Santos-Viola created churches for the group all over the archipelago,
designed in a style quite distinct from that of his contemporaries. Instead of the
monumentalism of Leandro Locsin or the art deco simplicity of Pablo Antonio, Santos-
Viola chose to incorporate Gothic and Baroque elements into his modern churches.

The Central Temple he built for the Iglesia Ni Cristo shows these revivalist flourishes
working in harmony with Santos-Viola’s passion for geometric shapes and, perhaps
more than anything else, functionality. The desire for functionality informed almost all of
Santos-Viola’s work, and he was fond of asserting that “the structure must not only look
good but must also be made well.”