CMOC Draft for Optometry Curriculum in India

COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY
CURRICULUM (CMOC)
FOR INDIA
FIRST DRAFT
DATED -16-06-2009
Additional Information
Dated 18-08-2009
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Dear Optometry Friends,
Greetings from members of Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum development

team.
It is with utmost sincerity and dedication; we hereby would like to share the first draft of
the Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum for India to you all.
It was on January 25th 2008, the team of like minded people came together at Elite
School of Optometry, Chennai to initiate the much needed Common Minimum
Optometry Curriculum for India. Since then every three months the team met in different
places and brainstormed on the essential courses, objective, description, and course
contents. Please give your open comments to the below contact person either through
email/normal mailing/ telephone. You can also access the softcopy of the First draft of
CMOC for India from Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (ASCO)
website.
Thanking you,
For CMOC Team
Dr. R Krishna Kumar

Elite School of Optometry
8; GST Road, St Thomas Mount,
Chennai – 600 016
Email : ramani_kk@yahoo.co.in
Mobile: 098403 12791
LAN Phone: 044 – 2234 6023
Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

dated : 16-06-2009 – FIRST DRAFT – additional information dated 18-08-2009
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Members of Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum
1. Dr. R Krishna Kumar

Principal,
8, GST Road, St Thomas Mount,
Chennai – 600 016
Email : ramani_kk@yahoo.co.in
Mobile: 098403 12791
LAN Phone: 044 – 2234 6023
2. Mr. Aditya Goyal

In- Charge – Optometry programme
Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research,
#1, 3rd cross street, Sri Sankara Nagar, Pammal,
Chennai – 600075
Email: adityagoyal@hotmail.com
Mobile: 09381053158
Land Phone: 044 22484799/5299
3. Dr. L Srinivasa Varadharajan

Assistant Professor
8, GST Road, St Thomas Mount,
Chennai – 600 016
Email : drlsv@snmail.org
LAN Phone: 044 – 2232 1835

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4. Ms. Prema Chande

Principal,
Lotus College of Optometry
Mumbai
Email : premachande@hotmail.com
5. Prof. De Jong Coen

Bausch & Lomb School of Optometry
Kismatpur,
Hyderabad
6. Prof. Dipti Gogate

Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College
School of Optometry
Katraj- Dhanakawadi, Pune, Satara Road,
Pune – 411 043 BVP, Pune
Email :diptigogate@vsnl.net
Mobile: 09422504206
7. Ms. Kunda Ganatra

President
Indian Optometric Association
Mumbai
Email:rganatra@bom5.vsnl.net.in

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8. Mr. Vivek Mendonsa

President
Association of Schools & Colleges of Optometry (ASCO)
Lawrence & Mayo House, 274, Dr. D. N. Road, Fort,
Mumbai – 400 001.
Mobile: 098 202 888 17
Email: vivekmendonsa@rediffmail.com
LAN Phone: 022 – 2207 7440 / 2201 2358
9. Mr. Yeshwant Saoji

Educational Representative
Indian optometric Association
Nagpur
10. Ms. Lakshmi Shinde

Coordinator – IACLE & ICEE
Asia Pacific region

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List of Contributors
Sr. Course Authors Reviewer

No
1 Biochemistry I & II Mr. Aditya Goyal Dr. K.N. Sulochana Ph.D.
Professor and Head
Biochemistry Research Dept
Vision Research Foundation
Sankara Nethralaya
18, College Road
Chennai . 600 006.
Phone: 044-28271616 (Extn. 1315)
Fax: 044-28254180
Email: drkns@snmail.org
2 General Anatomy Mr. Aditya Goyal Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Principal,
3 General Physiology Mr. Aditya Goyal
4 Ocular Anatomy Mr. Aditya Goyal Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Principal,
5 Ocular Physiology Mr. Aditya Goyal
6 Geometrical Optics I & II Dr. L Srinivasa Ms. Varuna Padmanabhan MS
Varadharajan Was teaching Physical/ Geometrical
Optics at School of Optometry, University
of California, Berkeley.
Ms. Revathy
ESO Alumnus, At present working in
Sankara Nethralaya
7 Physical Optics Dr. L Srinivasa Ms. Varuna Padmanabhan MS
Varadharajan Was teaching Physical/ Geometrical
Optics at School of Optometry, University
of California, Berkeley.
Ms. Revathy
ESO Alumnus, At present working in
Sankara Nethralaya
8 Optometric Optics -I & II Mr. Prasant Sawant Ms. Rashima ,
Ms. Anjali Faculty,
Optometric optics, Elite School of
Optometry
9 Microbiology Dr. Mrs. Padmini Sathe
BHMS, PGDPC
10 Pathology Dr. S Krishna Dr. Padmini Sathe
Kumar BHMS, PGDPC
Faculty, Elite
School of
Optometry

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11 Visual Optics I & II Miss. Mithali Kamat,

Assistant Lecturer,
B.V.P. School of Optometry,
Pune.
12 Contact Lens I & II Mr. Nagesh
13 Geriatric Optometry Mr. Vishakh Nair Ms. Prema Chande
Associate Principal,
Professor, Lotus Collage of Optometry
BVP School of
optometry
14 Binocular Vision I and II Prof. Dipti Gogate Mr. Aditya Goyal
15 Paediatric Optometry Mr. Vishakh Nair Rizwana
Associate Pediatric Optometrist
Professor, Sankara Nethralaya
BVP School of Faculty, Elite School of Optometry
optometry
16 Public Health & Dr.R.R.Sudhir,
Community Optometry M.B.B.S.,D.O.,D.N.
B.,M.P.H (Johns
Hopkins, USA)
Head Dept of
Preventive
Ophthalmology,
Consultant Cornea
Services,
Consultant In-
charge Electronic
Medical Records,
Sankara
Nethralaya,
Medical and Vision
Research
Foundation,
18 College Road,
Nugambakkam,
Chennai- 600 006,
Tel : +91-44-
28271616 ; Fax :
+91-44-28254180
email: rrsudhir@ya
hoo.com ;
drrrs@snmail.org
17 Low Vision Aids Prof .Dipti Gogate Dr. R Krishna Kumar
Mr. Vishakh Nair
Associate
Professor,
BVP School of
optometry

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18 Occupational Optometry Prof. Dipti Gogate Dr .R Krishna Kumar

Mr. Vishakh Nair
Associate
Professor,
BVP School of
optometry
19 Systemic Disease Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
20 Nutrition Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
21 Optometric Instruments
22 Pharmacology Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
23 Ocular Disease I & II Dr R Krishna
Kumar
24 CEVS Ms. Prema Chande Dr. R Krishna Kumar
25 Dispensing Optics Mr. Prasant Sawant
Mrs Anjali
26 Clinical Training Dr. R Krishna
Kumar
Mr. Aditya Goyal
Ms. Prema Chande

--9--
Acknowledgements To
• Prof. Jay M Enoch, Dean, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley
• Dr. S Meenakshi, Director, Academics, Sankara Nethralaya
• Dr. Vivek A Saoji, Dean, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bharati Vidyapeeth

University, Medical College, Pune
• Dr. S S Badrinath, Chairman, Emeritus, Sankara Nethralaya

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Definition for Optometry (from CMOC perspective) :
“Optometry is a health care profession that is autonomous and

optometrists are primary health care practitioners of the eye and visual
system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes
refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and co-management of
disease in the eye and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual
system”
Role of an Optometrist:
Primary eye care (Diagnosis /referral),
Vision care (Contact lens, Refraction, Low Vision, Binocular vision

services),
Co- Management of diseases (Referral and Follow-up).

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COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM FOR INDIA

( Four year Degree programme)
Eligibility : Higher Secondary with Physics/Chemistry/ Maths or Biology, and minimum

60% marks in each of the above subjects in the final examination
Year Courses Hours Hours

First Semester Second Semester
General Anatomy 32 (10) Basic Biochemistry II 20(20)
General Physiology 45 (20) Ocular Anatomy 39(10)
Basic Biochemistry I 27(20) Ocular Physiology 47(14)
Nutrition 15 Geometrical optics -II 45(20)
Geometrical Optics - I 49 Physical optics 37(15)
Clinic - I
Third Semester Fourth Semester
Ocular Microbiology 18 Optometric Optics -II 37
Optometric optics- I 21 Visual Optics - II 27
Visual optics - I 20 Ocular Disease - II 46
Optometric Instruments 32 Basic Pharmacology 24
Ocular Diseases - I 46 Pathology 20
Clinical examination of 29 Clinics - III 68
Visual System
Clinic - II
Fifth Semester Sixth Semester
Contact lens - I 37(25) Contact Lens - II 30(25)
Low Vision Aid 21(6) Binocular Vision - II 31
Geriatric Optometry 25 Public Health and 26
Community optometry
Pediatric Optometry 30 Dispensing Optometry 19
Binocular Vision - I 29 Occupational Optometry 20
Systemic Disease 57 Clinics - V 68
Clinics- IV
Clinical Internship - Seventh and Eight Semester
Note: Numbers in parenthesis is dedicated practical hours for different courses

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COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO :
COURSE NAME : General Anatomy
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in anatomy, with adequate
exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology
1) Course Description: General anatomy deals with the entire human anatomy with
emphasis on different tissues, blood vessels, glands, nerves and the entire central
nervous system in particular.
2) Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• Comprehend the normal disposition, inter-relationships, gross, functional and

applied anatomy of various structures in the human body.
• Identify the microscopic structures of various tissues, and organs in the human
body and correlate the structure with the functions.
• Comprehend the basic structure and connections between the various parts of
the central nervous system so as to analyze the integrative and regulative
functions on the organs and systems.
3) Text Book:
a) BD Chaurasia: Handbook of general Anatomy, Third edition, CBS Publishers,
New Delhi, 1996
b) GJ Tortora, B Derrickson: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,11th edition,
John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2007
4) Reference Book: No recommendation. It is left to the faculty
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology or remedial biology

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6) Course Outline:
Sr. No. Topics No. Mode of Mode of
of teaching Evaluation
hrs.
1 Introduction to Human Anatomy: 2 Lectures Short notes,
Anatomy: Definition and its relevance in MCQs
medicine and optometry
Planes of the body, relationship of
structures, organ system
2 Skeleton System 3 Lecture MCQs/Viva
3 Tissues of the Body: 3 Lectures Short notes,

Epithelium, connective tissue, bone and MCQs
cartilage, Embryology, histology,
different types of each of them, types of
cells, cellular differentiation and
arrangements in different tissues
4 Muscles: 2 Lectures Short notes,

Different types of muscles, their MCQs
functional differentiation, their
relationship with different structures,
their neural supply
5 Blood vessels: 3 Lectures Short notes,

Differentiation between arteries and MCQs
veins, embryology, histology of both
arteries and veins, Functional
differences between the two, anatomical
differences at different locations
6 Skin and appendages: 2 Lectures Short notes,

Embryology, anatomical differences in MCQs
different areas, functional and protective
variations, innervations, relationship with
muscles and nerves
7 Lymphatic system: 1 Lectures Short notes,
Embryology, functions, relationship with MCQs
blood vessels and organs
8 Glands: 2 Lectures Short notes,
Embryology, different types of glands MCQs
(exocrine and endocrine), functional
differences, neural control of glands

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9 Nervous system: 3 Lectures Short notes,

Parts of Nervous system, cell types of MCQs
nervous system, Blood-brain barrier,
Reflex arc, Peripheral Nerves, Spinal
nerves, Nerve fibers, Autonomic
Nervous system
10 Brain and Cranial nerves: 6 Lectures Short notes,
Major parts of Brain, Protective MCQs
coverings of the Brain, Cerebrospinal
Fluid, Brain stem, Cerebellum,
Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Cranial nerves
Total Number of Hours 32
7. Reading Assignment: Encourage the students to develop the habit of referring books
and submit written assignments.
8. Evaluation Schedule:
Component Duration Date & Time Max. Marks Remarks
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive 3 Hours Written
Examination 40 Exam
Practical: 10 Hours
Practical demonstration of each organ using specimen. If specimen for certain organs
are not available, then videos can be shown to make the student understand the
anatomic structures.

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B. S. OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : General Physiology
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in physiology, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology
1) Course Description: General physiology deals with the entire human anatomy with
emphasis on different organ systems, their physiological functions with special
emphasis on blood and neuro physiology.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course the student will be able to:
• Explain the normal functioning of various organ systems of the body and their
interactions.
• Elucidate the physiological aspects of normal growth and development.
• Describe the physiological response and adaptations to environmental
stresses.
• Know the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis of disease.
3) Text Book:
• G J Tortora, B Derrickson: Principles of anatomy & physiology,11th edition,

• John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey, 2007
4) Reference Book:
• AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition,CBS

Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
• A C Guyton: Text book of Medical Physiology, 6th edition, saunders company,
Japan, 1981
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology or remedial biology

--16--
6) Course Outline:
Sr. No. Topics No. of Mode of Mode of
hrs. teaching Evaluation
1 Cell structure & organization Lectures Short notes,
Tissue organization MCQs
Epithelium
Connective tissue – Collagen fibers –
Elastic fibers – Areolar fibers
Cartilage – Bone
Contractile tissue – striated – skeletal
– cardiac – non striated – plain –
myoepithelial
General principles of cell physiology
Physiology of skeletal muscle
2 BLOOD: 10 Lectures Short notes,

Composition MCQs
Volume measurement & variations
Plasma proteins – classification &
functions
Red blood cells – development,
morphology & measurements –
functions & dysfunctions.
White blood cells – development –
classification, morphology – functions
& dysfunctions
Platelets – morphology – development,
functions & dysfunctions
Clotting – factors – mechanism – anti-
coagulants dysfunctions
Blood grouping – classification –
importance in transfusion, Rh factor &
incompatibility
Suspension stability
Osmotic stability
Reticulo endothelial system
¾ Spleen
¾ lymphatic tissue
¾ Thymus
¾ bone marrow
¾ immune system
¾ cellular
¾ Humoral
¾ autoimmune

--17--
3 DIGESTION: 2 Lectures Short notes,

General arrangement MCQs
Salivary digestion – functions &
regulations
Gastric digestion – functions &
regulations
Pancreatic digestion – functions &
regulations
Intestinal digestion – functions &
regulations
Liver & bile
Absorption
Motility
Deglutition
Vomiting
Defecation
Functions of large intestine
Neurohumoral regulations of
alimentary functions, summary
4 EXCRETION: 2 Lectures Short notes,

Body fluids – distribution, MCQs
measurement & exchange, Kidney –
structure of nephron – mechanism of
urine formation – composition of the
urine and abnormal constituents –
urinary bladder & micturition
5 ENDOCRINES: 6 Lectures Short notes,
Hormone mechanism – negative feed MCQs
backs – tropic action – permissive
action – cellular action, hypothalamic
regulation
Thyroid - hormones, actions,
regulations
Adrenal cortex - hormones, actions,
regulations
Adrenal medulla – hormones, actions,
regulations
Parathyroid - hormones, actions,
regulations
Islets of pancreas – hormones,
actions, regulations
Miscellaneous _ hormones, actions,
regulations
Common clinical disorders

--18--
6 REPRODUCTION: 1 Lectures Short notes,

Male reproductive system – control & MCQs
regulation
Female reproductive system – uterus –
ovaries – menstrual cycle – regulation
– pregnancy & delivery – breast –
family planning
7 Respiration: 1 Lectures Short notes,

Mechanics of respiration – pulmonary MCQs
function tests – transport of respiratory
gases- neural and chemical regulation
of respiration – hypoxia, cyanosis,
dyspnoea – asphyxia.
8 Circulation: 8 Lectures Short notes,

General principles MCQs
Heart: myocardium – innervation –
transmission of cardiac impulse-
Events during cardiac cycle – cardiac
output. Peripheral circulation:
peripheral resistances – arterial blood
pressure – measurements – factors
regulation variations – capillary
circulation – venous circulation.
Special circulation: coronary cerebral –
miscellaneous
9 Environmental Physiology 2 Lectures Short notes,

Body temperature regulation (including MCQs
skin Physiology). Exposure to low and
high atmospheric pressure
10 Nervous System: 5 Lectures Short notes,
Neuron – Conduction of impulse – MCQs
synapse – receptor.
Sensory organization – pathways and
perception
Reflexes – cerebral cortex – functions.
Thalamus – Basal ganglia
Cerebellum.
Hypothalamus.
Autonomic nervous system – motor
control of movements, posture and
equilibrium –
conditioned reflex, eye hand co-
ordination

--19--
11 Special senses – (Elementary) Olfaction 3 Lectures Short notes,

– Taste – Hearing MCQs
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide on the topic. This will develop the habit of
referring books and journals among the students.
8) Evaluation Pattern:
Evaluation Component (EC) Duration Maximum Remarks

Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20 Written Exam

EC – III 1 hour 20
Comprehensive Examination 3 Hours 40 Written Exam
9) Practicals (20 Hours)
Blood test:
• Microscope
• Haemocytometer
• Blood
• RBC count
• Hb
• WBC count
• Differential Count
• Hematocrit demonstration
• ESR
• Blood group & Rh. Type
• Bleeding time and clotting time.
Digestion:
• Test salivary digestions

--20--
Excretion:
• Examination of Urine
• Specific gravity
• Albumin
• Sugar
• Microscopic examination for cells and cysts
Endocrinology and Reproduction:

• Dry experiments in the form of cases showing different endocrine
disorders.
Respiratory System:
• Clinical examination of respiratory system
• Spirometry
• Breath holding test
Cardio Vascular System:

• Clinical examination of circulatory system
• Measurement of blood pressure and pulse rate
• Effect of exercise on blood pressure and pulse rate
Central Nervous System:

• Sensory system
• Motor system
• Cranial system
• Superficial and deep reflexes

--21--

B. S. OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Basic Biochemistry - I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in biochemistry, with
1) Course Description: This course will be taught in two consecutive semesters.

Biochemistry I deals with the biochemical nature of carbohydrates, proteins,
minerals, vitamins, lipids etc. A detailed study of these, emphasizing on their
chemical composition and their role in metabolism is the required aim of this course.
2) Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to: demonstrate his
knowledge and understanding on:\
• Structure, function and interrelationship of biomolecules and consequences of

deviation from normal.
• Integration of the various aspects of metabolism, and their regulatory pathways.
• Principles of various conventional and specialized laboratory investigations and
instrumentation, analysis and interpretation of a given data.
3) Text book:
S. Ramakrishnan: Essentials of biochemistry and ocular biochemistry, Annamalai
University Publications, Chidambaram, India, 1992
5) Reference Books:
• S. Ramakrishnan, K G Prasannan and R Rajan: Text book of Medical Biochemistry,
Orient Longman, Madras, 1990
• D.R. Whikehart: Biochemistry of the Eye, 2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,
Pennsylvania, 2003
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level chemistry with good knowledge of organic

chemistry.

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6) Course Outline:
Sr.No. Topics No Mode of Mode of Evaluation
of teaching
hrs
1 Carbohydrates: 6 Lectures Short notes, MCQs
Glucose; fructose; galactose; lactose;
sucrose; starch and glycogen
(properties and tests, Structure and
function)
2 Proteins: 6 Lectures Short notes, MCQs

Amino acids, peptides, and proteins
(general properties & tests with a few
examples like glycine, trytophan,
glutathione, albumin, hemoglobin,
collagen)
3 Lipids: 6 Lectures Short notes, MCQs

Fatty acids, saturated and
unsaturated, cholesterol and
triacyglycerol, phospholipids and
plasma membrane
4 Vitamins: 4 Lectures Short notes, MCQs

General with emphasis on A,B2, C, E
and inositol (requirements, assimilation
and properties)
5 Minerals: 3 Lectures Short notes, MCQs

Na, K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu and
Se.(requirements, availability and
properties)
Total Hours 27
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide on journal articles relevant to the course

--23--
8) Practical: (20 Hours)
Reactions of monosaccharides, disaccharides and starch:

Glucose Fructose
Galactose Maltose, lactose
Sucrose Starch
Analysis of Unknown Sugars:
Estimation:
Photometry Biofluid of choice – blood, plasma, serum
Standard graphs Glucose
Proteins Urea
Creatinine Bilirubin
9. Evaluation Pattern:
Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20 Quiz/MCQ

EC – III 1 hour 20 Assignment/
Seminar

--24--
B. S. OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : NUTRITION
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Nutritionist with Masters/ Doctorate
1. Course Description: This course covers the basic aspects of Nutrition for good
health. It also includes nutrients and nutrient derivatives relevant to ocular health,
nutrition deficiency and ocular disease, Nutrition and ocular aging, and
contraindications, adverse reactions and ocular nutritional supplements.
2. Course Objective : At the end of the course student would have gained the
knowledge of the following:
• Balanced diet.
• Protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, Minerals, carotenoids and eye.
• Nutrition and Ocular aging
• Adverse effects of ocular nutritional supplements.
3. Text books:
• M Swaminathan: Hand book of Food and Nutrition, fifth edition, Bangalore

printing & publishing Co.Ltd, Bangalore,2004
• C Gopalan, BV Rama Sastri, SC Balasubramanian: Nutritive Value of Indian
Foods , National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad,2004
• Frank Eperjesi & Stephen Beatty: Nutrition and the Eye A practical Approach,
• Elsevier Butterworth – Heinemann, USA, 2006
4. Reference books: No recommendation. It is left to the faculty.
5. Prerequisites: Nothing Specific

--25--
6. Course plan:
Sr. Topics No of Mode of Mode of

No Lectures Teaching Evaluation
1 Introduction to Nutrition and Food Science, 1 Lecture Written
Food Groups and Food Pyramid
2 Balanced diet for different age groups, 1 Lecture Assignment
Recommended dietary Allowances
3 Assessment of Nutritional Status. 1 Lecture Assignment
4 Energy – Units, Metabolisms, Energy Lecture Written
expenditure, and Energy imbalance. 1
5 Digestion, absorption and transport of Food 1 Lecture Written
6 Proteins and eye 1 Lecture Seminar
7 Lipids and eye 1 Lecture Seminar
8 Carbhohydrates and eye 1 Lecture Seminar
9 Vitamins and eye 1 Lecture Seminar
10 Minerals and trace elements and eye 1 Lecture Seminar
11 Carotenoids and eye 1 Lecture Seminar
12 Oxidative stress and the eye 1 Lecture Written
13 Vitamin A, C and E deficiency 1 Lecture Written
14 Nutrition and ocular aging 1 Lecture Seminar
15 Contraindications, Adverse reactions and 1 Lecture Seminar
ocular nutritional supplements
15
7. Reading Assignments: (Example given below. However the faculty can decide on
the assignments to develop the referring habit of the students)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sr. No. TOPICS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. Age related Eye Disease Study (AREDS)
b. Carotenoids in Age related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS)
c. Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial (LAST).
d. Celtic Age Related Maculopathy Arrestation (CARMA) study
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive 3 Hours Written
Examination 40 Exam

--26--

B. S. OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Geometrical optics
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, preferably a Ph D, in physics, with
adequate exposure to the profession of optometry as evidenced by previous teaching
experience or publications in optometry journals/magazines
OR
An optometrist with a post-graduate degree, preferably a Ph D
OR
An optometrist with an undergraduate degree

Geometric Optics is the study of light and its behavior as it propagates in a variety of
media. Specifically, the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light at boundaries
between media and subsequent image formation will be dealt with in detail. Reflections
at plane and spherical surfaces and refractions at plane, spherical, cylindrical and toric
surfaces will be studied in this course. Attention will be given to the system of surfaces
and/or lenses and their imaging properties. The effect of aperture stops on the quality of
images, such as blur and aberrations, depth of field and depth of focus, will also be
studied.
2) Objectives: The objective of this course is to equip the students with a thorough
knowledge of mirrors and lenses. At the end of this course, students will be able to
predict the basic properties of the images formed on the retina by the optics of the eye.
3) Text book:
• Tunnacliffe A. H, Hirst J. G, Optics, The association of British Dispensing
Opticians, London, U.K., 1990.
• Pedrotti L. S, Pedrotti Sr. F. L, Optics and Vision, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
USA, 1998.
4) Reference Books:
• Loshin D. S. The Geometric Optics Workbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston,
USA, 1991.
• Schwartz S. H. Geometrical and Visual Optics: A Clinical Introduction, McGraw-
Hill, New York, USA, 2002.
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level mathematics and physics.

--27--
6) Course Outline:
No. Topics No Mode of Mode of Evaluation
of teaching
hrs.
1 Nature of light – light as electromagnetic 2 Lectures; Problems;
oscillation; ideas of sinusoidal oscillations; Sample conceptual MCQs
amplitude and phase; speed of light in problems
vacuum and other media; refractive index.
2 Wavefronts – spherical, elliptical and plane; 2 Lectures; Problems;
Curvature and vergence; rays; Sample conceptual MCQs
convergence and divergence in terms of problems
rays and vergence; vergence at a distance
3 Refractive index; its dependence on 1 Lectures MCQ-s; Conceptual
wavelength descriptive
questions
4 Fermat’s and Huygen’s Principle – 4 Lectures; MCQ-s; Conceptual
Derivation of laws of reflection and Assignments descriptive
refraction (Snell’s law) from these principles questions
5 Plane mirrors – height of the mirror; rotation 1 Lectures; Problems; MCQs
of the mirror Assignments
6 Reflection by a spherical mirror – paraxial 1 Lectures; Problems;
approximation; sign convention; derivation Assignments conceptual MCQs
of vergence equation
7 Imaging by concave mirror 2 Lectures; Problems
Sample
Problems
8 Imaging by convex mirror 2 Lectures; Problems
Sample
Problems
9 Reflectivity; transmittivity 1 Lectures; MCQs; Problems
Sample
Problems
10 Snell’s Law; refraction at a plane surface 1 Lectures Conceptual
questions
11 Glass slab; displacement without deviation; 2 Lectures and Problems, MCQs
displacement without dispersion student
presentation
12 Thick prisms; angle of prism; deviation 2 Lectures and Problems, MCQs
produced by a prism; refractive index of the sample
prism problems
13 Prisms; angular dispersion; dispersive 2 Lectures and Problems, MCQs
power; Abbe’s number. sample
problems

--28--
14 Definition of crown and flint glasses; 1 Lectures and MCQs

materials of high refractive index student
presentation
15 Thin prism – definition; definition of Prism 2 Lectures and Problems; MCQs
diopter; deviation produced by a thin prism; sample
it dependence on refractive index problems
16 Refraction by a spherical surface; sign 3 Lectures and Problems
convention; introduction to spherical computer
aberration using image formed by a demonstratio
spherical surface of a distance object; sag n
formula
17 Paraxial approximation; derivation of 1 Lectures and Problems, MCQs
vergence equation sample
problems
18 Imaging by a positive powered surface 2 Lectures and Problems, MCQs
sample
problems
20 Imaging by a negative powered surface 2 Lectures and Problems, MCQs
sample
problems
21 Vergence at a distance formula; effectivity 1 Lectures and Problems, MCQs
of a refracting surface sample
problems
22 Definition of a lens as a combination of two 1 Student MCQs
surfaces; different types of lens shapes. Presentation
or
assignment
23 Image formation by a lens by application of 4 Lectures, Problems, MCQs
vergence at a distance formula; definitions sample
of front and back vertex powers; equivalent problems,
power; first and second principal assignments
planes/points; primary and secondary focal
planes/points; primary and secondary focal
lengths
24 Newton’s formula; linear magnification; 2 Lectures, Problems, MCQs
angular magnification sample
problems,
assignments
25 Nodal Planes 1 Lectures, Problems, MCQs
sample
problems,
assignments
26 Thin lens as a special case of thick lens; 1 Student Problems
review of sign convention Presentation

--29--
27 Imaging by a thin convex lens; image 2 Lectures; Problems, MCQs

properties (real/virtual; erect/inverted; Assignments
magnified/minified) for various object
positions
28 Imaging by a thin concave lens; image 2 Lectures; Problems, MCQs
properties (real/virtual; erect/inverted; Assignments
magnified/minified) for various object
positions
29 Prentice’s Rule 1 Lectures; Problems;
Assignments Conceptual
questions
30 System of two thin lenses; review of front 2 Lectures; Problems, MCQs
and back vertex powers and equivalent Sample
power, review of six cardinal points. Problems,
Assignments
31 System of more than two thin lenses; 2 Lectures; Problems, MCQs
calculation of equivalent power using Sample
magnification formula Problems
Total number of Lectures 49
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty needs to give opportunity to students to go and refer

relevant literatures
8) Evaluation pattern:

Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20
Note: All EC-s to be spaced approximately 1 month apart.
9) Practical: Please see the Geometrical optics – II course contents for details. It is left
to the faculty to split the practical and conduct in first and second part of the course.

--30--
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS:
The course curriculum is structured such that there is a smooth flow of ideas from the
easy to the difficult. However, there is one deviation from this ideal. Concepts of thick
lenses are dealt with before moving on to thin lenses. Since the human eye and most of
its visual aids are thick lenses in nature, we have decided to emphasize on thick lenses
and deal thin lenses only as a simplification of thick lens. Universally, thin lenses are
taught first before moving on to thick lenses. Therefore, we leave it to the instructors to
make a choice of which one of these to teach first.
Nodal planes are not taught along with the other cardinal planes. This is because, unless
the students get a clear understanding of angular magnification, it is difficult to teach
them nodal planes. However, we leave it to the instructor to do it the way given in this
curriculum or teach all the six cardinal planes at one go.

--31--
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Basic Biochemistry -II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in biochemistry, with
1) Course Description: This course is being taught in two consecutive semesters.

Biochemistry II deals with the metabolism that takes place in the human body. It also
deals with ocular biochemistry in detail. Clinical estimation as well as the clinical
significance of biochemical values is also taught.
2) Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to: demonstrate his
knowledge and understanding on:
• Integration of the various aspects of metabolism, and their regulatory pathways.

• Understand metabolic processes taking place in different ocular structures and
fluids
• Principles of various conventional and specialized laboratory investigations and
instrumentation, analysis and interpretation of a given data.
3) Textbooks:
S. Ramakrishnan: Essentials of biochemistry and ocular biochemistry, Annamalai
University Publications, Chidambaram, India, 1992
4) Reference Books:
• S. Ramakrishnan, K G Prasannan and R Rajan: Text book of Medical
Biochemistry, Orient Longman, Madras, 1990
• D R Whikehart: Biochemistry of the Eye, 2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,

Pennsylvania, 2003
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level chemistry with good knowledge of organic

chemistry and knowledge of Biochemistry I.

--32--
6) Course Outline:
No. Topics No Mode of Mode of
hrs
1 Hormones and their receptors basic 2 Lectures Short notes,
concepts in metabolic regulation with MCQs
examples, insulin, glucagons and
thyroxine
2 Metabolism 6 Lectures Short notes,

General whole body metabolism MCQs
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids)
3 Ocular Biochemistry 8 Lectures Short notes,

Various aspects of the eye, viz. tears, MCQs
cornea, lens, aqueous, vitreous, retina
and pigment epithelium rhodopsin. (The
important chemicals in each and their
roles).
4 Clinical Biochemistry 4 Lectures Short notes,

Blood sugar, urea, creatinine and MCQs
Bilirubin, cholesterol etc and
significance of their estimation.
Total Hours 20
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty will decide on the articles to be read by the students.
8) Practical (20 Hours):

Quantitative exercises:
i. Abnormal constituents in urine, sugar, proteins, ketones, blood and bile salts
ii. Detection of abnormal constituents in urine
Techniques:
Electrophoresis, Chromatography, Preparation of - normal, molar and percentage
solutions, buffers, PH determination
Demonstration:
Estimation of blood cholesterol, estimation of alkaline phosphate, salivary
amylase (effect of PH, etc.).

--33--
Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20 Quiz/MCQ

EC – III 1 hour 20 Seminar/
assignment

--34--
B. S. OPTOMETRY
FIRST YEAR – SECOND SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Ocular Anatomy
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in anatomy with

adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology or an
ophthalmologist with M.S.
1) Course Description: This course deals with detailed anatomy of the orbit, eyeball
and cranial nerves associated with ocular functions.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
• Comprehend the normal disposition, inter-relationships, gross, functional and

applied anatomy of various structures in the eye and adnexa.
• Identify the microscopic structures of various tissues in the eye and correlate
the structure with the functions.
• Comprehend the basic structure and connections between the various parts
of the central nervous system and the eye so as to understand the neural
connections and distribution.
• To understand the basic principles of ocular embryology.
3) Text Book:
L A Remington: Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System, Second edition, Elsevier
Butterworth Heinemann, Missouri, USA, 2005.
3) Reference Books:
AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition,

CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology and knowledge of general human

anatomy.

--35--
6) Course outline:
hrs
1 Cornea: Lectures Short notes,
Anatomy of all the layers, cellular 2 MCQs
structure, nerve supply, reason for
transparency, refractive properties
2 Coats of eyeball: Lectures Short notes,
1. Sclera (episclera & sclera)
MCQs
2. Choroid (Iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3. Retina
6
Detailed anatomy, cellular structure,
vasculature, nerve supply for all the
above coats, pupils, nerve supply for
pupillary actions, pupillary pathway.
3 Crystalline lens Lecture MCQs, Short

2
notes
4 Aqueous, anterior chamber, vitreous Lectures Short notes,

body 3
MCQs
5 Ocular Embryology 2 Lecture MCQs
6 Detailed study of orbit Lectures Short notes,

2
MCQs
7 Ocular Adnexa and Lacrimal system Lectures Short notes,

2
MCQs
8 Extra ocular muscles (anatomy, Lectures Short notes,

innervations, action) 2
MCQs
9 Orbital Blood supply Lectures Short notes,

2
MCQs

--36--
10 CRANIAL NERVES: Lectures Short notes,

Detailed study of each of the following
MCQs
nerves in terms of their nucluei, course,
relationship within brain, effects of
compression etc at different regions
1. Optic nerve 10
2. Oculomotor nerve
3. Trochlear nerve
4. Trigeminal nerve
5. Abducent nerve
6. Facial nerve
11 Visual Pathway 3 Lectures MCQs, Quiz
12 Autonomic Innervations of Ocular Lectures MCQs, Short

structures 3
Notes
Evaluation Component (EC) Maximum Marks Remarks
Duration
1 hour
EC – I 20
9) Practical: (10 Hours)
• Eye dissection of bull’s eye

• Orbital bones and landmarks using Skull

--37--
B. S. OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Ocular Physiology
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : A post-graduate, a Ph D or MD in physiology, with

adequate exposure to the profession of optometry and ophthalmology or an
Optometrist/Ophthalmologist who have adequate experience in teaching Physiology
1) Course Description: Ocular physiology deals with the physiological functions of each
part of the eye.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course the student will be able to:
• Explain the normal functioning of all the structures of the eye and their
interactions.
• Elucidate the physiological aspects of normal growth and development of
the eye.
• Understand the phenomenon of vision.
• List the physiological principles underlying pathogenesis and treatment of
disease of the eye.
3) Text book:
AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition,
CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
4) Reference Book:
• RD Ravindran: Physiology of the eye, Arvind eye hospitals, Pondicherry,

2001
• PL Kaufman, A Alm: Adler’s Physiology of the eye clinical application, 10th
edition, Mosby, 2002
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology and/or General physiology.

--38--
6) Course outline:
hrs
1 1 Lectures Short notes,
Protective mechanisms in the eye
MCQs
2 Precorneal tear film, eyelids and 2 Lectures Short notes,
lacrimation MCQs
3 Extrinsic Ocular muscles, their actions Lectures Short notes,
and control of their movements 2 MCQs
4 Saccadic, smooth pursuit and 2 Lectures Short notes,

Nystagmic eye movements MCQs
5 Lectures Short notes,
Coats of the eye ball 2 MCQs

Corneal Physiology
MCQs
Aqueous humor and vitreous: Intra MCQs
3
ocular pressure

Iris and pupil
MCQs
9 Crystalline lens and accommodation – 2 Lectures Short notes,
presbyopia MCQs
Retina – structure and functions, dark 4 MCQs
and Light Adaptations
11 Vision – general aspects of sensation 2 Lectures Short notes,
MCQs
12 Pigments of the eye and 4 Lectures Short notes,
photochemistry, electrophysiology MCQs
The visual stimulus, refractive errors
MCQs
14 Visual acuity, vernier acuity and 2 Lectures Short notes,
principle of measurement MCQs
15 Visual perception – Binocular vision, 4 Lectures Short notes,
stereoscopic vision, optical illusions MCQs
16 Visual pathway, central and cerebral Lectures Short notes,
connections, lesions of pathway and 4 MCQs
effects
Colour vision and colour defects. 3
Theories and diagnostic tests MCQs
47
Total number of Hours

--39--
Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20

9) Practicals (14 Hours):
• Eye movements
• Tests for lachrymal secretion (Schirmer’s)
• Break up time
• Anterior segment examination – Slit lamp examination - demo
• Pupillary reflexes
• Schiotz tonometry
• Measurement of accommodation
• Visual acuity measurement
• Ophthalmoscopy and retinoscopy
- Light and dark adaptation
- Binocular vision
- Colour vision
- Electrophysiology
All the above procedures are demonstrated to enable students to understand the
physiological concepts.

--40--

B. S. OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Geometrical optics II

experience or publications in optometry journals/magazines
OR
OR
An optometrist with an undergraduate degree

Geometric Optics is the study of light and its behavior as it propagates in a variety of
media. Specifically, the phenomena of reflection and refraction of light at boundaries
between media and subsequent image formation will be dealt with in detail. Reflections
at plane and spherical surfaces and refractions at plane, spherical, cylindrical and toric
surfaces will be studied in this course. Attention will be given to the system of surfaces
and/or lenses and their imaging properties. The effect of aperture stops on the quality of
images, such as blur and aberrations, depth of field and depth of focus, will also be
studied.
knowledge of mirrors and lenses. At the end of this course, students will be able to
predict the basic properties of the images formed on the retina by the optics of the eye.
3) Text book:
• Tunnacliffe A. H, Hirst J. G, Optics, The association of British Dispensing
Opticians, London, U.K., 1990.
• Pedrotti L. S, Pedrotti Sr. F. L, Optics and Vision, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
USA, 1998.
4) Reference Books:
• Loshin D. S. The Geometric Optics Workbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston,
USA, 1991.
• Schwartz S. H. Geometrical and Visual Optics: A Clinical Introduction, McGraw-
Hill, New York, USA, 2002.

--41--
6) Course outline:
1 Cylindrical Lenses; image formation; Lectures; Sample Problems, MCQs
relation between cylinder axis and line 2 Problems
image orientation
2 Imaging due to two cylinders in contact with 1 Lectures; Problems, MCQs
axes parallel Assignments
3 Two cylinders in contact with axes Lectures; Sample Problems, MCQs;
perpendicular; line images and their Problems; conceptual
orientations to the cylinders’ powers; 6 Assignments questions
interval of Sturm; circle of least confusion
(CLC); spherical equivalent; position of
CLC
4 Spherical lens and a cylindrical lens in Lectures; Sample Problems, MCQs;
contact; spherical equivalent; interval of 2 Problems; conceptual
Sturm and CLC Assignments questions
5 Spherocylindrical lens notations – Lectures; Sample Problems,
plus/minus cylinder form, cross 3 Problems; conceptual
cylinder/meridian form; transformations Assignments questions
between them
6 Field stops and apertures; entrance and 1 Lectures; Sample Problems
exit pupils Problems
7 Apertures and defocus blur 1 Lectures; Sample Problems
Problems
8 Receiver/detector diameter; depth of focus; Lectures; Sample Problems; MCQs;
depth of field 1 Problems; conceptual
Assignments questions
9 Chromatic Aberrations; methods of Lectures; Problems; MCQs;
removing chromatic aberrations; Abbe 2 Assignments Conceptual
number questions
10 Monochromatic Aberrations – deviation Lectures Problems;
from paraxial approximation; difference 2 conceptual
between ray aberrations and wavefront questions
aberrations
11 Third order aberrations – spherical Lectures Conceptual
aberrations; coma; astigmatism; distortion 2 questions
and curvature of fields
12 Ways of minimizing spherical aberrations – 2 Lectures Conceptual
pupil size, bending of lens, shape factor questions
13 Lens tilt – astigmatism Lectures Problems;
1 conceptual
questions

--42--
14 Higher order aberrations; introduction to 1 Lectures Conceptual

Zernike Polynomials questions
15 Telescopes – Keplerian, Galilean and Lectures; Student Problems; MCQs;
Newtonian; position of cardinal points, 4 Presentation Conceptual
entrance and exit pupils; magnifications; Questions
advantages and disadvantages
16 Microscopes – magnification; tube length. Lectures; Problems; MCQs;
2 Assignments Conceptual
Questions
17 Gullstrand’s Schematic Eye (GSE); Lectures; Student Problems; MCQs;
calculation of the power of the cornea, the Presentation; Conceptual
lens and the eye; axial length; calculation of 2 Assignments Questions
the position of the cardinal points;
magnification
18 GSE - Purkinje images and their Lectures; Problems;
reflectances 1 Assignments Conceptual
questions
19 GSE - entrance and exit pupils for a 3mm Lectures; Problems;
pupil; ocular aberrations – spherical 2 Assignments Conceptual
aberrations and coma; chromatic questions
aberrations.
20 GSE – introduction to refractive errors - Lectures; Problems;
myopia and hyperopia; corneal curvature; Assignments Conceptual
axial length; far point; blur size calculations; 4 questions
corrections; astigmatism; blur size; circle of
least confusion; correction.
21 GSE - Object closer than at infinity; Lectures; Problems;
introduction to accommodation; far point; Assignments Conceptual
near point; presbyopia; spectacle and 3 questions
contact Lens corrections - comparison of
magnification
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty needs to decide.

--43--
8) Practical: (20 hours)

Each practical session could be evaluated for 10 marks and the total could be added to
the final evaluations. These practical’s could be customized as per the university
requirements and spaced apart conveniently. The practical’s to be done include the
following:
• Thick Prism – determination of prism angle and dispersive power; calculation of
the refractive index
• Thin Prism – measurement of deviation; calculation of the prism diopter
• Image formation by spherical mirrors
• Convex lens - power determination using lens gauge, power determination using
distant object method; power determination using the vergence formula
• Concave lens – in combination with a convex lens – power determination.
• Construction of a tabletop telescope – all three types of telescopes.
• Construction of a tabletop microscope
• Imaging by a cylindrical lens – relationship between cylinder axis and image
orientation
• Imaging by two cylinders in contact – determination of the position of CLC;
verification of CLC using a spherical lens with power equal to the spherical
equivalent; orientations and position of the line images and their relation to the
cylinders’ powers and orientations
• Imaging by a spherocylindrical lens – sphere and cylinder in contact –
determination of the position of CLC; verification of CLC using a spherical lens with
power equal to the spherical equivalent; orientations and position of the line
images and their relation to the cylinder’s power and orientation
9) Evaluation pattern:
Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20

--44--
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS:
The course curriculum is structured such that there is a smooth flow of ideas from the
easy to the difficult. However, there is one deviation from this ideal. Concepts of thick
lenses are dealt with before moving on to thin lenses. Since the human eye and most of
its visual aids are thick lenses in nature, we have decided to emphasize on thick lenses
and deal thin lenses only as a simplification of thick lens. Universally, thin lenses are
taught first before moving on to thick lenses. Therefore, we leave it to the instructors to
make a choice of which one of these to teach first.
Nodal planes are not taught along with the other cardinal planes. This is because, unless
the students get a clear understanding of angular magnification, it is difficult to teach
them nodal planes. However, we leave it to the instructor to do it the way given in this
curriculum or teach all the six cardinal planes at one go.

--45--

B. S. OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Physical Optics

experience or publications in optometry journals/magazines.
OR
OR
An optometrist with an undergraduate degree.
1) Course Description: This course will be taught in one semester. Physical Optics is
the study of light, its properties and its interaction with matter. Specifically, the
phenomena of interference, diffraction, polarization and scattering will be dealt with in
detail.
knowledge of properties of light. At the end of this course, students will be able to predict
the distribution of light under various conditions.
3) Text Book: Subrahmanyan N, Brij Lal, A text book of Optics, S. Chand Co Ltd, New
Delhi, India, 2003.
4) Reference Books:
• Pedrotti L. S, Pedrotti Sr. F. L, Optics and Vision, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, USA, 1998.
• Keating NM. P, Geometric, Physical and Visual Optics, Butterworth-
Heinemann, Massachusetts, USA, 2002.

--46--
8) Course Outline:
hrs.
1 Nature of light – light as electromagnetic Lectures; Problems;

oscillation – wave equation; ideas of Sample conceptual MCQs
sinusoidal oscillations – simple harmonic problems
7
oscillation; transverse nature of
oscillation; concepts of frequency,
wavelength, amplitude and phase.
2 Sources of light; Electromagnetic Lectures; Conceptual
Spectrum. 1 Sample MCQs
problems
3 Polarized light; linearly polarized light; Lectures Conceptual
1
and circularly polarized light. MCQs
4 Intensity of polarized light; Malus’ Law; Lectures; Conceptual
polarizers and analyzers; Methods of Sample MCQ-s; problems
2
producing polarized light; Brewster’s problems
angle.
5 Birefringence; ordinary and extraordinary Lectures; MCQ-s;
rays. Assignments Conceptual
2
descriptive
questions
6 Relationship between amplitude and Lectures; Problems; MCQs
1
intensity. Assignments
7 Coherence; interference; constructive Lectures; Problems;
interference, destructive interference; Assignments; conceptual MCQs
2
fringes; fringe width. sample
problems
8 Double slits, multiple slits, gratings. Lectures; Problems;
Sample conceptual MCQs
2
Problems;
Assignments
9 Diffraction; diffraction by a circular Lectures; Problems
aperture; Airy’s disc 2 Sample
Problems
10 Resolution of an instrument (telescope, Lectures; MCQs; Problems
for example); Raleigh’s criterion 2 Sample
Problems
11 Scattering; Raleigh’s scattering; Tyndall Lectures Conceptual
2
effect. questions

--47--
12 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Lectures Conceptual

1
questions
13 Basics of Lasers – coherence; Lectures; Conceptual
population inversion; spontaneous 5 Student MCQs.
emission; Einstein’s theory of lasers. presentation
14 Radiometry; solid angle; radiometric Lectures and Problems, MCQs
units; photopic and scotopic luminous sample
4
efficiency and efficacy curves; problems
photometric units
15 Inverse square law of photometry; Lectures; Problems, MCQs
Lambert’s law. 2 sample
problems
16 Other units of light measurement; retinal Lectures; MCQs
illumination; Trolands 1 sample
problems
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide
8) Practicals:
Each practical session could be evaluated for 10 marks and the total could be added to
the final evaluations. These practical could be customized as per the university
requirements and spaced apart conveniently. The practical to be done include the
following:
• Gratings – determination of grating constant using Sodium vapour lamp;
determination of wavelengths of light from Mercury vapour lamp
• Circular Apertures – measurements of Airy’s disc for apertures of various
sizes
• Verification of Malus’ Law using a polarizer – analyzer combination
• Demonstration of birefringence using Calcite crystals
• Measurement of the resolving power of telescopes.
• Newton’s rings
• Demonstration of fluorescence and phosphorescence using crystals and
paints

--48--
Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20


--49--
Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum

B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - THIRD SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (2008-2009)
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Ocular Microbiology
Instructor In Charge : Microbiologist (PG/ PhD)
1) Course Description: This course covers the basic biological, biochemical and
pathogenic characteristics of pathogenic organisms.
2) Course Objectives: The objectives of the course are:
• to prepare the students to gain essential knowledge about the

characteristics of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites;
• to acquire knowledge of the principles of sterilisation and disinfection in
hospital and ophthalmic practice;
• to understand the pathogenesis of the diseases caused by the
organisms in the human body with particular reference to the eye
infections and
• to understand basic principles of diagnostic ocular Microbiology.
3) Text books:
• BURTON G.R.W: Microbiology for the Health Sciences, third edition, J.P.
Lippincott Co., St. Louis, 1988.
• M J Pelczar (Jr),ECS Chan, NR Krieg : Microbiology ,fifth edition, TATA
McGRAW-HILL Publisher, New Delhi,1993
4) Reference Books:
• KJ Ryan, CG Ray: Sherris Medical Microbiology- An Introduction to infectious
Diseases, fourth edition, McGRAW HiLL Publisher, NewDelhi, 1994 MACKIE &
McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology
• SYDNEY M. FINEGOLD & ELLEN JO BARON: Diagnostic Microbiology (DM)
5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary Biology

--50--
6. Course outline:
No. Topics No of
Lectures
1 Introduction to Microbiology 1
2 Types of Microorganisms 2
3 Physiology of Microorganisms – Nutrition, Enzymes, Metabolism and 2
energy, Microbial Growth
4 Sterilization and disinfection in the laboratory 1
5 Control of Microbial Growth – Antimicrobial methods and 2
Chemotherapy
6 Microbes versus Humans- The development of Infection, the disease 2
process, pathogenicity and virulence
7 Ocular Bacteriology - Gram positive,(Staphylococcus aureus, 1
Staphlococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, propionibacterium,
actinomyces,Nocardia) Bacteria including acid fast bacilli (
Myobacterium tuberculosis, Myobacterium leprae)
8 Ocular Bacteriology - Gram negative Bacteria 1
(pseudomonas,haemophiilus,Brucella,Neisseria,Moraxella)
9 Spirochetes (Treponema, Leptospiraceae) 1
10 Virology: Classification of Viruses in Ocular Disease, Rubella, 2
Adenovirus, Oncogenic Viruses (HPV, HBV, EBV, Retroviruses), HIV.
11 Fungi : Yeasts, Filamentous, Dimorphic 1
12 Intracellular parasites - Chlamydia, Protozoa (Taxoplasmosis, 1
Acanthamoeba,)
13 Helminths ( Toxocariasis, Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, Trematodes) 1
TOTAL NO. OF LECTURES 18
7) Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide)
8) Evaluation Schedule:
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive
Examination 3 Hours 40
Recommendation: Faculty can send the students to Microbiology lab for observation.
This will enable the student to understand the microbiology concept better

--51--
SECOND YEAR – THIRD SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 – 200 )
COURSE HANDOUT
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Optometric Optics I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Senior Optometrist (undergraduate or Diploma holder in

optometry with adequate experience in optical industry)
CO-INSTRUCTORS : Optometrists (undergraduate)
1) Course Description: This course deals with understanding the theory behind
spectacle lenses and frames, their materials, types, advantages and disadvantages,
calculations involved, when and how to prescribe. It will impart construction, design
application and development of lenses, particularly of the methods of calculating their
power and effect.
2) Course Objectives: Skills/knowledge to be acquired at the end of this course:
• Measurement of lens power , lens centration using conventional

techniques
• Transposition of various types of lenses
• Knowledge to identify different forms of lenses (equi- convex,
planoconvex, periscopic, etc.)
• Knowledge to select the tool power for grinding process.
• Measurement of surface powers using lens measure.
• Method of laying off the lens for glazing process.
• Ophthalmic prism knowledge – effects, units, base-apex notation,
compounding and resolving prisms.
• Knowledge of prism and decentration in ophthalmic lenses
• Knowledge of different types of materials used to make lenses and its
characteristics
• Knowledge lens designs – single vision, bifocals, progressive lens
• Knowledge on tinted and protective lenses
• Knowledge on special lenses like iseikonic, spectacle magnifiers.
• Knowledge on spectacle frames – manufacture, materials
3) Text Books: Jalie M: The principles of Ophthalmic Lenses, The Association of

Dispensing Opticians, London, 1972

--52--
4) Reference Books:
• David Wilson: Practical Optical Dispensing, OTEN- DE, NSW TAFE Commission,
1999
• C V Brooks, IM Borish: System for Ophthalmic Dispensing, Second edition,
Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 1996
5) Pre-requisites: Physical Optics, Geometrical Optics
6) Course Outline:
No. Topic No. of Mode of Mode of

Lectures teaching evaluation
1 Introduction – Light, Mirror, Reflection, Theory +
Refraction and Absorption 1 Home Assignment
assignment evaluation
2 Prisms – Definition, properties,
Refraction through prisms, Thickness 4
difference, Base-apex notation, uses,
nomenclature and units, Sign Theory Written + Viva
Conventions, Fresnel’s prisms, rotary
prims
3 Lenses – Definition, units, terminology
used to describe, form of lenses 2 Witten +
Theory
Practicals +
Viva
4 Vertex distance and vertex power, Theory +
Effectivity calculations 2 Home
Written
assignements
5 Lens shape, size and types i.e.
Theory +
spherical, cylindrical and Sphero- 1
Practicals Written + Viva
cylindrical
6 Transpositions – Simple, Toric and Theory +
Spherical equivalent 1 Home
Written
assignements
7 Prismatic effect, centration, decent Theory +
ration and Prentice rule, Prismatic 4 Practicals +
effect of Plano-cylinder and Sphero- Home Written + Viva
cylinder lenses assignements
8 Spherometer & Sag formula, Edge Theory +
thickness calculations 3 Practicals +
Home Written + Viva
assignements
9 Magnification in high plus lenses,
Minification in high minus lenses 1 Theory + Written + Viva
Practicals

--53--
10 Tilt induced power in spectacles Theory +

Written + Viva
1 Practicals
11 Aberration in Ophthalmic Lenses
Theory Written + Viva
1
Total Hours 21
Recommendation – to give extensive home assignments for all calculations
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive

--54--
Bachelor Of Optometry
Second Year - THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Visual Optics I
INSTRUCTOR IN-CHARGE : Optometrist with B.Optom
1) Course Description: This course deals with the concept of eye as an optical
instrument and thereby covers various optical components of eye, types of refractive
errors, clinical approach in diagnosis and management of various types of refractive
errors.
2) Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able:
• to understand the fundamentals of optical components of the eye

• to gain theoretical knowledge and practical skill on visual acuity
measurement, objective and subjective clinical refraction.
3) Text books:
• A H Tunnacliffe: Visual optics, The Association of British Optician, 1987

• AG Bennett & RB Rabbets: Clinical Visual optics, 3rd edition, Butterworth
Heinemann, 1998
4) Reference Books:
• M P Keating: Geometric, Physical and Visual optics, 2nd edition, Butterworth-

Heinemann, USA, 2002
• HL Rubin: Optics for clinicians, 2nd edition, Triad publishing company. Florida, 1974.
• H Obstfeld: Optic in Vision- Foundations of visual optics & associated computations,
2nd edition, Butterworth, UK, 1982.
• WJ Benjamin: Borish’s clinical refraction,2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,
Missouri, USA,2006
• T Grosvenor: Primary Care Optometry,4th edition, Butterworth –
heinneman,USA,2002
5) Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Physical optics, Ocular Physiology

--55--
6) Course Outline:
Topic No. of Mode of Mode of

hours teaching evaluation
1. REVIEW OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 4 hours Lectures and MCQs

VERGENCE AND POWER: seminars by
students
1.1 Conjugacy, object space and image
space
1.2 Sign convention
1.3 Spherical refracting surface
1.4 Spherical mirror; catoptric power
1.5 Cardinal points
1.6 Magnification
1.7 Light and visual function
Clinical Relevance of: Fluorescence,
Interference, Diffraction, Polarization,
Bi-refringence, Dichroism
1.9 Aberration and application
Spherical and Chromatic
2.OPTICS OF OCULAR STRUCTURE 2 hours Lectures MCQs
2.1 Cornea and aqueous

2.2 Crystalline lens
2.3 Vitreous
2.3 Schematic and reduced eye
3.MEASUREMENTS OF OPTICAL
CONSTANTS OF THE EYE 8 hours Lectures Written and
MCQs
3.1 Corneal curvature and thickness
3.2 Keratometry
3.3 Curvature of the lens and
ophthalmophakometry
3.4 Axial and axis of the eye
3.5 Basic Aspects of Vision.
• Visual Acuity
• Light and Dark Adaptation
• Color Vision
• Spatial and Temporal
Resolution
• Science of Measuring
visual performance and
Application to Clinical
Optometry

--56--
4. REFRACTIVE ANOMALIES AND

THEIR CAUSES
6 hours Lectures Written, MCQs,
4.1 Etiology of refractive anomalies assignments
4.2 Contributing variability and their
ranges
4.3 Populating distributions of anomalies.
4.4 Optical component measurements
4.5 Growth of the eye in relation to
refractive errors
Total hours 20
hours
8) Evaluation Schedule:-
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive

--57--
Second Year - THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Optometric Instruments
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Optometrist
GUEST LECTURE : by a Bioengineer, preferably from one of the companies

who make and services ophthalmic instruments like Lensometers, Keratometers etc.
1) Course Description: This course covers commonly used optometric instruments, its
basic principle, description and usage in clinical practice.
2) Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to
gain theoretical knowledge and basic practical skill in handling the following instruments:
• Visual Acuity chart/drum

• Retinoscope
• Trail Box
• Jackson Cross cylinder
• Direct ophthalmoscope
• Slit lamp Biomicroscope
• Slit lamp Ophthalmoscopy ( +90, 78 D)
• Gonioscope
• Tonometer: Applanation Tonometer
• Keratometer
• Perimeter
• Electrodiagnostic instrument (ERG, VEP, EOG)
• A – Scan Ultrasound
• Lensometer
3) Text books: David Henson: Optometric Instrumentations, Butterworth- Heinnemann,

UK, 1991
4) Reference books:
• P R Yoder: Mounting Optics in Optical Instruments, SPIE Society of Photo-

Optical Instrumentation, 2002
• G Smith, D A. Atchison: The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments, Cambridge
University Press, 1997
5) Prerequisites: Geometrical optics

--58--
6) Course Outline:
Topic No. of Mode of teaching Mode of

hours evaluation
1.REFRACTIVE INSTRUMENTS 12 Lectures MCQs
¾ Optotypes and MTF, Spatial

Frequency
¾ Test charts standards.
¾ Choice of test charts
¾ Trial case lenses
¾ Refractor (phoropter) head
units
¾ Optical considerations of
refractor units
¾ Trial frame design
¾ Near vision difficulties with
units and trial frames
¾ Retinoscope – types available

¾ Adjustment of Retinoscopes-
special features
¾ Objective optometers.
¾ Infrared optometer devices.
¾ Projection charts
¾ Illumination of the consulting
room.
¾ Brightness acuity test
¾ Vision analyzer
¾ Pupilometer
¾ Potential Acuity Meter
¾ Abberometer
2. OPHTHALMOSCOPES AND
RELATED DEVICES 3 hours Lectures with Written and
¾ Design of ophthalmoscopes - practical assignments
illumination demonstration
¾ Design of ophthalmoscopes-
viewing
¾ Ophthalmoscope disc
¾ Filters for ophthalmoscopy
¾ Indirect ophthalmoscope

--59--
3. Lensometer,Lens gauges or clock 2 hours Lectures and hands Written

on sessions
4. Slit Lamp 2 hours Lectures and hands Written

on sessions
2 hours Lectures and hands Written

5. Tonometers on sessions
2 hours Lectures and hands Written

6. Keratometer and corneal on sessions
topography
1 hour Lectures and hands Written

7. Refractometer on sessions
1 hour Lecture Written

8. Orthoptic Instruments
(Synaptophore Only)
9. Color Vision Testing Devices 1 hour Lectures Written
10. Fields Of Vision And Screening 2 hours Lectures Written

Devices
1 hour Lectures Written

11. Scans
1 hour Lectures MCQs
12. ERG
2 hours Lectures MCQs
13. New Instruments
Total no. hrs 32 hours
7) Reading Assignment: Latest informations on optometry instruments available in the

literatures can be given as reading assignment. The topics can be decided by the
faculty.

--60--
8) Evaluation Component:
EC – I 1 Hour 30 Written Exam
EC – II Written Exam
1 Hour 30 And practical
EC - III Written Exam
1 hour 30
Comprehensive Written Exam
Examination 3 Hours 40 and Practical
Note: Demonstration of the instruments parts and how it works will definitely add
value to the course.

--61--

B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR – THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Ocular Diseases I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Ophthalmologist
CO – INSTRUCTORS : Optometrist (Minimum UG in Optometry)
2) Course Description: This course deals with various ocular diseases affecting
various parts of the eyes. It covers clinical signs and symptoms, cause,
pathophysiological mechanism, diagnostic approach, differential diagnosis and
management aspects of the ocular diseases.
3) Course Objective: At the end of the course the students will be knowledgeable in
the following aspects of ocular diseases: knowledge
• on the etiology,
• epidemiology,
• symptoms,
• signs,
• course sequelae of ocular disease,
• diagnostic approach, and
• management of the ocular diseases.
4) Text books:
A K Khurana: Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 4th edition, New age international (p)

Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
5) Reference Books:
• Stephen J. Miller : Parsons Diseases of the Eye, 18th edition, Churchill

Livingstone, 1990
• Jack J. Kanski Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, 6th edition,
Butterworth - Heinemann, 2007
6) Prerequisites: Ocular anatomy and Ocular Physiology, Ocular Biochemistry

and Microbiology, Pharmacology

--62--
7) Course outline:
S. No. Topics No. of Mode of Mode of

Lectures teaching Evaluation
1 a) ORBIT 10 Lectures Written
¾ Applied Anatomy
¾ Proptosis
Classification,Causes,Investigations)
¾ Enophthalmos
¾ Developmental Anomalies
¾ ( craniosynostosis, Craniofacial
Dysostosis, Hypertelorism, Median
facial cleft syndrome)
¾ Orbital Inflammations (Preseptal
cellulites, Orbital cellulitis Orbital
Periostitis, cavernous sinus
Thrombosis)
¾ Grave’s Ophthalmopathy
¾ Orbital tumors( Dermoids, capillary
haemangioma, Optic nerve glioma)
¾ Orbital blowout fractures
¾ Orbital surgery (Orbitotomy)
¾ Orbital tumors
¾ Orbital trauma
¾ Approach to a patient with
proptosis
2 b) LIDS 6 Lecture Written
¾ Applied Anatomy
¾ Congenital anomalies
( Ptosis, Coloboma, Epicanthus,
Distichiasis, Cryptophthalmos)
¾ 3.Oedema of the eyelids
(Inflammatory, Solid, Passive edema)
¾ Inflammatory disorders (Blepharitis,
External Hordeolum, Chalazion,
¾ Internal hordeolum,,Molluscum
Contagiosum)
¾ Anomalies in the position of the
lashes and Lid Margin (Trichiasis,
Ectropion, Entropion,
Symblepharon, Blepharophimosis,
Lagophthalmos, Blepharospasm,
Ptosis).
¾ Tumors (Papillomas, Xanthelasma,
Haemangioma, Basal carcinoma,
Squamous cell carcinoma,
sebaceous gland melanoma)

--63--
3 c) LACRIMAL SYSTEM 4 Lecture Written

¾ Applied Anatomy
¾ Tear Film
¾ The Dry Eye ( Sjogren’s Syndrome)
¾ The watering eye ( Etiology, clinical
evaluation)
¾ Dacryocystitis
¾ Swelling of the Lacrimal gland
( Dacryoadenitis)
4 d) CONJUNCTIVA 4 Lecture Written
¾ Applied Anatomy
¾ Inflammations of conjunctiva
( Infective conjunctivitis – bacterial,
chlamydial, viral , Allergic
conjunctivitis, Granulomatous
conjunctivitis)
¾ Degenerative conditions
¾ ( Pinguecula, Pterygium,
Concretions)
¾ Symptomatic conditions
¾ ( Hyperaemia, Chemosis,
Ecchymosis, Xerosis, Discoloration)
¾ 5.Cysts and Tumors
e) CORNEA 12 Lecture Written

5
¾ Applied Anatomy and Physiology
¾ Congenital Anomalies
(Megalocornea, Microcornea,
Cornea plana, Congenital cloudy
cornea)
¾ Inflammations of the cornea
(Topographical classifications:
Ulcerative keratitis and Non
ulcerative
¾ Etiological classifications: Infective,
Allergic, Trophic, Traumatic,
Idiopathic)
¾ Degenerations ( classifications,
Arcus senilis, Vogt’s white limbal
girdle, Hassal-henle bodies, Lipoid
Keratopathy, Band shaped
keratopathy, Salzmann’s nodular
degeneration, Droplet keratopathy,
Pellucid Marginal degeneration)
¾ Dystrophies ( Reis Buckler
dystrophy,Recurrent corneal erosion
syndrome, Granualr

--64--
dystrophy,Lattice dystrophy, Macular

dystrophy, cornea guttata, Fuch’s
epithelial endothelial dystrophy,
Congenital hereditary endothelial
dystrophy)
¾ Keratoconus, Keratoglobus
¾ Corneal oedema, Corneal opacity,
Corneal vascularisation
¾ Penetrating Keratoplasty
f) UVEAL TRACT AND SCLERA 10 Lecture Written

6
¾ Applied Anatomy,
¾ Classification of uveitis
¾ Etiology
¾ Pathology
¾ Anterior Uveitis
¾ Posterior Uveitis
¾ Purulent Uveitis
¾ Endophthalmitis
¾ Panophthalmitis
¾ Pars Planitis
¾ Tumors of uveal tract( Melanoma)
¾ Episcleritis and scleritis
¾ Clinical examination of Uveitis and
Scleritis
Total 46
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive

--65--
B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - THIRD SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (20xx-20yy )
COURSE NO :
SUBJECT TITLE : Clinical Examination of the Visual System
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Optometrist (Minimum BS/B.Op t/ B.Sc optometry)
1) Course Description: This course covers various clinical optometry procedures

involving external examination, anterior segment and posterior segment examination,
neuroophthalmic examination, pediatric optometry examination, and Glaucoma
evaluation.
2) Course Objectives: At the end of the course the students will be skilled in knowing
the purpose, set-up and devices required for the test, indications and contraindications
of the test, step-by-step procedures, documentation of the findings, and interpretation of
the findings of the various clinical optometry procedures.
3) Text books:
T Grosvenor: Primary Care Optometry, 5th edition, Butterworth – Heinneman, USA,
2007.
4) Reference Books:
• A K Khurana: Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 4th edition, New age international

(p) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
• D B. Elliott :Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care,3rd edition, Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2007
• Jack J. Kanski Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach,6th edition,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007
• J.B Eskridge, J F. Amos, J D. Bartlett: Clinical Procedures in Optometry,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,1991
• N B. Carlson , Dl Kurtz: Clinical Procedures for Ocular Examination ,3rd edition,
McGraw-Hill Medical, 2003
5) Prerequisites:

--66--
6) Course Outline:
Topic No. of Mode of teaching Mode of

hours evaluation
History taking, 4 Lectures and Written

Demonstration
Visual acuity estimation 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration
Extraocular motility, Cover teat,

Alternating cover test 2 Lectures and Written
Demonstration
1 Lectures and Written

Hirschberg test, Modified Krimsky, Demonstration
Pupils Examination 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration
Maddox Rod, 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration

van Herrick, Demonstration

External examination of the eye, Lid Demonstration
Eversion
Schirmer’s, TBUT, tear meniscus Demonstration
level, NITBUT (keratometer),
Color Vision 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration

Stereopsis, Demonstration
Confrontation test, 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration

Photostress test, Demonstration

--67--

Slitlamp biomicroscopy, Demonstration
Direct Ophthalmoscopy, 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration

Digital pressure, Schiotz Tonometry, Demonstration
Applanation Tonometry
Gonioscopy

Demonstration
ROPLAS

Amsler test, Demonstration
Corneal Sensitivity, HVID 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration
Saccades and Pursuits 1 Lectures and Written

Demonstration
Total no. hours 29
7) Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide
Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20

9) Practicals: Hands–on of all the procedure taught are given as practical (total hours
allotted: 40 hours)

--68--
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Optometric Optics II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Senior Optometrist (undergraduate or Diploma holder in

optometry with adequate experience in optical industry)
CO-INSTRUCTORS : Optometrists (undergraduate)
1) Course Description: This course deals with understanding the theory behind
spectacle lenses and frames, their materials, types, advantages and disadvantages,
calculations involved, when and how to prescribe. It will impart construction, design
application and development of lenses, particularly of the methods of calculating their
power and effect.
2) Course Objectives: Skills/knowledge to be acquired at the end of this course:
• Measurement of lens power , lens centration using conventional techniques

• Transposition of various types of lenses
• Knowledge to identify different forms of lenses (equi- convex, planoconvex,
periscopic, etc.)
• Knowledge to select the tool power for grinding process.
• Measurement of surface powers using lens measure.
• Method of laying off the lens for glazing process.
• Ophthalmic prism knowledge – effects, units, base-apex notation,
compounding and resolving prisms.
• Knowledge of prism and decentration in ophthalmic lenses
• Knowledge of different types of materials used to make lenses and its
characteristics
• Knowledge lens designs – single vision, bifocals, progressive lens
• Knowledge on tinted and protective lenses
• Knowledge on special lenses like iseikonic, spectacle magnifiers.
• Knowledge on spectacle frames – manufacture, materials
3) Text Books:
Jalie M: The principles of Ophthalmic Lenses, The Association of Dispensing

Opticians, London, 1972

--69--
4) Reference Books:
• David Wilson: Practical Optical Dispensing, OTEN- DE, NSW TAFE Commission,
1999
5) Pre-requisites: Physical Optics, Geometrical Optics
6) Course Outline:
1. Optical Lenses

Lectures Teaching Evaluation
1 Raw materials – History and General Outline,
Manufacturing of Ophthalmic Blanks – Glass & 4 Theory + Lab Written + Viva
Plastics, Terminology used in Lens visit OR
Workshops, Surfacing process from Blanks to Video
lenses presentation
2 Definition & Materials (Glass, Plastics,
Polycarbonate, Triology) types and 4 Theory + Written + Viva
Characteristics Practicals
3 Properties (Refractive index, specific gravity,
UV cut off, impact resistance – include drop 4 Theory + Written + Viva
ball test, abbe value, Center thickness) Practicals
4 Best form of lenses & Safety standards for Home Assignment
Ophthalmic lenses (FDA, ANSI, ISI, Others) assignments evaluation
5 Design of High Powered Lenses Theory +
Hi-index lenses, Calculation of Refractive 2 Home Written
index assignments
6 Bifocal designs, their manufacturing & uses
(Kryptok, Univis D, Executive, Invisible, 6 Theory + Lab Written + Viva
Occupational) visit+ case
studies
7 Progressive Addition Lenses, modified near 3 Theory + Written + Viva
vision lenses (designs, advantages, Home
limitations) assignments
+ case
studies
8 Lens enhancements (Scratch resistant Theory +
coatings – spin/dip, Anti-reflection coating, UV Practicals + Written + Viva
coating, Hydrophobic coating, anti-static 4 Lab visit +
coating Home
assignments
9 Lens defects – Description and Detection 2 Theory + Written + Viva
Practicals
10 Glazing & edging (manual & automatic) 2 Demonstarti Demonstratio
on n

--70--
11 Special lenses
¾ Lenticulars 6 Theory + Written + Viva
¾ Aspherics Practicals
¾ Fresnel lenses & Prisms
¾ Aniseikonic lenses
¾ Photochromics
¾ Polaroids
¾ Tinted lenses – Tints, filters
12 Project to ensure awareness on lens
availability in Indian market Project Project
evaluation
2. Spectacle Frames

1 History of Spectacles, manufacturing overview,
Definition, parts & measurements 2 Theory + Written +
Demonstration Viva
2 Classification of frames – Materials (cover in
detail), Colours and Temple position (advantages 4 Theory + Written +
& disadvantages, where to use) Demonstration Viva
3 Special purpose frames (sports, kids, reading)
1 Demonstration Written + Viva
Recommendation – Lab visit and/or video presentations where recommended are

important and to keep samples of all lenses & frames in the college
7) Reading Assignment: Latest informations on optometry optics available in the

literatures can be given as reading assignment. This can be decided by the faculty.
8) Evaluation Component:
EC – I 30 Written Exam
1 Hour

And practical
EC - III
30 Written Exam
1 hour
Comprehensive
Examination Written Exam and
3 Hours 40
Practical

--71--
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 20XX-20YY)
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Visual Optics II
INSTRUCTOR IN-CHARGE : Optometrist with B.Optom
1. Course Description: This course deals with the concept of eye as an optical
instrument and thereby covers various optical components of eye, types of refractive
errors, clinical approach in diagnosis and management of various types of refractive
errors.
2. Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able
• to understand the fundamentals of optical components of the eye
• to gain theoretical knowledge and practical skill on visual acuity measurement,
objective and subjective clinical refraction.
3. Text books:
• A H Tunnacliffe: Visual optics, The Association of British Optician, 1987

• AG Bennett & RB Rabbets: Clinical Visual optics, 3rd edition, Butterworth
Heinemann, 1998
4. Reference Books:
• M P Keating: Geometric, Physical and Visual optics, 2nd edition, Butterworth-

Heinemann, USA, 2002
• HL Rubin: Optics for clinicians, 2nd edition, Triad publishing company. Florida, 1974.
• H Obstfeld: Optic in Vision- Foundations of visual optics & associated computations,
2nd edition, Butterworth, UK, 1982.
• WJ Benjamin: Borish’s clinical refraction,2nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann,
Missouri, USA,2006
• T Grosvenor: Primary Care Optometry,4th edition, Butterworth –
heinneman,USA,2002
5) Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Physical optics, Ocular Physiology

--72--
6) Course outline:
Topic No. of Mode of Mode of

hours teaching evaluation
1.Refractive conditions 9 hours Lectures MCQs
¾ Emmetropia
¾ Myopia
¾ Hyperopia
¾ Astigmatism
¾ Accommodation
¾ Presbyopia
¾ Anisometropia and Aniseikonia
¾ Aphakia and Pseudophakia
2.Accommodation 6 hours Lectures and MCQs and

seminars written
¾ Far and near points of
accommodation
¾ Correction of spherical
ametropia
¾ Axial versus refractive
ametropia
¾ Relationship between
accommodation and
convergence, AC / A ratio
3.Objective refraction 3 Hours Lectures and Practical and

¾ Streak Retinoscopy only practicals Viva
4.Subjective Refraction 9 hours Lectures and Written and

practicals practicals
¾ Review of subjective
refractive methods
¾ Cross cylinder methods
for astigmatism,
Astigmatic Fan Test
¾ Difficulties in subjective
and objective tests and
their avoidance
¾ Ocular refraction versus
spectacle refraction
¾ Ocular accommodation
versus spectacle
accommodation
¾ Spectacle magnification
and relative spectacle

--73--
magnification
¾ Retinal image blur; depth
of focus and depth of field
¾ Prescribing Prisms /
Binocular Refraction
Total no. of hours 27 hours
7. Reading Assignment: Faculty can decide

Marks
EC – I 1 hour 20

9) Practicals: Hand-on clinical refraction procedure – retinoscopy, keratometry, and

subjective refraction will be taught.

--74--

B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR – THIRD SEMESTER (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Ocular Disease - II
INSTRUCTOR IN- CHARGE : Ophthalmologist
CO – INSTRUCTORS : Optometrist (Minimum UG in Optometry)
1. Course Description: This course deals with various ocular diseases affecting various
parts of the eyes. It covers clinical signs and symptoms, cause, pathophysiological
mechanism, diagnostic approach, differential diagnosis and management aspects of
the ocular diseases.
2. Course Objective: At the end of the course the students will be knowledgeable in the
following aspects of ocular diseases: knowledge
• on the etiology,
• epidemiology,
• symptoms,
• signs,
• course sequelae of ocular disease,
• diagnostic approach, and
• management of the ocular diseases.
3. Text books:
A K Khurana: Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 4th edition, New age international (p)
Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
4. Refernce Books:
• Stephen J. Miller : Parsons Diseases of the Eye, 18th edition, Churchill
Livingstone, 1990
• Jack J. Kanski Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, 6th edition,
Butterworth- Heinemann, 2007
5. Prerequisites: Ocular anatomy and Ocular Physiology, Ocular Biochemistry

and Microbiology, Pharmacology

--75--
6. Course Outline:
No. Topics No of Mode of Mode of

1 Retina and Vitreous: 12 Lecture Written
¾ Applied Anatomy
¾ Congenital and Developmental
Disorders ( Optic Disc: Coloboma,
Drusen, Hypoplasia, Medullated
nerve fibers; Persistent Hyaloid
Artery)
¾ Inflammatory disorders ( Retinitis :
Acute purulent , Bacterial, Virus,
mycotic)
¾ Retinal Vasculitis ( Eales’s)
¾ Retinal Artery Occlusion ( Central
retinal Artery occlusion)
¾ Retinal Vein occlusion ( Ischaemic,
Non Ischaemic , Branch retinal vein
occlusion)
¾ Retinal degenerations : Retinitis
Pigmentosa, Lattice degenerations
¾ Macular disorders: Solar
retinopathy, central serous
retinopathy, cystoid macular
edema, Age related macular
degeneration.
¾ Retinal Detachement:
Rhegmatogenous, Tractional,
Exudative)
¾ Retinablastoma
2 Ocular Injuries: 4 Lecture Written
Terminology : Closed globe injury (

contusion, lamellar laceration) Open globe
injury ( rupture, laceration, penetrating
injury, peforating injury)
¾ Mechanical injuries ( Extraocular

foreign body, blunt trauma,
perforating injury, sympathetic
ophthalmitis)
¾ Non Mechanical Injuries ( Chemical
injuries, Thermal, Electrical,
Radiational)
¾ Clinical approach towards ocular
injury patients

--76--
3 Lens 10 Lecture Written

¾ Applied Anatomy and Physiology
¾ Clinical examination
¾ Classification of cataract
¾ Congenital and Developmental
cataract
¾ Acquired ( Senile, Traumatic,
Complicated, Metabolic, Electric,
Radiational, Toxic)
¾ Morphological: Capsular,
Subcapsular, Cortical,
Supranuclear, Nuclear, Polar.
¾ Management of cataract ( Non
surgical and surgical measures;
preoperative evaluation, Types of
surgeries,)
¾ Complications of cataract surgery
¾ Displacement of lens: Subluxation,
Displacement
¾ Lens coloboma, Lenticonus,
Microsperophakia.
4 Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology 12 Lecture Written
¾ Anatomy of visual pathway

¾ Lesions of the visual pathway
¾ Pupillary reflexes and abnormalities
(Amaurotic light reflex, Efferent pathway
defect, Wernicke’s hemianopic pupil,
Marcus gunn pupil. Argyll Robetson
pupil, Adie’s tonic pupil)
¾ Optic neuritis, Anterior Ischemic optic
neuropathy, Pappilloedema, optic
atrophy
¾ Cortical blindness
¾ Malingering
¾ Nystagmus
¾ Clinical examination
5 Glaucoma 10 Lecture Written
¾ Applied anatomy and physiology of

anterior segment
¾ Clinical Examination
¾ Definitions and classification of
glaucoma
¾ Pathogenesis of glaucomatous ocular
damage
¾ Congenital glaucomas

--77--
¾ Primary open angle glaucoma

¾ Ocular hypertension
¾ Normal Tension Glaucoma
¾ Primary angle closure glaucoma (
Primary angle closure suspect,
Intermittent glaucoma, acute
congestive, chronic angle closure)
¾ Secondary Glaucomas
¾ Management : common medications,
laser intervention and surgical
techniques
Total hours 46
7. Reading Assignments: Faculty can decide on the topics. This will kindle interest
among the students to refer books and journals.
EC – I 20
Written
EC – II 1 Hour 20 Exam
EC – III 20
Comprehensive Written
Examination 3 Hours 40 Exam
INSTRUCTOR-IN-CHARGE

--78--

B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Ocular Pharmacology
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Pharmacologist with B Pharm/ M Pharm
CO-INSTRUCTOR : Ophthalmologist
1. Course Description: This course covers the actions, uses, adverse effects and mode
of administration of drugs, especially related to eyes.
2. Course Objective: At the end of the course students will be knowledgeable in the
following:
• basic principles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

• commonly used ocular drugs, mechanism, indications, contraindications, drug
dosage, and adverse effects.
3. Textbook:
• K D TRIPATHI: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 5th edition, Jaypee, New

Delhi, 2004
• Ashok Garg: Manual of Ocular Therapeutics, Jaypee, NewDelhi, 1996
4. Reference Books:
T J Zimmerman, K S Kooner, M Sharir, R D Fechtner: Text Book of Ocular

Pharmacology, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1997
5. Prerequisites: General Physiology, Biochemistry
6. Course Plan:
NO. Topics No of Mode of Mode of

1 Pharmacokinetics : Drug absorption, 4 Lecture Written
distribution, metabolism and excretion
2 Pharmacodynamics : Drug Handling by the 2 Lecture Written
body – effect of drug and the relationship
between drug concentration and response
3 Drug – Receptor interactions 1 Lecture Written
4 Ocular Pharmacology : Drug Handling by 2 Lecture Written
cells and Tissues - Pharmacokinetics ,and
Pharmacodynamics– specific to ocular –

--79--
surface and intraocular conditions

5 Delivery methods of Ocular Medication: 2 Lecture Written
Residence in the Conjunctival sac, drug
vehicles affect drug delivery, advanced
ocular delivery systems
6 Reconstituting the tear film: Tear 1 Lecture Assignment
Substitutes
7 Ocular Drugs and the Autonomic Nervous 2 Lecture Assignment
system: Parasympathetic( antimuscaranic)
and Sympathetic
8 Intraocular pressure Drugs 2 Lecture Assignment
9 Eicosanoids : prostaglandins,thromboxaes 2 Lecture Written
and leukotrienes
10 Serotonin : Neurotransmitter; 2 Lecture Written
Glucocorticoids, Immunosuppressive
agents
11 Local Anaesthetics 2 Lecture Written
12 Ocular Toxicity from systemic 2 Lecture Assignment
administration of Drugs
Total No. of lectures 24
7. Reading Assignment: (faculty has to decide on the relevant topics) This will motivate
the students to refer many books and journals.
8. Evaluation Schedule:-
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE

--80--

B S OPTOMETRY
SECOND YEAR - FOURTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (20XX-20YY )
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Pathology
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Pathologist
CO-INSTRUCTOR : Ophthalmologist
1) Course Description: This course describes basic aspects of disease processes with
reference to specific entities relevant in optometry/ophthalmology.
2) Course Objective: At the end of the course students will acquire knowledge in the
following aspects :
• Inflammation and repair aspects.

• Pathology of various eye parts and adnexa
3) Text books:
K S Ratnagar: Pathology of the eye & orbit, Jaypee brothers Medical
Publishers, 1997
4) Reference books:
• CORTON KUMAR AND ROBINS: Pathological Basis of the

Disease, 7th Edition, Elsevier, newDelhi, 2004.
• S R Lakhani Susan AD & Caroline JF: Basic Pathology: An introduction to
the mechanism of disease, 1993.
5) Prerequisites: Higher Secondary Biology, General and Ocular Anatomy, General

and Ocular Physiology
6) Course plan:
No. Topics No of
Lectures
1 General Pathology : Principles 2
2 Pathophysiology of Ocular Angiogenesis 1
3 Ocular Infections 2
4 Pathology of cornea and Conjunctiva 2
4 Pathology of Uvea 1
5 Pathology of Glaucoma 1
6 Pathology of Retina 2
7 Pathology of retina in systemic disease/disorders 2
8 Pathology of eyelids and adnexa 1
9 Pathology of orbital space occupying lesions 1
10 Pathology of the optic nerve 1

--81--
11 Retinoblastoma 3
12 Pathology of Lens 1
Total 20
7. Reading Assignments: Faculty should make the student develop habit of referring
books and journals. The topic of the assignments can be decided by the faculty.
8. Evaluation schedule:
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive
Note: Faculty are encouraged to show students various Histopathological slides

during the course for better understanding of the concepts.
INSTRUCTOR INCHARGE

--82--

B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR – FIFTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (200-200 )
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Contact Lenses I
CO- INSTRUCTORS : CL Practitioner (Non Academic)
1. Course Description: The subject provides the student with suitable knowledge both
in theoretical and practical aspects of Contact Lenses.
2. Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Understand the basics of contact lenses

• List the important properties of contact lenses
• Finalise the CL design for various kinds patients
• Recognize various types of fitting
• Explain all the procedures to patient
• Identify and manage the adverse effects of contact lens
3. Text books:
• IACLE modules 1 - 10
• CLAO Volumes 1, 2, 3
• Anthony J. Phillips : Contact Lenses, 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann,
2006
• Elisabeth A. W. Millis: Medical Contact Lens Practice, Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2004
• E S. Bennett ,V A Henry :Clinical manual of Contact Lenses, 3rd edition,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008
4. Reference Books:
5. Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Visual optics, Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology,
Biochemistry, Ocular Microbiology, Ocular Disease, Optometric Instruments

--83--
6. Course Outline:
No of Mode of Mode of
No. Topics Lecture(s) Teaching Evaluation
Lecture Written
Introduction to Contact lenses
¾ Definition
1 ¾ Classification / Types 1
Lecture Written
2 History of Contact Lenses 1
Lecture Written
Optics of Contact Lenses
¾ Magnification & Visual field
¾ Accommodation & Convergence
¾ Back & Front Vertex Power /
Vertex distance calculation
3 3
Lecture Written
Review of Anatomy & Physiology of
¾ Tear film
¾ Cornea
4 ¾ Lids & Conjunctiva 2
Lecture Written
Introduction to CL materials
5 ¾ Monomers, Polymers 2
Properties of CL materials Lecture Written
¾ Physiological (Dk, Ionicity,
Water content)
¾ Physical (Elasticity, Tensile
strength, Rigidity)
¾ Optical (Transmission,
Refractive index)
6 3
7 Indications and contraindications 2 Lecture Written
Lecture Written
Parameters / Designs of Contact Lenses
8 & Terminology 3
Lecture Written
9 RGP Contact Lens materials 1
Lecture & Written
Manufacturing Rigid and Soft Contact Industry
10 Lenses – various methods 1 lab visit
Lecture & Practical
Pre-Fitting examination – steps, Practical
11 significance, recording of results 3
12 Correction of Astigmatism with RGP lens 2 Lecture Written
Lecture & Practical
Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum – on Practical
14 spherical cornea with spherical lenses 1

--84--
Lecture & Practical

Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum – on Practical
15 Toric cornea with spherical lenses 1
Lecture Written
Calculation and finalising Contact lens
16 parameters 1
Lecture Written
Ordering Rigid Contact Lenses – writing
17 a prescription to the Laboratory 1
Checking and verifying Contact lenses
18 from Laboratory 1
19 Modifications possible with Rigid lenses 1 Lecture Written
Lecture Practical
Common Handling Instructions
¾ Insertion & Removal Techniques
20 ¾ Do’s and Dont’s 1
Lecture Written
Care and Maintenance of Rigid lenses
¾ Cleaning agents & Importance
¾ Rinsing agents & Importance
¾ Disinfecting agents & importance
21 ¾ Lubricating & Enzymatic cleaners 3
Lecture Written
22 Follow up visit examination 1
23 Complications of RGP lenses 2 Lecture Written
Total No. of lectures 37
7. Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide)
EC – I 20
EC – II 1 Hour 20
EC – III 20
Comprehensive

--85--

B S OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : LOW VISION AIDS
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Optometrist with Low vision clinical experience
1. Course Description: This course deal with the definition of low vision,
epidemiology aspect of visual impairment, types of low vision devices and its
optical principles, clinical approach of the low vision patients, assistive devices
for totally visually challenged, art of prescribing low vision devices and training
the low vision patients and other rehabilitation measures.
2. Course Objectives: At the end of the course , the student will be knowledgeable
in the following:
• Definition and epidemiology of Low Vision

• Clinical examination of Low vision subjects
• Optical, Non-Optical, Electronic, and Assistive devices.
• Training for Low Vision subjects with Low vision devices
• Referrals and follow-up
3. Text books:
• Christine Dickinson: Low Vision: Principles and Practice Low vision care,
4th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998
• E Vaithilingam: practice of Low vision – A guide book, Medical Research
Foundation, 2000.
4. Reference Books:
• Richard L. Brilliant: Essentials of Low Vision Practice, Butterworth-

Heinemann, 1999
• Helen Farral: optometric Management of Visual Handicap, Blackwell
Scientific publications, 1991
• A J Jackson, J S Wolffsohn: Low Vision Manual, Butterworth
Heinnemann, 2007

--86--
5. Course Plan:
Number of Mode of Mode of

Topics lectures Teaching Evaluation
Lecture Written
Definitions & classification of 1
Low vision
Epidemiology of low vision Lecture Written
Model of low vision service 1
Pre-clinical evaluation of low Lecture Written
vision patients – prognostic & 1
psychological factors; psycho-
social impact of low vision
Types of low vision aids – optical 3 Lecture/Demonstr Written
aids, non-optical aids & ation
electronic devices
Optics of low vision aids Lecture Written
1
Clinical evaluation – assessment Lecture Written
of visual acuity, visual field, 3
selection of low vision aids,
instruction & training
Lecture Written
Pediatric Low Vision care 4
Low vision aids – dispensing & Lecture Written
prescribing aspects 1
Lecture Written
Visual rehabilitation & 1
counseling
Lecture Written
Legal aspects of Low vision in 1
India
Discussion Viva- Voce
Case Analysis 5
Total hours 21
7. Reading Assignment: (Faculty can decide on the reading assignments. The only
guideline to the faculty is to make sure that the topics for reading assignment to be from
recent journals. This will motivate the students to read recent scientific journals.)

--87--
8. Evaluation Component:

Faculty
EC – I 20 Choice
Written Exam
EC – II 1 Hour 20
Faculty
EC – III Choice
20
9. Practical:
a) Practical 1:
¾ Attending in low vision care clinic and history taking.
b) Practical 2:
¾ Determining the type of telescope and its magnification (Direct comparison method
& calculated method)
¾ Determining the change in field of view with different magnification and different eye
to lens distances with telescopes and magnifiers.
c) Practical 3:
¾ Inducing visual impairment and prescribing magnification.
¾ Determining reading speed with different types of low vision aids with same
magnification.
¾ Determining reading speed with a low vision aid of different magnifications.

--88--

B S OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Geriatric Optometry
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Optometrists / Ophthalmologists
1. Course Description : This course deals with general and ocular physiological
changes of ageing, common geriatric systemic and ocular diseases, clinical
approach in geriatric patients, pharmacological aspects of ageing, and spectacle
dispensing aspects in ageing patients.
2. Course Objectives:
The student on taking this course should
• be able to identify, investigate the age related changes in the eyes.

• be able to counsel the elderly
• be able to dispense spectacles with proper instructions.
• adequately gained knowledge on common ocular diseases.
3. Text Books:
A.J. ROSSENBLOOM Jr & M.W.MORGAN: Vision and Aging, Butterworth-Heinemann,

Missouri, 2007.
4. Reference Books:
• OP Sharma: Geriatric Care – A textbook of geriatrics and Gerontology, viva

books, New Delhi, 2005
• VS Natarajan: An update on Geriatrics, Sakthi Pathipagam, Chennai, 1998
• DE Rosenblatt, VS Natarajan: Primer on geriatric Care A clinical approach to the
older patient, Printers Castle, Cochin, 2002
5. Prerequisites: Ocular anatomy, Physiology, Ocular Disease

--89--
6. Course Outline:
No. Topics Number of Mode of Mode of

Lectures Evaluati
Teaching
on
1 Structural , and morphological changes of 2 Lecture Written

eye in elderly
2 Physiological changes in eye in the 2 Lecture Seminar

course of aging.
3 Introduction to geriatric medicine – 3 Lecture Written

epidemiology , need for optometry care,
systemic diseases (Hypertension,
Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease,
congestive Heart failure, Cerebrovascular
disease, Diabetes, COPD)
4 Optometric Examination of the Older Adult 2 Lecture Writing

Assignme
nt
5 Ocular diseases common in old eye, with 4 Lecture Written

special reference to cataract, glaucoma,
macular disorders, vascular diseases of
the eye
6 Contact lenses in elderly 1 Lecture Written
7 Pharmacological aspects of aging 2 Lecture Written
8 Low vision causes, management and 4 Lecture Written

rehabilitation in geriatrics.
9 Spectacle dispensing in elderly – 4 Lecture Written

Considerations of spectacle lenses and
frames
Total Number of Lectures 25
7. Reading assignment: Latest journal reading on the aging issues. This can be
decided by the faculty.

--90--


--91--

B S OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Pediatric optometry
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Optometrists / Ophthalmologists (preferable with pediatric

clinical experience)
1. Course Description: This course is designed to provide the students adequate

knowledge in theoretical and practical aspects of diagnosis, and management of eye
conditions related to pediatric population. Also it will inculcate the skill of
transferring/communicating the medical information to the attender /patient by the
students. The scope of this subject is to train the optometrists to develop a
systematic way of dealing with children below 12, so as to implement primary eye
care and have better, specialized management of anomalies.
2. Course Objectives: At the end of the course the student is expected to :
• have a knowledge of the principal theories of childhood development, and

visual development
• have the ability to take a thorough paediatric history which encompasses the
relevant developmental, visual, medical and educational issues
• be familiar with the accommodative-vergence system, the genesis of
ametropia, the disorders of refraction, accommodation and vergence, and the
assessment and management of these disorders
• be familiar with the aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment of
amblyopia, comitant strabismus and commonly presenting incomitant
strabismus
• have a knowledge of the epidemiology of eye disease in children, the
assessment techniques available for examining visual function of children of
all ages and an understanding varied management concepts of paediatric
vision disorders
• have knowledge of the art of dispensing contact lens, low vision aids and
referral to the surgeon or other specialists at the appropriate timing.
• have a capacity for highly evolved communication and co-management with
other professionals involved in paediatric assessment and care
3. Text books :
• Pediatric Optometry - JEROME ROSNER, Butterworth, London 1982
• Paediatric Optometry – William Harvey/ Bernard Gilmartin, Butterworth –
Heinemann, 2004

--92--
4. References:
• Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility - VON NOORDEN G K Burian Von

Noorden’s, 2nd Ed., C.V.Mosby Co. St. Louis, 1980.
• Assessing Children's Vision. By Susan J Leat, Rosalyn H Shute, Carol A
Westall.45 Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
• Clinical pediatric optometry. LJ Press, BD Moore, Butterworth- Heinemann, 1993
5. Prerequisites:
6. Course Outline:
No Topics Number of Mode of Mode of

1
The Development of Eye and Vision 2 Lecture Written
2 History taking Paediatric subjects 2 Lecture Written
3 Assessment of visual acuity 1 Lecture Seminar
4 Normal appearance, pathology and 2 Lecture Writing

structural anomalies of
Assignment
a) Orbit, Eye lids, Lacrimal system,
b) Conjunctiva, Cornea, Sclera 2 Lecture Writing

Assignment
Anterior chamber, Uveal tract, Pupil
c) Lens, vitreous, Fundus 1 Lecture Written
Oculomotor system
5 Refractive Examination 2 Lecture Written
6 Determining binocular status 1 Lecture Written

--93--
7 Determining sensory motor adaptability 1 Lecture Written
8 Compensatory treatment and remedial 2 Lecture Written

therapy for : Myopia, Pseudomyopia,
Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Anisometropia,
Amblyopia
9 Remedial and Compensatory treatment of 2 Lecture Written

Strabismus and Nystagmus
10 Paediatric eye disorders : Cataract, 3 Lecture Written

Retinopathy of Prematurity,
Retinoblastoma, Neuromuscular
conditions (myotonic dystrophy,
mitochondrial cytopathy), and Genetics
11 Anterior segment dysgenesis, Aniridia, 2 Lecture Written

Microphthalmos, Coloboma, Albinism
12 Spectacle dispensing for children 3 Lecture Seminar
13 Paediatric contact lenses 2 Lecture Seminar
14 Low vision assessment in children 2 Lecture Seminar
6. Reading Assignment: Faculty Decision:

--94--

Examination
3 Hours 70

--95--

B S OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Binocular Vision I
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Graduate Optometrist and/or Ophthalmologist
CO – INSTRUCTOR : Optometrist
1. Course Description:
This course provides theoretical aspects of Binocular Vision and its clinical
application. It deals with basis of normal binocular vision and space perception,
Gross anatomy and physiology of extrocular muscles, various binocular vision
anomalies, its diagnostic approaches and management.
2. Course Objectives:
On successful completion of this module, a student will be expected to be able to:-
• Demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of the gross anatomy and physiology

relating to the extroocular muscles.
• Provide a detailed explanation of, and differentiate between the aetiology,
investigation and management of binocular vision anomalies.
• Adapt skills and interpret clinical results following investigation of binocular
vision anomalies appropriately and safely.
3. Text Books:
• Pradeep Sharma: Strabismus simplified, New Delhi, First edition, 1999, Modern
publishers.
• Fiona J. Rowe: Clinical Orthoptics, second edition, 2004, Blackwell Science Ltd
• Gunter K. Von Noorden: BURIAN- VON NOORDEN’S Binocular vision and
ocular motility theory and management of strabismus, Missouri, Second edition,
1980, C. V. Mosby Company
• Mitchell Scheiman; Bruce Wick: Clinical Management of Binocular Vision
Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders, 2008, Lippincot
Williams & Wilkins publishers
4. Reference Books: Faculty choice

--96--
5. Pre-requisites: Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology
6. Course outline:
No. Name of the topic Number Mode of Assessment

of teaching
lectures
1. Binocular Vision and Space 6 Lecture and Written and
perception. Demonstration practical
¾ Relative subjective visual

direction.
¾ Retino motor value
¾ Grades of BSV
¾ SMP and Cyclopean Eye
¾ Correspondence,
¾ Fusion, Diplopia, Retinal rivalry
¾ Horopter
¾ Physiological Diplopia and
Suppression
¾ Stereopsis, Panum’s area, BSV.
¾ Stereopsis and monocular clues -
significance.
¾ Egocentric location, clinical
applications.
¾ Theories of Binocular vision.
2. Anatomy of Extra Ocular Muscles. 4 Lecture and Written and

Demonstration practical
¾ Rectii and Obliques, LPS.
¾ Innervation & Blood Supply.
Physiology of Ocular movements.
¾ Center of rotation, Axes of Fick.

¾ Action of individual muscle.
Laws of ocular motility
¾ Donder’s and Listing’s law

¾ Sherrington’s law
¾ Hering’s law
Uniocular & Binocular movements -

fixation, saccadic & pursuits.
¾ Version & Vergence.

¾ Fixation & field of fixation

--97--
3. Near Vision Complex 3 Lecture and Written and

Accommodation Demonstration practical
¾ Definition and mechanism

(process). Practicals
¾ Methods of measurement.
¾ Stimulus and innervation.
¾ Types of accommodation.
¾ Anomalies of accommodation –
aetiology and management.
4. Convergence 5 Lecture and Written and

¾ Definition and mechanism. Demonstration practical
¾ Methods of measurement.
¾ Types and components of
convergence - Tonic, Practicals
accommodative, fusional,
proximal.
¾ Anomalies of Convergence –
aetiology and management.
5. Sensory adaptations Confusion 1 Lecture Written

6. Suppression Investigations 4 Lecture Written and
Management Blind spot syndrome Practical Practical
7. Abnormal Retinal Correspondence 1 Lecture Written and

Investigation and management Practical Practical
Blind spot syndrome
8. Eccentric Fixation 1 Lecture Written
Investigation and management Practical
9. Amblyopia Classification 4 Lecture Written and
Aeitiology Investigation Management Practical Practical
6. Reading Assignments: Faculty Choice

--98--

B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - FIFTH SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Systemic Diseases
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Ophthalmologists/ General Physician
1. Course Description: This course deals with definition, classification, clinical

diagnosis, complications, and management of various systemic diseases. In indicated
cases ocular manifestations also will be discussed.
2. Course Objectives: At the end of the course, students should get acquainted with
the following:
• Common Systemic conditions: Definition, diagnostic approach, complications
and management options
• Ocular findings of the systemic conditions
• First Aid knowledge
3. Text book:
1) C Haslett, E R Chilvers, N A boon, N R Coledge, J A A Hunter: Davidson's

Principles and Practice of Medicine, Ed. John Macleod, 19th Ed., ELBS/Churchill
Livingstone. (PPM), 2002
2) Basic and clinical Science course: Update on General Medicine, American
Academy of Ophthalmology, Section 1, 1999
4. Reference books:
5. Prerequisites: Ocular Disease, General Physiology and Anatomy, Ocular Physiology

and Anatomy, Pharmacology

--99--
6. Course Outline:
No Topics Number Mode of Mode of

of Teaching Evaluation
Lectures
1 Hypertension 4 Lecture Written
¾ Definition, classification,
Epidemiology, clinical examination,
complications, and management.
¾ Hypertensive retinopathy
2 Diabetes Mellitus 4 Lecture Seminar
¾ Classification, pathophysiology,
clinical presentations, diagnosis,
and management, Complications
¾ Diabetic Retinopathy
3 Thyroid Disease 4 Lecture Seminar
¾ Physiology, testing for thyroid

disease, Hyperthyroidism,
Hypothroidism, Thyroiditis, Thyroid
tumors
¾ Grave’s Ophthalmopathy
3 Acquired Heart Disease 4 Lecture Writing

Assignment
¾ Ischemic Heart Disease, Congestive
heart failure, Disorders of cardiac
rhythm
¾ Ophthalmic considerations
4 Cancer : 4 Lecture Writing

Assignment
¾ Incidence
¾ Etiology
¾ Therapy
¾ Ophthalmologic considerations
5 Connective Tissue Disease 4 Lecture Written
¾ Rheumatic arthritis
¾ Systemic lupus erythematosus
¾ Scleroderma
¾ Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
¾ Sjogren syndrome
¾ Behcet’s syndrome
¾ Eye and connective tissue disease

--100--
6 Tuberculosis 4 Lecture Written
¾ Aetiology, pathology, clinical

features, pulmonary tuberculosis,
diagnosis, complications, treatment
tuberculosis and the eye.
7 Herpes virus ( Herepes simplex, 3 Lecture Written

Varicella Zoster, Cytomegalovirus,
Epstein Barr Virus)
Herpes and the eye
8 Hepatitis ( Hepatitis A, B, C) 2 Lecture Written
9 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 4 Lecture Written
10 Anemia ( Diagnosis, clinical evaluation, 2

consequences, Sickle cell disease,
treatment, Ophthalmologic
considerations)
9 Common Tropical Medical Ailments 4 Lecture Written
¾ Malaria
¾ Typhoid
¾ Dengue
¾ Filariases
¾ Onchocerciasis
¾ Cysticercosis
¾ Leprosy
10 Nutritional and Metabolic disorders: 2 Lecture Written
¾ Obesity
¾ Hyperlipidaemias
¾ Kwashiorkor
¾ Vitamin A Deficiency
¾ Vitamin D Deficiency
¾ Vitamin E Deficiency
¾ Vitamin K Deficiency
¾ Vitamin B1,B2, Deficiency
¾ Vitamin C Deficiency
11 Myasthenia Gravis 2 Lecture Written

12 4 Lecture/ Written
¾ First Aid Demonstr
¾ General Medical Emergencies ation
¾ Preoperative precautions in ocular
surgeries

--101--
13 Psychiatry 2 Lecture Writing

Assignment
¾ Basic knowledge of psychiatric
condition and
¾ Patient Management
14 Genetics 4 Lecture Writing

Assignment
¾ Introduction to genetics
¾ Organisation of the cell
¾ Chromosome structure and cell
division
¾ Gene structure and basic principles
of Genetics.
¾ Genetic disorders and their
diagnosis.
¾ Genes and the eye
¾ Genetic counseling and genetic
engineering.
¾
guideline to the faculty is to make sure that the topics for reading assignment to be from
recent journals. This will motivate the students to read recent scientific journals.)

Faculty
EC – I 20 Choice
Written Exam
EC – II 1 Hour 20
Faculty
EC – III Choice
20

--102--

B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SIXTH SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Contact Lenses II
CO- INSTRUCTORS : CL Practitioner (Non Academic)
1. Course Description: The subject provides the student with suitable knowledge both
in theoretical and practical aspects of Contact Lenses.
2. Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Understand the basics of contact lenses

• List the important properties of contact lenses
• Finalise the CL design for various kinds patients
• Recognize various types of fitting
• Explain all the procedures to patient
• Identify and manage the adverse effects of contact lens
3. Text books:
• IACLE modules 1 - 10
• CLAO Volumes 1, 2, 3
• Anthony J. Phillips : Contact Lenses, 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006
• Elisabeth A. W. Millis: Medical Contact Lens Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann,
2004
• E S. Bennett ,V A Henry :Clinical manual of Contact Lenses, 3rd edition,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008
4. Reference Books:
5. Prerequisites: Geometrical optics, Visual optics, Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology,

Biochemistry, Ocular Microbiology, Ocular Disease, Optometric Instruments

--103--
6. Course outline:
No. Topics Lecture(s) Teaching Evaluation
SCL Materials & Review of Lecture Written
1 manufacturing techniques 2
Lecture Written
2 Comparison of RGP vs. SCL 1
3 Pre-fitting considerations for SCL 2 Lecture Written
4 Fitting philosophies for SCL 1 Lecture Written
5 SCL fitting assessment 2 Lecture Written
6 Types of fit – Steep, Flat, Optimum 3 Lecture Written
Calculation and finalising SCL Lecture Written
7 parameters 2
Disposable lenses
a) Advantages and availability 1
Soft Toric CL Lecture Written
¾ Stabilization techniques
¾ Parameter selection
¾ Fitting assessment
8 2
Common Handling Instructions Lecture Written
¾ Insertion & Removal Techniques

¾ Do’s and Dont’s
9 1
Care and Maintenance of Soft lenses Lecture Written
¾ Cleaning agents & Importance

¾ Rinsing agents & Importance
¾ Disinfecting agents & importance
¾ Lubricating & Enzymatic cleaners
10 2
11 Follow up visit examination 2 Lecture Written
12 Complications of Soft lenses 4 Lecture Written
Therapeutic contact lenses Lecture Written
¾ Indications
¾ Fitting consideration
13 1
Specialty fitting Lecture Written
¾ Aphakia
¾ Pediatric
¾ Post refractive surgery
3
14 Introduction to Bifocal CL 1 Lecture Written
Total Number of lectures 30

--104--
7. Assignment: The student should consult all the manufacturers of RGP lenses and list
down various products (Lenses, care products and accessories) available with them.
Detailed parameters along with manufacturer recommendation should be noted. Also
students will be encouraged to read books and journals and submit a report to the
faculty. The topics of the same can be decided by the faculty.

Faculty
EC – I 20 Choice
Written Exam
EC – II 1 Hour 20
Practicals
EC – III 20
9) Practical: (50 hours)
• Pre fitting evaluation

• RGP CL insertion & Removal
• Fitting assessment
• Over refraction
• Follow up examination
• SCL insertion & Removal
• Fitting assessment
• Over refraction
• Follow-up Examination
• Toric contact lens fitting and assessment
• Cosmetic contact lens fitting and assessment

--105--

B S OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Binocular Vision II
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Post Graduate/Graduate Optometrist
CO – INSTRUCTORS : Optometrist
1. Course Description: This course deals with understanding of strabismus, its

classification, necessary orthoptic investigations, diagnosis and non surgical
management. Along with theoretical knowledge it teaches the clinical aspects and
application.
2. Course Objective: The objective of this course is to inculcate the student with the
knowledge of different types of strabismus its etiology signs and symptoms, necessary
investigations and also management. The student on completion of the course should be
able to independently investigate and diagnose case of strabismus with comments in
respect to retinal correspondence and binocular single vision. The student should be
able to perform all the investigations to check retinal correspondence, state of Binocular
Single Vision, angle of deviation and special investigations for paralytic strabismus.
3. Text Books:
• Pradeep Sharma: Strabismus simplified, New Delhi, First edition, 1999, Modern
publishers.
• Fiona J. Rowe: Clinical Orthoptics, second edition, 2004, Blackwell Science Ltd
• Gunter K. Von Noorden: BURIAN- VON NOORDEN’S Binocular vision and
ocular motility theory and management of strabismus, Missouri, Second edition,
1980, C. V. Mosby Company
• Mitchell Scheiman; Bruce Wick: Clinical Management of Binocular Vision
Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders, 2008, Lippincot
Williams & Wilkins publishers
4. Reference Books: Faculty Choice
5. Pre-requisites: Ocular Anatomy, Ocular Physiology, Binocular Vision – I,
6. Course outline:

--106--
Number of Mode of
No. Name of the topic Assessment
lectures teaching
1. Neuro-muscular anomalies
1 Lecture Written
Classification and
etiological factors
2. History – recording and 1 Lecture and Practical

significance. role plays
3. Convergent strabismus 4 Lecture and Written and practical

Demonstratio
¾ Accommodative
n
convergent squint
¾ Classification
¾ Investigation and
Management
¾ B Non accommodative
Convergent squint
¾ Classification
¾ Investigation and
Management
4. 3 Lecture and Written and practical
Divergent Strabismus
Demonstratio
Classification
n
A& V phenomenon
Investigation and
Management
5. 1 Lecture and Written and practical

Vertical strabismus
Demonstratio
Classification
n
Investigation and
Management
6. 3
Paralytic Strabismus
Acquired and Congenital
Clinical Characteristics
Distinction from comitant
and restrictive Squint
7. Investigations 12 Lecture and Written and practical

demonstratio
¾ History and symptoms n
¾ Head Posture
¾ Diplopia Charting
¾ Hess chart
¾ PBCT

--107--
¾ Nine directions
¾ Binocular field of vision
8. Non surgical Management 2 Lecture
of Squint
9.. Restrictive Strabismus 3 Lecture Written

Features
¾ Musculo fascical
anomalies
¾ Duane’s Retraction
syndrome
¾ Clinical features and
management
¾ Brown’s Superior
oblique sheath
syndrome
¾ Strabismus fixus
¾ Congenital muscle
fibrosis
10. Surgical management 1 Lecture Written
7. Reading Assignment: Faculty Choice

--108--

B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SECOND SEMESTER - (ACADEMIC YEAR 200 - 200)
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Public Health and Community Optometry
INSTRUCTOR INCHARGE : Optometrist or Ophthalmologist with additional

qualification Preferably Master of Community eye health /Diploma in Community eye
health / Public Health Ophthalmology/ Optometrist with Higher degree/diploma in
Community optometry
CO- INSTRUCTORS : Optometrists
1. Course Description: Introduction to the foundation and basic sciences of public

health optometry with an emphasis on the epidemiology of vision problems
especially focused on Indian scenario.
2. Course Objectives: At the end of the course students will be be knowledgeable in

the following areas:
• Community based eye care in India.

• Prevalence of various eye diseases
• Developing Information Education Communication materials on eye and vision
care for the benefit of the public
• Organize health education programmes in the community
• Vision screening for various eye diseases in the community and for different age
groups.
3. Text books:
• GVS Murthy, S K Gupta, D Bachani: The principles and practice of community

Ophthalmology, National programme for control of blindness, New Delhi, 2002
• Newcomb RD, Jolley JL : Public Health and Community Optometry, Charles C
Thomas Publisher, Illinois, 1980
• K Park: Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine, 19th edition,
• Banarsidas Bhanot publishers, Jabalpur, 2007
4. Reference books:
MC Gupta, Mahajan BK, Murthy GVS, 3rd edition. Text Book of Community Medicine,
Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2002
5. Prerequisites: Ocular Disease, Visual optics, Optometric Instruments, Clinical

Examination of Visual System

--109--
6. Course Outline:
No. Topics Lectures Teaching Evaluation
Lecture Written
Public Health Optometry: Concepts
1 and implementation 1
Lecture Written
Dimensions, determinants and
2 indicators of health 1
Levels of disease prevention and Lecture Written
3 levels of health care patterns 1
Epidemiology of blindness – Defining Lecture Written
4 blindness and visual impairment 1
Lecture Written
5 Eye in primary health care 1
Contrasting between Clinical and Lecture Viva
6 community health programs 2
Field visit Report
7 Community Eye Care Programs 4 writing
Community based rehabilitation Field visit Report
8 programs 2 writing
Nutritional Blindness with reference Lecture Written
9 to Vitamin A deficiency 1
Lecture Written
10 Vision 2020: The Right to Sight 3
Practical Practical
11 Screening for eye diseases 4
National and International health Lecture Written
12 agencies, NPCB 2
Role of an optometrist in Public Lecture Written
13 Health 1
Organization and Management of Lecture Written
Eye Care Programs – Service
14 Delivery models 1
Health manpower and planning & Lecture Written
15 Health Economics 1
Evaluation and assessment of Field Visit Report
16 health programmes 1 Writing
Field Visit Report
Optometrists role in school eye Writing
17 health programmes 1
Basics of Tele Optometry and its Field Visit Report
18 application in Public Health 2 Writing
Information, Education and Practical Developing
Communication for Eye Care Public
19 programs 1 Health

--110--
materials
Total Lectures 26
guideline to the faculty is to make sure that the topics for reading assignment to be more
from recent journals. This will motivate the students to read recent scientific journals.)
Example:
• Community Eye Health J 2008; 21(66): 21-23
• Community Eye Health J 2008; 21(66): 24-25
8) Evaluation schedule:
EC - I 20
Written
EC - II 1 Hour 20 Exam
EC - III 20
Comprehensive Written
Examination 3 Hours 40 Exam

--111--

B S OPTOMETRY
COURSE NO :
COURSE TITLE : Dispensing Optics
INSTRUCTOR IN CHARGE : Senior Optometrist (with experience in dispensing optics)
CO-INSTRUCTORS : Practicing Optometrists with experience in Optical

Dispensing & Optical Laboratory In-charge
1. Course Description: This course will deal with the dispensing aspects of spectacle
lenses and frames needed to manage the customer in an Optical set up, from
counseling to delivering the spectacles.
2. Course Objective: Skills to be acquired at the end of this course
• Reading of spectacle prescription

• Counseling the patient
• Lens edge thickness calculation
• Frame & lens measurements and selection
• Writing spectacle lens order
• Facial measurements - Interpupillary distance measurement and measuring
heights (single vision, multifocal, progressives)
• Lens verification and axis marking and fitting of all lens types
• Final checking of finished spectacle with frame adjustments
• Delivery and follow-up
• Troubleshooting complaints and handling patient’s questions.
3. Text Book:
• David Wilson: Practical Optical Dispensing, OTEN- DE, NSW TAFE

Commission, 1999
4. Reference Book:
• David Wilson, Steve stenersen: Practical optical workshop, OTEN- DE, NSW
TAFE Commission, 2002
• Margaret Dowaliby: Practical Aspects of Ophthalmic optics, Fourth edition,
Butterworth Heinemann, USA, 2001
5. Perquisites: Optometric optics I and II

--112--
6. Course Outline:

1 Components of spectacle prescription &
interpretation, transposition, Add and near power 1 Theory Written +
relation Viva
2 Frame selection – based on spectacle prescription,
professional requirements, age group, face shape 4 Theory + Theory +
Demonstr Viva
ation
3 Measuring Inter-pupillary distance (IPD) for distance
& near, bifocal height 1 Demonstr Viva
ation +
Practical
4 Lens & Frame markings, Pupillary centers, bifocal
heights, Progressive markings & adjustments – 1 Demonstr Viva
facial wrap, pantoscopic tilt ation +
Practical
5 Recording and ordering of lenses (power, add,
diameter, base, material, type, lens enhancements) 1 Theory Viva
6 Neutralization – Hand & lensometer, axis marking,
prism marking 3 Demonstr Viva
ation +
Practical
7 Faults in spectacles (lens fitting, frame fitting,
patients complaints, description, detection and 2 Theory + Theory +
correction) Demonstr Viva
ation
8 Final checking & dispensing of spectacles to
customers, counseling on wearing & maintaining of 2 Demonstr Theory +
spectacles, Accessories – Bands, chains, boxes, ation + Viva
slevets, cleaners, screwdriver kit Role plays
9 Spectacle repairs – tools, methods, soldering,
riveting, frame adjustments 1 Demonstr Viva
ation +
workshop
visit
10 Special types of spectacle frames
¾ Monocles 1 Demonstr Viva
¾ Ptosis crutches ation
¾ Industrial safety glasses
¾ Welding glasses
12 Frame availability in Indian market
Project Project
evaluation
13 FAQ’s by customers and their ideal answers 2 Role plays Viva
+
Assignme

--113--
nts
Total number of Hours 21
7. Reading Assignments: Make the students read on the pamphlets of different

company products to keep abreast of knowledge.
EC – I
1 Hour 30 Written Exam
EC – II Written Exam
1 Hour 30 And practical
EC - III Written Exam
1 hour 30
Examination 3 Hours 40 and Practical
Recommendation – Keep samples of wrongly fitted lenses, misaligned frames and

special frames. Keep frame repair kit (heater, screw driver, pliers etc.) in the college. Ask
all students to carry a marker pen and PD ruler

--114--
B S OPTOMETRY
THIRD YEAR - SIXTH SEMESTER - ACADEMIC YEAR (2008 -2009)
COURSE HANDOUT
COURSE NO. :
COURSE TITLE : Occupational Optometry
INSTRUCTOR INCHARGE : Occupational Medicine + Optometrist
1. Course Description : This course deals with general aspects of occupational health,
Visual demand in various job, task analyzing method, visual standards for various
jobs, occupational hazards and remedial aspects through classroom sessions and
field visit to the factories.
2. Course Objectives : At the end of the course the students will be knowledgeable in
the following aspects :
• in visual requirements of jobs;

• in effects of physical, chemical and other hazards on eye and vision;
• to identify occupational causes of visual and eye problems;
• to be able to prescribe suitable corrective lenses and eye protective
wear and
• to set visual requirements, standards for different jobs.
3. Text Books:
R V North: Work and the eye, Second edition, Butterworth Heinnemann, 2001
4. Reference Books:
• G W Good: Occupational Vision Manual available in the following website:

www.aoa.org
• N.A. Smith: Lighting for Occupational Optometry, HHSC Handbook Series,
Safchem Services, 1999
• J Anshel: Visual Ergonomics Handbook, CRC Press, 2005
• G Carson, S Doshi, W Harvey: Eye Essentials: Environmental & Occupational
Optometry, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008
5. Prerequisites :

--115--
6. Course Outline:
No. Topics No of
Lectures
1 Introduction to Occupational health, hygiene and safety, international 2
bodies like ILO, WHO, National bodies etc
Acts and Rules - Factories Act, WCA,ESI Act.
2 Electromagnetic Radiation and its effects on Eye 2
3 Light – Definitions and units, Sources, advantages and disadvantages, 2
standards
4 Color – Definition, Color theory, Color coding, Color defects, Color 2
Vision tests
5 Occupational hazards and preventive/protective methods 2
5 Task Analysis 2
6 Industrial Vision Screening – Modified clinical method and Industrial 2

Vision test
4 Vision Standards – Railways, Roadways, Airlines 2
5 Visual Display Units 2
6 Contact lens and work 2

TOTAL NO. OF LECTURES 20
7. Reading Assignments : Faculty can decide on the topics

Note: Faculty should encourage the students to go and observe various industries
and get hands on doing task analysis for understanding visual demand of various
jobs.

--116--
CLINICAL TRAINING FROM THE FIRST YEAR TO THE LAST
YEAR OF THE PROGRAMME
1) First year :
a. Role play
b. Clinical Observations
c. Vision Check
d. Basic Lensometry
2) Second year :
a. History taking
b. CEVS practical
c. Refraction Hands On
d. Clinical Observations
e. Vision screening camps
3) Third year :
a. Clinical Observation
b. Hands-on under senior optometrists
c. Case reporting
d. Case discussion
e. Vision screening camps
f. Diagnostic interpretations
g.
4) Internship :
Primary Eye Care 25 %

Dispensing Optics 25 %
Contact Lens 10%
Low Vision Aids 10%
Orthoptics 10%
Diagnostics 10 %
Anterior Segment 5%
clinic
Posterior Segment 5%
Clinic

--117--
Procedures Minimum Comments

Number
1st year 3 cases

( 2nd Semester) Role Play ( Patient-
Optometrist)
CLINIC - I
Clinical Observation 6 cases
and Report writing
Vision Check ( 12 cases
Snellen’s Chart) –
Distance + Near
Lensometry
(Spherical lenses)
2nd year History taking 9 cases Can practice on the following
st
(1 Semester) ¾ General complaints : Blurred Vision,
¾ Specific Headache, Pain, redness,
CLINIC -II ¾ Conditions Watering, Flashes, Floaters,
Blackspots
Lensometry 100 cases Simple Sphere, Simple cylinder,

Spherocylinder (90, 180,
Oblique degrees),Bifocals, PAL
Vision Check 100 cases Simulation, especially to show

( log MAR) and ask the students to interpret
Pinhole acuity the findings.
Extraocular Motility 10 cases

Cover test 10 cases Video output Simulation of
various conditions
Alternate Cover test 10 cases Video output Simulation of

various conditions
Hirschberg test 10 cases Video output Simulation of

various conditions
Modified Krimsky test 3 cases Video output Simulation of

various conditions
Push up test 10 cases ( 1

(Amplitude of case in
Accommodation) presbyopic
age)
Push up test ( Near 10 cases
point of Convergence)
Stereopsis test 10 cases
Tear Break up time 10 cases

--118--
Amsler’s Grid test 10 cases Simulation of various conditions

(simulate)
Photostress test 10 cases
( Normals)
Color vision test 10 cases
Schirmer’s test 10 cases
Confrontation test 10 cases
Slit lamp illumination 3 cases
Slit lamp examination 10 cases
Finger tension 10 cases
(Normals)
Schiotz Tonometry 10 cases
(Normals)
Applanation Tonometry 10 cases
(Normals)
Negative Relative 10 cases
Accommodation
Positive Relative 10 cases
Accommodation
von Herick Grading of 10 cases
Anterior chamber depth
Accommodative 10 cases
facility(+ 2.00 D)
Corneal Sensitivity test 10 cases
IPD 10 cases
Proptosis evaluation 1 demo Video demonstration of cases
Ptosis evaluation 1 demo Video demonstration of cases

Pupillary evaluation 10 cases
¾ Direct
¾ Consensual
¾ RAPD
HVID 10 cases
Maddox rod (Phoria) 10 cases
Negative Fusional 10 cases
vergence
Positive Fusional 10 cases
Vergence
2nd year
(2nd semester)
CLINIC-III
Retinoscopy- 25 + 25 +25 Model eye for retinoscopy.
Static, Dynamic and cases
Cycloplegic
Retinoscopy

--119--
Keratometry 25 cases
Subjective Refraction 25 cases

¾ JCC
¾ Clock Dial
¾ Duochrome
¾ Borish Delayed
Addition calculation 25 cases Give more simulated problems

and discuss on it
3rd year
(1st semester) 10 cases Show slides of various
Direct ophthalmoscope ( Normals) commonly seen retinal
CLINIC IV conditions
Visual Field chart 10 cases - Both kinetic and Static
interpretation discussion
B scan Interpretation 10 cases -

discussion
A scan chart 10 cases - Discussion having different
Interpretation discussion types of wave patterns
Case Analysis 10 cases
+90 D lens 10 cases Slides of various Cup: Disc
( Normals) ratios can be shown
3rd year Gonioscopy 5 cases Slides of abnormal angles
(2nd semester) ( Normals)
CLINIC V
Posting in optometry 5+5+5+5+10 Pediatric/contact lens/Low
clinics cases vision/ Orthoptics/
GOPD
Camps 4 camps School screening, Cataract
IDO (on each other) 10 Slides of abnormal fundus
cases(Norma
ls)
Case Analysis Pathology
- 5+ 5+ 5+ 5 Binocular Vision
cases Clinical Refraction
Dispensing optics
4th year General OPD 500 cases Weekly 1 case report
CLINICAL (History taking –DO) submission
INTERNSHIP
Contact Lens 20 cases ( 5 Totally 3 different case reports
RGP+ 5 Soft submission at the end of the
+ 5 toric ) postings
Opticals 100 cases Weekly 1 case report
submission
Low Vision care Clinic 10 cases Totally 3 different case reports

--120--
submission at the end of the

postings
Binocular Vision clinic 10 cases Totally 3 different case reports
submission at the end of the
postings
Ophthalmology clinic 50 cases Totally 3 different case reports
(Common eye submission at the end of the
conditions) postings
Camps 10 camps Camp report submission

--121--
Other Essential Topics which can be covered during the Internship (fourth year)
• Practice Management
• Presentation Skills
• Law and Optometry
• Accountancy
• Communication skills

--122--
NORMS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE (Number of UG Students : 30)
1.1 General
The norms for space and buildings have been arrived at, based on the functions, a
optometry institution offering degree programme, has to perform. In all the cases, unit
norms have been evolved taking the absolute minimum needs, which are indicated as
norms. As such the institutions, while envisaging their space and building
requirements, must keep their perspectives for development in mind and formulate
their plans accordantly.
Around the administrative building, and classrooms there is considerable movement of
students and, therefore, there must be adequate veranda space in this part of the
college building so that the classes do not get disturbed. For this reason, the ratio of
plinth to carpet area for the normal building may be taken as 1.4 (ratio).
1.2 Classification of Building Area
The building area required for an optometry institution can be classified as:
• Instructional area,
• Administrative area,
• Amenities area and
• Residential area.
¾ Instructional area will include classrooms, laboratories, computer center, library,

seminar hall, clinical hours etc.
¾ Administrative area comprises Principal's room, visitors lounge, staff rooms,

college office, stores, etc.
¾ Area for amenities consists of common rooms, recreation center, hobby center,
Rotaract club and Alumni Association, Play area etc. (all are not necessary.
However any of these facilities will be appreciated)
¾ Residential area includes student and staff hostels, staff quarters and guesthouse.
(Optional – if alternative approach is adapted by the management)
1.3 Building Space for Instructional Area
• The course structure of any optometry institution degree program will include
lectures, laboratory work, clinical practical training and seminars.
• The college must have adequate building areas for all these instructional activities.
• According to the model curriculum, during different semesters, the total number of
hours per week for which the student is to have contact with the teacher will vary

--123--
between 27 to 34. In view of this, for the instructional schedule, if spread over a
period of 34 hours a week, the college can work for eight hours from Monday to
Friday and for four hours on Saturdays.
• The student strength in a theory class should not exceed 30.
• The seminars of the students must be conducted with the entire class.
• In the case of clinical practice classes or labs for students, which emphasize the
skills component of the training, the classes will have to be divided into smaller
groups and work assigned.
1.3.1 Number of Rooms for Theory Classes :
¾ Separate room for each year students is ideal set-up

¾ Number of Rooms for Lab works.
¾ Separate Rooms for each Lab
¾ Number of Rooms for Basic Clinical Practical Training
¾ 1: 5 ( Room : Students) For 30 students should have 6 rooms (
cubicles)
1.3.2 Rooms Size for Theory Classes :
The carpet area requirement of the class rooms depends upon the number
and type of seating arrangement for the students and provisions for a platform,
a table and a chair for the teacher.
Further, as the space required for the teacher will remain the same
irrespective of the class strength, the per student requirement of carpet area
will increase with the decrease in class strength.
Type of Rooms Carpet Area Requirement in Sqm / student

Classification of size Minimum Desirable
Class rooms for 30 students 1.2 Sqm/Student
1.3.3 Laboratories:
The requirements of the laboratories depend upon the programmes that are
being offered by the institution and the curricula adopted for these
programmes irrespective of the students population.
S. No. Laboratory Batch Size Norms for Carpet Area (sq.m.)

Labs ( Number of students/ Batch and area in Sq feet)
1. Optics 10 / 30 feet x 20 feet

--124--
2. Chemistry 10/ 30 feet x 20 feet

3. Computer 10/ 10 feet x 10 feet
4. Clinical Practice Lab 3.2 x 1.5 ( length and width)
The above areas do not include the rooms of the teaching staff even though
such staff rooms are attached to the laboratories. However, they do include
the sitting space for the technical supporting staff and storage of laboratory
consumables and instruments.
1.3.4 Attached Eye Hospital/ Association with Eye Hospital and/or Optometry
clinics and /or Optical centers:
The Eye Hospital must have the following facilities :
¾ Optometry Clinics
¾ Ophthalmology Clinics
¾ Optical Services
¾ Community Outreach programme
1.3.5 Teaching Aids:
Every class room should be provided by a Blackboard / white Board, facility for
PowerPoint facility. Accessibility to VCR, TV and Video Cassettes of various
optometry topics are appreciated.
• Building space for Administrative and other facilities
In addition to the teaching space, the norms for building requirement in a

teaching department for other purposes are as below:
- Carpet Area
- Principal Room 15 feet x 9 feet
- Administration Office 15 feet x 9 feet
- Faculty norms 10 per teacher
- Library 40 feet x 30 feet
- Seminar Room 30 feet x 20 feet
- Store 10 feet x 10 feet
- Maintenance department : Space and storing space for
instruments/goods is essential
• Library
At the time of establishing an optometry institution with undergraduate

programme, there should be a minimum of 200 books in the Library distributed
as below:
There should be a minimum of 5 optometry journals - 1 Indian and 4

--125--
International. While this is essential for institutions offering P.G. programme,

the number of International Journals may be relaxed, though preferred for
those offering only U.G. Programmes.
1.5 Building Space for Amenities:
Some of the developed institutions in the country provide several amenities for
students and staff. However, the minimum unavoidable requirements for such
amenities for normal functioning of the Institute are given below alongwith the norms
for the Building space.
1.5.1 Student's Activity Centre ( Optional)

This will consist of provisions for the indoor games, gymnasium, dramatics
and alumni center etc. The norms for building are 0.25 sq.m per student
1.5.2 Open Air Theatre (Optional)

The college building and the hostels will be provided with adequate number of
toilet blocks with urinals, lavatories and washbasins. It will also be necessary
to provide separately one toilet block for women in the college building.
1.5.3 Toilet Blocks

The college building will be provided with adequate number of toilet blocks
with urinals, lavatories and washbasins. It will also be necessary to provide
separately one toilet block for women in the college building.
Education Building Hostel (Optional).
10 Sq.m for each 100 student population 75 sq.m. for each unit of 120 student
1.5.4 Cycle and Scooter Stand
This will be provided as open or covered area at the rate of 15 percent of the
plinth area of the college building.
1.5.5 Play Fields

The institution must be provided with play fields so that the students can have
adequate participation in games and sports for healthy and constructive
activities within the campus.
1.5.6 Other Amenities

The norms of space (Carpet area) or other miscellaneous amenities are as
given below :
Sq.m.
Canteen 50
Cooperative Stores (Optional) 50
NCC Office cum Stores (Optional) 50
1.6 Building Space for Residential Area ( Optional)

--126--
The hostel requirements depend on the variety of factors like the location of the
institution, the region from which students are admitted, local availability of
accommodation and that of transport. Though, the requirement for residences for
teachers and other employees of the institution also depend upon these factors but at
the same time it is necessary to provide an attraction to the new teachers from far of
places by providing suitable accommodation at the campus.
1.6.1 Hostels
Location of College Hostel Strength
Within 20 km. of a large city 25% of boys and 50% of girls enrollment
Other locations 50% of boys and 100% of girls enrollment
The boy's hostel will be made as a unit for 50 students while there is not
minimum for a girls-hostel unit. The first year students will be accommodated
in triple seated rooms while others will be given single seated rooms. The
norms for the room areas will be as below :
Carpet Area (Sq.m.)

Single room 9
Triple seated room 20
The other building space needed in a hostel unit will be as per norm given
below :
Carpet Area (Sq.m.)
Kitchen and Dining Hall 200
Indoor games cum Common hall 150
Medical room 50
Canteen 15
Warden Office 18*
Guest Room (2 nos.) 18*
(* Four addition rooms of 9 sq.m. each within the hostel blocks)
1.6.2 Staff Residences (Optional):
The minimum residential accommodation that should exist in the campus

should be for the Principal, and all Warden and the essential staff including a
Caretaker, an electrician, a driver, a water supply operator and chowkidars.
The building space for residences will be as per norms given below :
Sq.m.
Principal 140

--127--
Professor 100
Asst. Professor/Lecturer 80
Class III staff 30
Class IV staff 20
1.6.3 Teachers Hostel (Optional)

It will be desirable to have a hostel type accommodation for 25% strength of
the teachers with the norms of 30 sqm. carpet area per teacher inclusive of an
attached toiled room.
1.6.4 Guest Houses (Optional)

To meet the needs of the guests visiting the institution for official work and the
parents visiting the students it will be necessary to have a guest house.
1.7 Furniture
All laboratories, library, workshops, lecture and tutorial rooms offices hostels and
Guest house etc. should be adequately furnished. No norms for the furniture are begin
laid, however it is expected that the furniture should conform to the requirement of a
dignified institution, The Institution may equip the buildings with the furniture as
available indigenously.
1.8 Land
It will not be desirable to set the norms for the land requirements for an Optometry
college because of existing high pressure on land availability and other similar factors.
If enough land is not available near a large town, the double and triple storey
construction may have to be resorted to. However, it will be desirable to have the total
land area so as all requirements of the building space are fully met as envisaged in
these norms.
In addition, it will be necessary to have additional land available within the campus for
future expansion, with a norm of about 3 times the constructed area.
Keeping all these points in view it is expected that a new optometry institution located
in non-metro location will have a land of about 3 acres at its disposal before starting.

--128--


CMOC Draft for Optometry Curriculum in India

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COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY

Dear Optometry Friends,

Greetings from members of Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum development

For CMOC Team

Dr. R Krishna Kumar

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

Members of Common Minimum Optometry Curriculum

1. Dr. R Krishna Kumar

2. Mr. Aditya Goyal

3. Dr. L Srinivasa Varadharajan

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

4. Ms. Prema Chande

5. Prof. De Jong Coen

6. Prof. Dipti Gogate

7. Ms. Kunda Ganatra

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

8. Mr. Vivek Mendonsa

9. Mr. Yeshwant Saoji

10. Ms. Lakshmi Shinde

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

Sr. Course Authors Reviewer

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

11 Visual Optics I & II Miss. Mithali Kamat,

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

18 Occupational Optometry Prof. Dipti Gogate Dr .R Krishna Kumar

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

• Prof. Jay M Enoch, Dean, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley

• Dr. S Meenakshi, Director, Academics, Sankara Nethralaya

• Dr. Vivek A Saoji, Dean, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bharati Vidyapeeth

• Dr. S S Badrinath, Chairman, Emeritus, Sankara Nethralaya

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

Definition for Optometry (from CMOC perspective) :

“Optometry is a health care profession that is autonomous and

Primary eye care (Diagnosis /referral),

Vision care (Contact lens, Refraction, Low Vision, Binocular vision

Co- Management of diseases (Referral and Follow-up).

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM FOR INDIA

Eligibility : Higher Secondary with Physics/Chemistry/ Maths or Biology, and minimum

Year Courses Hours Hours

Note: Numbers in parenthesis is dedicated practical hours for different courses

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM

FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)

• Comprehend the normal disposition, inter-relationships, gross, functional and

4) Reference Book: No recommendation. It is left to the faculty

5) Prerequisites: Higher secondary level biology or remedial biology

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

2 Skeleton System 3 Lecture MCQs/Viva

3 Tissues of the Body: 3 Lectures Short notes,

4 Muscles: 2 Lectures Short notes,

5 Blood vessels: 3 Lectures Short notes,

6 Skin and appendages: 2 Lectures Short notes,

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

9 Nervous system: 3 Lectures Short notes,

Total Number of Hours 32

Component Duration Date & Time Max. Marks Remarks

Prepared by CMOC members- edited and compiled by Dr. R Krishna Kumar

COMMON MINIMUM OPTOMETRY CURRICULUM

FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER – (ACADEMIC YEAR 20xx – 20yy)

• G J Tortora, B Derrickson: Principles of anatomy & physiology,11th edition,

• AK Khurana, Indu Khurana: Anatomy and Physiology of Eye, Second edition,CBS