Accepted Manuscript

Analysis and control of FGM plates integrated with piezoelectric sensors and
actuators using cell-based smoothed discrete shear gap method (CS-DSG3)

K. Nguyen-Quang, H. Dang-Trung, V. Ho-Huu, H. Luong-Van, T. Nguyen-

Thoi

PII: S0263-8223(16)32476-X
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.006
Reference: COST 8139

To appear in: Composite Structures

Received Date: 9 November 2016

Revised Date: 29 December 2016
Accepted Date: 4 January 2017

Please cite this article as: Nguyen-Quang, K., Dang-Trung, H., Ho-Huu, V., Luong-Van, H., Nguyen-Thoi, T.,
Analysis and control of FGM plates integrated with piezoelectric sensors and actuators using cell-based smoothed
discrete shear gap method (CS-DSG3), Composite Structures (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.
2017.01.006

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 Analysis and control of FGM plates integrated with piezoelectric sensors and
actuators using cell-based smoothed discrete shear gap method (CS-DSG3)

K. Nguyen-Quang1,4, H. Dang-Trung1,2, V. Ho-Huu3, H. Luong-Van4, T. Nguyen-Thoi1,2,*

1
Division of Computational Mathematics and Engineering, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang
University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
4
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

E-mail addresses: nguyenquangkha.ce@gmail.com (K. Nguyen-Quang); dangtrunghau@tdt.edu.vn (H. Dang-

Trung); vinh.ho.h@gmail.com (V. Ho-Huu); lvhai@hcmut.edu.vn (H. Luong-Van);
nguyenthoitrung@tdt.edu.vn (T. Nguyen-Thoi)

Abstract
A cell-based smoothed discrete shear gap method (CS-DSG3) based on the first-order
shear deformation theory was recently proposed for static and dynamics analyses of Mindlin
plates. In this paper, the CS-DSG3 is extended for analysis and active vibration control of the
functionally graded material (FGM) plates integrated with piezoelectric sensors and
actuators. In the piezoelectric FGM plates, the properties of core material are assumed to be
graded through the thickness by the power law distribution while the electric potential is
assumed to be a linear function through the thickness of each piezoelectric sub-layer. A
closed-loop control algorithm based on the displacement and velocity feedbacks is used to
control static deflection and active vibration of piezoelectric FGM plates. Several numerical
examples are conducted to demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the proposed method
compared to other available numerical results.

Keywords: Cell-based smoothed discrete shear gap method (CS-DSG3); FGM plates;
sensor/ actuator layers; displacement/ velocity feedback control algorithm; active deflection/
vibration control.

1. Introduction

Being first discovered in Sendai by a group of Japanese scientists in 1984, functionally

graded materials (FGMs) have been then developed rapidly around the world [1–7]. The
FGMs are usually manufactured by combining metals and ceramics following a certain
distribution rule of the material fraction. This enables FGMs to inherit the best properties of
these two materials including: (1) low thermal conductivity and high thermal resistance from
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +84 933 666 226
E-mail addresses: nguyenthoitrung@tdt.edu.vn (T. Nguyen-Thoi)

1
ceramics and (2) durability and high loading resistance from metals. Subsequently, various
progress has also been developed over the last decade for the active vibration suppression and
shape control of FGM plates by using bonded or embedded piezoelectric materials. One of
the essential features of piezoelectric materials is the ability of transformation between
mechanical energy and electric energy. When a structure integrated with the piezoelectric
material is deformed, the piezoelectric material generates an electric charge, which is termed
the direct piezoelectric effect. In contrast, when an electric field is applied, it produces
mechanical deformation in the structure due to the converse piezoelectric effect [8]. As a
result, if the force that causes deformation of the structure is controlled appropriately, the
vibration of the structure may be suppressed adequately. Therefore, the integration of FGM
plates with piezoelectric materials to give active lightweight smart structures has attracted the
considerable interest of researchers in various industries such as automotive sensors,
actuators, transducers and active damping devices, etc.
Due to these attractive properties, various numerical methods have been proposed to
simulate the behavior of piezoelectric FGM plates. He et al. [9] investigated the shape and
vibration control of FGM plates integrated with sensors and actuators. In this work, a finite
element formulation based on classical plate theory (CPT) was presented. Liew et al. [10]
developed finite element formulations to study the behaviors of FGM plates containing
sensors/actuators patches under environments subjected to a temperature gradient, using
linear piezoelectric theory and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Balamurugan
and Narayanan [11] used the nine-node piezo-laminated plate finite element incorporating the
FGM material model and the electromechanical coupling constitutive relations of the
piezoelectric sensors/actuators to investigate the active control of piezoelectric FGM plates.
Ebrahimi and Rastgoo [12] presented a nonlinear free vibration of a thin annular FGM plate
integrated with two uniformly distributed actuator layers on the top and bottom surfaces
based on Kirchhoff plate theory by analytical solutions. Ahmad Gharib [13] also developed
an analytical solution for analyzing deflection control of FGM beams with embedded
piezoelectric sensors and actuators by using FSDT. Saidi et al. [14] presented another
analytical approach for free vibration analysis of moderately thick functionally graded
rectangular plates coupled with piezoelectric layers. Liu et al. [15,16] presented active
vibration control of laminated composite beams and plates containing distributed sensors and
actuators based on CPT and the radial point interpolation method (RPIM). Shakeri and
Mirzaeifar [17] proposed a general finite element formulation based on the layerwise theory
for static and dynamic analysis of thick FGM plates with piezoelectric layers. Aryana et al.
2
[18] used a finite element formulation based on CPT and an efficient method based on first-
and second-order approximations in Taylor expansion to modify dynamic characteristics of
piezoelectric FGM plates. Hosseini-Hashemi et al. [19] studied a 3-D Ritz solution for free
vibration of circular/annular functionally graded plates integrated with piezoelectric layers.
Recently, Selim et al. [20] proposed a Reddy’s higher-order shear deformation theory with
the element-free IMLS-Ritz method for active vibration control of piezoelectric FGM plates.
Phung-Van et al. [21] presented a generalized shear deformation theory in combination with
isogeometric approach for nonlinear transient analysis of FGM plates under thermo-electro-
mechanical loads. In general, it can be seen from the above mentioned literature review that
there has been only a few published papers carried out to study behaviors of piezoelectric
FGM plates in terms of deformable characteristic, stress distribution and vibration
characteristics. In addition, the use of simple linear plate elements such as three-node
triangular Mindlin plate elements for analysis of piezoelectric FGM plates is somewhat still
limited.
In the other front of the development of numerical methods, Liu et al. [22] have
integrated the strain smoothing technique [23] into the FEM to create a series of smoothed
FEM (S-FEM) such as a cell/element-based smoothed FEM (CS-FEM) [24], a node-based
smoothed FEM (NS-FEM) [25], an edge-based smoothed FEM (ES-FEM) [26] and a face-
based smoothed FEM (FS-FEM) [27]. Each of these S-FEM has different properties and has
been used to produce desired solutions for a wide class of benchmark and practical mechanics
problems. Several earlier and related works of the S-FEM models have been provided in Refs
[28–32]. Among these S-FEM models, the CS-FEM [24,32–34] shows some interesting
properties in the solid mechanics problems. Extending the idea of the CS-FEM to plate
structures, Nguyen-Thoi et al. [35] have recently formulated a cell-based smoothed discrete
shear gap method (CS-DSG3) which belongs to the group of simple three-node triangular
Mindlin plate elements. In the CS-DSG3, each triangular element is divided into three sub-
triangles, and in each sub-triangle, the stabilized DSG3 is used to compute the strains and
avoid the transverse shear locking. Then the cell-based strain smoothing technique on whole
the triangular element is used to smooth the strains on these three sub-triangles. The
numerical results showed that the CS-DSG3 is free of shear locking and achieves the high
accuracy compared to others existing elements. It has been successfully extended to analyze
various plate and shell problems such as flat shells [36], stiffened plates [37], composite and
sandwich plates [38], piezoelectric composite plates [39], plates resting on viscoelastic

3
foundation subjected to moving loads [40,41], cracked plates and shells [42,43], and some
other extensions [44–46], etc.
Based on the above considerations, in this paper, the CS-DSG3 is extended to investigate
the static response, free vibration and dynamic control of piezoelectric FGM plates. The
mechanical properties of FGM plates are assumed to vary across the thickness of the plates
by a simple power rule of the volume fractions of the constituents. The electric potential is
assumed to be a linear function through the thickness of each piezoelectric sub-layer. A
closed-loop control algorithm based on the displacement and velocity feedbacks is used to
control static deflection and active vibration of piezoelectric FGM plates. Equilibrium
equation is derived from the principle of virtual displacements based on FSDT. The accuracy
and reliability of the proposed method are verified by comparing its numerical results with
those of other available numerical approaches. The static analysis of piezoelectric FGM plate
is investigated with different voltages and boundary conditions. The numerical results are
presented in both tabular and graphical forms. For dynamic vibration control, the effect of
various types of load, and the influence of feedback control gain on static and dynamic
response are also studied.
The remainder of this paper is outlined as follows. Section 2 describes the weak form of
governing equations and finite element formulation for FGM plates related to static, free
vibration and dynamic control problems. In section 3, the active control analysis is presented.
Section 4 presents numerical examples to verify the reliability and efficiency of the present
method. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in section 5.

2. Galerkin weak form and finite element formulation for piezoelectric FGM plates

In this section, the Galerkin weak form and finite element formulation for piezoelectric FGM
plates are established via a variational formulation [47,48]. The piezoelectric FGM plate is
assumed to be perfectly bonded, elastic and orthotropic in behavior [49], with small strains
and displacements [50], and the deformation taken place under isothermal conditions. In
addition, the piezoelectric sensors/actuators are made of homogeneous and isotropic
dielectric materials [51], and high electric fields as well as cyclic fields are not involved [52].
Based on these assumptions, a linear constitutive relationship [53] can be employed for the
static and dynamic analysis of the piezoelectric FGM plates.

2.1. Formulation of functionally graded material

4
Functionally graded materials are often composed of a mixture of two distinct material
phases: ceramic and metal. Ceramic can resist high thermal load because its thermal
conductivity is low while the metal component can maintain flexibility of structure under the
high-temperature gradient.
The material properties are assumed to be graded through the thickness by the power law
distribution expressed as
P ( z ) = ( Pm − Pc )V f ( z ) + Pc (1)
in which V f ( z ) is volume fraction function defined by
n
1 z
V f ( z) =  +  , 0 ≤ n ≤ ∞ (2)
2 h
where subscript m and c refer to the metal and ceramic constituents, respectively; z is the
thickness coordinate and varies from − h / 2 to h / 2 ; n ≥ 0 is the power law index; P( z )
denotes material properties such as Young’s modulus ( E ) , mass density ( ρ ) and Poisson’s
ratio (ν ) . The volume fraction variation with n is shown in Fig. 1. When n = 0 , the plate is
fully metal, and when n → ∞ , the homogeneous ceramic plate is retrieved, respectively.
Volume fraction V c

Fig. 1. Variation of the volume fraction against the non-dimensional thickness

2.2. Linear piezoelectric constitutive equations

The linear piezoelectric constitutive equations can be expressed as

 σ  c -eT   ε 
D =    (3)
  e g  E 

5
where σ and ε are the stress and strain vectors; D and E are the dielectric displacement and
electric field vectors; c is the elasticity matrix displayed in section 2.4.1; e is the
piezoelectric constant matrix and g denotes the dielectric constant matrix displayed in
section 2.5.
In addition, the electric field vector E is related to the electric potential field φ by using
a gradient vector [54] as
E = −gradφ (4)

2.3. Galerkin weak form of the governing equations

The Galerkin weak form of the governing equations of piezoelectric structures can be derived
by using Hamilton’s variational principle [55] which can be written as
δL=0 (5)
where L is the general energy functional which describes a summation of kinetic energy,
strain energy, dielectric energy and external work, and is written in the form of

(6)

where u and are the mechanical displacement and velocity; φ is the electric potential; fs

and Fp are the mechanical surface loads and point loads; qs and Q p are the surface charges

and point charges.

In the variational form of Eq. (5), the mechanical displacement field u and electric
potential field φ are unknown functions. To solve these unknowns numerically, it is
necessary to use efficient numerical methods to approximate the mechanical displacement
field and electric potential field. In the present work, the CS-DSG3 [35] is used to
approximate the mechanical displacement field of piezoelectric FGM plates. Additionally, a
linear constitutive relationship is also employed [53] for the analysis of the piezoelectric
FGM plates, and the formulation for each field will be presented separately.

2.4. Approximations of the mechanical displacement field

2.4.1. FGM plate model based on FSDT

Consider a FGM plate under bending deformation as shown in Fig. 2. The neutral surface of
the plate is chosen as the reference plane that occupies a domain Ω ⊂ R 2 . The displacement
field according to the Reissner-Mindlin model based on FSDT [56] can be expressed by

6
 u ( x, y , z ) = u 0 ( x , y ) + ( z − z 0 ) β x ( x, y )
v( x, y, z ) = v0 ( x, y) + ( z − z0 )β y ( x, y ) (7)
w( x, y, z ) = w( x, y )

where z0 is the distance between the mid and neutral surface defined by
h /2

∫
− h /2
E ( z ) zdz
z0 = h /2 (8)
∫
− h /2
E ( z )dz

and u0 , v0 , w are the displacements of the neutral plane of the plate; β x , β y are the rotations

of the neutral plane around the y - and x -axes, respectively, with the positive directions
defined in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. The FGM plate and positive directions of the displacements u, v, w and two
rotations β x , β y

The linear strains can be given by

 ε x   u0, x   β x,x 
     
 ε y  =  v0, y  + ( z − z0 )  β y , y  = ε 0 + ( z − z0 ) κ (9)
γ  u + v  β + β 
 xy   0, x 0, y   x, x y, y 

γ xz   w, x + β x 
 = =γ (10)
γ yz   w, y + β y 
For elastic and isotropic FGM plates, the constitutive relation between stresses and
strains can be written as
σ xx   Q11 Q12 Q16 0 0  ε xx 
σ    
 yy  Q21 Q22 Q26 0 0  ε yy 
 
 τ xy  = Q61 Q62 Q66 0 0  γ xy  (11)
τ   0 0 0 Q55

Q54  γ xz 
 xz    
 τ yz   0 0 0 Q45 Q44  γ yz 

where the material constants are given by

7
 E ( z) E ( z )ν ( z )
Q11 = Q22 = 2
; Q12 = Q21 =
1 −ν ( z ) 1 −ν ( z ) 2
(12)
E( z)
Q16 = Q61 = Q26 = Q62 = Q45 = Q54 = 0; Q44 = Q55 = Q66 =
2(1 +ν ( z ))
Substituting Eqs. (9) and (10) into Eq. (11), the stress is computed by

(13)

T
where ε p = [ ε 0 κ ] ; σ p and τ are the in-plane stress and shear stress components,

respectively; D and Ds are material constant matrices given in the form of

D B h /2
D= m ; Ds = ks ∫ Qij dz; i, j = 4,5
Db 
(14)
B − h/ 2

in which
h /2 h /2
Dmij = ∫
− h /2
Qij dz; Bij = ∫
− h/ 2
( z − z0 )Qij dz

h /2
(15)
∫
2
Dbij = ( z − z0 ) Qij dz; (i, j = 1, 2, 6)
− h /2

Note that the parameter ks in Eq. (14) aims to ensure a more accurate approximation of
the shear stress. The procedure of evaluating shear correction factors is presented in the
reference [57].

2.4.2. FEM formulation for FGM plates

Now, by discretizing the bounded domain Ω of a FGM plate into Ne finite elements such

that Ω = ∪ Ne=e1 Ω e and Ω i ∩ Ω j = ∅ , i ≠ j , the finite element solution of the FGM plate is

expressed as
 Ni 0 0 0 0
0 Ni 0 0 0 
Nn 
β y  = ∑  0
T
u = u v w β x
h
0 Ni 0 0 di = Nd (16)
i =1  
0 0 0 Ni 0
 0 0 0 0 N i 

8
where Nn is the total number of nodes of the problem domain discretized; Ni is the shape
T
function at the i th node and d i = ui vi wi β xi β yi  is the displacement vector of the

nodal degrees of freedom of u h associated to the i th node.

The membrane, bending and shear strains can be then expressed in matrix form as
ε 0 = ∑ Bim di ; κ = ∑ Bib di ; γ = ∑ Bsi di (17)
i i i

where
 Ni , x 0 0 0 0
 m 
B = 0
i Ni , y 0 0 0 ;
 Ni , y Ni , x 0 0 0 

0 0 0 N i , x 0 
b  (18)
B = 0 0 0 0
i Ni, y  ;
0 0 0 N i , y N i , x 

0 0 N i , x Ni 0 
B si = 
 0 0 Ni , y 0 N i 

in which N i , x and N i , y are the first derivatives of the shape functions in the x - and y -

directions, respectively.

2.4.3. Brief description of the CS-DSG3 formulation for FGM plates

Firstly, the CS-DSG3 is developed by incorporating the CS-FEM [22,24] with the original
DSG3 element [58]. Details of the CS-DSG3 formulation can be found in [35,37–39,59].
In the CS-DSG3, each triangular element Ωe is divided into three sub-triangles ∆1 , ∆ 2

and ∆ 3 by connecting the central point O of the element to three field nodes as shown in Fig.

3. Then, in each sub-triangle ∆ j ( j = 1, 2, 3) , the strain fields are calculated similarly to that by

the discrete shear gap method (DSG3) to give the membrane, bending and shear strains in
m∆ j b∆ j s∆ j
each sub-triangle B , B and B , respectively. Finally, the cell-based strain smoothing
operation in the CS-FEM is applied to give the smoothed strain fields of the element Ωe as
follows:
(19)
T
where d e = ui vi wi β xi β yi  (i = 1, 2,3) is the nodal displacement vector of element

Ωe ; , and are the smoothed strain gradient matrices, respectively, given by

9
 (20)

where Ae is the area of element Ωe ; A∆ j is the area of sub-triangle ∆ j .

Therefore, the stress of the CS-DSG3 is expressed as

(21)

in which .

Sub-triangle Central point

∆ O ∆

∆
1 2

Fig. 3. Three sub-triangles ( ∆1 , ∆ 2 and ∆ 3 ) created from the triangle 1-2-3 in the CS-

DSG3 by connecting the central point O to three field nodes 1, 2 and 3

2.5. Approximations of the electric potential

In this study, the approximations of the electric potential field of each piezoelectric layer are
made by discretization of each piezoelectric layer into finite sublayers along the thickness
direction. In each sublayer, a linear electric potential function is approximated through the
thickness by [50]
φ i ( z ) = Nφi φi (22)

where Nφi and φi are, respectively, the shape function of the electric potential function and

the electric potentials at the top and bottom surfaces of the sublayer, and are defined as
1
Nφi = [ zi − z z − zi −1 ] (hi = zi−1 − zi )
hi (23)
φ = φ
i i −1
φ 
i
(i = 1, 2,..., nsub )

in which nsub is the number of piezoelectric sublayers.

10
 For each piezoelectric sublayer element, it is assumed that the electric potentials at the
same height along the thickness have the same behavior [55,60]. Hence, for each sublayer
element, the electric field E in Eq. (4) can be rewritten as
E = −∇Nφi φi = −Bφ φi (24)
Note that the piezoelectric constant matrix e and the dielectric constant matrix g of the

k th orthotropic layer in local coordinates are derived by [50]

(k )
0 0 0 0 d15 0
e( k ) =  0 0 0 d15 0 0 
 d13 d 31 d 33 0 0 0 
(k )
(25)
 p11 0 0 
g (k ) =  0 p22 0 
 0 0 p33 

2.6. Elementary governing equation of motion

The elementary governing equation of motion can be derived by substituting Eqs. (13), (19),
(22) and (24) into Eqs. (6) and (5), and assembling the electric potentials along the thickness.
The final form of this equation is then written by

(26)

where

(27)

in which , and m is the matrix calculated by

 I0 0 0 I1 0
 I0 0 0 I1 
 t /2
m=

I0 0 0 ,

and ( I 0 , I1 , I 2 ) = ∫
− t /2
ρ ( z )(1, z , z 2 )dz (28)
 I2 0
 sym I 2 

where ρ is the mass density of the material.

11
 Substituting the solution of second equation into the first equation in Eq. (26), we obtain
a shortened form as

(29)

3. Active control analysis

We now consider a piezoelectric FGM plate as shown in Fig. 4. The top layer is a
piezoelectric actuator denoted with subscript “a” and the bottom layer is a piezoelectric
sensor labeled with subscript “s”. In this work, the displacement feedback control [60], which
helps the piezoelectric actuator to generate the charge, is combined with velocity feedback
control [15,16,54,55,61–64], which can give a velocity component by using an appropriate
electronic circuit.

Fig. 4. A schematic diagram of a FGM plate with integrated piezoelectric sensors and
actuators
In addition, a consistent method [16,65] which can predict the dynamic responses of
smart piezoelectric FGM plate is adopted. The constant gains Gd and Gv of the displacement

feedback control and velocity feedback control [16] are hence used to couple the input
actuator voltage vector φa and the output sensor voltage φs as

(30)
Without the external charge Q , the generated potential on the sensor layer can be
derived from the second equation of (26) as

φs =  K φφ
−1
  Kφ u  ds
s s
(31)

and the induced charge due to the deformation is

Qs = K φu  s ds (32)

which implies that when the plate oscillates, electric charges are induced in the sensor layer
due to direct piezoelectric effect and then are amplified through a closed loop control to
12
convert into the voltage signal. The converted signal is then sent and applied to the
distributed actuator. As a result, stresses and strains are generated through the converse
piezoelectric effect, and a resultant force is formed to actively control the dynamic response
of the piezoelectric FGM plate.
Substituting Eqs. (30) and (31) into the second equation in Eq. (26) leads to

(33)

Substituting Eq. (33) into Eq. (29) yields

(34)

where
K* = K uu + Gd K uφ  a  Kφφ
−1
 Kφu 
s
(35)
s

and C is the active damping matrix computed by

C=Gv  K uφ  a Kφφ
−1
 Kφu 
s
(36)
s

If the structural damping effect is considered in Eq. (34), it can be rewritten

(37)

where CR is the Rayleigh damping matrix assumed to be a linear combination of M and

K uu as

CR =aR M+bR K uu (38)

in which aR and bR are Rayleigh damping coefficients that can be determined from

experiments. In the present work, the procedure to determine aR and bR is presented in

reference [66].
For static analysis, Eq. (34) is reduced to
K *d =F (39)

4. Numerical results

In this section, three numerical examples are conducted to illustrate the accuracy and stability
of the CS-DSG3 compared to some other published methods. We first demonstrate the
accuracy of the CS-DSG3 for static and free vibration problems. We then show the
performance of the proposed method for dynamic control of FGM plates integrated with
piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Here, the properties of piezoelectric FGM plates,

13
including elastic properties, mass density, piezoelectric coefficients and electric permittivity
are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Material properties of core FGM plate and piezoelectric ( ε 0 = 8.85 × 10 −12

farad/m)
Core plate Piezoelectric layer
Ti-6Al-4V Aluminum Al Al2O3 PZT-4 PZT-
Properties oxide G1195N
Elastic properties
E11 (GPa) 105.70 320.24 70 380 81.3 63
E22 (GPa) 105.70 320.24 70 380 81.3 63
E33 (GPa) 105.70 320.24 70 380 64.5 63
G12 (GPa) ─ ─ ─ ─ 30.6 24.2
G13 (GPa) ─ ─ ─ ─ 25.6 24.2
G23 (GPa) ─ ─ ─ ─ 25.6 24.2
ν12 0.2981 0.26 0.3 0.3 0.33 0.3
ν13 0.2981 0.26 0.3 0.3 0.43 0.3
ν 23 0.2981 0.26 0.3 0.3 0.43 0.3
Mass density
ρ (kg/m3 ) 4429 3750 2702 3800 7600 7600
Piezoelectric coefficients
d31 (m/V) ─ ─ ─ ─ −1.22 ×10 −10 254 ×10 −12
d32 (m/V) ─ ─ ─ ─ −1.22 ×10 −10 254 ×10 −12
Electric permittivity
p11 (F/m) ─ ─ ─ ─ 1475ε 0 15.3 ×10−9
p22 (F/m) ─ ─ ─ ─ 1475ε 0 15.3 ×10−9
p33 (F/m) ─ ─ ─ ─ 1300ε 0 15.0 × 10 −9

4.1. Free vibration analysis of piezoelectric FGM plates

In this section, we investigate the accuracy and efficiency of the CS-DSG3 for analyzing
natural frequencies of piezoelectric FGM plates. We now consider a square piezoelectric
Al/Al2 O3 plate. The plate is simply supported, and has the ratio of thickness of the FGM core
layer to the length given by h / a = 1 / 20 (thin plate) and h / a = 1 / 10 (thick plate). Two
continuous PZT-4 piezoelectric layers of thickness 0.1h are bonded to the upper and lower

14
surfaces of the FGM plate. Two sets of electric boundary conditions are considered for inner
surfaces of the piezoelectric layers including: (1) a closed-circuit condition in which the
electric potential is kept at zero (grounded); and (2) an open-circuit condition in which the
electric potential remains free (zero electric displacements).
Table 2 shows the results of the first natural frequencies of the piezoelectric FGM plate
discretized by 24 × 24 × 2 uniform three-node triangular elements. In this study, the CS-DSG3
uses the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) with only 5 degrees of freedom (dofs)
per node while the study in reference [20] used high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT)
with 7 dofs per node. It is seen that the results by the CS-DSG3 match well with those by [20]
and also agree well with the analytical solution [14]. Fig. 5 illustrates the shapes of the first
six lowest eigenmodes by the CS-DSG3.
Table 2. The first natural frequency of the simply supported square piezoelectric FGM
plate in different conditions

Method
Electrical CS-DSG3 IMLS-Ritz-HSDT Analytical
Power law index h/a condition (5dofs) (7dofs) [20] solution [14]
0 0.05 Closed 429.923 424.907 426.662
Open 436.356 432.151 433.747
0.1 Closed 832.809 822.704 826.630
Open 844.739 836.423 839.595
0.5 0.05 Closed 372.217 367.575 369.015
Open 380.183 376.685 377.934
0.1 Closed 721.834 712.541 715.319
Open 736.660 729.808 731.920
1 0.05 Closed 342.424 338.859 339.859
Open 351.388 348.948 350.092
0.1 Closed 663.871 655.838 658.555
Open 680.546 675.598 677.597
2 0.05 Closed 318.646 315.716 317.135
Open 328.598 327.535 328.724
0.1 Closed 616.320 609.894 613.305
Open 634.702 632.104 634.772

15
 Mode 1 Mode 2

Mode 3 Mode 4

Mode 5 Mode 6
Fig. 5. Shapes of the first six lowest eigenmodes of the simply supported piezoelectric
FGM plate by the CS-DSG3

4.2. Static analysis

In this example, we study the static response of a cantilevered square piezoelectric FGM plate
with dimensions of 400 mm × 400 mm . The plate is bonded by piezoelectric ceramics on
both the upper and lower surfaces symmetrically. The thickness of FGM core layer is 5 mm
and the thickness of each piezo-layer is 0.1 mm . The adhesive layers are ignored. The
combination of FGM materials consists of Ti-6Al-4V and aluminum oxide material
constituents, and the piezoceramic is made of PZT-G1195N. All material properties are listed
in Table 1.

16
 First, we examine the effect of volume fraction exponent n to the deflection of the
centerline position of the cantilevered piezoelectric FGM plate that is subjected to only a
uniformly distributed load of 100 N/m 2 . The FGM plate is discretized by 12 × 12 × 2 uniform
three-node triangular elements. The numerical results by the CS-DSG3 in Fig. 6 show that
when the volume fraction exponent n goes up, the deflection goes down, as expected. The
reason for this is that when n increases, the plate becomes stiffer due to the decrease of Ti-
6Al-4V volume fraction while the volume fraction of aluminum oxide with higher elastic
modulus value is increased. In addition, these numerical results also agree well with those
obtained by CPT [9].
Centerline deflection w (m)

Fig. 6. Effect of volume fraction exponent n to the centerline deflection of cantilevered

piezoelectric FGM plate under a uniformly distributed load by the CS-DSG3

Next, we investigate the case in which all the piezoceramics are served as actuators. Fig.
7 displays the centerline deflection of piezoelectric FGM plate for various values of power
law exponent n under an actuator voltage V = 10V . The results show that when the equal
amplitude voltages with opposite signs are applied across the thickness of the two piezo-
layers, these piezo-layers will contract or expand depending on whether the active voltage is
negative or positive. Consequently, strains are induced to generate forces which make the
FGM plate bending. In other words, the piezoelectric effect makes the plate deflect upward.
Next, we study the effect of actuator on the shape control to the cantilevered FGM plate
subjected to simultaneously a uniformly distributed load of 100 N/m 2 and different inputs.
The FGM plate is also discretized by 12 × 12 × 2 uniform three-node triangular elements. The

17
centerline deflection is displayed in Fig. 8 and the tip node deflection is presented in Table 3.
It is clear that when the input voltage becomes higher, the deflection becomes smaller, as
expected. Additionally, the present results for the case of V = 0V and V = 40V agree well
with those by CPT [9].
10 -5 10 -5

0 9x9 nodes 0 9x9 nodes

13x13 nodes 13x13 nodes

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4

-5 -5

-6 -6

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Distance x (m) Distance x (m)

n=0 n = 0.5
10 -5 10 -5

0 9x9 nodes 0 9x9 nodes

13x13 nodes 13x13 nodes

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4

-5 -5

-6 -6

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Distance x (m) Distance x (m)

n=5 n=∞
Fig. 7. Centerline deflections of the cantilevered piezoelectric FGM plate subjected to an
actuator input voltage of 10 V

18
 10-4 10-4
0.5 0.5
40V
40V
0 0

Centerline deflection w (m)

Centerline deflection w (m)

-0.5 -0.5
20V

-1 -1

20V
-1.5 -1.5

-2 -2 0V

-2.5 0V -2.5

-3 -3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Distance x (m) Distance x (m)

n=0 n = 0.5
-4 -4
10 10
0.5 0.5
40V 40V

0 0
Centerline deflection w (m)

Centerline deflection w (m)

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
20V 20V
-1.5 0V 0V
-1.5

-2 -2

-2.5 -2.5

-3 -3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Distance x (m) Distance x (m)

n=5 n=∞
Fig. 8. Centerline deflections of the cantilevered piezoelectric FGM plate under a
uniform loading and different actuator input voltages

Table 3. Tip node deflection of the cantilevered piezoelectric FGM plate subjected to a
uniform load and different input voltages ( ×10−4 m)
Actuator input voltage
Power law index
0V 20 V 40 V
1 n=0 −2.5460 −1.3346 −0.1232
2 n = 0.5 −1.6199 −0.8440 −0.0681
3 n=5 −1.1266 −0.5820 −0.0375
4 n=∞ −0.8947 −0.4609 −0.0271

Next, we analyze the tip node deflection or central node deflection of the piezoelectric
FGM plate which is subjected to various applied voltages from 0 to 60 V. In addition, the
analyses also consider different boundary conditions. For simplicity, the symbols S, C and F
refer to the cases of supported, fully clamped and free edges of the structures, respectively.
19
Fig. 9 shows the displacements of tip node of the plate with CFFF boundary condition and
central node displacements of the plate with boundary conditions: SSSS, SCSC and SFSF for
the case of n = 2 . As seen from the figure, the deflection of the considered nodes is
proportional to the input voltage due to the linear assumption. Moreover, the tip node
displacement gets the highest value for the case of CFFF and the smallest value for the case
of SCSC, which is similar to that in RPIM [16].
10-4
0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
Deflection w (m)

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

CFFF (Tip node)

-1.6
SFSF (Central node)
SSSS (Central node)
-1.8
SCSC (Central node)

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Actuator Voltage (V)

Fig. 9. The deflections of the piezoelectric FGM plate with different boundary
conditions under different input actuator voltages for the case of n = 2

Finally, we study the effect of the input voltage on the stress profile σ x through the

thickness of the piezoelectric FGM plate. The results are presented in Fig. 10 for the case of
FGM plate analyzed by the CS-DSG3. It is observed that when a higher input voltage is
applied, it causes a stronger piezoelectric effect on the stresses induced in the plate.
Specifically, it reduces significantly and even reverses the stress σ x , as shown from the

centerline displacement of the plate in Fig. 8. This is because when the input voltage equals
zero, the top fibers of the plate undergo a normal tensile stress while the bottom fibers
experience a normal compressive stress. In contrast, as the input voltage increases to 20 V
and 40 V in turn, the behavior of the plate follows an opposite pattern. The top fibers witness
a normal compressive stress, whereas the bottom fibers undergo a normal tensile stress.

20
 0.5

0.4

0.3
0V
Normalized thickness z/t

0.2
40V
0.1
20V
0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Stress x
(a/2, b/2)

n=0 n = 0.5

Normalized thickness z/t

Normalized thickness z/t

n=5 n=∞
Fig. 10. The stress profiles σ x (MPa) through the thickness of the cantilevered
piezoelectric FGM plate under a uniform loading and different input actuator voltages

4.3. Dynamic vibration control of a piezoelectric FGM plate

We now consider a simply supported piezoelectric FGM plate with both length and width set
at 200 mm , as shown in Fig. 11(a). The thickness of FGM core layer is 1 mm , while the
thickness for each piezoceramic layer is 0.1 mm . The material properties of the plate are the
same as those in section 4.2. The FGM plate is also discretized by 12 ×12 × 2 uniform three-
node triangular elements as shown in Fig. 11(b), and the power law exponent is taken by
n =2.

21
 (a) (b)
Fig. 11. (a) The square piezoelectric FGM plate model; (b) A discretization 12 ×12 × 2
uniform three-node triangular elements

Fig. 12. Effect of the displacement feedback control gain Gd on the static deflection of

the simply supported plate under a uniformly distributed load

First, we study the control of the static deflection. Fig. 12 shows the effect of the
displacement feedback control gain Gd on the static deflection of a simply supported

piezoelectric FGM plate subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 100 N/m 2 . It is seen that
when the displacement feedback control gain Gd becomes larger, the deflection becomes

smaller, as expected. This phenomenon is similar to that in RPIM [16]. This is because when
the plate is deformed by an external force, electric charges are induced and collected in the

22
sensor layer. Subsequently, the charges are amplified through a closed loop control as shown
in Eq. (30) and then converted into the open circuit voltage. The converted signal is then fed
back into the distributed actuator. Finally, a control force due to the converse piezoelectric
effect is formed to repress the static response of the FGM plate.
10-5
3
Without control Gv=0
Control gain Gv=2e-4
2

1
Deflection w (m)

-1

-2

-3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (s)

Fig. 13. Effect of the velocity feedback control gain Gv on the dynamic response of the

simply supported plate

Next, we investigate the active vibration control of the simply supported plate using
integrated sensors and actuators. In vibration control, the upper piezoelectric layer serves as
actuators, whereas the lower one acts as sensors. The responses of the plate are controlled
through the dynamic velocity feedback control algorithm and a closed loop. It is assumed that
the initial condition of the plate is caused by a uniformly distributed load of 100 N/m 2 , and
the load is then removed. For simplicity’s sake, the modal superposition technique is used,
the first six modes are considered in the modal space analysis and the initial modal damping
ratio for each mode is assumed to be 0.8% . The transient response of the FGM plate is
solved by the Newmark- β direct integration method [67], and the parameters α and β are
taken to be 0.5 and 0.25, respectively. All the calculations for transient response are
performed using a time step of 0.0005s. Fig. 13 shows the transient response of center point
A of the piezoelectric FGM plate by using the velocity feedback gain. It can be seen that
when the gain Gv is equal to zero (without control), the response decreases with respect to

time due to the structural damping. In addition, by increasing the velocity feedback gain, the
transient response is further suppressed and the amplitude of the center point deflection of the

23
plate decreases faster, as expected. This is because the active damping becomes stronger, as
shown in Eq. (36). Similarly, as seen from Fig. 14, the sensor voltage response of the 156th
element (as shown in Fig. 11) attenuates faster when the control gain Gv increases. Next, the

corresponding piezoelectric actuator responses are also presented in Fig. 15. It is clear that
the actuator voltage increases as the gain value increases, as shown in Eq. (30).

(Volt)
(Volt) s

s
Sensor voltage

Sensor voltage

Fig. 14. Figures of piezoelectric sensor response for the simply supported plate
(Volt)

(Volt)
a

a
Actuator voltage

Actuator voltage

Fig. 15. Figures of piezoelectric actuator response for the simply supported plate

Lastly, we study the active vibration control of a fully clamped (CCCC) piezoelectric
FGM plate with the same material properties and dimensions of length and width as the
former plate, but the thickness of core FGM layer in this case is taken to be 20 mm while the
thickness of each piezoelectric layer is 2 mm . In this work, the plate is subjected to
sinusoidally distributed transverse loads expressed as follows:
π x  π y 
q = q0 sin   sin   F (t ) (40)
 a   b 
where F (t ) is defined as

24
  1 0 ≤ t ≤ t1
  Step load
 0 t > t1
 1 − t / t 0 ≤ t ≤ t
  1 1
Triangular load
F (t ) =   0 t > t1 (41)

 sin(π t / t1 ) 0 ≤ t ≤ t1
 
Sinusoidal load
0 t > t1

 e−γ t Explosive blast load

in which q0 = 10 4 N/m 2 , γ = 330 s-1 and F (t ) is plotted as shown in Fig. 16.

Values of force F

Fig. 16. Types of load: step load, triangular load, sinusoidal load and explosive blast load

The transient response of center point A and the sensor/actuator voltage response of the
156 th element as shown in Fig. 11 are investigated and presented in figures from Fig. 17 to
Fig. 24. Again, it can be seen that the transient and sensor voltage responses with control are
smaller than those without control while the voltage response of actuator increases when
control gain increases. Additionally, the results from figures also show that the actuator
voltage equals zero as the plate does not oscillate, as shown in Eq. (30).
Next, we consider the particular case in which the plate is subjected a sinusoidal load
that includes an increased load phase and a decreased load phase. As can be seen, the
deflection of point A decreases when the control gain Gv increases significantly, but when
the load is removed or the plate is in free vibration state, the plate is suppressed more slowly
compared to the case controlled by lower gain value. Therefore, depending on the specific
circumstances, the value of control gain can be designed to satisfy an expectation such as

25
controlling displacement or oscillation time or even both. Finally, it should be noted that
since piezoelectric layers have their own breakdown voltages, the gain value could not be
increased indefinitely.

Deflection w (m)

Fig. 17. Transient response of the fully clamped plate subjected to step load
4 15

Without control Gv=0 Control gain Gv=1e-4

3 Control gain Gv=1e-4 Control gain Gv=2e-4
10
Control gain Gv=2e-4
2
(Volt)

5
1
s
Sensor voltage

0 0

-1
-5

-2
Forced Forced vibration
-10
-3 vibration
Forced Free vibration
vibration
-4 -15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (s) 10 -3 Time (s) 10 -3

Fig. 18. Piezoelectric sensor and actuator responses of the fully clamped plate subjected to
step load

26
 Deflection w (m)

Fig. 19. Transient response of the fully clamped plate subjected to triangular load

Fig. 20. Piezoelectric sensor and actuator responses of the fully clamped plate subjected to
triangular load

27
 Deflection w (m)

Fig. 21. Transient response of the fully clamped plate subjected to sinusoidal load

Fig. 22. Piezoelectric sensor and actuator responses of the fully clamped plate subjected to
sinusoidal load

28
 Deflection w (m)

Fig. 23. Transient response of the fully clamped plate subjected to explosive blast load

Fig. 24. Piezoelectric sensor and actuator responses of the fully clamped plate subjected to
explosive blast load

5. Conclusions

The paper presents an extension of the CS-DSG3 using three-node triangular elements for the
static, free vibration analyses and dynamic control of FGM plates integrated with
piezoelectric sensors and actuators. On the basis of first-order shear deformation theory, a
model of piezoelectric FGM plate is formulated by using the Galerkin weak-form
formulation. The electric potential is assumed to be a linear function through the thickness of
each piezoelectric sublayer. A closed-loop control algorithm based on the displacement and
velocity feedbacks is used to control static deflection and active vibration of piezoelectric

29
FGM plates. Through the present formulation and numerical results, we can withdraw several
following points:
(i) The present CS-DSG3 only uses three-node linear triangular elements, so it is easily
generated automatically for complicated geometry domains. In addition, the
obtained results by the CS-DSG3 show that this technique is free of shear locking
for both thin and thick piezoelectric FGM plates.
(ii) Although the CS-DSG3 only uses five degrees of freedom at each vertex node and
first-order shear deformation theory, it still gives the results which agree well with
those obtained by the classical plate theory for thin FGM plates, or by higher-order
shear deformation theory and analytical solution for thick FGM plates.
(iii) Two effective schemes are presented in this paper for static shape control of the
FGM plates. The first scheme is to use an input voltage with opposite signs applied
across the thickness of two piezo-layers. The second scheme is to adjust a
displacement control gain Gd in order to reduce static deflection of the plate to the

desired tolerance. Finally, for vibration control, the dynamic response demonstrates
the effectiveness of the velocity feedback control algorithm in a closed loop. If the
velocity control gain Gv is designed approximately, the vibration of the plates can
be depressed adequately as expected.

Acknowledgements

This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology
Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 107.99-2014.11.

30
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