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THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
THEORY AND ANALYSIS
HEAD LOSSES, HL
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
THEORY AND ANALYSIS
HEAD LOSSES, HL
• Minor Losses
a. Head losses due to contraction, hc
𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒄 = 𝒌𝒄
𝟐𝒈
𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒆 = 𝒌𝒆
𝟐𝒈
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
THEORY AND ANALYSIS
HEAD LOSSES, HL
• Minor Losses
𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒈 = 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝒈
𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒃 = 𝒌𝒃
𝟐𝒈
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
THEORY AND ANALYSIS
HEAD LOSSES, HL
Therefore:
𝑯𝑳 = 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒆 + 𝒉𝒈 + 𝒉𝒃
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW
MAJOR LOSSES
where:
f = Friction factor
L = Length of pipe, meters
V = Velocity of flowing fluid inside the pipe, 𝐦Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒈 = 9.81 𝐦Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW
MINOR LOSSES
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW
𝑽𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑽𝟐
VELOCITY IN
SMALLER PIPE RATIO OF SMALLER TO LARGER DIAMETER
𝒎Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.609 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.07 0.03
1.525 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.04
3.050 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.36 0.28 0.18 0.10 0.04
6.100 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.11 0.05
12.200 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.13 0.06
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW
𝑽𝟐
𝑽 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝒈
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW
𝑉2
Sudden enlargement 𝑽𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑽𝟐
ℎ𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
2𝑔
𝑉2
Gradual enlargement 𝑽𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝜃 𝑫𝟐 𝑽𝟐
ℎ𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
2𝑔
𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒈 = 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝒈
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW
𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒃 = 𝒌𝒃
𝟐𝒈
PROBLEM No. 1
Determine the total friction loss for on installation consisting of the following pipes
and fittings:
Straight pipe ..................................75 m
Gate valve (fully open) ........................2 pieces
Standard elbow ...............................6 pieces
Long radius elbow .............................1 piece
Check valve.....................................2 pieces
Pipe diameter..................................100 mm (4 in.)
Pump capacity .................................500 gallons per min.
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PUMPS APPLICATION
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PUMPS APPLICATION
PROBLEM No. 3
180 gallons per minute (0.68 m3/min) of water is to be delivered from a source where
the pressure is 138 kPa to an overhead tank 30.76 meters above the pump centerline.
Pipes and fittings (from suction and discharge)
Straight pipe ......................... 250 feet
4 pieces standard elbow
2 pieces standard tee
1 piece check valve (fully open)
1 piece gate valve
1 piece globe valve
Which is more economical, 2 inches or 4 inches diameter pipe?
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PUMPS APPLICATION
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
PUMPS APPLICATION
PROBLEM No. 5
The plant superintendent of an industrial plant wishes to install a pump to lift 200 gpm of water
at 22.22°C from a sump to tank on a tower. The water is to be delivered into a tank at 103.421 Kpa.
The tank is 18.30 m above the sump. The suction pipe is 101.6 mm in diameter, 7.622 m long and will
contains 2 standard elbows and a foot valve. The pump is 1.55 m above the water level in the sump. The
discharge pipe to the tank will be 120.45 m long and contains 5 elbows, one check valve and one gate
valve; The 63.5 mm and 101.6 mm diameter pipes are available in stocks which may be used for the
discharge line. Which pipe size would you recommend and why? Show your computation for power
requirement of both sizes. (Pump efficiency is 75%).
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074