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As you can see, it’s usually easy to see whether or not your words are in the correct order. When
words are out of order, they stand out, and usually change the meaning of a sentence or make it
hard to understand.
A sentence’s standard word order is Subject + Verb + Object (SVO). Remember, the subject
is what a sentence is about; so, it comes first. For example:
The subject comes first in a sentence because it makes our meaning clear when writing and
speaking. Then, the verb comes after the subject, and the object comes after the verb; and that’s
the most common word order. Otherwise, a sentence doesn’t make sense, like this:
B. Questions
When asking a question, we follow the order auxiliary verb/modal auxiliary + subject + verb
(ASV). Auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliaries share meaning or function, many which are forms
of the verb “to be.” Auxiliary verbs can change form, but modal auxiliaries don’t. Here’s a chart
to help you:
As said, questions follow the form ASV; or, if they have an object, ASVO. Here are some
examples:
Does your dog like popcorn? “Does” (A) “your dog” (S) “like” (V) “popcorn” (O)
Are you burning the popcorn? “Are” (A) “you” (S) “burning” (V) “popcorn” (O)
a. Indirect Objects
When we add an indirect object, a sentence will follow a slightly different order. Indirect objects
always come between the verb and the object, following the pattern SVIO, like this:
I fed the dog some popcorn.
This sentence has “I” (subject) “fed” (verb) “dog” (indirect object) “popcorn” (direct object).
b. Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases also have special positions in sentences. When we use the prepositions like
“to” or “for,” then the indirect object becomes part of a prepositional phrase, and follows the
order SVOP, like this:
Other prepositional phrases, determining time and location, can go at either the beginning or the
end of a sentence:
c. Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, adding things like time, manner, degree;
and often end in ly, like “slowly,” “recently,” “nearly,” and so on. As a rule, an adverb (or any
modifier) should be as close as possible to the thing it is modifying. But, adverbs are special
because they can usually be placed in more than one spot in the sentence and are still correct.
So, there are rules about their placement, but also many exceptions.
In general, when modifying an adjective or adverb, an adverb should go before the word it
modifies:
As you can see, the word “extremely” only makes sense just before the adjective “hungry.” In
this situation, the adverb can only go in one place.
When modifying a verb, an adverb should generally go right after the word it modifies, as in the
first sentence below. BUT, these other uses are also correct, though they may not be the best:
For adverbs expressing frequency (how often something happens) the adverb goes directly after
the subject:
The dog always eats popcorn.
Adverbs expressing time (when something happens) can go at either the beginning or of the end
of the sentence, depending what’s important about the sentence. If the time isn’t very important,
then it goes at the beginning of the sentence, but if you want to emphasize the time, then the
adverb goes at the end of the sentence:
Now the dog wants popcorn. Emphasis on “the dog wants popcorn”
Finally, here’s an easy tip: when writing, always reread your sentences out loud to make sure
that the words are in the proper order—it is usually pretty easy to hear! If a sentence is clear,
then you should only need to read it once to understand it.
Most sentences put the information that they carry in this order. This is neutral word order.
When this neutral order is changed, the meaning of a sentence also changes.
The cat killed the dog.
The dog killed the cat.
The child watched the rabbit.
The rabbit watched the child.
a statement,
a question,
a command.
Word order also varies according to whether the sentence is negative or positive.
Focusing
When we want to focus the attention of a reader or a listener on a particular word or phrase, we
can use variations on neutral order, such as putting the subject last, splitting the clause into two,
or repeating some part of the sentence.Some variations on the theme of neutral word order.
There are a number of options which we can use to add emphasis or focus within a clause.
Compare
I gave [IO]Margaret
Typical word order: IO + DO
[DO]a present.
Untypical word order: DO + PC
I gave [DO]a present [PC]to
Putting the prepositional complement at the end brings
Margaret.
more emphasis and focus to the person who received the
present.
Warning:
See also:
Complements
If we use the passive voice, we can often omit who the doer is:
Or we can place the doer in a prepositional phrase after the verb. When we do this, we focus on
the doer:
The music was played by a local quartet. (doer in prepositional phrase after the verb)
See also:
It-cleft sentences
In these sentences, the focus is on the it-clause and this is where we put the new information
(underlined below). We use that to connect another clause containing information which is
already understood by the listener:
A:
B:
It was my phone that I’d lost. I found it under the couch. (Focus: it was my phone (not my MP3
player). Already understood: I’d lost something.)
Wh-cleft sentences
Wh-cleft sentences are introduced by a wh-word, usually what. The old information is in the wh-
clause and the new information (underlined) is at the end:
Where you’ll find great seafood is Molly’s Seafood Restaurant on the quay.
See also:
We can use the thing in front position plus a form of the verb be to bring attention to an item in
the clause. It means the same as what plus be, but it is more informal (the focus in each sentence
is underlined below):
The thing I like most about Italy is the food. (or What I like most about Italy is the food.)
The thing you need to remember is (that) all of the files from before 2008 are stored in Shona’s
office.
When we focus on an infinitive clause, we can omit to in informal situations:
The thing I didn’t want to do was (to) queue all day just for a ticket, so I booked it online.
We can emphasise thing with one. The one thing is even stronger:
You’ll meet a lot people when you’re travelling but one thing you must never do is give your
address to a complete stranger.
The one thing I should never have done was trust Marlene.
Something
We can use something in front position plus a form of the verb be to bring attention to an item in
the clause (underlined). It is less specific and less direct than using the thing, and means ‘one
thing among others’:
Something you need to know is that Kate is not very well at the moment.
See also:
It to create focus
When we use it at the beginning of a clause, the subject can go at the end of the clause and
therefore be in the position of focus or emphasis (underlined):
It’s great to know that you have passed all of your exams.
To create extra focus on time adjuncts (yesterday, in the morning, at 4 am), we can front them
using phrases such as it is/was not until, it is/was only when. In the case of not until, the negative
verb comes in the until-clause, not the main clause:
It wasn’t until the bill came yesterday that we realised what an expensive hotel it was.
(Compare: Until the bill came yesterday, we didn’t realise what an expensive hotel it was.)
It was only when I woke at 8 am, that I realised the alarm hadn’t gone off!
(Compare: When I woke at 8 am, I realised the alarm hadn’t gone off.)
There are many people willing to travel to the concert. (Compare: Many people are willing to
travel to the concert.)
The discovery of oil brought immense wealth to the country. (Compare: Oil was discovered and
this brought immense wealth to the country.)
His emergence as a leader came about after the strikes of the 1980s. (Compare: He emerged as
a leader (and this came about) after the strikes of the 1980s.)
The predicate is the part of the sentence that tells something about the subject. The predicate
always includes the verb.
So, Subject + Predicate word order can be broken down into smaller pieces like this:
subject + verb
Or
object = the noun or nouns that receives the action of the verb or is affected by the action
of the verb
Unlike some languages, English usually requires you to put the subject near the beginning of the
sentence before the verb. Native speakers rarely stray from this word order in correct English.
Examples:
Look for the correct word order in these examples. The examples are color-coded.
Correct:
Incorrect:
Incorrect:
Correct:
Incorrect:
Incorrect:
The sentences above are simple English sentences. Remember, in English sentences, word order
is very specific. The subject always comes before the verb.
To make sentences more descriptive and complex, we add adjectives, adverbs, and indirect
objects.
In the next three sections, you will learn word order with adjectives, adverbs, and indirect
objects.
We can make sentences more descriptive by adding adjectives to describe the subjects and
objects in a sentence.
Adjectives often come before the noun that they describe.
Examples:
Adjectives can also be placed at the end of a sentences by using a stative verbs. (Stative verbs
express a state rather than an action: seem, love, be, is, know.)
Examples:
All of these sentences still follow the Subject + Verb + Object word order:
Verb: taught
Verb: seem
Adjective: happy.
Verb: is
Adjective: smart.
Often, there is more than one adjective in a sentence. Adjectives have their own word order in a
sentence as shown in this chart:
Example:
The smart American teacher taught the quiet, young Chinese students.
Examples:
These sentences still follow the Subject + Verb + Object word order. Sometimes the adverb is
placed at the beginning of the sentence before the subject, but the subject still comes before its
verb.
3. In the middle of a sentence (before or after the verb) or in the middle of a group of verbs
Adverbs are usually placed near the verb that they modify. Most adverbs can be placed in any
of the positions in a sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. (But different
placements emphasize different things. Placing the adverb at the end gives more emphasis
to the adverb.)
Example:
The placement of suddenly does not change the meaning of the sentence.
However, the placement of some adverbs can greatly change the meaning of a sentence.
Example:
The fourth sentence has the same meaning as the third sentence, but the third sentence has a
stronger emphasis.
For more information about the order of adverbs and adverb phrases in a sentence, go to this
lesson: Order of Adverbs.
A direct object is a person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. The direct
object receives the action of the verb.
Word order of the indirect object is important in English. The indirect object usually comes
right before the direct object, but not always.
The indirect object can be placed before or after the direct object in a sentence depending on
whether you use the preposition "to."
The indirect object comes after the direct object when it is formed with the preposition to.
When it is placed here, it is called the object of the preposition.
He gave flowers.
The indirect object comes before the direct object if to is not used.
He gave flowers.