CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)

1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

Calorimetry (Experiment 3)
Adornado, Adonis1, Ortega, Mary Alyssa, T.2

Professor, School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University; 2Student, CM011L/Section, Mapúa University
1

ABSTRACT

Calorimetry is a measurement of the energy absorbed or evolved as heat throughout the process. It can also be used
to determine the enthalpy change of many chemical processes. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the
heat of different solutions in exothermic and endothermic reactions. specific heat of metal, the enthalpy of
neutralization and solution. In this experiment, calorimetry will be used to determine the specific heat of a metal and
it will be done by using Styrofoam cups containing water.

INTRODUCTION

Calorimetry is the measure of the changes of heat and the MATERIALS AND METHODS
amount of the heat that is transferred to or from a substance.
A calorimeter is insulated so that only minimum of energy A. Specific Heat of Metal
loss will occur to the surroundings. It can be said that
involves Exothermic and Endothermic reactions. As an 1. Measure the weight of the metal. After measuring
the weight of the metal, transfer to a test tube. Then
exothermic reaction occurs in a calorimeter wherein it gives
submerged the test tube into the beaker filled with
off heat and energy that the solution absorbed, therefore it
water. Then heat it until it boils.
increases temperature. When an endothermic reaction
occurs, the heat required is absorbed from the energy from
the solution resulting to a decrease of temperature of the
solution. Specific heat is defined as the amount of energy
necessary to produce a temperature change of 1°C per gram
of substance. The motion of the particles of a substance
increases when it is heated, resulting to an increase in
temperature.

2. Measure a 20 mL water and pour it in the Styrofoam

coffee cup calorimeter. Then measure its mass.

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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

3. Put the thermometer in the calorimeter and C. Enthalpy of solution for the Dissolution of a Salt
measure the temperature of the water.
4. Transfer the metals to the cool water then swirl it. 1. Measure 5 g of salt.
Record the temperature of the water in various
times.

B. Enthalpy of Neutralization for Acid-Base

Reaction

1. Measure 50 mL of 1.1 M HCl using a graduated

cylinder then measure its temperature.

2. Measure the mass of the dry calorimeter. Using a

graduated cylinder, measure 20 mL of deionized
water and add it to the calorimeter. Then, measure
the combined mass.
3. Put the thermometer in the calorimeter and record
the temperature.

1. Add the salt to the calorimeter. Put the lid back on

then swirl it. Record the temperature after every 5
2. Measure 50 mL of 1 M NaOH and pout it to the seconds in 1 minute.
calorimeter. Then record its temperature.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The data shown below are gathered from the experiment in

which different set ups were made and each galvanic cell
were measured by a voltmeter.

A. Specific Heat of Metal

Table 1. Data gathered for Specific Heat of a metal
Mass of metal (g) 10.15
Temperature of metal (°C) 102
Mass of calorimeter (g) 32
Mass of calorimeter + water (g) 54.40
3. Add the acid to the base then place the lid and swirl Mass of water (g) 22.4
again. Record the temperature every 5 second in 1 Temperature of water in calorimeter (°C) 32
minutes. Maximum temperature of metal and water 35
4. Collect the data. from graph (°C)
Temperature change of water, ∆T (°C) 3
Heat gained by water (J) 281.3
Temperature change of metal, ∆T (°C) 3
Specific heat of metal, (J/g*°C) 9.238

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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

Calculations for A. Specific Heat of Metal Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an
Acid-Base Reaction
1. ∆Twater = A8 – A7 1. HCl + NaOH
= 35°C – 32°C Average Ti =
34°C+34°C
= 34°C
= 3°C 2
HNO3 + NaOH
34°C+33°C
2. qwater = (mwater) (swater) (∆Twater) Average Ti = = 33.5°C
2
mwater = 22.4 g
swater = 4.186 J/g*°C 2. HCl + NaOH
∆Twater = 3°C ∆T = Tf – Ti
qwater = (22.4 g) (4.186 J/g*°C) (3) = 38°C – 34°C = 4°C
= 281.3 J HNO3 + NaOH
∆T = Tf – Ti
4. smetal =
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =36°C – 33.5°C = 2.5°C
𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙
(22.4 g)( 4.186 J/g∗°C)(3)
= (10.15)(3) 4. HCl + NaOH
= 9.238 J/g*°C V = 100 mL (1.0g/mL)
= 100 g
B. Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an HNO3 + NaOH
Acid-Base Reaction V = 100 mL (1.0g/mL)
= 100 g
Table 2. Calculations for Enthalpy for an Acid-Base Reaction 6. q= ms∆T
HCl + NaOH HNO3 + NaOH
HCl + NaOH
Volume of acid (mL) 50 50 q= (100g) (4.18 J/g ∗ °C)(4°C)
Temperature of acid (°C) 34 34 q = 1672 J
Volume of NaOH (mL) 50 50 HNO3 + NaOH
Temperature of NaOH (°C) 34 33 q= (100g) (4.18 J/g ∗ °C)(2.5C)
Exact molar concentration of NaOH 0.9832 0.9832 q = 1045 J
(mol/L)
Maximum temperature from graph (°C) 38 36 7. H3O + OH → 2H2O + heat
Average initial temperature of acid and 34 33.5 1 mol H3O = 1 mol OH
NaOH (°C)
Temperature change, ∆T (°C) 4 2.5 8. H3O + OH → 2H2O + heat
Volume of final mixture (mL) 100 100 1 mol OH = 2 mol H2O
Mass of final mixture (g) 100 100
Specific heat of mixture J/g*°C 4.18 4.18 9. ∆H
Heat evolved (J) 1672 1045 HCl + NaOH
Moles of OH- reacted, the limiting reactant 1 1 q= (100g) (-4.18 J/g ∗ °C)(4°C)
−1.672 𝑘𝐽 𝒌𝑱
(mol) ∆H = -1672 J/ 1000 = = -0.8360
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Moles of H2O formed (mol) 2 2
HNO3 + NaOH
∆H (kJ/mol H2O) -1672 -1045
q= (100g) (-4.18 J/g ∗ °C)(2.5°C)
−1.045𝑘𝐽 𝒌𝑱
∆H = -1045 J/ 1000 = = -0.5225
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
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C. Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution Table 4. Heat change of metal every 30 seconds
of a salt SPECIFIC HEAT OF A METAL
TIME (sec) TEMP (°C)
Name of salt: NH4Cl 0 35
Table 3. Enthalpy of Solution for the Dissolution of NH4Cl 30 35
Mass of salt (g) 5 60 35
Moles of salt (mol) 0.09355 90 35
Mass of calorimeter (g) 32 120 35
Mass of calorimeter + water (g) 54.40 150 35
Mass of water (g) 22.4 180 35
Initial temperature of water (°C) 31 210 35
Final temperature of mixture from graph (°C) 16 240 35
Temperature change of solution, ∆T (°C) -15 270 34
Heat change of water (J) -1404
Heat change of salt (J) -118
Total enthalpy change (J) 1522 Mossy Zinc
∆H, (J/mol salt) 16270
36

Calculations for Enthalpy Heat of Solution for the 35.5

Dissolution of a salt 35

34.5
1. ∆T = Tf – Ti
=16°C – 31°C = -15°C 34 y = -0.0048x + 35.762
33.5
2. qwater = mwaterswater∆Twater 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mwater= 22.4 g Figure 1. Shows graph of heat change of metal
swater = 4.186 J/g*°C every 30 seconds
∆Twater = -15°C
qwater = (22.4 g) (4.186 J/g*°C) ( -15°C) Table 5. Heat change of HCl + NaOH per minute
= -1404 J HCl + NaOH

TIME (min) TEMP (°C)

3. qsalt = msaltssalt∆Tsalt
msalt = 5 g 0 39
ssalt = 1.59 J/g*°C
∆Tsalt = -15°C 1 39

2 39
4. Total enthalpy change
= - (-1404) - (-118)] 3 39
= 1404 + 118
4 38
= 1522 J
5. ∆H 5 38
= 1522 J / 0.09355 mol
= 16270 J/mol salt

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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

Table 7. Heat change of salt every 5 seconds

HCl + NaOH Salt
40 TIME (sec) TEMP (°C)
39.5
0 31
5 20
39
10 18
38.5 15 16
38 20 16
37.5 25 16
0 y =2-0.3x + 39.6 4 6 8 30 16
35 16
Figure 2. Shows graph of heat change of
HCl + NaOH per minute 40 16
45 16
Table 6. Heat change of HNO3 + NaOH per minute 50 16
HNO3 + NaOH 55 16
60 16
TIME (min) TEMP (°C)
0 39
1 39 NH4Cl
2 38
35
3 38 30
4 38 25
5 38 20

6 37 15
y = -0.0182x + 16.818
10
5
39.5
0
39 0 20 40 60 80

Figure 4. Shows graph of heat change of salt every 5

38.5 seconds

38

37.5
y = -0.2x + 38.6
37

36.5
0 2 4 6 8

Figure 3. Shows graph of heat change of HNO3 + NaOH per

minute

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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019
LABORATORY QUESTIONS
1. Part A.1 The 200-mm test tube also contained
some water (besides the metal) that was
subsequently added to the calorimeter.
Considering a higher specific heat for water, will
the temperature change in the calorimeter be
higher, lower, or unaffected by this technique
error? Explain.
The temperature change will be lower. It is because
water has higher specific heat meaning it absorbs
higher amounts of heat, but the temperature rises a
little.
2. Part A.5. In measuring the specific heat of a
metal, Josh used the highest measured
temperature for calculating the metal’s specific
heat rather than the extrapolated temperature.
Will this decisions result in higher or lower
specific heat value for the metal? Explain.
The extrapolated temperature is used to determine
the maximum temperature of the solution;
therefore, his decisions will result in a higher
specific heat value for the metal.
3. Part B. The enthalpy of neutralization for all
strong acid-strong base should be the same
within experimental error. Explain. Will that also
be the case for all weak acid-strong base
reactions? Explain.
Yes, it will be the same with weak strong acid-
strong base reactions because both cases will give
same amount of enthalpy of neutralization.
4. Part B. Heat is lost to the Styrofoam calorimeter.
Assuming a 6.22 C temperature change for the
reaction of HCl(aq) with NaOH(aq), calculate the
heat loss to the inner 2.35-g Styrofoam cup. The
specific heat of Styrofoam is 1.34 J/gC.
q = ms∆T
q = (2.35 g) (1.34 J/g*°C) (6.22°C) = 19.59 J
absorbed by Styrofoam.
Experiment 03│ Group No. 6│ September 28, 2018
5. Part B.3 Jacob carelessly added only 40 mL
(instead of the recommended 50 mL) of 1.1 M
HCl to the 50 mL of 1.0 M NaOH. Explain the
consequence of the error.
The HCl will now be the limiting reactant. The moles
of HCl will only be equal to 0.044 while for NaOH
will be equal to 0.05. Based on the balanced
equation, HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) →NaCl + H2O the
moles of NaOH is equal to the moles of NaOH. Due
to this error, the pH level will be affected.
6. Part B.3 The chemist used a thermometer that
was miscalibrated by a plus 2C over the entire
thermometer scale. Will this factory error cause
the reported energy of neutralization, ∆Hn to be
higher, lower, or unaffected? Explain.
It will be unaffected since the volume is kept
constant and when the concentration of the acid
increases, the particles also increases. Therefore,
the concentration will be directly proportional with
the change of temperature.
7. Part C.3 If some of the salt remains adhered to
the weighing paper (and therefore is not
transferred to the calorimeter), will the enthalpy
of solution for the salt be reported too high or
too low? Explain.
The enthalpy of the solution will be reported too low
because the mass of the salt is lesser than it should
be.
8. Part C. The dissolution of ammonium nitrate,
NH4NO3 in water is an endothermic process.
Since the calorimeter is not a perfect insulator,
will the enthalpy of solution ∆Hn for ammonium
nitrate be reported as too high or too low if this
heat change is ignored? Explain.
Endothermic Reaction occurs. Since the
calorimeter is not a perfect insulator, the enthalpy
solution of NH4NO3 will be too high because the
enthalpy of solution is high, then the loss of heat is
negligible.
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 CM011L: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)
1ST Quarter SY 2018-2019

CONCLUSIONS

The experiment shows how to determine the specific heat of

a metal, the enthalpy of neutralization of acid-base reactions
and the enthalpy of solution of salt and water. The specific
heat of metal was (9.238 J/g*°C) that was determined by the
temperature change of water and metal. The enthalpy of
neutralization of acid-base reactions was determined with
the two solutions – HNO3 + NaOH and HCl + NaOH. And
lastly, the enthalpy of dissolution of salt in water is equal to
16270 J/mol salt.

REFERENCES

Francis D. Reardon et al. “The Snellen human calorimeter

revisited, re-engineered and upgraded: Design and
performance characteristics.” Medical and Biological
Engineering and Computing 8 (2006)721–28,
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11517-006-0086-5.

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