The Sustainable Development Goals Report UN 2016 PDF

The Sustainable Development Goals Report
2016
United Nations
Contents
2 Foreword
3 Overview
12 Goal 1: No poverty
14 Goal 2: Zero hunger
16 Goal 3: Good health and well-being
18 Goal 4: Quality education
20 Goal 5: Gender equality
22 Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
24 Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
26 Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
28 Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure
30 Goal 10: Reduced inequalities
32 Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities
34 Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production
36 Goal 13: Climate action
38 Goal 14: Life below water
40 Goal 15: Life on land
42 Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions
44 Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals
48 Leaving no one behind
50 A note to the reader
51 Regional groupings
The Sustainable
Development
Goals Report
2016
United Nations
New York, 2016
Foreword
On 1 January 2016, the world officially began implementation These statistics show how important coordinated global
of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—the data-generation efforts will be in supplying reliable and
transformative plan of action based on 17 Sustainable timely data for systematic follow-up and progress reviews.
Development Goals—to address urgent global challenges
The Goals apply to all societies. Even the wealthiest countries
over the next 15 years.
have yet to fully empower women or eliminate discrimination.
This agenda is a road map for people and the planet that will All nations will need to build the Sustainable Development
build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals Goals into their national policies and plans if we are to
and ensure sustainable social and economic progress world- achieve them.
wide. It seeks not only to eradicate extreme poverty, but also
This first report is a starting point. With collective global
to integrate and balance the three dimensions of sustainable
action, we can seize the opportunities before us and, together,
development—economic, social and environmental—in a
fulfil the pledge of the 2030 Agenda to leave no one behind.
comprehensive global vision.
It is vital that we begin implementation with a sense of

opportunity and purpose based on an accurate evaluation of
where the world stands now.
That is the aim of this report. It presents an overview of the

17 Goals using data currently available to highlight the most Ban Ki-moon
significant gaps and challenges. Secretary-General, United Nations
The latest data show that about one in eight people still lived
in extreme poverty, nearly 800 million people suffered from
hunger, the births of nearly a quarter of children under 5 had
not been recorded, 1.1 billion people were living without elec-
tricity, and water scarcity affected more than 2 billion people.
Overview
This inaugural report on the global Sustainable Development Every journey has a beginning and an end. Plotting that jour-
Goals (SDGs) is a first accounting of where the world stands ney and establishing key milestones along the way requires
at the start of our collective journey to 2030. The report accessible, timely and reliable disaggregated data. The data
analyses selected indicators from the global indicator frame- requirements for the global indicators are almost as unprece-
work for which data are available as examples to highlight dented as the SDGs themselves and constitute a tremendous
some critical gaps and challenges. The list of SDG indicators challenge to all countries. Nevertheless, fulfilling these
agreed upon by the UN Statistical Commission in March 2016 requirements through building national statistical capacity is
will be subject to refinements and improvements as methods an essential step in establishing where we are now, charting a
and data availability improve. way forward and bringing our collective vision closer to reality.
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 1 calls for an end to poverty in all its manifestations, including extreme pov- 1 in 8 people lived in extreme poverty in 2012
erty, over the next 15 years. All people everywhere, including the poorest and most
vulnerable, should enjoy a basic standard of living and social protection benefits.
f
fThe proportion of the global population living below the extreme poverty line
dropped by half between 2002 and 2012, from 26 to 13 per cent. This trans-
lated to one in eight people worldwide living in extreme poverty in 2012.
Poverty remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than
Social assistance or social protection benefits
40 per cent of people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012.
f 2015, 10 per cent of the world’s workers and their families were living on less
fIn
than 1.90 US dollars per person per day, down from 28 per cent in 2000.
f
fYoung people aged 15 to 24 are most likely to be among the working poor: 1 in 5 2 in 3
16 per cent of all employed youth were living below the poverty line in 2015, in low-income in upper-middle-
countries income countries
compared to 9 per cent of working adults.
f
fAbout one in five people received any type of social assistance or social
protection benefits in low-income countries compared with two in three people
in upper-middle-income countries.
3
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition
and promote sustainable agriculture
15% Goal 2 seeks to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition and to achieve sustain-
able food production by 2030. It is premised on the idea that everyone should
have access to sufficient nutritious food, which will require widespread promo-
11%
tion of sustainable agriculture, a doubling of agricultural productivity, increased
Global population Nearly 800 million
suffering from still suffer from hunger investments and properly functioning food markets.
hunger declined
from 15 to 11 per cent f
fThe proportion of the population suffering from hunger declined globally from
15 per cent in 2000-2002 to 11 per cent in 2014-2016. However, nearly
800 million people worldwide still lack access to adequate food.
f
fMore than half of the adult population in sub-Saharan Africa faced moderate or
severe food insecurity in 2015; the level was severe for one-quarter of adults in
1 in 4 children under age 5
had stunted growth in 2014 the region.
f
fOne in four children under age 5 had stunted growth in 2014—an estimated
158.6 million children.
f
fThe share of overweight children under age 5 increased by nearly 20 per cent
between 2000 and 2014. Approximately 41 million children in this age group
worldwide were overweight in 2014; almost half of them lived in Asia.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Deaths per 1,000 live births Goal 3 aims to ensure health and well-being for all at all ages by improving repro-
91
ductive, maternal and child health; ending the epidemics of major communicable
Under-5 mortality rates diseases; reducing non-communicable and environmental diseases; achieving
43 fell by more than half universal health coverage; and ensuring access to safe, affordable and effective
from 1990 to 2015 medicines and vaccines for all.
f
fBetween 1990 and 2015, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by
1990 2015
44 per cent, and the mortality rate of children under age 5 fell by more than
half. Still, an estimated 5.9 million children under 5 died in 2015, mostly from
preventable causes.
f
fThe incidence of HIV, malaria and tuberculosis declined globally between
2000 and 2015. However, in 2015, 2.1 million people became newly infected
Sub-Saharan Africa with HIV, and an estimated 214 million people contracted malaria. Almost half
89% accounted for 89 per cent
of all malaria cases the world’s population is at risk of malaria, but sub-Saharan Africa accounted
worldwide in 2015 for 89 per cent of all cases in 2015.
f
fWorldwide in 2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive age
8 (15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union satisfied their need for family
planning by using modern contraceptive methods.
f 2012, almost two-thirds of deaths from non-communicable diseases in

fIn
people under age 70 were attributed to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 4

Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Goal 4 focuses on the acquisition of foundational and higher-order skills; greater

and more equitable access to technical and vocational education and training and ABC
higher education; training throughout life; and the knowledge, skills and values
needed to function well and contribute to society.
59 million children
of primary school age
f 2013, 59 million children of primary school age were out of school.
fIn were out of school
in 2013
f
fSurveys from 63 low- and middle-income countries between 2008 and 2012
show that children from the poorest 20 per cent of households are more than
four times as likely to be out of school as their richest peers.
f
fData from 38 countries in developed regions show that, in the majority of 757 million adults
these countries, 75 per cent or more of young people had at least minimum were unable
proficiency in reading and/or mathematics; the same was true for only 5 of the to read and write
in 2013, two-thirds
22 developing countries with data. were women
f 2013, there were still 757 million adults (aged 15 and over) unable to read
fIn
and write, of whom two-thirds were women.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 5 aims to empower women and girls to reach their full potential, which
requires eliminating all forms of discrimination and violence against them, includ- 20
ing harmful practices. It seeks to ensure that they have every opportunity for 19%
sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights; receive due recognition Time spent each day
10
for their unpaid work; have full access to productive resources; and enjoy equal on unpaid labour
8%
participation with men in political, economic and public life.
0
f
fGlobally, the proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who reported that they were Women Men
married before their eighteenth birthdays dropped from 32 per cent around
1990 to 26 per cent around 2015.
f 30 countries where the practice of female genital mutilation is concentrated,

fIn
more than a third of girls aged 15 to 19 have undergone the procedure.
Women in parliament:
f
fBased on time-use surveys conducted between 2000 and 2014 in 59 coun- 23 per cent in 2016
tries, women said they spend 19 per cent of their time each day on unpaid
labour versus 8 per cent for men.
f
fThe proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses of parliament
rose to 23 per cent in 2016—a rise of 6 percentage points over the last decade.
5 Overview
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the
663 million still use quality and sustainability of water resources. Achieving this Goal, which is critical
unimproved water sources
to the survival of people and the planet, means expanding international co-
operation and garnering the support of local communities in improving water and
sanitation management.
2.4 billion are without
improved sanitation f 2015, 6.6 billion people, or 91 per cent of the global population, used an
fIn
improved drinking water source, compared with 82 per cent in 2000. However,
in 2015 an estimated 663 million people were still using unimproved sources or
2 billion worldwide
surface water.
affected by water stress
f
fBetween 2000 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using
improved sanitation increased from 59 per cent to 68 per cent. However,
2.4 billion were left behind. Among them were 946 million people without any
Integrated Water Resources facilities at all who continue to practise open defecation.
Management plans in
every region of the world f
fWater stress affects more than 2 billion people around the globe, a figure that
is projected to rise.
39%
f
fIntegrated Water Resources Management plans are under way in every region
of the world.
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy

for all
Goal 7 seeks to promote broader energy access and increased use of renewable
1.1 billion people energy, including through enhanced international cooperation and expanded
lacked access to infrastructure and technology for clean energy.
electricity in 2012
f
fThe proportion of the global population with access to electricity increased
steadily, from 79 per cent in 2000 to 85 per cent in 2012. Despite these
improvements, 1.1 billion people were still without this essential service in 2012.
f 2014, some 3 billion people, over 40 per cent of the world’s population,
fIn
relied on polluting and unhealthy fuels for cooking.
Modern renewables f
fModern renewables grew rapidly, at a rate of 4 per cent a year between 2010
increased 4 per cent
a year between and 2012.
2010 and 2012
f
fGlobal energy intensity improved by 1.3 per cent a year from 2000 to 2012.
About 68 per cent of the energy savings between 2010 and 2012 came from
developing regions, with Eastern Asia as the largest contributor.

Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work for all
Continued, inclusive and sustainable economic growth is a prerequisite for global 8
7%
prosperity. Goal 8 aims to provide opportunities for full and productive employ-
6 Average annual
ment and decent work for all while eradicating forced labour, human trafficking 4.7% growth rate of
and child labour. real GDP per capita
4
in LDCs
f
fThe average annual growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) per 2.6%
2
capita in the least developed countries (LDCs) declined from 4.7 per cent over 2005-2009 2010-2014
the period 2005-2009 to 2.6 per cent in 2010-2014. This was less than half
the target rate of 7 per cent per year. Women are twice as likely to be unemployed
as men in Western Asia and Northern Africa
f
fWhile labour productivity increased in the developing regions from 2005 to
2015, the value for developed regions was still more than twice that of any 9%
Western Asia
developing region, and around 20 times greater than the values for 20%
sub-SaharanAfrica and Southern Asia.

10%
Northern Africa
f 2015, the unemployment rate for women was 6.7 per cent versus 5.8 per cent
fIn 25%
for men. Gender disparities were most striking in Western Asia and Northern
0 10 20 30
Africa, where the unemployment rate of women was more than twice that of men. 2015 Paris Climate Agreement
f
fWhile the share of adults with bank accounts rose by 20 per cent in four years,
some 2 billion people still lack this important financial service.
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

industrialization and foster innovation
Goal 9 focuses on the promotion of infrastructure development, industrialization Manufacturing value added per capita in 2015
and innovation. This can be accomplished through enhanced international and 100 USD 5,000 USD
domestic financial, technological and technical support, research and innovation,
and increased access to information and communication technology.
f 2015, manufacturing value added per capita was less than 100 US dollars a
fIn
year in the LDCs versus nearly 5,000 US dollars in developed regions. LDCs Developed
regions
f
fGlobally, energy efficiency and cleaner fuels and technologies reduced carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit of value added by 13 per cent from 2000 to
3G mobile-broadband coverage
2013. in 2015 worldwide
f 2013, global investment in research and development (R&D) stood at

fIn 29% 89%
1.7 trillion US dollars (purchasing power parity, PPP), up from 732 billion US
dollars in 2000. Developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their GDP
to R&D in 2013, while the average for LDCs and landlocked developing coun-
tries was less than 0.3 per cent.
Rural Urban
f
fThird-generation (3G) mobile-broadband covered 89 per cent of the urban Proportion of fish stocks
within biologically sustainable levels
population but only 29 per cent of the rural population in 2015.
7 Overview
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
National Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income, as well as those based on sex,
average Per capita income age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity—both within and
in 56 of 94 countries
Poorest 40% grew more rapidly among countries. It also aims to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration and
of households in the poorest addresses issues related to representation of developing countries in global
households
decision-making and development assistance.
f 56 out of 94 countries with data for the period 2007-2012, the per capita
fIn
income of the poorest 40 per cent of households grew more rapidly than the
national average.
f
fThe share of imports from the least developed and developing countries
2000 70%
Share of duty-free entering developed countries duty-free increased between 2000 to 2014,
imports from LDCs from 70 to 84 per cent and from 65 to 79 per cent, respectively.
2014 84% to developed
countries f
fThe cost of sending money across international borders averaged 7.5 per cent
0 50 100 of the amount remitted in 2015, more than double the target rate of 3 per cent.
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient

and sustainable
40
39% Goal 11 aims to renew and plan cities and other human settlements in a way that
30%
Proportion of global fosters community cohesion and personal security while stimulating innovation
20
urban population and employment.
living in slums
f 2014, 880 million people lived in urban slums, or 30 per cent of the global
fIn
urban population, compared to 39 per cent in 2000.
0
2000 2014
f many burgeoning cities around the world, populations are moving outwards,
fIn
far beyond administrative boundaries.
Almost half the global f 2014, about half the urban population globally was exposed to air pollution
fIn
urban population is levels at least 2.5 times above the standard of safety set by the World Health
exposed to ambient Organization.
air pollution levels
at least 2.5 times f of 2015, 142 countries were developing national-level urban policies;
fAs
the maximum of these, 82 countries were already in the process of implementation and 23
recommended level
had reached the monitoring and evaluation stage.
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 12 aims to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns

23.6 Material footprint through measures such as specific policies and international agreements on the
14.5 kg per unit of GDP
kg in 2010
management of materials that are toxic to the environment.
f 2010, the material footprint per unit of GDP (amount of primary materials
fIn
Developing Developed used) of developed regions stood at 23.6 kilograms per unit of GDP, compared
regions regions
with 14.5 kilograms per unit of GDP in developing regions.
Number of parties to conventions f
fThat same year, domestic material consumption per capita in developed
on hazardous wastes and other chemicals regions was 72 per cent higher than in developing regions.
183 180 155 f
fWith six exceptions, all Member States of the United Nations are party to at
least one of the conventions (Basel, Rotterdam or Stockholm) dedicated to the
management of hazardous wastes and other chemicals.
olm am
Basel Stockh Rotterd

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
2015 Paris Climate Agreement

Climate change presents the single biggest threat to development, and its
widespread, unprecedented effects disproportionately burden the poorest and
the most vulnerable. Urgent action is needed not only to combat climate change
MAX
and its impacts, but also to build resilience in responding to climate-related 2°C
hazards and natural disasters.
f April 2016, 175 Member States signed the historic Paris Agreement, which
fIn
sets the stage for ambitious climate action by all to ensure that global temper-
atures rise no more than 2 degrees Celsius. An average of
83,000 people died
f average of 83,000 people died and 211 million were affected each year as a
fAn and 211 million were
result of natural disasters occurring from 2000 to 2013. affected each year
by natural disasters
from 2000 to 2013
f 2015, only 83 countries reportedly had legislative and/or regulatory provi-
fIn
sions in place for managing disaster risk.
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
for sustainable development
This Goal seeks to promote the conservation and sustainable use of marine and Proportion of fish stocks
coastal ecosystems, prevent marine pollution and increase the economic benefits within biologically sustainable levels
to small island developing States and LDCs from the sustainable use of marine 90%
1974
resources.
f
fMarine resources are particularly important for people living in coastal com- 2013 69%
munities, who represented 37 per cent of the world's population in 2010.
f
fThe proportion of global marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable
levels declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013.
20 19%
f 2014, 8.4 per cent of the marine environment under national jurisdiction
fIn
(up to 200 nautical miles from shore) was under protection. From 2000 to
15%
2016, the share of marine key biodiversity areas that were completely covered Proportion of
by protected areas increased from 15 per cent to 19 per cent.
10 marine key
biodiversity areas
under protection
f
fThe five large marine ecosystems most at risk from coastal eutrophication are worldwide
the Bay of Bengal, East China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Brazil Shelf and South 0
2000 2016
China Sea—areas that provided ecosystem services for coastal populations
totalling 781 million in 2010.
9 Overview
Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt
and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
0
1990-2000 2010-2015 Goal 15 focuses on managing forests sustainably, restoring degraded lands and
successfully combating desertification, reducing degraded natural habitats and
Global annual ending biodiversity loss. All of these efforts in combination will help ensure that
-4 -3.3 million net forest loss
hectares livelihoods are preserved for those that depend directly on forests and other
ecosystems, that biodiversity will thrive, and that the benefits of these natural
-8 -7.3 million resources will be enjoyed for generations to come.
hectares
f
fGlobal net loss in forest area declined from 7.3 million hectares per year in the
1990s to 3.3 million hectares per year during the period 2010-2015.
f
fThe percentage of global terrestrial, inland freshwater and mountain key
Over 23,000 species biodiversity areas covered by protected areas increased from 16.5 per cent to
face extinction 19.3 per cent, 13.8 per cent to 16.6 per cent and 18.1 per cent to 20.1 per cent,
across the globe respectively, from 2000 to 2016.
f of 2015, over 23,000 species of plants, fungi and animals were known to
fAs
face a high probability of extinction. Human activities are causing species
extinctions at rates three orders of magnitude higher than those normal
throughout the Earth’s history.
f
fSince 1999, at least 7,000 species of animals and plants have been detected in
illegal trade affecting 120 countries.
Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,

provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable
and inclusive institutions at all levels
34% Goal 16 envisages peaceful and inclusive societies based on respect for human
13% Proportion of child rights, the rule of law, good governance at all levels, and transparent, effective and
victims of human accountable institutions. Many countries still face protracted violence and armed
trafficking worldwide
2004 2011 conflict, and far too many people are poorly supported by weak institutions and lack
access to justice, information and other fundamental freedoms.
f
fBetween 2008 and 2014, the homicide rate in developing countries was twice
that of developed countries.
f the peak in 2011, 34 per cent of the victims of human trafficking at the
fAt
1 in 2 children global level were children, up from 13 per cent in 2004.
have not been
registered by f
fGlobally, 30 per cent of people held in detention over the period 2012-2014
their fifth birthdays
in LDCs had not been sentenced.
f
fThe births of more than one in four children under age 5 worldwide go unre-
corded. In the LDCs, one in two children have not been registered by their fifth
birthdays.

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global
Partnership for Sustainable Development
The 2030 Agenda requires a revitalized and enhanced global partnership that
mobilizes all available resources from Governments, civil society, the private sec- 6.9% ODA totalled
131.6 billion US dollars
tor, the United Nations system and other actors. Increasing support to developing in 2015, an increase of
countries, in particular LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island 6.9 per cent in real terms
developing States is fundamental to equitable progress for all. from 2014
f
fOfficial development assistance totalled 131.6 billion US dollars in 2015, which
was 6.9 per cent higher in real terms than in 2014 and represents the highest 2014 2015
level ever reached.

f
fThe debt service to export ratio fell significantly over the period 2000-2012,
dropping from 11.7 in 2000 to under 2.7 in 2012.
f 2015, fixed-broadband Internet penetration reached 29 per cent in developed
fIn 90 per cent
regions, but only 7.1 per cent in developing regions and 0.5 per cent in LDCs. CENSUS of all countries
conducted population
f
fAlthough the share of LDC merchandise exports in total exports nearly and housing censuses
doubled from 2000 to 2014, it still represented only a small fraction of global over the period
exports in 2014, at 1.1 per cent. 2006-2015
f
fNinety per cent of all countries and 88 per cent of developing countries
conducted population and housing censuses over the period 2006-2015, a key
source of essential data.
Ensuring that no one is left behind
In launching the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, f

fThe LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island
Member States recognized that the dignity of the individual is developing States all reported a prevalence of undernourish-
fundamental and that the Agenda’s Goals and targets should ment that was substantially higher than that of developing
be met for all nations and people and for all segments of regions as a whole (13.6, 9.8 and 5.1 percentage points
society. Furthermore, they will endeavour to reach first those higher, respectively) in 2014-2016.
who are furthest behind. Going beyond rhetoric in this regard Leaving no one behind is the overarching principle of the 2030
will be no simple matter because disaggregated data tell us Agenda. However, without data and indicators that address
that the benefits of development are far from equally shared. specific groups within a population, including the most
f 2015, the youth unemployment rate (among people aged
fIn vulnerable, full implementation of the commitments made in
15 to 24) globally was 15 per cent—more than three times the SDGs will not be possible. A global effort to improve data
the rate for adults (4.6 per cent). availability and use, including through improvements in the
integration of data sources, has already begun. But much work
f
fGlobally in 2015, births in the richest 20 per cent of house-
lies ahead. The global statistical community stands ready to
holds were more than twice as likely to be attended by
transform and modernize the way this work is undertaken in
skilled health personnel as those in the poorest 20 per cent
order to fully meet current needs and to fulfil our promise to
of households (89 per cent versus 43 per cent).
present and future generations.
f
fChildren from the poorest households are more than twice
as likely to be stunted as their richest peers.
f
fAlmost 80 per cent of urban inhabitants have access to
piped water versus one-third of the rural population.
Wu Hongbo
Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs
11Overview
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
In signing Agenda 2030, Governments around the world com-

mitted to ending poverty in all its manifestations, including its
most extreme forms, over the next 15 years. They resolved that all
people everywhere should enjoy a basic standard of living. This
includes social protection benefits for the poor and most vulnerable
and ensuring that people harmed by conflict and natural hazards
receive adequate support, including access to basic services.
Proportion of the population living below 1.90 US dollars a day, 2002 and 2012 Poverty was halved over a decade, but one
(percentage)
in eight people around the world still lived
Sub-Saharan Africa 43
57 in extreme poverty in 2012
48
Oceania 30 The international poverty line is currently defined as
36
Southern Asia 15 1.90 US dollars per person per day using 2011 purchasing
33
Caucasus and Central Asia 12 power parity (PPP). In the decade from 2002 to 2012, the
South-Eastern Asia 8
21 proportion of the global population living below the poverty
Eastern Asia 32 line dropped by half, from 26 to 13 per cent. If economic
6
Latin America and the Caribbean 13 growth rates observed during those 10 years prevail for
6
the next 15, the global rate for extreme poverty will likely
Developed regions 0.11.2 fall to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming that growth benefits
Developing regions 15
33 all income groups equally. Poverty remains widespread
World 26 in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 40 per cent of
13
people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2002 2012
Note: The regional estimates for Northern Africa and Western Asia could not be calculated
because the available data do not have sufficient population coverage.

Among the working poor, young people are Proportion of employed population living below 1.90 US dollars a day, total, youth
and adults, 2000 and 2015 (percentage)
most likely to live in extreme poverty
60
In 2015, 10 per cent of the world’s workers and their
families were living on less than 1.90 US dollars
50
per person per day, down from 28 per cent in 2000.
Young people aged 15 to 24 are most likely to be among
40
the working poor: 16 per cent of all employed youth were
living below the poverty line in 2015, compared with
30
9 per cent of working adults. One-third of all workers in
sub-Saharan Africa and more than 18 per cent of workers
in Southern Asia were among the working poor that year. 20
10
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
Sub- Southern South- Northern Eastern Latin Caucasus Western World
Saharan Asia Eastern Africa Asia America and Asia
Africa Asia and the Central
Caribbean Asia
Adults Youths Total
About one in five people receive any type Proportion of the population receiving social protection benefits, most recent data
of social protection benefit in low-income available during 2000-2014 (percentage)
countries
Low-income countries 15 12
One way of further reducing poverty is to improve coverage
Lower-middle-income countries 21 4 8
of social protection programmes and target benefits to the
poor and most vulnerable. Social protection programmes Upper-middle-income countries 45 28 2
include social assistance, such as cash transfers, school

Social assistance Social insurance Labour market
feeding and targeted food assistance. Social insurance
and labour market programmes are other forms of social
protection, covering old-age and disability pensions,
maternity benefits, unemployment insurance, skills training
and wage subsidies, among others. Most poor people
remain outside social protection systems, especially
in poorer countries: about one in five people receive
any type of benefit in low-income countries compared
with two in three in upper-middle-income countries.
13 GOAL 1 | No poverty

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 2 seeks sustainable solutions to end hunger in all its forms by

2030 and to achieve food security. The aim is to ensure that every-
one everywhere has enough good-quality food to lead a healthy life.
Achieving this Goal will require better access to food and the wide-
spread promotion of sustainable agriculture. This entails improving
the productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers by promoting
equal access to land, technology and markets, sustainable food pro-
duction systems and resilient agricultural practices. It also requires
increased investments through international cooperation to bolster
the productive capacity of agriculture in developing countries.
Number and proportion of undernourished people, 2000-2002 and 2014-2016 Despite progress, more than 790 million
(millions and percentage)
people worldwide still suffer from hunger
35
204 mil The fight against hunger has seen some progress over the
30
past 15 years. Globally, the proportion of undernourished
25 118 mil people declined from 15 per cent in 2000-2002 to
908 mil
11 per cent in 2014-2016. However, more than 790 million
Percentage
272 mil
20 220 mil
1.3 mil 222 mil
11 mil
930 mil
people still lack regular access to adequate food. If current
15
60 mil
trends continue, the zero hunger target will be largely
281 mil 1.4 mil
10 14 mil missed by 2030. The persistence of hunger is no longer
780 mil
61 mil 145 mil
19 mil
6 mil
795 mil a matter of food availability. Rather, in many countries
5 7 mil
21 mil
34 mil that failed to reach the Millennium Development Goals
0 4 mil
15 mil (MDGs) hunger target, natural and human-induced
ica sia nia sia sia sia sia ean ica s s rld
on on
Afr rn A Ocea ern A ern A ern A tral A ribb n Afr egi egi Wo disasters or political instability have resulted in food
a ran uthe a s t a s t e s t e n C a her e dr i n gr
ah -E E W nd C d the Nort p op insecurity affecting large swathes of the population.
So vel
o
vel
b-S uth a De
Su So s us ica an De
uc a e r Preliminary estimates from the Food Insecurity Experience
Ca Am
in Scale—available for about 150 countries in 2014 and
Lat
2000-2002 2014-2016
2015—reveal that food insecurity is most prevalent in
Note: Vertical position of the bubbles represents the percentage of the population that is sub-Saharan Africa. More than half of the adult population
undernourished. The size of the bubbles represents the number of undernourished people.
The proportion of undernourished people is less than 5 per cent for Northern Africa and in that region faced moderate or severe levels of food
Developed regions for both time periods.
insecurity, and one-quarter faced severe levels. Southern
Asia had the second highest prevalence: around 25 per cent
of adults there experienced moderate or severe food
insecurity, and 12 per cent experienced severe levels.

Chronic undernutrition, or stunted growth, Proportion of children under age 5 with stunted growth, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)
still affects one in four children under age 5 38
Oceania 39
43
In 2014, an estimated 158.6 million children under age 5 Sub-Saharan Africa 36
50
were affected by stunting, a chronic form of under Southern Asia 35
nutrition defined as inadequate height for age. Chronic South-Eastern Asia 27
38
undernutrition puts children at greater risk of dying from Northern Africa 18

24
common infections, increases the frequency and severity Western Asia 17

24
of infections and contributes to delayed recovery. It is also Caucasus and Central Asia 27
15
associated with impaired cognitive ability and reduced Latin America and the Caribbean 17
11
school and work performance. Globally, the proportion of Eastern Asia 19
7
stunted children has fallen in all regions except Oceania.
5
Developed regions
Southern Asia made the most progress between 2000 and 4
36
2014, but the region is still home to the largest number of Developing regions 26
33
stunted children in the world, 63.9 million. In sub-Saharan World 24
Africa, population growth outpaced progress: the number 0 10 20 30 40 50
of stunted children increased from an estimated 50.1 mil- 2000 2014
lion in 2000 to 57.3 million in 2014. Together, Southern Note: The population coverage for developed regions is less than 50 per cent for all periods
between 2000 and 2014.
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa accounted for three-quarters Proportion of children under age 5 who are overweight, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)
of children under 5 with stunted growth in 2014. Northern Africa 12
16
9
Caucasus and Central Asia 12
5
Oceania
The share of overweight children under age 6.5
9
Western Asia
5 has increased by nearly 20 per cent 7.0
7.5
Latin America and the Caribbean 7.5
Worldwide, the proportion of children under age 5 who are South-Eastern Asia 3
7.4
overweight increased from 5 per cent in 2000 to 6 per cent Eastern Asia 6
5
in 2014. Overweight is a growing problem affecting nearly Sub-Saharan Africa 4.4
4.5
every region. Northern Africa has the highest prevalence Southern Asia 3
4
of overweight children under 5 (16 per cent), followed by
9
the Caucasus and Central Asia (12 per cent). Globally, Developed regions 10
5
41 million children in this age group are overweight; almost Developing regions 6
5
half of them live in Asia and one quarter live in Africa. World 6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2000 2014
Note: The population coverage for developed regions is less than 50 per cent for all periods
between 2000 and 2014.
Agriculture share of government Agriculture share of government expenditure, agriculture share of GDP (percentage)
and agriculture orientation index for world, developing and developed regions,
expenditures increasingly lags behind
2001-2013
its economic contribution
World Developing regions Developed regions
The productive capacity of agriculture depends on invest- 12 1.2
WORLD FOOD PRICE CRISIS
ments from public and private sources, both domestic

10 1.0
Agriculture Orientation Index
and foreign. Recent trends in government spending have

Shares (percentage)
not been favourable. The agriculture orientation index 8 0.8

(AOI)—the agriculture share of government expenditures
6 0.6
divided by the agriculture share of GDP—fell from 0.37 to
0.33 between 2001 and 2013 in developing countries. The 4 0.4
decline was interrupted only during the food price crisis
of 2006 to 2008, when governments boosted agricultural 2 0.2
spending. Since the late 1990s, aid to agriculture in

0 0.0
developing countries has languished at around 8 per cent of
2001
2005
2009
2013
2001
2005
2009
2013
2001
2005
2009
2013
the total, down from a high of 20 per cent in the mid-1980s,

when donors began focusing more on improving govern- Agriculture share of GDP (left axis)
Agriculture share of government expenditures (left axis)
ance, building social capital and bolstering fragile States.
Agriculture orientation index (right axis)
15 GOAL 2 | Zero hunger

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
at all ages
Goal 3 seeks to ensure health and well-being for all at every stage
of life. The aim is to improve reproductive and maternal and child
health; end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and
neglected tropical diseases; reduce non-communicable and envi-
ronmental diseases; achieve universal health coverage; and ensure
universal access to safe, affordable and effective medicines and
vaccines. Towards that end, world leaders committed to support
research and development, increase health financing, and strengthen
the capacity of all countries to reduce and manage health risks.
Maternal mortality ratio worldwide, 1990-2015 Maternal, newborn and child mortality rates
400 have declined sharply since 1990 but are still
unacceptably high
per 100,000 live births
300
Maternal deaths
Between 1990 and 2015, the global maternal mortality

200 ratio declined by 44 per cent to an estimated 216 deaths
per 100,000 live births, falling short of the MDGs and
100
far from the target of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000
0 live births established in the 2030 Agenda. Almost all
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 maternal deaths occur in low-resource settings and can be
Neonatal and under-5 mortality rates worldwide, 1990-2015 prevented, including by expanding access to appropriate
100 sexual and reproductive health services. Globally in
Neonatal and under-5 deaths
2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive

per 1,000 live births
75 age (15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union

satisfied their need for family planning by using modern
50
contraceptive methods. Only three in four births took
25
place with the assistance of a skilled birth attendant.
The global under-5 mortality rate declined by more than

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 half to 43 per 1,000 live births from 1990 to 2015. This
Under-5 Neonatal
was short of the two-thirds reduction envisaged in the
MDGs. In 2015, an estimated 5.9 million children under
age 5 died; most of these deaths were preventable. Over
this period, progress in child survival among children aged
1 to 59 months outpaced advances in reducing neonatal
mortality; as a result, a growing share of all under-5 deaths
occurs in the first month of life (45 per cent in 2015).

The incidence of major communicable Global HIV, malaria and tuberculosis incidence rates, 2000-2015
diseases is declining, although hundreds of 200
millions of people are still newly infected
each year
150
The incidence of HIV, malaria and tuberculosis declined
globally between 2000 and 2015, indicating that MDG 6
was achieved. Ending these epidemics, however, will 100
require reinvigorated efforts. In 2015, the number of new
HIV infections globally was 0.3 per 1,000 uninfected
people, and an estimated 2.1 million people became 50
newly infected that year. The incidence of HIV was

highest in sub-Saharan Africa, with 1.5 new cases per
0
1,000 uninfected people. In 2014, 9.6 million new cases 2000 2005 2010 2015
of tuberculosis (133 per 100,000 people) were reported
Tuberculosis (new cases per 100,000 people)
worldwide, with 58 per cent of them in South‑Eastern
Malaria (new cases per 1,000 people at risk)
Asia and the Western Pacific. Almost half of the
HIV (new cases per 100,000 uninfected people)
world’s population is at risk of malaria and, in 2015, the
incidence rate was 91 new cases per 1,000 people at
risk—an estimated 214 million cases. Sub-Saharan Africa
accounted for 89 per cent of all malaria cases worldwide,
with an incidence rate of 235 per 1,000 people at risk.
Among people under age 70, cardiovascular Share of premature deaths* due to non-communicable diseases by type, 2012
diseases and cancer account for almost (percentage)
two-thirds of deaths from non-communicable
diseases 8
4
In 2012, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were Respiratory diseases

responsible for around 38 million deaths per year, 37
Diabetes
accounting for 68 per cent of all deaths worldwide. 23
Cardiovascular diseases
Among deaths in the population under age 70, commonly
Cancer
referred to as premature deaths, NCDs accounted for
Other NDCs
52 per cent of all deaths. Over three-quarters of prema-
ture deaths from NCDs were caused by cardiovascular 27
diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease.
Globally, premature mortality from these four main * Premature deaths refer to deaths in the population under age 70.
NCDs declined by 15 per cent between 2000 and 2012. Note: Because of rounding, percentages do not add up to 100.
Road traffic deaths have slowly declined Number of road traffic deaths (thousands) and vehicles (millions) in high-, low-
since 2000 in high-income countries, and middle-income countries, 2000-2013
while increasing significantly 1,200 1.2
in low- and middle-income countries

Number of vehicles (millions)
1,000 1.0
Deaths (thousands)
Around 1.25 million people died from road traffic acci- 800 0.8
dents in 2013, an average of 3,400 each day. In addition,
600 0.6
tens of millions of people are injured or disabled each
year from traffic accidents, with children, pedestrians, 400 0.4
cyclists and older people among the most vulnerable. 200 0.2
Halving the number of global deaths and injuries from
0 0
road traffic accidents by 2020 is an ambitious goal
2000 2005 2010 2013
given the dramatic increase in the number of vehicles,
Deaths, high-income countries (left axis)
which nearly doubled between 2000 and 2013.
Deaths, low- and middle-income countries (left axis)
Vehicles, high-income countries (right axis)
Vehicles, low- and middle-income countries (right axis)
17 GOAL 3 | Good health and well-being

Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Goal 4 aims to ensure that all people have access to quality

education and lifelong learning opportunities. This Goal focuses
on the acquisition of foundational and higher-order skills at all
stages of education and development; greater and more equitable
access to quality education at all levels, as well as technical and
vocational education and training (TVET); and the knowledge, skills
and values needed to function well and contribute to society.
Proportion of out-of-school children of primary school age in selected countries Children are less likely to attend school
by sex, location, household wealth and education of the household head, 2008-2012
if they live in rural areas, are poor or have
(percentage)
parents with little or no education
Boys
7.1
Girls Despite progress, the world failed to meet the MDG of
7.3
universal primary education by 2015. In 2013, the latest
Urban
5.1 year for which data are available, 59 million children of
Rural
7.7 primary school age and 65 million adolescents of lower
Household wealth
secondary age were out of school. Most of them were
Richest quintile
Second richest quintile
2.9 girls. Survey data from 63 low- and middle-income
Middle quintile
4.2 countries between 2008 and 2012 show that children
6.4
Second poorest quintile of primary school age from the poorest 20 per cent of
8.4
Poorest quintile households were more than four times as likely to be out
12.5
of school as their richest peers. Children, especially girls,
Education of household head
Secondary or higher from households headed by someone with less than a
3.5
Primary primary education were more than four times as likely
6.4
Less than primary to be out of school as children from households headed
16.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
by someone with a secondary or higher education.
National values Median values
Note: Data are based on nationally representative household surveys from 63 low- and middle-
income countries between 2008 and 2012.

Fundamental skills provide a solid Proportion of young people at the end of lower secondary education achieving
at least minimum levels of proficiency in reading and mathematics,
foundation to young people for further
selected countries in developing and developed regions, 2012 (percentage)
learning throughout their lives
Developed regions
Quality education should lead to the acquisition of
(38 countries)
Mathematics
fundamental skills, such as literacy and numeracy, and 78
higher-order skills. The end of lower secondary school often Reading
81
coincides with the end of compulsory education. By this
stage, students should be able to master subject-related
knowledge and skills, possess personal and social skills and
Developing regions
(22 countries)
have a solid foundation for further learning throughout life. Mathematics
Data from 38 countries in developed regions show that, 47
Reading
in the majority of these countries, at least 75 per cent of 56
young people achieved at least minimum proficiency in
reading and/or mathematics; the same was true for only 0 20 40 60 80 100
5 of the 22 countries with data in developing regions. National values Median values
More than half of children aged 3 and 4 in Proportion of children aged 36-59 months who are developmentally on track
in at least three of the following domains: literacy-numeracy, physical development,
selected countries are developmentally on
social-emotional development and learning, 2009-2015 (percentage)
track in physical, learning and psycho-social
well-being Sub-Saharan Africa (18) 60
Southern Asia (3) 64
Early childhood development is multidimensional, Northern Africa (2) 71

Western Asia (5) 71
encompassing several aspects of a child’s well-being: Eastern Asia (2) 75
physical, social, emotional and mental. Despite varia- Caucasus and Central Asia (3) 84
Latin America and the Caribbean (14) 84
tions in the pace and rate at which children develop, all
South-Eastern Asia (4) 86
children have an inherent right to develop to their fullest
potential. In 54 of 58 countries with available data for the Developed regions (7) 91
0 20 40 60 80 100
period 2009-2015, at least half of children aged 3 and 4
were developmentally on track in at least three of the Note: Data are available for 58 countries for the period 2009-2015 covering 18 per cent of the
world’s population. The number of countries in each region with available data is in
following domains: literacy-numeracy, physical devel- parentheses.
opment, social-emotional development and learning.
Learning opportunities of many types should

extend throughout life
Education for sustainable development and global VOCATIONAL¬TECHNICAL TRAINING
citizenship addresses pressing and overarching

TVET enrolment at the
requirements of society: “living together” and the
upper secondary level
“relationship with nature”. These are critical avenues rose by nearly one-third
for a sustainable and peaceful future for all. between 2000 and 2013
Equitable access to TVET and higher education should

also be promoted. Although enrolments in TVET in
upper secondary school rose by one-third between 2000 50
and 2013, the share of TVET in secondary education

overall fell from 26 per cent to 22 per cent. Tertiary The share of TVET
education has expanded rapidly over the same period, 26% of all enrolments
22%
with enrolments doubling globally and increasing by 25 in secondary education
fell from 26 per cent
2.5 times in developing regions and with almost equal to 22 per cent
numbers of men and women enrolled. However, world-
wide in 2013, there were still 757 million adults unable 0
to read and write, of whom two-thirds were women. 2000 2013
19 GOAL 4 | Quality education

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls
Empowering women and girls to reach their full potential requires

that they have equal opportunities to those of men and boys. This
means eliminating all forms of discrimination and violence against
them, including violence by intimate partners, sexual violence
and harmful practices, such as child marriage and female genital
mutilation (FGM). Ensuring that women have better access to paid
employment, sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights,
and real decision-making power in public and private spheres will
further ensure that development is equitable and sustainable.
Proportion of women aged 20 to 24 years who were married or in a union Rates of child marriage have declined
before ages 15 and 18, 1990 and 2015 (percentage)
overall but remain at unacceptable levels,
70 especially in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan
60
Africa
The practice of child marriage has been declining slowly.
50
32 Globally, the proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who
40 reported that they were married before their eighteenth
28 birthdays dropped from 32 per cent around 1990 to
30 28
26 per cent around 2015. Child marriage is most common
26
20
20 in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with rates of
20 20 21 23 21
25 30 18 44 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively. In fact, the
16 19
10
11 14 19 16 10 countries with the highest rates in the world are found
11 8 9 9 11 12
1 2 2
7
3 2 2
7 7 7 in these two regions. Marriage rates for girls under age
0
15 are also highest in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan
1990
2015
1990
2015
1990
2015
1990
2015
1990
2015
1990
2015
1990
2015
1990
2015
1990
2015
Africa, at 16 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. But

Caucasus Northern South- Western Oceania Latin Sub- Southern World
and Africa Eastern Asia America Saharan Asia social norms can and do change: the marriage of girls
Central Asia Asia and the Africa
Caribbean under age 15 declined globally from 12 per cent in 1990 to
Married/in a union before age 15 Married/in a union after age 15 but before age 18
7 per cent today, although disparities persist across regions
and even countries. The fastest progress in reducing child
Note: The values for 2015 refer to the latest available data collected between 2010 and 2014.
Because of rounding, percentages in chart may not add up to totals. marriage overall has been recorded in Northern Africa,
where the share of child brides dropped by more than half
over the last 25 years, from 29 per cent to 13 per cent.

Despite progress, more than one in three Proportion of girls aged 15 to 19 who have undergone female genital mutilation
in 30 countries where the practice is concentrated, 1985-2015 (percentage)
girls aged 15 to 19 in the 30 countries where
the practice is concentrated have undergone 60
female genital mutilation

50
51
FGM is a human rights violation that affects girls and 49 48
46
women worldwide, especially in countries where it is an 44
40 41
entrenched social norm. At least 200 million have been cut
37
in the 30 countries where the practice is concentrated and
30
that have representative prevalence data. Rates of FGM
overall have declined by more than 25 per cent over the
last three decades. However, not all countries have made 20
progress, and the pace of decline has been uneven. Today,

in these 30 countries, more than one in three girls aged 15 10
to 19 have undergone the procedure versus one in two in

the mid-1980s. 0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Different forms of violence, including physical, sexual,
Note: The figures are population-weighted averages based on comparable data from 30 countries.
psychological and economic, as well as trafficking and The values for 2015 refer to the latest available data collected between 2010 and 2014.
other forms of sexual exploitation affect millions of women
and girls worldwide. This not only constitutes a grave
violation of human rights, but also hinders the process of
development. Available comparable data from 52 countries
(including only one country from the developed regions)
indicate that 21 per cent of girls and women interviewed
aged 15 to 49 years experienced physical and/or sexual
violence at the hands of an intimate partner in the previous
12 months.
Women in developing countries spend four Proportion of time spent on unpaid and paid work in selected countries,
times as many hours on unpaid work as men women and men, 2000-2014 (percentage of time spent per day)
30 countries 29 countries 59 countries
In every region, women and girls do the bulk of unpaid in developing regions in developed regions worldwide
30
work, including caregiving and household tasks such as
25 10 10
cooking and cleaning. Women report that on average they 10
20
spend 19 per cent of their time each day on unpaid labour 15 21
16 19
versus 8 per cent for men. The responsibilities of unpaid 10 19 19

18
care and domestic work, combined with paid labour, mean 5 10 8
5
that women and girls work longer hours than men and boys 0
Women Men Women Men Women Men
and have less time for rest, self-care, learning and other
activities. Unpaid work Paid work
Note: Data are based on time-use surveys conducted between 2000 and 2014 in 59 countries,
30 from developing regions and 29 from developed regions.
Women hold only 23 per cent Proportion of seats held by women in single or lower houses of national parliament,
of parliamentary seats worldwide 2016 (percentage)
Oceania 5
The proportion of seats held by women in single or lower Western Asia 13
houses of parliament rose to 23 per cent in 2016. This Caucasus and Central Asia 18
Southern Asia 18
represents an average increase of 0.6 percentage points
a year since 2006 and a rise of 6 percentage points over Northern Africa 22
a decade. Slow progress in this area contrasts with more Eastern Asia 22
rapid developments for women in parliamentary leadership
Latin America and the Caribbean 28
positions. In 2016, the number of women speakers of
Developed regions 26
parliament increased from 43 to 49 (out of the 273 posts
globally); women accounted for 18 per cent of all speakers World 23
of parliament in January 2016. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
21 GOAL 5 | Gender equality

Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all
Sustainable Development Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water,

sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability
of water resources, which are critical to the survival of people and
the planet. The 2030 Agenda recognizes the centrality of water
resources to sustainable development and the vital role that
improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene play in progress
in other areas, including health, education and poverty reduction.
Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available A growing number of countries are
freshwater resources, around 2012 (percentage)
confronting water stress, which now affects
Northern Africa 96 more than 2 billion people worldwide
Western Asia 54
Holistic management of the water cycle means taking
into account the level of “water stress”, calculated as the
Southern Asia 48
ratio of total fresh water withdrawn by all major sectors
Eastern Asia 20
to the total renewable freshwater resources in a particular
country or region. Currently, water stress affects more than
2 billion people around the globe, a figure that is projected
to rise. Water stress affects countries on every continent,
Oceania 0.06
which hinders the sustainability of natural resources, as
Developed regions 7 well as economic and social development. While many
regions are below the 25 per cent threshold that marks the
World 9
beginning stages of physical water stress, huge differences
0 20 40 60 80 100 are found within and among countries. In 2011, 41 countries
25 per cent: threshold that marks the beginning stages of water stress experienced water stress, an increase from 36 countries
in 1998. Of these, 10 countries—on the Arabian Peninsula
and in Central Asia and Northern Africa—withdrew more
than 100 per cent of their renewable freshwater resources.

Over 90 per cent of people worldwide Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources, 2000 and 2015
use improved drinking water sources, (percentage)
but not all sources are safely managed Oceania 53

56
55
Sub-Saharan Africa
In 2015, 6.6 billion people, or 91 per cent of the global 68
83
population, used an improved drinking water source Caucasus and Central Asia 89
80
compared with 82 per cent in 2000. An estimated South-Eastern Asia 90
81
663 million people in 2015 were still using unimproved Southern Asia 93
90
sources or surface water. While coverage was around Northern Africa 93
87
90 per cent or more in all regions except sub-Saharan Western Asia 95
90
Africa and Oceania, widespread inequalities persist within Latin America and the Caribbean 95
81
and among countries. Moreover, not all improved water Eastern Asia 96
sources are safely managed. In 2012, for example, it was 98
estimated that at least 1.8 billion people were exposed 79
to drinking water contaminated with faecal matter. 82
World 91
0 20 40 60 80 100
2000 2015
Inadequate sanitation facilities are still Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities, 2000 and 2015
a reality for one-third of the global (percentage)
population Sub-Saharan Africa 26

30
Oceania 36
Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of the global 36
Southern Asia 32
population using improved sanitation increased from 47
59 per cent to 68 per cent. This means that 4.9 billion 72
Eastern Asia 60
people globally were using an improved sanitation facility 77
75
in 2015. However, 2.4 billion were not; among them Latin America and the Caribbean 83
80
were 946 million people without any facilities at all, Northern Africa 90
83
who continued to practise open defecation. The unsafe Western Asia 94
88
management of faecal waste and wastewater continues to Caucasus and Central Asia 96
pose a major risk to public health and the environment. 95
62
World 59
68
0 20 40 60 80 100
2000 2015
Plans for the integrated management of Proportion of countries in various stages of implementing national Integrated
water resources are under way in countries Water Resources Management plans or equivalent, 2012 (percentage)
in every region, with varying progress Western Asia

on implementation Latin America and the Caribbean
Oceania
A key aspect of sustainable water management is Southern Asia
the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Sub-Saharan Africa
Management (IWRM), a follow-up to the 2002 South-Eastern Asia
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. In 2012, Eastern Asia

Caucasus and Central Asia
65 per cent of the 130 countries that responded to an
Northern Africa
IWRM survey question reported that management
plans were in place at the national level, although Developed regions
full implementation varies across regions. Developing regions
World
0 20 40 60 80 100
Not relevant Under development Developed, not implemented

Implementation started Implementation advanced Fully implemented
23 GOAL 6 | Clean water and sanitation

Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
and modern energy for all
Access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy is crucial

to achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goals—from
poverty eradication through advancements in health, education,
water supply and industrialization to mitigating climate change.
Energy access, however, varies widely across countries, and the
current rate of progress falls short of what will be required to achieve
this Goal. Redoubled efforts will be needed, particularly for countries
with large energy access deficits and high energy consumption.
Proportion of the population with access to electricity, 2000 and 2012 (percentage) An increasing proportion of the population
Oceania 23 has gained access to electricity, but
29
26 1.1 billion people still live without it
Southern Asia 63
79
The proportion of the global population with access to
South-Eastern Asia 79 electricity increased steadily, from 79 per cent in 2000
90
Western Asia 89 to 85 per cent in 2012. Recent progress was driven
93
93 largely by advancements in Southern Asia, South-Eastern
97
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Despite these improve-
Eastern Asia 99
ments, 1.1 billion people are still without this essential
92
Northern Africa 100 service, including over 65 per cent of the population
99
Caucasus and Central Asia 100 of sub-Saharan Africa and 70 per cent in Oceania. Of
100 those gaining access to electricity worldwide since 2010,
74
the vast majority (80 per cent) are urban dwellers.
79
World 85
0 20 40 60 80 100
2000 2012

More than 40 per cent of the world’s people Proportion of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies
still rely on polluting and unhealthy fuels for for cooking, 2005 and 2014 (percentage)
cooking Sub-Saharan Africa 12

13
21
Oceania
From 2005 to 2014, the proportion of the global 30
29
population with access to clean fuels and technologies Southern Asia 35
33
for cooking, such as gas and electricity, increased from South-Eastern Asia 53
51
54 per cent to 58 per cent. Advancements have been Eastern Asia 58
81
slow in some regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where Latin America and the Caribbean 87
81
access remains very low. Limited progress since 2010 Caucasus and Central Asia 88
falls substantially short of global population growth Western Asia 94
95
and is almost exclusively confined to urban areas. As Northern Africa 95
100
a result, the absolute number of people relying on 98
Developed regions
polluting fuels and technologies for cooking has actually 99
54
World
increased, reaching an estimated 3 billion people. 58
0 20 40 60 80 100
2005 2014
Use of renewable energy is growing only Renewable energy share in total final energy consumption, 2000, 2005, 2010
modestly, but modern renewables comprise and 2012 (percentage)
a large and expanding share 20
17.8 18.1
17.4 17.0
The share of renewable energy—derived from hydropower,
solid and liquid biofuels, the wind, sun, biogas, geothermal 15
and marine sources, and waste—in the world’s total final 7.2
7.3 8.4 8.8
energy consumption increased marginally, from 17.4 per cent

in 2000 to 18.1 per cent in 2012. However, modern renew- 10
ables, which exclude solid biofuels, grew at a rate of

4 per cent a year between 2010 and 2012. The contribution
of renewables to the electricity sector has been growing 5 10.2 9.7 9.4 9.3
significantly. Modern renewables accounted for 60 per cent

of all new power-generating capacity in 2014. In absolute
0
terms, about 72 per cent of the increase in energy consump- 2000 2005 2010 2012
tion from modern renewable sources between 2010 and Other renewables Modern renewables
2012 came from developing regions, mostly Eastern Asia.
Global economic growth is being decoupled Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and gross domestic product,
2000 and 2012 (megajoules per 2011 US dollars PPP)
from energy use, but not quickly enough
10.3
Oceania
Energy intensity—calculated by dividing total primary 11.0
16.7
energy supply by GDP—reveals how much energy is used to Caucasus and Central Asia 9.2
10.0
produce one unit of economic output. Global energy inten- Eastern Asia 8.1
10.4
sity improved by 1.3 per cent per year from 2000 to 2012, Sub-Saharan Africa 7.8
6.8
falling from 6.7 megajoules per unit of GDP (2011 US dollars Southern Asia 5.4
PPP) in 2000 to 5.7 in 2012. A contributing factor was the Western Asia 4.7
4.9
proportion of energy use covered by mandatory energy effi- South-Eastern Asia 4.5
5.5
ciency regulation, which almost doubled in the last decade Latin America and the Caribbean 4.4
4.1
(from 14 per cent in 2005 to 27 per cent in 2014). Still, pro- Northern Africa 3.7
3.9
gress is proceeding at only two-thirds of the pace needed to
6.6
double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency Developed regions 5.3
by 2030. Among end-use sectors, industry was the largest Developing regions 6.8
6.1
contributor to reduced energy intensity, followed closely by World 5.7
6.7
transportation. About 68 per cent of the savings in energy 0 5 10 15 20

intensity between 2010 and 2012 came from developing
2000 2012
regions, with Eastern Asia as the largest contributor.
25 GOAL 7 | Affordable and clean energy

Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment
and decent work for all
Sustained and inclusive economic growth is a prerequisite for

sustainable development, which can contribute to improved
livelihoods for people around the world. Economic growth can lead
to new and better employment opportunities and provide greater
economic security for all. Moreover, rapid growth, especially
among the least developed and developing countries, can help
them reduce the wage gap relative to developed countries, thereby
diminishing glaring inequalities between the rich and poor.
Average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita, 2000-2004, 2005-2009 and Increased economic growth is needed to
2010-2014 (percentage) meet the target of 7 per cent GDP growth
2.4 in the least developed countries
Small island developing States 2.3
2.5
3.5
In the period 2010-2014, the global average annual growth
Landlocked developing countries 5.5 rate of real GDP per capita was 1.6 per cent, slightly below
3.6
3.4 the rate achieved over the period of 2000-2004. The
Least developed countries 4.7
2.6 growth rate of countries in developing regions was more
than triple that of developed regions (4.1 per cent versus
2.1
Developed regions 0.5 1.3 per cent, respectively), yet the rates for both regions
1.3 were below their historical averages. This suggests that
3.6
Developing regions 4.5 much work remains to achieve the goal of sustained and
4.1
1.8
inclusive economic growth. The challenge is particularly
World 1.0 steep for the least developed countries, whose per capita
1.6
growth accelerated for a time but has since slowed to
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
only 2.6 per cent on average during 2010-2014, less
2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 than half the target rate of at least 7 per cent a year.

Labour productivity in developing regions, Labour productivity (GDP per worker) in constant 2005 US dollars, 2005 and 2015
(thousands of US dollars)
despite improvements, remains far below
that of developed regions Sub-Saharan Africa 2.5
2.9
2.1
Growth in labour productivity in developing regions Southern Asia 3.5
3.8
outpaced that of developed regions, especially in Asia. That Oceania 4.9
3.6
said, the productivity of workers in the poorest regions is South-Eastern Asia 5.0
still only a small fraction of that of workers in the developed Caucasus and Central Asia 3.6
5.8
world. Workers in Southern Asia and sub‑SaharanAfrica, Northern Africa 7.5
8.1
for example, are only about 5 per cent as productive Eastern Asia 4.4
8.9
as those in developed regions, when measured as a 12.0
percentage of GDP. Even the developing region with 25.5
Western Asia
the highest labour productivity, Western Asia, has only 27.2
about 40 per cent of the labour productivity of developed Developed regions 62.7
68.2
regions, and this rate has declined slightly since 2000. 16.5
World 18.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2005 2015
Women are 15 per cent more likely to be Unemployment rates by sex, 2015 (percentage)
unemployed than men worldwide, but the Northern Africa 25.2
10.2
gender gap is far larger in Northern Africa 19.7
Western Asia 9.0
and Western Asia 9.7
Caucasus and Central Asia 9.4
The global unemployment rate stood at 6.1 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa 9.5
7.1
2015, down from a peak of 6.6 per cent in 2009. The Latin America and the Caribbean 8.8
5.7
unemployment rate was lowest in Southern, Eastern and 6.9
Oceania 6.0
South-Eastern Asia, below 5 per cent, compared with other 5.2
Southern Asia
regions of the world, where the average rates were around 4.0
4.5
South-Eastern Asia
7 per cent or higher. Globally, women are more likely to 4.4
4.2
be unemployed than men. Differences are most striking Eastern Asia 5.3
in Western Asia and Northern Africa, where the unem-

7.5
Developed regions
ployment rate of women is more than twice that of men. 7.8
6.7
World 5.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Women Men
While the share of adults with bank accounts Proportion of the world’s adult population that has an account at a financial
institution, 2011 and 2014 (percentage)
rose by 20 per cent in four years, some
2 billion people still lack this important
financial service
Between 2011 and 2014, the proportion of the world’s
adult population with an account at a financial institution 51 per cent 62 per cent
of the world’s of the world’s
or a mobile money service increased from 51 per cent adult population adult population
2.5 have an account 2 have an account
to 62 per cent, meaning that 700 million adults became billion billion
unbanked unbanked
account holders during this period. However, 2 billion adults
worldwide still lack an account at a financial institution.
Financial exclusion disproportionately affected women
2011 2014
and the poor. The proportion of women who are account
holders is 9 percentage points lower than the proportion
of men account holders. Moreover, the proportion of
account holders among the poorest 40 per cent of
households is 14 percentage points lower than among
those living in the richest 60 per cent of households.
27 GOAL 8 | Decent work and economic growth

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Sustainable Development Goal 9 addresses three important

aspects of sustainable development: infrastructure, industriali-
zation and innovation. Infrastructure provides the basic physical
facilities essential to business and society; industrialization drives
economic growth and job creation, thereby reducing income
inequality; and innovation expands the technological capabilities
of industrial sectors and leads to the development of new skills.
Manufacturing value added per capita, 2005 and 2015 (constant 2010 US dollars) The untapped manufacturing potential
62
of the least developed countries suggests
Least developed countries
98 significant growth opportunities
119
Landlocked developing countries Manufacturing is one of the principal engines of economic
149
1,068 growth. However, inequalities in the value added in the

Small island developing States
1,363
manufacturing sector point to the steep challenges faced
by the most disadvantaged countries, as well as their
4,710
Developed regions
4,926
potential for growth. For example, in 2015, manufacturing
552
value added (MVA) per capita was less than 100 US dollars
Developing regions
923 a year in the least developed countries (LDCs) compared to
World
1,347 4,926 US dollars in developed regions. Significant invest-
1,630
ment is needed in the LDCs to boost technological progress
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
and economic growth, and to achieve the target of doubling
2005 2015 industry’s share in the gross domestic product of these
countries. Trends in MVA show steady increases in devel-
oping regions and a slight decline in developed regions,
which is similar to trends in manufacturing jobs. The poten-
tial for growth in manufacturing employment is particularly
high in the LDCs because large segments of the population
continue to work in agricultural and traditional sectors.

Energy efficiency and cleaner fuels and Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added, 2000 and 2013
(kilograms per constant 2010 US dollars)
technologies have reduced carbon dioxide
emissions per unit of value added Caucasus and Central Asia
1.02
0.55
Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern 0.45
As countries shift to less energy intensive industries, Asia and Oceania 0.41
cleaner fuels and technologies and stronger energy Western Asia
0.29
0.28
efficiency policies, almost all regions have shown a 0.22
Northern Africa
reduction in the carbon intensity of their GDP. The pro- 0.23
0.27
portion of the world’s energy use covered by mandatory Sub-Saharan Africa 0.21
energy efficiency regulations has almost doubled over the Latin America and the Caribbean
0.21
0.19
last decade, from 14 per cent in 2005 to 27 per cent in
0.37
2014. More extensive deployment of clean technologies Developed regions 0.29
will increase the likelihood of achieving the proposed target Developing regions
0.36
0.34
of upgrading infrastructure and retrofitting industries to 0.38
World 0.33
make them sustainable, with increasingly efficient use
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
of resources and greater adoption of clean and environ-
mentally sound technologies and industrial processes. 2000 2013
Although expenditures on research and Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, 2005 and 2013
(percentage)
development have grown, the poorest
countries lag behind Least developed countries 0.24
0.19
In 2013, global investment in research and development Landlocked developing countries

0.24
0.28
(R&D) stood at 1.7 trillion US dollars (PPP), up from
0.96
Small island developing States
732 billion US dollars in 2000. This represents an annual 0.98
growth rate of 4.6 per cent, which suggests 1.7 per cent of

global GDP was devoted to R&D in 2013. While substantial, Developed regions
2.15
2.36
this global average masks wide disparities among regions:
0.79
developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their Developing regions 1.16
GDP to R&D in 2013, while the average for the LDCs World
1.54
1.70
and landlocked developing countries stood at less than
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.3 per cent. More concerted efforts are urgently needed
to enhance research capabilities in these countries. 2005 2013
Mobile-broadband networks reach almost Proportion of the population covered by a third-generation mobile-broadband
network, by location and technology, 2015 (percentage)
90 per cent of the urban population but less
than 30 per cent of the rural population
Technological advances in the communications sector, 29of per cent
expanding networks and falling prices have driven the rural
population
spread of mobile-cellular services around the world. People covered by 3G
in previously unconnected areas have joined the global

information society and, in 2015, 95 per cent of people 69 per cent World rural population: 3.4 billion
of the population
living in the LDCs were covered by a mobile-cellular covered by 3G
signal. However, higher-speed Internet access through
third-generation (3G) mobile-broadband networks is less
widespread: only 29 per cent of the rural population are 89 per cent
of urban
population
covered. Increasingly, Internet access is a requirement covered by 3G
for producers and entrepreneurs to remain competitive, World population: 7.4 billion
and greater efforts are needed to expand this type of
World urban population: 4 billion
coverage to rural and remote parts of the world.
3G coverage No 3G coverage
29 GOAL 9 | Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income, as well as those

based on sex, age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion and
opportunity—both within and among countries. World leaders
recognized the positive contribution of international migra-
tion to inclusive growth and sustainable development, while
acknowledging that it demands coherent and comprehensive
responses. Accordingly, they committed to cooperate interna-
tionally to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration. The Goal
also addresses issues related to representation of developing
countries in global decision-making and development assistance.
Proportion of countries in each region where the average annual growth rates of real Many countries in Latin America and the
income per capita were greater in the bottom 40 per cent of the population than the
Caribbean and in Asia saw a decline in
national average, 2007-2012 (percentage)
income inequality
Africa 50 When income growth among the poorest people in

Asia 67
a country is faster than the national average, income
inequality is reduced. In 56 out of 94 countries with data
for the period 2007-2012, the per capita income of the
poorest 40 per cent of households grew more rapidly
than the national average. This was especially true in
World 60
Latin America and the Caribbean and in Asia, where
0 20 40 60 80 100 88 per cent and 67 per cent of countries, respectively,
Note: The chart represents 94 countries with data: 43 in developed regions, 16 in Africa, saw gains for the poorest 40 per cent of households. That
19 in Asia and 16 in Latin America and the Caribbean. said, faster growth for the poorest does not necessarily
imply greater prosperity because 9 of the 56 countries
experienced negative income growth rates over this period.

Labour’s contribution to GDP has decreased Labour share of GDP (PPP), comprising wages and social protection transfers,
across most regions 2000 and 2015 (percentage)
50
The share of GDP that is attributed to labour has been Southern Asia 47
50
trending downward over the past 15 years as processes Sub-Saharan Africa 47
have become more mechanized and capital assumes a Oceania 47.7
48.2
growing share of GDP. Over this period, the labour share Northern Africa 52
49
of GDP increased only in Oceania and Latin America Western Asia 53
49
and the Caribbean, where it was at 48 and 52 per cent, 51
respectively, in 2015. Eastern Asia saw flat growth of 61
Eastern Asia 61
the labour share of GDP and continues to maintain the
highest share in the world at 61.4 per cent of GDP. While Developed regions 58
55
the labour share of GDP fell from almost 58 per cent Developing regions 54
55
in 2000 to just over 55 per cent in 2015 for developed 57
World 55
regions, developing regions experienced a slight improve-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
ment from 54 to 55 per cent. Stagnating wages across
all regions contributed significantly to these results. 2000 2015
The share of imports from LDCs and Proportion of imports (excluding arms and oil) from least developed countries
developing countries that enter developed and developing countries entering developed countries duty free, 2000-2014
(percentage)
countries duty free has been continuously
on the rise 100
95
The share of imports from LDCs and developing countries
90
that benefited from duty-free treatment increased from
85
2000 to 2014, reaching 84 per cent and 79 per cent,
respectively, although the pace of change was faster for 80
developing countries. The comparative advantage of LDCs 75

in duty-free access varied depending on the product groups: 70
almost all agricultural products from LDCs (98 per cent) 65
were exempted from duties by developed countries versus
60
74 per cent of products from developing countries. The
55
relative advantage for LDCs was even greater for textiles
and clothing: rates for both product groups were around 50
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
70 per cent for LDCs; for developing countries, the rates
LDCs Developing countries
were 41 per cent for textiles and 34 per cent for clothing.
The cost of sending money across World average cost of sending the equivalent of 200 US dollars in remittances
as a proportion of amount remitted, 2008-2015 (percentage)
international borders has declined
10
Migrants contribute positively to inclusive growth 9.8
9.5
9
9.2
and sustainable development. They also contribute 8.8
9.1 8.9
8
to the development of their countries of origin and 8.3
7 7.5
destination through their work and the remittances they
send home. Total remittances to developing countries 6
increased slightly in 2015 to 431.6 billion US dollars 5

(up 0.4 per cent from 2014), but the cost of sending 4
money across international borders remains high.
3
Even though the cost declined from 2012 to 2015, it 3.0
2 Target
still averaged 7.5 per cent of the amount remitted in
1
2015, more than double the target rate of 3 per cent.
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2030
31 GOAL 10 | Reduced inequalities

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
Today, more than half the world’s population live in cities. By

2030, it is projected that 6 in 10 people will be urban dwellers.
Despite numerous planning challenges, cities offer more efficient
economies of scale on many levels, including the provision of
goods, services and transportation. With sound, risk-informed
planning and management, cities can become incubators for
innovation and growth and drivers of sustainable development.
Proportion of urban population living in slums, 2000 and 2014 (percentage) Almost a third of the urban population in
developing regions still live in slums
65
46
In 2014, 30 per cent of the urban population in developing
Southern Asia 31 regions lived in conditions categorized as slums. In
40
sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion was 55 per cent—
Eastern Asia
37 the highest of any region. Though the percentage of
25
21
city dwellers living in such conditions declined over
Western Asia 25 the last decade, more than 880 million people around
24
Oceania 24 the world were still living in slums in 2014. Concerted
Latin America and the Caribbean
29 action will be needed to address this challenge and
20
20
enhance resilience because cities remain magnets for
Northern Africa 11 people seeking greater opportunities and a better life.
39
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2000 2014

Urban sprawl is found in many cities around Average ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate, 1990-2000
and 2000-2015, based on a stratified sample of 194 cities
the world
1.5
In many burgeoning cities around the world, growing 0.9
0.94
populations are moving outwards, far beyond administra- Southern and Central Asia 0.91
tive boundaries. Urban sprawl is found in many regions: Sub-Saharan Africa
1.2
1.3
Eastern Asia and Oceania had the highest ratio of land 1.4
South-Eastern Asia
consumption to population growth in the world from 1.3
1.4
2000 to 2015, developed regions were second. Only Latin Western Asia and Northern Africa 1.5
America and the Caribbean and Southern and Central Asia Eastern Asia and Oceania
2.0
2.1
saw a ratio of less than 1.0, meaning that cities in these
regions became more densely populated. Unfortunately, a Developed regions
2.1
1.9
low value for this ratio is not necessarily an indication that 1.5
Developing regions 1.7
urban dwellers are faring well because it can indicate a
1.68
prevalence of overcrowded slums. Unplanned urban sprawl World 1.74
is associated with increased per capita emissions of carbon 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
dioxide and hazardous pollution and often drives housing 1990-2000 2000-2015
prices up, all of which hamper sustainable development.
Cities in every part of the world have Average annual mean of particulate matter of 2.5 microns in diameter or smaller
(PM2.5) concentration levels in urban areas (μg/m3), 2014
dangerously high levels of air pollution
Oceania 11
Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health.
Globally, ambient (outdoor) air pollution in both cities
and rural areas is estimated to have caused 3.7 million
premature deaths in 2012. In 2014, about half the urban
population worldwide was exposed to air pollution Western Asia 55
levels at least 2.5 times above the safety standard Eastern Asia 60
set by the World Health Organization (WHO). No Northern Africa 64
region had annual average mean concentrations of Southern Asia 73
particulate matter below the maximum level set by
WHO of 10 micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m3).
World 45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
WHO maximum recommended air pollution level: 10 μ g/m3
Note: Data reported only for WHO member States.
Nearly three-quarters of countries have Proportion and number of countries that are implementing national urban policies
implemented or are working to implement by stage of implementation, 2015 (percentage)
national-level urban policies

6
16 5
National policies and regional development plans that
take into account the specific needs and characteristics Feasibility (9 countries)
15
of urban areas are essential to sustainable development. Diagnostic (7 countries)
As of 2015, 142 countries were developing national-level Formulation (21 countries)
urban policies; of these, 82 countries were already in Implementation (82 countries)
the process of implementation and 23 had reached the Monitoring and evaluation (23 countries)
monitoring and evaluation stage. The vast majority of these
urban policies can be further aligned with SDGs and can be 58
disaggregated by key themes of the sustainability agenda.
They are a way to connect national policy to local action.
33 GOAL 11 | Sustainable cities and communities

Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns
Sustainable growth and development requires minimizing the natural

resources and toxic materials used, and the waste and pollutants
generated, throughout the entire production and consumption
process. Sustainable Development Goal 12 encourages more
sustainable consumption and production patterns through various
measures, including specific policies and international agreements
on the management of materials that are toxic to the environment.
Material footprint per GDP by type of raw material, 2000 and 2010, As developing regions industrialized, their
(kilogram per unit of GDP at constant 2005 US dollars)
use of raw materials grew
30
The material footprint is an accounting of fossil fuels and
25.9 other raw materials extracted globally and used in a par-
25 23.6 ticular country. It reflects the amount of primary materials
required to meet a country’s needs and can be interpreted
9.6
20 as an indicator of the material standard of living or level
9.0
of capitalization of an economy. From 2000 to 2010, the
15 3.1
14.5 material footprint per GDP of developed regions dropped
2.7 11.8 as a result of greater efficiency in industrial processes.
10
6.9 But at 23.6 kilograms per unit of GDP in 2010, it was still
6.9 5.3
6.4 substantially higher than the figure for developing regions
1.7
1.4 at 14.5 kilograms per unit of GDP. As developing countries
5 2.4
6.3
2.0 industrialized, the material footprint of the regions as
5.5
3.2 3.4 a whole grew over this 10-year period. Non-metallic
0
2000 2010 2000 2010 minerals showed the largest increase, rising from 5.3 to
Developed regions Developing regions 6.9 kilograms per unit of GDP. This component represents
Material footprint (Non-metallic minerals) Material footprint (Fossil fuels) almost half the material footprint of developing regions.
Material footprint (Metal ores) Material footprint (Biomass)
Note: The sum of the raw material categories may not add up to the total because of rounding.

Per capita consumption of natural resources Domestic material consumption per capita, 2000 and 2010 (metric tons per capita)
declined in developed regions, while 7.4
Eastern Asia 17.0
increasing in most developing regions 9.1
Western Asia 12.2
Another measure of the flow or use of materials in Latin American and the Caribbean 9.7
11.6
individual countries is domestic material consumption, 8.2
which measures the amount of natural resources used
6.1
Northern Africa
in economic processes. Domestic material consumption 8.6
10.7
per capita declined slightly in developed regions, from Oceania 7.7
17.5 metric tons per capita in 2000 to 15.3 metric tons South-Eastern Asia 5.6
6.9
per capita in 2010. However, it remained 72 per cent Southern Asia 3.1
4.1
higher than the value for developing regions, which stood 3.4
Sub-Saharan Africa 3.6
at 8.9 metric tons per capita in 2010. Domestic material
consumption per capita increased in almost all developing Developed regions 17.5
15.3
regions over this period, except in sub-Saharan Africa, 5.7
where it remained relatively stable, and Oceania, where 8.0
World
it decreased from 10.7 to 7.7 metric tons per capita. 10.1
The dramatic rise in the consumption per capita of raw 0 5 10 15 20
materials in Asia, particularly Eastern Asia, during this 2000 2010

period is primarily due to rapid industrialization. Note: Domestic material consumption measures the total amount of materials used by an
economy. It is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic
territory, plus all physical imports and minus all physical exports. It includes intermediate and
final consumption until released to the environment.
Almost all countries are party to at least one Proportion of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements
on hazardous wastes and other chemicals (Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm
international environmental agreement on
conventions), 2005 and 2015 (percentage)
hazardous wastes and other chemicals
International frameworks to achieve environmentally 100
sound management of hazardous wastes, chemicals and

29
persistent organic pollutants have been established by the 80
34
Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions. With six 21 25 34 38
52
43
exceptions, all Member States of the United Nations are 73
60 76 78
party to at least one of these conventions. The number 36
83
84
88
29
of parties to these conventions increased significantly 27
34 27
from 2005 to 2015, particularly in Africa and Oceania. 40 27
21
Currently, there are 183 parties to the Basel Convention, 28
180 to the Stockholm Convention and 155 to the Rotterdam 20 11
36 36 36 14
Convention (including the European Union as a party in all 25 28 30 26 13
13 10
16 16
three conventions). Becoming a party to these international 9 10 8
0 4 4
agreements brings certain obligations, including the estab-
2005
2015
2005
2015
2005
2015
2005
2015
2005
2015
2005
2015
2005
2015
lishment of a contact person to transmit relevant commu-
Oceania Asia Africa Latin America Developed Developing World
nication. All but one of the parties to the Basel Convention and the regions regions
and the majority of parties to the Rotterdam and Stockholm Caribbean
conventions have designated such contacts. However, the One convention Two conventions All three conventions
number of countries submitting national progress reports,
Note: Data for Asia include Caucasus and Central Asia, Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern
which are also obligatory under the Basel and Stockholm and Western Asia. Data for Africa include Northern and sub-Saharan Africa.
conventions, has been declining since 2009-2010.
35 GOAL 12 | Responsible consumption and production

Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts
Climate change presents the single biggest threat to devel-

opment, and its widespread, unprecedented effects dispro-
portionately burden the poorest and the most vulnerable.
Goal 13 calls for urgent action not only to combat climate
change and its impacts, but also to build resilience in respond-
ing to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
Comparison of global greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting The Paris Agreement sets the stage
from the implementation of the intended nationally determined contributions
(INDCs) and under other scenarios (GtCO2 eq/yr)
for ambitious climate action by all for
sustainable development
70 Carbon emissions have been steadily rising over the past
decades, leading to increases in global temperatures.
s
60 nario The period from 2011 to 2015 was the hottest on record,
DC sce
Pre-IN
INDCs with sea ice reaching its lowest level in history and
50
7 coral bleaching—resulting from increased sea surface
s
sion temperatures—threatening the world’s coral reefs. The
al emis
40 oric
Hist landmark Paris Agreement, signed in April 2016 by
Lea
st-c 175 Member States, attempts to mitigate climate change
30
ost 2
˚C
sce and accelerate and intensify actions and investments
nar
1.5 ios
˚C needed for a sustainable, low-carbon future. Central
20 sce
nar to the agreement is the need to strengthen the global
ios
10
response to keep global temperatures from rising no more
than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and
0 to pursue further efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires parties to identify
Note: For a more detailed chart, please see figure 2 of the updated synthesis report of the United their “intended nationally determined contributions”
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the aggregate effect of the intended
nationally determined contributions, 2 May 2016 (http://unfccc.int/focus/indc_portal/ (INDCs). Progress on the Paris Agreement will be tracked
items/9240.php).
every five years through a global stocktaking exercise.

Over 70 per cent of parties to the UN Number of parties that referred to an area or sector as a priority, as communicated
in the adaptation component of the INDCs
Framework Convention on Climate Change
included an adaptation component in their
Water 119
plans for climate action Agriculture 107
As of 4 April 2016, 189 of the 197 parties to the United Health 87
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Ecosystems 72
had submitted 161 INDCs (the European Commission Infrastructure 71
Forestry 71
submitted one joint INDC). Of these, 137 included an
Energy 53
adaptation component. Some stressed that adaptation
Disaster risk reduction 51
was their main priority because they see the potential
Food security 50
impacts of climate change as strongly linked to national
Coastal protection 49
development, sustainability and security. Parties referred
Fisheries 41
to virtually every sector and area of the economy in
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
the adaptation component of their INDCs. The top
three priority areas were water, agriculture and health,
which coincide with the top climate hazards that parties
identified—floods, drought and higher temperatures.
Many parties also referred to vector- or water-borne
diseases as a hazard that will require adaptation.
As natural disasters have increased Total number of deaths and affected persons resulting from natural disasters
in frequency and intensity, more people worldwide, 2000-2013 (thousands)
have been affected by them 350 700,000
300 600,000
Disasters, many of which are exacerbated by climate
250 500,000
change and are increasing in frequency and intensity,
200 400,000
impede progress towards sustainable development.
150 300,000
While the number of people affected varies greatly
100 200,000
from year to year, an average of 83,000 people died
50 100,000
and 211 million were affected annually as a result of
0 0
natural disasters occurring from 2000 to 2013. 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013
Total deaths (left axis) Total affected (right axis)
Eighty-three countries around the world Number of countries with legislative and/or regulatory provisions for managing
have provisions in place to manage disaster disaster risk, 2015
risk Oceania 3
With the rise in natural disasters, countries have begun Latin America and the Caribbean 8
implementing national and local disaster risk reduction Asia 18

strategies. In 2015, 95 countries voluntarily agreed to Europe 24
a self-assessment on the inclusion of legislative and/or
Africa 30
regulatory provisions for managing disaster risk. Among
them, 83 countries had such provisions in place. With World 83
the aim of reducing underlying disaster risk factors,
0 20 40 60 80 100
countries have begun considering and implementing
a variety of different mechanisms, including climate
change adaptation projects and programmes, envi-
ronmental impact assessments, integrated planning,
payments for ecosystem services and legislation for
the protection of environmentally sensitive areas.
37 GOAL 13 | Climate action

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
and marine resources for sustainable development
Oceans, seas and other marine resources are essential to human

well-being and social and economic development worldwide.
Their conservation and sustainable use are central to achieving
the 2030 Agenda, especially for small island developing States.
Marine resources are particularly important for people living in
coastal communities, who represented 37 per cent of the world's
population in 2010. Oceans provide livelihoods, subsistence
and benefits from fisheries, tourism and other sectors. They
also help regulate the global ecosystem by absorbing heat and
carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. However, oceans
and coastal areas are extremely vulnerable to environmental
degradation, overfishing, climate change and pollution.
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable limits, 1974-2013 The downward trend in sustainable fish stocks
(percentage) has slowed and appears to have stabilized
95
Fisheries contribute significantly to global food security,
90 livelihoods and the economy. However, if not sustainably
85 managed, fishing can damage fish habitats, reduce
biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems
80
with negative repercussions for sustainable social and
75 economic development. To achieve a healthy balance,
fish stocks must be maintained within biologically
70
sustainable limits—at or above the abundance level that
65 can produce the maximum sustainable yield. Based on
an analysis of assessed stocks, the proportion of world
60
marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels
55 declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013
50
and appears to have stabilized over the last few years.
1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2013

Coverage of coastal and marine areas under Proportion of coastal and marine areas protected, 2000 and 2014 (percentage)
protection has increased fourfold since
0.16
2000 Southern Asia 0.24
0.7
Protecting biodiverse marine sites is vital for ensuring
0.4
the sustainability of marine biodiversity and ecosystem Western Asia 0.8
services. In 2014, 8.4 per cent of the marine environment 0.5
Northern Africa 0.9
under national jurisdiction (up to 200 nautical miles from
0.5
shore) and 0.25 per cent of the marine environment beyond Eastern Asia 0.9
national jurisdiction were under protection. Both developed South-Eastern Asia

0.6
2.3
and developing regions increased their protection of 0.2
Sub-Saharan Africa 2.6
marine areas from 2000 to 2014. However, much of the
1.6
increase was due to the establishment of large protected Latin America and the Caribbean 3.1
areas around a few countries and in sites not necessarily Oceania
0.1
7.4
targeted for biodiversity. Consequently, marine protected
4.2
areas are not evenly distributed, and the differences across Developed regions 12.4
regions are significant. In Oceania, the share of protected Developing regions
0.6
4.2
marine and coastal areas grew from 0.1 per cent in 2000
1.9
World
to 7.4 per cent in 2014—the largest percentage among 8.4
developing regions. To ensure that marine habitats and 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
species are not lost, these protected areas need to be 2000 2014
effectively managed and cover key biodiversity areas,
which are sites significant for the global persistence of
biodiversity. From 2000 to 2016, the share of marine
key biodiversity areas that were completely covered by
protected areas increased from 15 per cent to 19 per cent.
Important marine ecosystems supporting Nutrient risk indicator categories of large marine ecosystems
over 780 million people are at very high
risk of coastal eutrophication
Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to pollution.
Since river basins, marine ecosystems and the atmosphere
are all part of hydrological systems, the effects of pollution
are often felt far from their source. In many coastal com-
munities, pollution and eutrophication—excessive nutrients
in water, frequently due to runoff from land, causing
dense plant and algal growth and the death of animal
life from lack of oxygen—have been key factors driving
detrimental changes. According to the Transboundary
Waters Assessment Programme global comparative
assessment in 2016, the five large marine ecosystems Risk level 1 (very low) Risk level 2 (low) Risk level 3 (medium)
most at risk from coastal eutrophication are the Bay of Risk level 4 (high) Risk level 5 (very high) No data
Bengal, East China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Brazil Shelf Note: Global map is for illustrative purposes only and does not imply the expression of any opinion
and South China Sea, areas which provided ecosystem whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
services for coastal populations of 781 million in 2010.
39 GOAL 14 | Life below water

Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss
Preserving diverse forms of life on land requires targeted efforts to

protect, restore and promote the conservation and sustainable use
of terrestrial and other ecosystems. Goal 15 focuses specifically
on managing forests sustainably, halting and reversing land and
natural habitat degradation, successfully combating desertification
and stopping biodiversity loss. All these efforts combined aim
to ensure that the benefits of land-based ecosystems, including
sustainable livelihoods, will be enjoyed for generations to come.
Annual net change in forest area, 1990-2000 and 2010-2015 (thousands of hectares) Net forest loss has decreased by more than
-3,553
half since the 1990s, but the loss of forests
Sub-Saharan Africa -2,846 continues
-4,455
Latin America and the Caribbean -2,178
South-Eastern Asia -2,107 Between 1990 and 2015, the world’s forest area diminished
-767
3 from 31.7 per cent of the world’s total land mass to
Oceania -4
16
30.7 per cent. This loss was mainly due to the conversion
Caucasus and Central Asia 8 of forests to other uses, such as agriculture and infrastruc-
16
Northern Africa 10 ture development. Meanwhile, other areas returned to
70
Western Asia 104 forests through planting, landscape restoration or natural
35
Southern Asia
136
expansion. As a result of these ongoing processes and
Eastern Asia 1,769
1,310
efforts to slow deforestation, the global net loss in forest
area declined from 7.3 million hectares per year in the
938
Developed regions 919 1990s to 3.3 million hectares per year during the period
-8,205
Developing regions -4,227 2010-2015. Progress across regions is mixed: Latin America
-7,267
World -3,308 and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa and South-Eastern
-10,000 -8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 0 2,000 Asia accounted for the largest losses in forest area,
1990-2000 2010-2015
whereas Eastern Asia accounted for the largest gains.

Key biodiversity areas are increasingly Proportion of key biodiversity areas that are completely covered by protected areas,
covered by protected areas by ecosystem type (terrestrial, inland freshwater and mountain), 2000-2016
(percentage)
In 2014, 15.2 per cent of the world’s terrestrial and fresh-
Terrestrial Inland freshwater Mountain
water environments were covered by protected areas, 30
which are recognized, dedicated and managed to achieve
the long-term conservation of nature. A fundamental
measure of their efficacy is the extent to which they include 20
places that contribute significantly to the maintenance

of global biodiversity, such as key biodiversity areas
10
(KBAs). Globally, the percentage of terrestrial, inland
freshwater and mountain KBAs covered by protected
areas has increased from 16.5 per cent to 19.3 per cent, 0
13.8 per cent to 16.6 per cent, and 18.1 per cent to 20.1
2000
2005
2010
2016
2000
2005
2010
2016
2000
2005
2010
2016
per cent, respectively, from 2000 to 2016. Safeguarding
KBAs around the globe in all three ecosystems is critically Developed regions Developing regions World
important for maintaining genetic, species, and ecosystem Note: Ecosystem types are not mutually exclusive.
diversity, and in turn the benefits they provide to people.
In every region the survival of species is Red List Index* of species survival, 1993-2016
increasingly threatened 1.0
0.92 0.92
As of 2015, over 23,000 species of plants, fungi and
0.88 0.88 0.88
Better
animals were known to face a high probability of extinction. 0.91

0.83 0.83
According to the International Union for Conservation of 0.82 0.86 0.81
0.82
0.8 0.79
Nature’s Red List Index, amphibians are declining most 0.77 0.82 0.82
0.80
rapidly in Latin America and the Caribbean, primarily
Worse
0.74 0.75 0.75 0.74

owing to the chytrid fungal disease, one of numerous 0.72 0.73
wildlife diseases on the rise worldwide. The greatest 0.68
increases in extinction risk for birds and mammals have 0.6

ia
ia
an
ia
ca
ia
ca
sia
ld
occurred in South-Eastern Asia, mainly driven by the
on
on
ni
As
As
As
As
or
ri
ri
be
lA
a
gi
gi
Af
Af
W
ce
rib
n
rn
re
re
tra
er
er
r
O
n
n
conversion of lowland forests. On average, the extinction
he
te
Ca
ra
er
ed
ng
st
st
n
es
ut
Ce
ha
rth
Ea
Ea
op
pi
e
W
So
th
lo
Sa
h-
No
l
risk for coral species is increasing most rapidly, while
ve
ve
an
b-
d
ut
De
an
De
So
Su
us
ica
cycad species (an ancient group of cone-producing

as
uc
er
Am
Ca
plants) are the most severely threatened species group

tin
1993 2016
La
assessed. However, the loss of species is not inevitable:

* The Red List Index for each region is based on the aggregate survival probability (the inverse of
extinction risks for vertebrate species have been reversed extinction risk) for all birds, mammals, amphibians, corals and cycads occurring within the region,
in five small island developing States (Cook Islands, weighted by the fraction of each species’ distribution within the region. Values range from 1.0,
which indicates a minimum contribution to the global index (i.e., all species in the region are
Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tonga) as a result of classified as Least Concern) to zero, which indicates the maximum possible contribution to the
global index (i.e., all species in the region are classified as Extinct).
conservation actions over the last several decades.
Illegal trade in wildlife is a global Share of seizure incidents by taxonomic class, 1999-2015 (percentage)
phenomenon with distinct regional 100
variations 80
The list of species under international protection con- 60

tinues to grow. At the same time, conservation efforts
40
are being thwarted by the poaching and trafficking of
wildlife, crimes that are occurring worldwide. Since 20
1999, at least 7,000 species of animals and plants have 0

been reported in illegal trade affecting 120 countries. Australia Central Africa Northern Asia Europe
and and America
Trafficking in wildlife affects all regions of the world, New Zealand South America
whether as a source, transit location or destination. Reptiles Corals Mammals Birds Boney fish Other
Trafficking in birds is most common in Central and
Note: Share of all seizure incidents in the World Wildlife Seizures database, which contains over
South America, mammals in Asia and Africa, reptiles 164,000 seizures from 120 countries. Regional groupings are according to the United Nations
standard geographical regions for statistical use (M49).
in Europe and North America, and corals in Oceania.
41 GOAL 15 | Life on land

Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for all
and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions
at all levels
Central to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the need

to promote peaceful and inclusive societies based on respect for
human rights, the rule of law and transparent, effective and account-
able institutions. A number of regions have enjoyed increased and
sustained levels of peace and security in recent decades. But many
countries still face protracted violence and armed conflict, and far
too many people are poorly supported by weak institutions and lack
access to justice, information and other fundamental freedoms.
Efforts are under way to make national and international institutions
more effective, inclusive and transparent. Today, more than half
the world has internationally recognized human rights institutions.
However, significant challenges remain, including lack of data on
various forms of violence against children and other vulnerable
groups, access to justice and public access to information.
Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, Intentional homicide rates vary widely
2014 or latest year across regions
Sub-Saharan Africa 9.5 Worldwide, the number of victims of intentional
Oceania 8.2 homicide per 100,000 people was estimated at
Western Asia 5.0
between 4.6 and 6.8 in 2014. However, the intentional
Southern Asia 3.7 homicide rate in developing regions was twice that
South-Eastern Asia 2.9 of developed regions, and in Latin America and the
Northern Africa 2.4
Caribbean it was four times the world average.
Eastern Asia 0.9
Developed regions 2.7

World 5.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Point estimate Range

Children, a majority of them girls, represent Proportion of children among detected victims of trafficking in persons worldwide,
by sex, 2004-2014 (percentage)
almost 30 per cent of victims of human
trafficking worldwide 35
Various forms of violence against children persist, including 30

13
human trafficking and sexual violence. Globally, the share of 25 8
girls and boys among victims of human trafficking peaked 10
20
in 2011, at 21 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, of cases
9
detected by authorities that year. Girls who are victims of 15
human trafficking are often subjected to sexual exploitation, 3
10 21 21
forced marriage and/or domestic servitude. Underreporting 17
13
and lack of comparable data remain stubborn obstacles 5 10
to understanding the full extent of sexual violence against
0
children. Survey data from 31 low- and middle-income 2004 2006 2009 2011 2014
(preliminary)
countries suggest that the proportion of women aged
18 to 29 years who experienced sexual violence for the Girls Boys
first time before age 18 may be as high as 16 per cent.
Thirty per cent of prisoners worldwide, Unsentenced prisoners as a percentage of total prisoners, 2003-2005 and
2012-2014
two-thirds of them in developing countries,
are being held without being sentenced Southern Asia 64
75
43
Worldwide, the proportion of people held in detention 43
46
Sub-Saharan Africa
without being sentenced for a crime decreased only slightly 40
35
Oceania
over the last decade—from 32 per cent of total detainees 33
42
South-Eastern Asia
in 2003-2005 to 30 per cent in 2012-2014. The figure for 32
45
Northern Africa
developing regions has on average been higher than that for 31
29
developed regions. The highest rate of unsentenced detain- Eastern Asia 29
54
ees was in Southern Asia, where, despite recent progress, Western Asia 23
18
about two out of three prisoners remained unsentenced in Caucasus and Central Asia 16
2012-2014. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the region Developed regions 21
19
with the second highest percentage, the share of persons Developing regions 49
42
held in detention without being sentenced remained World 32
30
practically unchanged over the last decade, at 43 per cent.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2003-2005 2012-2014
Birth registration is the first step in securing Estimated proportion of children under 5 whose births were registered, 2010-2015
recognition before the law, yet one in four (percentage)
children are denied this fundamental right Sub-Saharan Africa 46
Southern Asia 63
Registering children at birth is the first step in securing
recognition before the law and safeguarding individual
Western Asia 85
rights and access to justice and social services. However,
the births of more than one in four children under age 5 Northern Africa 99
worldwide go unrecorded. In sub-Saharan Africa, the
share is over half (54 per cent). In the LDCs, one in two Developed regions 100
children have not been registered by their fifth birthdays. World 71
Globally, children living in urban areas are around 1.5 times 0 20 40 60 80 100
more likely to be registered than their rural counterparts. Note: Estimates are based on data from 144 countries covering 92 per cent of the global population
of children under age 5. Data coverage was insufficient to calculate regional estimates for
And in most regions, birth registration rates tend to be Eastern Asia, Oceania and the Caucasus and Central Asia.
highest among the richest 20 per cent of the population.
43 GOAL 16 | Peace, justice and strong institutions

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation
and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development
Achieving the ambitious targets of the 2030 Agenda requires

a revitalized and enhanced global partnership that brings
together Governments, civil society, the private sector, the
United Nations system and other actors, mobilizing all available
resources. Meeting implementation targets, including the raising
of necessary funds, is key to realizing the Agenda, as is the full
implementation of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. Increasing
support to developing countries, in particular the least developed
countries, landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States, is fundamental to equitable progress for all.
Net official development assistance from OECD-DAC countries (billions of constant Official development assistance has
2014 US dollars) and as a proportion of donors’ gross national income (percentage),
continued to grow, although aid to the
2000-2015
poorest countries has stagnated
160 0.35
In 2015, official development assistance (ODA) from mem-
ber countries of the Development Assistance Committee
(DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Billions of constant 2014 US dollars
120 0.26
Development (OECD) totalled 131.6 billion US dollars. Taking
into account inflation and the rise in the value of the dollar
ODA/GNI
in 2015, this was 6.9 per cent higher in real terms than

80 0.18
in 2014, and represented the highest level ever reached.
Total ODA from DAC countries as a share of their gross
national income (GNI) was 0.30 per cent, on par with 2014.
40 0.09 Most of the increase was due to higher expenditures for
refugee costs. However, even if those costs are excluded,
ODA still rose by 1.7 per cent. In 2015, seven countries met
0 0.00 the United Nations target for ODA of 0.7 per cent of GNI:
2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015
(preliminary) Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
ODA/GNI (right axis) the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.
LDCs ODA/GNI (right axis)
Total ODA (left axis)
Total ODA to LDCs (left axis)

Debt service burdens declined substantially Debt service as a proportion of total exports of goods and services, 2000 and 2012
from 2000 to 2012 (percentage)
19.8
The ratio of external debt service to exports was below 6.5
18.6
6 per cent for almost all developing regions in 2012, Western Asia 5.7
15.4
which represents a substantial decline from comparable Southern Asia 4.4
ratios in 2000. Increased export earnings, enhanced Northern Africa 4.4
15.0
debt management and attractive borrowing conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa 9.2

3.8
international markets contributed to this improvement. South-Eastern Asia 6.4
2.3
However, for the poorest countries, the most important 8.6
contributing factor was outright debt relief: 36 of the 39 6.0
Oceania 1.5
countries eligible for the Heavily Indebted Poor Country
4.9
Eastern Asia
Initiative completed the process and received debt relief 0.4
of around 136 billion US dollars from official creditors. Developing regions 11.7
2.6
12.8
Least developed countries 5.4
8.5
Landlocked developing countries 3.0
9.4
0 5 10 15 20
2000 2012
High-speed Internet remains out of reach for Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2010 and 2015
the vast majority of people living in the least
developed countries Least developed countries
0.1
0.5
Fixed-broadband connections remain largely unaffordable 4.1
and unavailable across large swathes of the population Developing regions
7.1
in developing regions, highlighting the vast digital 23.5
divide in access to high-speed, high-capacity Internet Developed regions
29.0
services. In 2015, fixed-broadband penetration reached 7.6
29 per cent of the population in developed regions, but World
10.8
only 7.1 per cent in developing regions and 0.5 per cent
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
in the least developed countries. Furthermore, while
speeds of over 10 megabits per second were common 2010 2015
in developed regions, connections in most developing

regions did not exceed 2 megabits per second. Similarly,
while Internet access has grown substantially over the
last decade, only one-third of the population in developing
countries and 1 in 10 people in LDCs were online in 2015,
compared with about 80 per cent of the population in
developed countries. There is also an important gender
digital divide: globally, the Internet user penetration rate
was about 11 per cent lower for women than for men.
45 GOAL 17 | Partnerships for the Goals

Share of global merchandise and service exports for developing regions and the least Developing countries’ share of global
developed countries, 2000-2014 (percentage)
exports has increased substantially, but the
Developing regions share of LDC exports remains small
50
44.6
42.1 The share of merchandise exports from the least developed
40 36.3 countries in global merchandise exports nearly doubled
31.9 over the period 2000-2014. Still, it represented only a
29.9
30 27.9 small fraction of global exports in 2014, at 1.1 per cent. For
23.1 23.4 developing regions more generally, merchandise exports
Least developed countries
20
1.2 1.06 1.08 grew by nearly 40 per cent and amounted to almost
0.8
0.78 45 per cent of global exports in 2014. In comparison,
0.56
0.62
0.77
service exports from developing regions lagged behind,
10 0.4
0.46 0.45
accounting for about 30 per cent of total exports. The key
0.0
2000 2005 2010 2014
driver of export growth during this period was a massive
0
rise in the price of fuel, ores and metals, reflecting a
2000 2005 2010 2014
high demand in developing countries, notably China.
Merchandise exports Service exports
Average tariffs levied by developed countries on key products exported by the While tariffs on agricultural products from
least developed countries, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 (percentage) the least developed countries have declined,
8 those on clothing and textiles remain high
7.8
7
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on
6.7
6 6.4 6.5 imports from the least developed countries declined
steadily for all product groups until 2005. After that year,
5
the average tariff for agricultural products continued to
4
4.1 decline, reaching less than 1 per cent in 2014. Tariff rates
3
3.6
3.2 3.2 3.2
are still high for clothing and textiles exports from the
3.0
least developed countries, owing to the exclusion of some
2
large Asian exporters from certain preferential tariffs.
1
1.0 0.9
0
2000 2005 2010 2014
Agriculture Clothing Textiles
Number of countries with a national statistical plan, 2010 and 2015 National statistical plans need to be updated
60 in many countries
A national statistical plan is key to strengthening a nation's
50
statistical system. The requirements of the MDG indicators
40
have gone a long way towards fostering stronger national
17
31 statistical plans and systems. The number of countries with
30 a national statistical plan increased in some regions and
8
country groups between 2010 and 2015, including the least
13
20 developed countries and landlocked developing countries.
15
31 17 However, many are still without a plan. The overall number
10 21
16
20 of small island developing States with a statistical plan
9 7 actually declined from nine to seven over this period,
0
2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 as the time period for some existing plans expired.
Least developed countries Landlocked developing Small island
countries developing States
Countries without a plan Countries with an active plan

In 2013, the least developed countries Total official development assistance dedicated to statistical capacity-building
received more than 80 per cent of ODA activities in developing regions, 2010 and 2013 (millions of US dollars)
targeted for capacity-building in statistics 2.5

Northern Africa 0.2
1.3
Financial support to build national capacity in statistics Eastern Asia 0.3
amounted to 325 million US dollars in 2013 compared Oceania 1.12.9

10.4
with 379 million US dollars in 2010, a decline of Caucasus and Central Asia 6.9
14 per cent. However, assistance to the least developed Latin America and the Caribbean 7.9
102.5
countries tripled during this period, reaching 265 million Western Asia 7.8
31.8
US dollars. This means that 82 per cent of all financial South-Eastern Asia 14.4
58.8
support for statistical capacity-building went to the 124.7
Southern Asia 80.1
least developed countries in 2013. South-Eastern Asia, 75.1
Sub-Saharan Africa
Western Asia and sub-Saharan Africa were the biggest 120.6
beneficiaries of this shift in funding priorities. Despite Least developed countries 81.3
264.7
a growing awareness of the importance of statistics 53.7
Landlocked developing countries 99.8
for evidence-based policy-making and development, 6.6
the share of ODA dedicated to statistics hovered
at around 0.3 per cent between 2010 and 2013. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
2010 2013
Population and housing censuses are still Proportion of countries that conducted at least one population and housing census
not conducted in all countries over the period 2006-2015 (percentage)
Southern Asia 67
Population and housing censuses are an important source
Western Asia 69
of disaggregated data needed to formulate, implement and
Northern Africa 83
monitor development policies. During the 10-year period
from 2006 to 2015, 96 per cent of countries in developed
regions conducted at least one population and housing
census. The share in developing regions as a whole was South-Eastern Asia 100
88 per cent, dropping to 67 per cent and 69 per cent, Eastern Asia 100
respectively, in Southern Asia and Western Asia. Oceania 100
World 90
0 20 40 60 80 100
Death registration, a crucial source of data Number of countries with death registration data that are at least 75 per cent
complete, 2010-2014
on health-related sustainable development
indicators, remains far from universal Africa 9
Over the period 2010-2014, death registration data were Oceania 10
available for 145 out of 230 countries and territories. Asia 24
Of these, 128 had data that were at least 75 per cent Latin America and the Caribbean 29
complete. Death registration coverage is lowest in
Africa and Asia. Information on deaths, especially when Developed regions 56
it is complete and disaggregated, is key to producing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

a number of basic health statistics and indicators.
47 GOAL 17 | Partnerships for the Goals

Leaving no one behind
In committing to the realization of the 2030 Agenda for

Sustainable Development, Member States recognized that
the dignity of the individual is fundamental and that the
Agenda’s Goals and targets should be met for all nations and
people and for all segments of society. Furthermore, they
endeavoured to reach first those who are furthest behind.
Ensuring that these commitments are translated into effective action

requires a precise understanding of target populations. However, the
disaggregated data needed to address all vulnerable groups—
including children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with
HIV, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees, internally dis-
placed persons and migrants—as specified in the 2030 Agenda, are
sparse. Few of the current indicators, for example, are able to shed
light on the particular situations of migrants, refugees, older persons,
persons with disabilities, minorities and indigenous peoples.
Even from the limited data currently available, however, it is clear

that the benefits of development are not equally shared. The fol-
lowing examples show how data broken down by age, sex, income
level and location of residence can highlight significant differences.
Homicide victims and perpetrators per 100,000 people by sex and age, 2014* Young men face the highest risk of
becoming murder victims and suspected
20 Homicide victims per 100,000 people by age
18 perpetrators
16
14
12 Young people are overrepresented among direct and
10 11.6
8
11.3 indirect victims of violence. Some 200,000 homicides
6
4
each year—43 per cent of all homicides globally—involve
5.4
1.2
2
0
0.6 3.7 0.5 3.0 2.5 3.3 children and adults aged 10 to 29 years. Young men
Men (66 countries) Women (66 countries) have the highest risk of becoming homicide victims
0-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60+ and the highest rates, by far, of being suspected hom-
icide perpetrators. Children are among those most
20 Homicide perpetrators per 100,000 people by age affected by human trafficking, and in several regions
18
16 18.5 they make up the majority of trafficking victims.
14
12
13.0 Young people also face other big challenges. In 2015,
10
8 the global youth unemployment rate (among people
6
4
1.4
6.4
1.5 1.6 1.4
aged 15 to 24) was 15 per cent—more than three times
2 0.9 0.4
2.8 0.1 0.1
0 the rate for adults (4.6 per cent). In Northern Africa
Men (36 countries) Women (36 countries)
and Western Asia, the youth unemployment rate
0-17 18-24 25-29 30-44 45-59 60+ reached 46 per cent and 31 per cent, respectively.
* Data refer to 2014 or latest year available.

In every developing region, the poorest Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel in the poorest 20 per cent
women are the least likely to have a skilled and richest 20 per cent of households, by region, 2000, 2010 or 2015 (percentage)
attendant during delivery Sub- South- Caucasus

Southern Saharan Northern Eastern Western and Central
Asia Africa Africa Caribbean Asia Asia Asia World
In Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, less than 100
98 99
one-third of births among women in the poorest 20 per 96 98
92 93
95
91
cent of households are attended by skilled health 88
91
89
80 85 83 81
personnel, compared with over 80 per cent of births 76
80
82
in the richest 20 per cent of households. Globally in 78
68
2015, births in the richest 20 per cent of households 60
60 62 59
were more than twice as likely to be attended by skilled 54
53
50 50
health personnel as those in the poorest 20 per cent 43
of households (89 per cent versus 43 per cent). 40 33
Severe income inequality also affects other aspects 30

of sustainable development. Survey data from 63 20 25 22
developing countries for 2008-2012 show that children

10
from the poorest households are nearly four times
0
more likely to be out of school than their counterparts
2000
2010
2000
2010
2000
2010
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
2000
2015
from the richest households. An analysis of 87 coun-
tries with survey data from 2005-2014 suggests that Richest 20 per cent Poorest 20 per cent Rich-poor gap
children from the poorest households are more than
twice as likely to be stunted as their richest peers.
People in rural areas are disadvantaged Skilled birth attendance, demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods,
population using an improved drinking water source and population using improved
when it comes to many health-related sanitation facilities, by urban and rural areas, 2015* (percentage)
services
Demand for family Population using Population using
Health systems tend to be weakest in rural and remote Skilled birth planning satisfied with an improved improved sanitation
attendance modern methods drinking water source facilities
areas, with lower rates of health service coverage than in (85 countries) (61 countries) (180 countries) (179 countries)
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
urban centres. For example, while over 90 per cent of births 100
98
in urban areas are attended by skilled health personnel, the 91 92
90 89
share is only 72 per cent for rural areas. The demand satis-
80 81
fied for family planning shows a similar pattern, with over 72
70 71
70 per cent of the urban population reporting that their
60 60
needs for family planning with modern methods are met,
50
versus 60 per cent in rural areas. Finally, improved drinking
40
water sources and sanitation facilities are both more prev-
alent in urban than in rural areas. The differences are even 30
more pronounced when considering piped water: 79 per 20
cent of urban inhabitants have water piped to their homes 10
or premises in contrast to one-third of the rural population. 0

National values Median values Interquartile ranges
* 2015 or latest year for which data are available.
People in the least developed countries Prevalence of undernourishment for selected groups of countries, 2014-2016
are twice as likely to be undernourished as (percentage)
those in developing regions as a whole Least developed countries 27
Persistent inequalities are also found among groups Landlocked developing countries 23
of countries in special situations. For example, the Small island developing States 18
prevalence of undernourishment is substantially
higher in the least developed countries, landlocked Developing regions 13
developing countries and small island developing World 11
States than in developing regions as a whole. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
49 Leaving no one behind

A note to the reader
Global indicator framework for the follow-up and review of the SDGs
The information presented in this report is based on the latest progress at the global level. The selection of the indicators in this
available data as of May 2016 on selected indicators of the global report does not intend to represent a selection of the targets based
SDG framework. The indicators presented are those for which there on their importance, as all Goals and targets are equally important
are sufficient data available to provide an overview at the regional and will need to be addressed by the appropriate indicators.
and global levels. The global indicator framework1 was devel- The composition of regions and subregions in this report is
oped by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators based on United Nations geographical divisions with some
(IAEG-SDGs), and agreed to as a practical starting point, at the modifications necessary to create, to the extent possible, groups
forty-seventh session of the United Nations Statistical Commission of countries for which a meaningful analysis could be carried out.2
in March 2016. This set of indicators is intended for the review of
Data sources and the basis for this analysis

For most of the indicators presented in this report, values represent statistical authorities. A database of available global, regional
regional and/or subregional aggregates. In general, the figures are and country data and metadata for the SDG indicators accom-
weighted averages of country data, using the population of refer- panying this report is being maintained by the United Nations
ence as a weight. They are calculated from national data collected Statistics Division and is available at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs.
by international agencies, based on their respective mandates Although the aggregate figures presented are a convenient
and specialized expertise, from national statistical systems. The way to track progress, the situation of individual countries
national data provided to the international statistical system are within a given region may vary significantly from regional
often adjusted for international comparability and, where lacking, averages. Presenting aggregate figures for all regions also
are estimated. As decided by the Statistical Commission and in obscures another reality: the lack in many parts of the world
accordance with United Nations Economic and Social Council of adequate data to assess national trends and to inform and
resolution 2006/6, estimates used for the compilation of global monitor the implementation of development policies.
indicators are to be produced in full consultation with national
Improving data quality and availability

Quality data are vital for Governments, international organiza- well-established reporting mechanisms from countries to
tions, civil society, the private sector and the general public to the international statistical system. Such mechanisms can be
make informed decisions and to ensure an accurate review of improved by strengthening the coordination function of national
the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. That said, tracking statistical offices and/or other national institutions. To fill data
progress on the SDGs requires the collection, processing, gaps and improve international comparability, countries will
analysis and dissemination of an unprecedented amount need to adopt internationally agreed upon standards, while the
of data and statistics at subnational, national, regional and international statistical community will need to work closely
global levels, including those derived from official statistical with development partners and other stakeholders to strengthen
systems and from new and innovative data sources. national statistical capacities and improve reporting mechanisms.
Many national statistical systems across the globe face International and regional organizations and regional mecha-
serious challenges in this regard. As a result, accurate and nisms play a significant role in facilitating these processes.
timely information about certain aspects of people’s lives are The success of these global initiatives will require capacity-building
unknown, numerous groups and individuals remain “invisible”, efforts and the mobilization of resources. New data sources and
and many development challenges are still poorly understood. technologies for data collection and for the integration of different
In resolution 70/1, Member States recognized the crucial role sources of data will need to be explored, including through
of strengthened data collection and capacity-building and partnerships with civil society, the private sector and academia.
committed to addressing the data gap (paragraph 57). The integration of geospatial information and statistical data will be
Where possible, global monitoring should be based on particularly important for the production of a number of indicators.
comparable and standardized national data obtained through
1 The complete list of indicators is presented in Annex IV of the Report of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal
Indicators (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev.1), http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-IAEG-SDGs-Rev1-E.pdf.
2 The composition of these subregions is shown in the next section, “Regional groupings”.

Regional groupings
Developed regions
Northern Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
South-Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Oceania
This report presents data for the world as a whole and for various The designations employed and the presentation of the material in
country groupings. These are classified as “developing” regions this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso-
and “developed” regions.3 The developing regions are further ever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning
broken down into the subregions shown on the map above. These the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its author-
regional groupings are based on United Nations geographical ities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
divisions, with some modifications necessary to create, to the
extent possible, groups of countries for which a meaningful analysis
can be carried out. A complete list of countries included in each
region and subregion is available at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs.
3 Because there is no established convention for the designation of “developed” and “developing” countries or
areas in the United Nations system, this distinction is made for the purposes of statistical analysis only.
51
Photo credits:
Cover © UNICEF/Yarim Shamsan

Page 12 © The World Bank/Stanislas Fradelizi
Page 14 © UNICEF/Jiro Ose
Page 16 © UNDP Picture This/Jean-François Mousseau
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Page 22 © The World Bank/Allison Kwesell
Page 24 © Tomasz Juszczak
Page 26 © The World Bank/Jonathan Ernst
Page 28 © The World Bank/Gerardo Pesantez
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Page 38 © The World Bank/Curt Carnemark
Page 40 © Tomasz Juszczak
Page 42 © UNICEF/Jan Grarup
Page 44 © UNICEF/Josh Estey
Page 48 © The World Bank/Simone D. McCourtie
Figure credit: Figure on page 36 is from the UNFCCC/IPCC Fifth Assessment Report scenario database.
Map credit: Map on page 39 is from the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (GEF/UNEP/IOC-UNESCO).
Infographic icons credit: Infographic icons from page 3 to 11 and on page 19 are from thenounproject.com under a NounPro license.
Design: United Nations Graphic Design Unit/DPI

Additional report design, graphics design, typesetting and copy-editing: Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section/DGACM
Editor: Lois Jensen
Copyright © 2016 United Nations

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United Nations Publications, 300 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, United States of America.
Email: publications@un.org; website: http://www.un.org/publications
United Nations publication issued by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)
ISBN: 978-92-1-101340-5
e-ISBN: 978-92-1-058259-9
ISSN: 2518-3958
Sales No. E.16.I.10

The report is based on a master set of data prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations
Secretariat with inputs from a large number of international and regional organizations in response to General Assembly resolution
70/1 (para. 83) to provide an annual assessment of progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. The international and
regional organizations that contributed to the report are listed below. A number of national statisticians, experts from civil society
and academia also contributed.
ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION
JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV/AIDS
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Partnership in statistics for Development in the 21st Century / Paris21
SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL
UNITED NATIONS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT FUND
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION
UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
UNITED NATIONS ENTITY FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN / UN-WOMEN
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION
UNITED NATIONS MINE ACTION SERVICE
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF RULE OF LAW AND SECURITY INSTITUTIONS
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE HIGH REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES,
LANDLOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL’S ENVOY ON YOUTH
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME
UNITED NATIONS PEACEBUILDING SUPPORT OFFICE
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND
UN-ENERGY
UN-OCEAN
UN-WATER
THE WORLD BANK GROUP
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
For more information, visit the UN Statistics Division Sustainable Development Goals website at http://unstats.un.org/sdgs/.
The new agenda is a promise by leaders
to all people everywhere. It is a universal,
integrated and transformative vision
for a better world. It is an agenda
for people, to end poverty in all its forms.
An agenda for the planet, our common home.
An agenda for shared prosperity, peace and
partnership. It conveys the urgency
of climate action. It is rooted in gender
equality and respect for the rights of all.
Above all, it pledges to leave no one behind.
— UN Secretary-General BAN Ki-moon
ISBN 978-92-1-101340-5
16-06736

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The Sustainable Development Goals Report

12 Goal 1: No poverty

14 Goal 2: Zero hunger

16 Goal 3: Good health and well-being

18 Goal 4: Quality education

20 Goal 5: Gender equality

22 Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

24 Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

26 Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

28 Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

30 Goal 10: Reduced inequalities

32 Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

34 Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

36 Goal 13: Climate action

38 Goal 14: Life below water

40 Goal 15: Life on land

42 Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

44 Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals

48 Leaving no one behind

50 A note to the reader

It is vital that we begin implementation with a sense of

That is the aim of this report. It presents an overview of the

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

f 2012, almost two-thirds of deaths from non-communicable diseases in

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 4

Goal 4 focuses on the acquisition of foundational and higher-order skills; greater

f 30 countries where the practice of female genital mutilation is concentrated,

Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 6

Continued, inclusive and sustainable economic growth is a prerequisite for global 8

sub-Saharan­Africa and Southern Asia.

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

f 2013, global investment in research and development (R&D) stood at

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient

Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Goal 12 aims to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 8

2015 Paris Climate Agreement

munities, who represented 37 per cent of the world's population in 2010.

Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 10

level ever reached.

Ensuring that no one is left behind

In launching the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, f

In signing Agenda 2030, Governments around the world com-

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 12

Adults Youths Total

include social assistance, such as cash transfers, school

13 GOAL 1 | No poverty

Goal 2 seeks sustainable solutions to end hunger in all its forms by

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 14

undernutrition puts children at greater risk of dying from Northern Africa 18

common infections, increases the frequency and severity Western Asia 17

Africa, population growth outpaced progress: the number 0 10 20 30 40 50

of stunted children increased from an estimated 50.1 mil- 2000 2014

WORLD FOOD PRICE CRISIS

WORLD FOOD PRICE CRISIS

ments from public and private sources, both domestic

and foreign. Recent trends in government spending have

not been favourable. The agriculture orientation index 8 0.8

spending. Since the late 1990s, aid to agriculture in

the total, down from a high of 20 per cent in the mid-1980s,

15 GOAL 2 | Zero hunger

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 4

Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 6

sub-SaharanAfrica and Southern Asia.

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 8

Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 10

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 12

13 GOAL 1 | No poverty

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 14

of stunted children increased from an estimated 50.1 mil- 2000 2014

15 GOAL 2 | Zero hunger

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 16

17 GOAL 3 | Good health and well-being

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 18

19 GOAL 4 | Quality education

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 20

21 GOAL 5 | Gender equality

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 22

23 GOAL 6 | Clean water and sanitation

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 24

energy consumption increased marginally, from 17.4 per cent

25 GOAL 7 | Affordable and clean energy

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 26

27 GOAL 8 | Decent work and economic growth

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 28

growth rate of 4.6 per cent, which suggests 1.7 per cent of

29 GOAL 9 | Industry, innovation and infrastructure

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 30

31 GOAL 10 | Reduced inequalities

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 32

33 GOAL 11 | Sustainable cities and communities

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016 34