MODULE 4

DETERMINATION OF CORE SAMPLE ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY

USING GAS PERMEAMETER AND LIQUID FLUID
PRACTICUM REPORT

Name : Muhammad Aqsal Ilham 12217033

Group : Wednesday2_Group2
Date of Practicum : 13 Maret 2019
Submission date : 19 Maret 2019
Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Ir. Pudji Permadi
Assistant Module : 1. Yesaya Arison Haratua 12215025
2. Rizky Arif Putra 12215065

PETROPHYSICS LABORATORY
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING MAJOR
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2018/2019

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Table of Contents…………………….……………………… ................................................ 2

Table List…………………………………………………………………..…. ...................... 3
Picture List…………..………………… ................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.………………………………………………………. ... 5
1.1 Module Title..……………....................................................................... 5
1.2 Practical Work Objectives…………….. ................................................. 5
1.3 Fundamental Theory…………….. .......................................................... 5
CHAPTER II DATA PROCESSING………. ...................................................................... 7
CHAPTER III ANALYSIS .……… ........................................................................... ……. 12
3.1 Assumptions...................................................................................... …. 12
3.2 Analysis ............................................................................................ …. 12
3.2.1 Analysis of Tools..................................................................... …. 12
3.2.2 Analysis of Practical Work...................................................... …. 13
3.2.3 Analysis of Result .................................................................... … 13

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS…………….................................................................. …. 15
CHAPTER V IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION…………….. ................................ …. 16
References ……………………….............................................................................. …. 17

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 TABLE LIST
Table 2.1 Qgas Data…..……………………………………………. 7
Tabel 2.2 Data PERL………………………………………………. 8
Table 2.3 Kabs P-200 Data……………………………………………………………………………………… 9

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 PICTURE LIST
Picture 2.1 Kabs vs 1/Pavg PERG-200…………………………………. 9
Picture 2.1 Q vs P…………………….…………………………………. 10
Picture 2.3 Kabsolute PERL-200…………….…………………………. 11

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 MODULE TITLE
The title of the experiment we did was " DETERMINATION OF CORE
SAMPLE ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY USING GAS PERMEAMETER AND
LIQUID FLUID".
1.2 PRACTICAL WORK OBJECTIVES
a. Understand the principles and work methods of the PERG-200 Gas Permeameter
and PERL-200 devices in determining absolute permeability.
b. Determine the absolute permeability of a core sample with PERG-200 Gas
permeameter and tool PERL-200.
c. Understand the concept of permeability and its application in the petroleum
engineering environment.
1.3 FUNDAMENTAL THEORY

The absolute permeability of a rock is the ability of a rock to pass a fluid

when the rock is fulfilled by the fluid passing through it without damage structure of
these rocks. A rock that has porosity does not necessarily have permeability. This is
because permeability depends on the porous rocks related, but usually the price of
absolute permeability of a rock on the fluid that passes but depends on the rock itself,
so that the fluid whatever is used to measure the price of absolute stability will ideally
be produce the same price.
Determination of permeability by using liquid fluid has advantages over gas
fluid because it does not need to be corrected against the Klinkenberg Effect. The
physical nature of this rock is this was originally discovered by Henry Darcy, a French
scientist. On in principle, the difference in pressure on the upstream and downstream
sides of the core sample will cause fluid to flow, but the thing that is noteworthy is
inside determination of absolute permeability, porous media must be 100% saturated
first by fluid that will pass.
This trial uses two tools, namely
1. Gas Permeameter tool (PERG 200) to calculate the iron beam speed absolute by
applying Darcy's law
𝑘𝐴∆𝑃
𝑄=
𝜇𝐿

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 Absolute permeability is determined by measuring the passing inert gas flow
rate a core sample at different inlet-outlet pressure differences.
2. The PERL-200 device works by using two fluids inside, water / brine dry gas to
determine the liquid permeability of a core plug digitally.

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 CHAPTER II
DATA PROCESSING
2.1 Data
A. PERG-200 Gas Permeameter
µgas = 0.018 cp
Pup (psig) Pup(atm) Qgas (cc/min)
18 2.2 271.8
15 2 214.8
12 1.8 161.1
9 1.6 113.1
6.1 1.4 69
Table 2.1 Qgas Data
d1 = 2,67 cm
d2 = 2,57 cm d= 2,603 cm
d1 = 2,57 cm
L1 = 3,36 cm
L2 = 3,37 cm L = 3,357 cm
L3 = 3,34 cm

B. PERL-200
Volume fluids = 10 mL
Viskosity = 1 cp
d1 = 2,505 cm
d2 = 2,54 cm d (diameter core) = 2,515 cm
d1 = 2,5 cm
L1 = 3,2 cm
L2 = 3,1 cm L (panjang core) = 3,117 cm
L3 = 3,05 cm

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 Pressure Time (s)
(psi)
0.8 1.35

1.4 1.1

2.38 0.75

Tabel 2.2 Data PERL

2.2 Calculation
A. PERG-200
 Area
1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑 2
4
1
𝐴 = 𝜋(2.515 𝑐𝑚)2 = 5.32 𝑐𝑚2
4
 P Average
2.2+1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔−1 = =1.6 atm
2
2+1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔−2 = =1.5atm
2
1.8+1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔−3 = =1.4 atm
2
1.6+1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔−4 = =1.3 atm
2
1.4+1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔−5 = =1.2 atm
2

 Absolute Permeability(Kabs)
2000 × 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 𝑄𝑔 × 𝜇𝑔 × 3.36
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 2
(𝑃𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 1) × 𝐴
2000 × 1.6 × 271.8 × 0.018 × 3.36
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−1 =
(2.2^2 − 1) × 5.32
2000 × 1.5 × 214.8 × 0.018 × 3.36
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−2 =
(2^2 − 1) × 5.32
2000 × 1.4 × 161.1 × 0.018 × 3.36
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−3 =
(1.8^2 − 1) × 5.32
2000 × 1.3 × 113.1 × 0.018 × 3.36
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−4 =
(1.6^2 − 1) × 5.32

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 2000 × 1.2 × 69 × 0.018 × 3.36
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−5 =
(1.4^2 − 1) × 5.32

Pupstream (psig) Q(cc/s) Kabs (mDarcy)

18 271.8 2.575

15 214.8 2.442

12 161.1 2.289

9 113.1 2.143

6.1 69 1.961

Tabel 2.3 Kabs P-200 Data

With plotting Kabs and 1/Pavg

Kabs vs 1/Pavg
3 2
2
2 2
2
1
2
Kabs

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Axis Title

Series2

Picture 2.1 Kabs vs 1/Pavg PERG-200

From Linear Regression, I got equation
Y=4,3983-2,9324X
So,
Kabs = 4,3983 Darcy

And then we do plotting between Q and Pupstream

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 Q vs Pupstream
3

Pupstream
2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Q

Series2

Picture 2.1 Q vs P
After do regression, we get equation
Y=1,15+(3,93x10-3)X

𝐿∗𝜇
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛 = = 3,93𝑥10^(−3)
𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝐴
𝐿∗𝜇
𝐾𝑎 =
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛 ∗ 𝐴
3,357 ∗ 0,018
𝐾𝑎 =
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛 ∗ 5.32
=2.89 Darcy

B. PERL-200
 Area
1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑 2
4
1
= 4 𝜋2.5152

= 4.97
 Absolute Permeability
𝑉×µ×𝐿
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠 =
𝑃×𝑡×𝐴
10×1×3.117
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−1 = 0.8 = 85,48 mD
×1.35×4.97
14.72

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 10×1×3.117
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−2 = 1.4 = 59.95 mD
×1.1×4.97
14.72

10×1×3.117
𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑠−3 = 2.38 = 51,72 mD
×0.75×4.97
14.72

Series 1
100

80

60

40

20

0
0.8 1.4 2.38

Series 1

Picture 2.3 Kabsolute PERL-200

Kavg=65.72 Darc

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 CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS
3.1 ASSUMPTIONS
In this module experiment, there are several assumptions used:.
a) No energy is lost when N2 gas flows into the fancher core holder.
b) The core used is dry
c) The size of the sample core used at the time of the test is really right with stopper
size (cores are in good condition)
d) Downstream pressure and measured discharge are constant at time
e) data is considered correct.
f) Assume the effect of gas slippage is ignored
g) The core sample is completely saturated

As for the use of the Darcy equation, additional assumptions are used so that the Darcy
equation can apply, namely:
 At the time of testing the core is only fed by 1 phase fluid
 Gas is in an isothermal state.
 Incompressible fluid
 Laminar (Viscous flow) fluid flow
 The fluid is Newtonian fluid.
 Flowing fluid does not react with core rock samples (inert gas)
 Steady state fluid flow
3.2 ANALYSIS
3.2.4 Analysis of Tools

In this experiment, the PERL-200 was used. The working principle of this
tool uses Darcy's law. This tool provides inlet pressure data provided by injecting
gas outside and outlet pressure which is directly connected to the atmosphere.
This tool provides a volume of fluid that flows with an interval of time. By
knowing the viscosity of water and core size can be determined the permeability
of this core.

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 The other main tool is The Permeameter gas, PERG-200, is specifically
designed to assist universities and other teaching institutions with the hands on
instruction process. The PERG-200 provides a modern state of the art measuring
instrument that allows the student to go through the measurement process in a
structured transparent method. This instruction-focused design allows the student
to build on his basic knowledge of permeability. The instrument is based on
Darcy’s law and allows the student to make permeability to gas measurements on
core plugs.
Calipers are used to measure the diameter and height of iron balls and core
samples. This tool has a precision of 0.01 mm.
3.2.5 Analysis of Practical Work

The first activity of this practicum is pre-test. Pre-test is all about

permeability, like Klinkenberg effect, determining permeability, etc. And then, we
do tool test. In tool test we talk about the tool, concept, and etc. then, we do he
experiment. First we measure absolute permeability with the PERL-200 . After being
measured and conducted an experiment, it turns out that the core we use has very
high permeability. We measure he permeability only in low Pressure. Then
experiment with the PERG-200, we cannot do he experiment because he tools are
damaged. And the equipment that is not damaged must not be used because it used
only for research.

3.2.6 Analysis of Result

At PERG calculation, we get absolute permeability of the core is 4.4 Darcy,

while absolute Permeability using Q vs Pup stream is 2.89 Darcy. In accordance
with Darcy's equation that Q is proportional to straight with 𝑃. When we see at
the plot graph between P vs Q and Kabs vs 1/Pang , the regression results are
different but we can say that plot the graph Q vs P much better than the k vs 1 /
Pavg plot, because gradient Q vs P is positive which means P produced will
always be positive, but different from the plot graph k vs 1 / Average, the gradient
is negative and this is clearly wrong, it should be a gradient the result is positive
because if the gradient is negative then one time the value of y (kabs) can reach a
negative value for certain P.

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 From PERL data and calculation above, we get absolute permeability of the
core in average is 65.72 Darcy. According to the theory, change of P will not
affect the permeability, because Permeability is not influenced by the physical
properties of fluid, rock size, and the amount of pressure applied to the fluid.
Darcy's legal behavior on a fluid results in the nature of permeability as an
intrinsic characteristic of rocks, meaning that it is specific.. But in this
experiment, there are some different that make K different in other P. this can
happen because other factor

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 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
1. The principle used in the experiment with the PERL-200 tool to obtain the
permeability value of abosolute core plug with fluid is to use Darcy's law,
namely the difference in upstream and downstream pressure, fluid viscosity,
fluid volume, fluid flow time, and core size can determine absolute permeability
values from this core. The PERG-200 (Gas Permeameter) tool is a device used
to determine absolute permeability by flowing a gas (𝑁2) into the fancher core
the holder with adjustable pressure will then issue a flow discharge read on the
tool. The principle, which is measuring the relationship of Q to difference in
flow pressure to determine the absolute permeability of the core using Darcy's
Law principle with the Permeameter Gas tool under conditions standard (inert
gas, dry and good cores, single fluid).
2. Absolute permeability of core samples with a PERG-200 is 4.4 Darcy and 2.89
Darcy

With PERL-200 absolute permeability is 65.72 Darcy.

3. He application of permeability in petroleum engineering is can know the

hydrocarbon production process

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 CHAPTER V
SUGGESTIONS
For practical work
I hope the PERG-200 tool is fixed so we can use it to do the experiment.
For assistant
I think for assistant is good because not giving hard question and help us when hard
practicing the experiments

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 REFERENCES
Amyx, James W. 1960. Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, Physical Properties, New York :
McGraw-Hill Book Company
Tim Penyusun Modul Praktikum. (2019). Buku Petunjuk Praktikum. Bandung : Bandung
Institute of Technology
Latifa, Zilva Rifanti. 2014. Catatan Kuliah Petrofisika. Bandung : Bandung Institute of
Technology

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