F Il A D—A 055 678 WESTINGHOUSE DEFENSE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS CENTER a——ETC FIG 17/7

CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY GLIDE SLOPE GUIDANCE STUDY.(U)

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MAR 78 4 T GODFREY. H F HARTLEY. R A MOORE DOT FA 7’+WA —3353
UNCLASSIFIED FAA/ RQ—78/ kl Nt.

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STAN ~~ROS
 Report No FAA -RO-78-41
FOR FURTHER TRAN.~~~ ~

CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY GLIDE SLOPE

GUIDANCE STUDY

i. T. Godfr ey
H. F. Hartle y
R. A. Moore
C. i. Noussally

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Document s oval lable to the U.S. public through

the National Technical lnfocmat on SeMce,
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Springfield, VIrginia 22161 .

Prepar ed for

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIA TiON ADMiNISTRATION
Systems Resevth & Deve nwt Service
~~
Wehkigton, D.C. Z~9O

78 06 19 019
 ~~~—‘ -

NOTICE

This document is diss~ nina ted under the sponsorship of the

Department of Transportation in the interest of infor ~iatio n
change . The United States Goverment assumes no liability
~~
for its contents or use thereof.

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15 . S up p lerne nt o ry Notes

~~6. Ab ~ t,ect
Th is s tudy has examined the perfor m ance of the Ca ptu re Effec t Gl ide Slo p e Array
as a func tion of the qual ity and quantity of required ground plans. Methods of
imp rovemen t were als o inves tigat ed: Where in e it her a smoo thing of the gl ide
path structure or a reduction of the required ground plane was cons idered an
improvement. An extensive computer model was developed and it was used to study
the effect on glide path DDM of different position arrangements of elements. It
was found that a unique arrangemen t of elements could be found for any terrain
environmen t wh ich would give a near zero DDM al ong the en tire gl ide pa th up to
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Documen ’ ~~° Rv ~ i1able to the U.S .
Instrument Landing Sys tems public
Cap ture Effect through the National Technical Information
Glide Slope Service , Springfield , Virginia 22161.
Ro ugh & Short Ground Planes

19. Secu..ty CI.ss ,I. (of th ,i r.po.t) 2O. ity ~~~~~~~~ o~ t h .s page) 2). N..of Pag es 22. P. c.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 APPROACH 1
3.0 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY GUIDANCE OVER LONG GROUND PLANES - - 2
4.0 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY GUIDANCE OVER SHORT GROUND PLANES — — 4
5.0 ADDITIONAL PRESENTATIONS OF PATH DATA 7
6.0 FIVE ELENENT ARRAY WITh DECREASED LOW ANGLE RADIATION - - 10
7.0 PHASE SENSITIVITY OF TRE CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY 11
8.0 FOUR AND FIVE ELEMENT VARIATIONS OF T}E CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
HAVING IMPROVED PHASE SENSITIVITY 11
9.0 GLIDE PATH FLY-IN STRUCTURE WITH A LATERAL EDGE 12
10.0 CONCLUSIONS , SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS , RECOMMENDATIONS 12

APPENDIX A. IMAGE TYPE GLIDE SLOPE SYST~24S AND GUIDANCE

SIGNAL (DEM) DERiVATION A-i
APPENDIX B. MATH~ (ATICAL MODEL USED ‘10 CALCULATE FIELD
OF A HORIZONTALLY POLARIZED ELECTRIC DIPOLE
OVER A CONDUCTING HALF PLANE B-i
APPENDIX C. CORRELATION OF WESTINGHOUSE HALF PLANE
ANALYSIS WITH TRANSPORTATION SYSTE~4S CENTER
ANALYSIS C—i
APPENDIX D. COMPARISON BETWEEN TREORY AND E)~ ERIMENT
FOR T}E CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY OVER A SEMI-
INFINITE GROUND PLANE D-1
APPENDIX E. ANALYSIS OF A SEMI-INFINITE GROUND PLANE
OVER AN INFINITE GROUND PLANE E-1

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S
111$ SlIDE Sectlsi
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E*UOW1CEO 0
JUITIFICATIII _.....

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- - ~~~~~~~ - - -
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

FIGURE CAPTION PAGE

1 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY GEONETRY 16
2 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN OVER INFINITE PLANE 17
3 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY INFINITE PLANE 18
( VARIABLE FocusING)
4 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN OVER INFINITE PLANE 19
MODIFIED P\)CUS
5 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN OVER INFINITE PLANE
(UNFOCUSED, VARIABLE AZIMUTH)
6 DITTO (FOCUSED , VARIABLE AZIMUTH) 21
7 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN WITH 2000 FT. HALF PLANE
(FOCUSED, VARIABLE AZIMUTH)
8 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN OVER INFINITE ~~~~~ 23
(MODIFIED FOCUS , VARIABLE AZIMUTH)
9 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN OVER 2000 FT. HALF PLANE
(MODIFIED FOCUS , VARIABLE AZIMUTH)
10 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY WITH HALF ~~~~~
25
(VARIABLE EDGE)
U CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY 800 FT. HALF PLANE 26
12 “ 600 FT. ‘
~
“ 27
• 13 ~ 400 FT. ~‘ ~ 28
14 “ “ 300 FT. “ “ 29
15 “ 200 FT. “ ~ 30
16 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN WITH 1000 FT. HALF PLANE 31
(FOCUSED)
17 DITTO WITH 500 FT. HALF PLANE (FOCUSED) 32
18 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY ELEVATION ANGLE D1~4
(VARIABLE EDGE) 33
19 DITTO ( VARIABLE EDGE, IEIGHT AND SIDEBAND LEVEL ADJUSTED) 34
20 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY FLY-IN WITH 1000 FT. HALF PLANE
(MODIFIED FOCUS) 5
21 DITTO WITh 500 FT. HALF PLANE (MODIFIED FOCUS) 36
22 nirlO (P~~FERRED MODIFIED Focus) 37
23 CAPI’URE EFFECT ARRAY ELEVATION ANGLE D1J’~ - MODIFIED FOCUS 38
24A ACTUAL PATH ANGLE FOR D~ 4 INDICATIONS ( INFINITE GROUND) 39
24B DITTO (500 FT. GROUND PLANE) 40
25 5 EL~~~NT AND CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY EXCITATION AND }EIGHT 41

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iv

I- •~~~~~~- - • ~~ -~~~~~~~ -~~ - ~~~ - . -~~~~~~~ -- -- -

~~~
-—•
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -
- --— - -
 List of Illustrations and Tables ( cont.)

Figure Caption ____

26 5 ELF~€NT AND CAPTURE EFFECT RADIATION FIELDS 42

27 5 ELEMENT ARRAY EL~ JATION Dl)! 43
28 5 ELEMENT ARRAY FLY-IN OVER INFINITE PLANE 44
29 SPO RADIATION FIELDS STANDARD CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
- 45
30 CSB RADIATION FIELDS - STANDARD CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY 46
3i ELEVATION DL!.! STANDARD CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
- 47
32 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY (STANDARD AND 4 ELEMENT CONFIGURATIONS) 48
33 SBO RADIATION FIELDS 4 ELEMENT CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
- 49
34 CSB RADIATION FIELDS 4 ELEMENT CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
— 50
35 ELEVATION DL!.! 4 ELEMENT CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
- 51
36 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY (STANDARD AND 5 ELEMENT CONFIGURATIONS) 52
37 ELEVATION DL!.! 5 ELEMENT CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
- 53
38 CAPTURE EFFECT LATERAL EDGE (~~y = -0 TO -40 FT.) 54
39 DITTO (~ y = -20 TO —700 FT.) 55
B-i ILLUSTRATING COORDINATES FOR FIELD CALCULATION B-3
B-2 ILLUSTRATING € COORDINATES B—4
C-i NULL REFERENCE ARRAY FLY-IN OVER 5000 FT. HALF PLANE C.-2
C-2 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY 1200 FT. HALF PLANE WITH 10, 20 AND
C
30 FT. DROP OFF
—
~~

D-1 GEOMETRY OF LUCAS EXPERIMENTS D-5

D-2a CAPTURE EFFECT SBO X~ = 1785 ’ x = 42400 ’ 0-6
D-2b CAPTURE EFFECT CSB DITTO D—7
D-2c CAPTURE EFFECT DDM DITTO D-8
D-3a CAPTURE EFFECT SBO Xe = 1200 ’ x = 42400 ’ D-9
D-3b CAPTURE EFFECT CSB DITTO D-1O
D-3c CAPTURE EFFECT DDM DITTO 0-11
D-4a CAPTURE EFFECT SHO Xe = 600 ’ x = 2600 ’ 0-12
D-.4b CAPTURE EFFECT CSB DITTO 0-13
• D-4c CAPTURE EFFECT DL!.! DITTO D-i4
D-5a CAPTURE EFFECT SBO Xe = 450’ = 2600 ’
X 0-15
D-5b CAPTURE EFFECT CSB DITTO 0-16
D-5c CAPTURE EFFECT DDM DITTO 0-17
COMPARISON OF CALCULATION AND LUCAS MEASUREMENT 0-18
E. 1. GEOMETRY FOR HALF PLANE OVER INFINITE PLANE E—3

A
List of Illustrations and Tables (cont.)
-fl
TABLE Ca ~~.ion
5-1 PATH CHARACTERI STICS FOR VARIOUS GROUND PLANES WITH 8
STANDARD FOCUSED CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
5-2 PATH CHARACTERISTICS FOR VARIOUS GROUND PLANES WITH 9
MODIFIED FO0US CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY
10-1 DL!.!DEROGATION WITH GROUND PLANE LENGTH 15

vi
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this stud y has been to examine the performance of the Capture
Effect Glide Slope Array as a function of the quality and quantity of required
ground p lan . Methods of improvement were also investigated ; wherein either a
smoothing of the g lide path structure or a reduction of the required ground plane
was considered an improvement. The study was direct ed entirely to the structur e
on glide path. All Capture Effect installations are operated with an additional
clearance signal which guarantees sufficient below path fly—up to provide absolute
safety. In the conclusions it is shown that some modification of the standard
antenna confi guration results in a reduction of the phase sensitivity of the
glide path structure . This would result in a reduction in the exactness of
monitoring presentl y used on all operational systems . The results of this study
have favorably compared to limited experimental data. However , a complete and
controlled experimental program would be required to establish the useful range
of application of this anal ysis.

2.0 APPROACH

Standard image type glide slope systems , as described in Appendix A , were

computer modeled over the infinite plane as a preliminary to the stud y of their
performance over finite ground planes. It was discovered during this preliminary
work that the standard antenna element focusing method used in present Capture
Effect array installations can be mod ified to provide a greatly improved guidance
si gnal in the threshold approach region of the g lide path . This improvement is
discussed in Section 3.

Prior to the award of this contr act Westinghouse eng ineers were Involved in
the study of solutions of the field of a horizontal elec tric dipole over a con—
ducting half—p lane. A closed form solutio n of this proble a was evolved , the final
result of which is given in A ppendix B. This solution was incorporated into the
computer programs for the multi—elem ent arrays thus g iving computer models to
evaluate the performance of image type glide slope arrays over finite ground p lanes.

-1-
 Before ext ensive use of the Westinghouse half—plane computer model in the
Captur e Effect Array studies , it was desirable to compare analytical and experi-
mental results obtained by other methods with those obtained using the Westinghouse
model. The first comparisons were made with analytical results report ed by the
Transportat ion ~ rstems Center (TSC). These comparisons are discussed in Appendix
C. The next compar isons made were of Westinghouse comput er results with experimental
results obtained by Lucas2. Details of this comparisor . are given in Appendix D.
In the above cases, where valid com p a
r ison s could be made, the Westinghouse comput er
modeling results were found to be i ) identical with results from other theoretical
models, and 2) very close to experimental results.

The next step was to use the Westinghouse computer model, as validated by
the above comparisons, to calculate fly—in and elevation DDM characteristics of
standard and modified Capture Effect Arrays over finite ground planes. The
results of these calculations are given in Section 4. This work satisfies objective
(1) of Section 1.
To accomplish objective (2), three modifications of the standard Capture
Effect Array, involving 4 arid 5 elements, were analyzed. In section 6 , the results
are given of a n alysi s of a 5 element array giving signifi can t ly r edu ced low angle
SBO (
side band only)radiation. One problem associated with the standard Capture
Effect Array is the hi gh sensitivity of low angle Dl)!
to changes in phase of the
signal applied to the middle antenna element. Results of calculation of this sen-
sitivity are presented in Sect ion 7. In Sec tion 8, 4 and 5 element variations of
the Capture Effect Array are analyzed which offer some reduction of phase sensitivity.

Objective (3) is satisifed in the presentation of the results of the various

cases a
na lyzed.

The final element of work present ed in this report is the result of fly—in
calculations with the standard capture Effect array over a lateral edge (half—plan e
with edge parallel to the runway). This work is summarized in Section 8.

3.0 CAPTURE EFFECT ARRAY GUIDANCE OVER

LONG ~~0UND PL&N&~

A Fortran computer pro~~ain model of the Capture Effect guidance system in

three dimensions was developed for the purp ose of studying the effects of antenna

-2..
element position on fly— in DL1I. The objective of the study was to improve the
Cap tur e Effect fly—in characteristics over both long and short ground planes.
A prerequisite to the efficient conduc of this study was the development of a
~
closed form mathematical solution .nvolving Fresnel integrals for the field
diff racted by the edge of the ground plane. The total field of the aircraft ,
in this idealized mode]., is the sum of direct , specular ground reflected , and
edge diffracted fields frorr all three transmitting antenna elements. The mathe-
matical model for the total field for one element is delineated in Appendix B.

Figure 1 shows the array element co—ordinates and runway position used to
designate element positions for the fly—Ins described below. The elements are
indicated as focused on the runway touchdown point , i . e . , all element s are
equidistant from the touchdown point and lie in the Y—Z plane.

Figure 2 shows results of f ly—in DDM with antenna hei ghts adjusted for
2.86° glide slope , both focused and unfocused , over an infinite plane. An
offset (YRW in Figure i) of 300 feet was assumed. End of runway, or threshold ,
is about 1100 feet from touchdown in this case. ELement positions for t h e
focused case can be obtained from Figure 3 where dimersions are given in meters
unless otherwise indicated. In the unfocused case , t h e element s lie in a vertical
strai ght line â,ove the co—or dina te ori g in 0 in Figure 1.

In Figure 2 DDM point s were computed at 100 foot increments. The charge
of Dtt4 polarity wit h and without focus suggests that an intermediate adjustment
of element position could improve the guidance signal. This was indeed found
to be the case as indicated by the line of boxes Dt ~ characteristic in Figure 3.
Here the guidarce would be essentially perfect down to about 1000 feet from
touchdown .

Figure 4 shows the DLt’1 fly—in over the infinite plane with the modified
focus as given by the box ( ) co—ordinates in Figure 3 (dimensions of meters).
~
Note that , in Figure 4, distance is from threshold , whereas , in Figur e 3 distance
is from touchdowr~.
0
Additional fly—ins were computed for a 3 glide path and 400 foot antenna
offset. Also the effect of ±8° azimuth approach ang le was evaluated. Figure 5
shows fly—ins for unfocused element s (elements in straig ht line). On the g lid e
pa t h (3 ° ) at zero azimuth approach ang le , increasing fly_down DI~1 is obtained

—3—
_ _
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

as threshold is approached. A quali-t ative explanation of th e far field Dl)!

~
variation with azimuth angle in the out er ranges is as follows. At a given
distance from threshold at 30 elevation and 00 azimut h the Dl)! is zero microainps,
indicating that the receivi ng antenna is on the SBO radiation pattern null.
At the same range from threshold , a large transverse movement of the receiving
ant enna causes it to move under the null, thus given a fly—up (positive) DDM
signal . The signal is assym etrical with respect to zero D 1 because of the
~
antenna offset from the u~nway .

Figure 6 shows fly—ins over an infinite plane with -the antennas focused on
the runway as indicated in Figure 1. Now the on—path signal is increasin~ .y fly—
up (negative) as the threshold is approached , and the azimuth approach ang le
variation causes relative fly—down signals. It is also observed that sensitivity
to azimuth angle increases as the elevation angle of fly—in is decreased. Figure
7 shows fly—ins over a half—p lane whose edge extends 2000 feet in front of the
antenna array with standard focusing . It is noted that the results are very ni~~ ly
the sam e as those with the infinite plane , in dicat ing that about 2000 feet of
flat foreground is the upper limit on grading requirements for the Capture Effect
Array . The small oscillations near threshold are due to interference between
the edge diffracted fields (edge about 1000 feet from threshold) and the direct
and reflected fields .

Figure 8 shows fly—ins over an infinite plane with a modified focus giving
the ideal zero Dl)! signal over the entire glid e slop e pa t h of 3° elevation and
0
0 azimuth. Figure 9 shows fly—in results over the 2000 feet half—plane using
the same modified focus. Again almo st ideal DEtI is obtained on the glide path.
Figures 8 and 9 show also that the modified focus g ives muc h smaller , D~ 4 azimuth
sensitivity than does the standard focusing method of Figures 6 and 7.

4.0 CAPTURE ~~F~~T ARRAY GUIDANCE OVER SHORT GROUND PLANES

In this section the results of calculations of fly—ins over limited ground

planes are presented. These are of special interest because they show that it is
.ossible to obtain very good guidance over very short ground planes if proper
~
adjustment s are made to the ant enna element positions.

Figure 10 shows fly—in result s with fixed array element positions and vari ous
ground plane lengths. ~D.ement s are standard focused and at proper heig ht for

-J
-4-
2. 86 ° g lide slope angle over infinite ground plane . As the ground p lane is
shortened fly—down signal increases. This is a re8ult of the decreasin g of the
sideband pattern null an gle b y the edge diffraction field . The antennas can be
lowered to raise the carrier and sideband beams for proper guidance on the desired
glide slope path . Figures 11 through 15 illustrates fly—ins obtained for ground
planes of 800 throug h 200 feet. Distan ces are measured from touchdown . The in-
dicated distance for antenna lowering applies to the first (lowest) element of the
array and is relative to the position for proper guidance over an infinite p lane .
The second and third elements are lowered by 2 and 3 times the indicated amount .
Only the top element position was adjus ted in offset to achieve the illustrated
DDM fly— ins , and it was adjusted in both X and Y to obtain a near flat characteristic
over almost the entire range of fly—in. Note that the X offsets for the top
element correspond to a small movement away from the edge and vary from 15 cm down
to 1 cm for the 200 foot edge .

The short range characteristics of the fly—ins could be further improved by

adjustment of the y offset of the lowest element as was done in Figure 3. The
200 foot ground plane guidance is not a practical implementation because the first
false sideband null angle is onl y a fraction of a degree from the desired null.

In Figures 16 and 17 fly—in s over 1000 feet and 500 feet ground planes are
shown for the standard method of antenna adjustment as used by the FAA . This method
consists of reducing the heigh t of the array to bring the SBO pattern null up to
the glide path and focusing the antenna elements on the runway certerline . For the
1000 feet ground plane , the first element is lowered 1.5 cm. , the second , 3 cm., and
the third , 4.5 cm. Also the y offsets of elements 1 and 3 for focusing are indicated
(see Figure 1). The SBO requires an amplitude amplification of 1.13 times relative
to the infinite plane SBO to achieve the sensitivity of 150 microamps for

—5—
 - - - - . .- — -- , ----
-- -, . - -- - - --—-- -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~

O.7 pathwidth. On pat h, the increasing fly—up signal (negative Dl)!)

as threshold is appro ached is observ ed. Similar , but more pronounced ,
conditions occur for the 500 feet ground plane. The first element is
now lowered by 29 cm and the SBO amplif ication is 1.37 times. The a—
z imuth approach angle DDM spread has become large as t he fly—in ele-
vation angle decreases and the fly—up signal with threshold approach
has increased.

Figures 18 and 19 show elevation angle D 1 at 30,000 fee t slant

~
range for ground planes of 2000, 1000 and 500 feet. In Figure 18 the
antenna element height s and focus coordinates are for 30 glide pat h
with 400 feet runway offset over an in.finite plane (see Figure 6 for
dimensions). It is seen that , as the ground plan e is shortened , there
is a loss of sensitivity and a decrease in the null angle. Also , as
the ground plan e is short ened , the low angle DDM minimum increase s but
the DDM does not cross zero again. In Figure 19, the array height ,
focus and SBO amplification are adjusted as in Figures 7, i6 and 17
to give essentially identical elevation Dl)! characteristics , at 30 ,000
feet range , which are equivalent to the infinite plane elevation DIII.

Figures 20 and 21 show fly—ins over 1000 feet and 500 feet ground
planes with modified focus and height relative to the standard method ,
as used in Figures i6 and 17. The objective here is, to obtain the near
zero Dl)!over the entire glide path. To obtain this effect element
heights were further decreased , y offsets were modified, and th~ top
element was given a backset (parallel to runway , away from threshold).
This method of obtaining the ideal on—p ath Dl)is
! unfavorable because it
results in a large spread of DDM with azimuth approach angle and greater loss
of elevation DDM sensitivity (requiring greater SDO amplification). Figure 22

-6-
illustrates the preferred method of obtaining the ideal characteristic. In
this case the standard method of height adjustment is used , i. e., the element s
are lowered to zero the Dill on the desired glide path angle in the far glide
slope region , as in Figure 17. Then the transverse (y—d.irection) coordinates
of the first and third ant enna element s are adjusted to bring the on—path DDM
to zero in the threshold approach region. This procedure produces the near
ideal on—path DDM as shown in Figure 22 , with no additional loss of path width
sensitivity, and less spread of DIII with azimuth approach angle.

Figure 23 shows the elevation angle DIIIfor the various cases of half—
planes with modified focus as delineated in Figures 9, 20 , 21 a
nd 22. The
curve indicated by 500 ’ (XA3 = 0)corresponds to the preferred method of
obtaining the ideal DDM as illustrated in Figur e 22.

5.0 ADDITIONAL PRESF~ TATI 0NS OF PATH DATA

The fly—in data of sections 3.0 and 4.0 gave DII! values for an aircraft
flying on-path and at the path width limits (÷.35 ° ). It is also of int er es t
to know what the actual path angle is when the pilot is flying accordi ng to
O and ±75 R a DIII indication. This information has been computed by linear
int erpolation from fly—in data above over long and short ground planes and
for standard and non-standard focus conditions. The results are presented
in Figures 24A and 24B. Both figures show pat h angle versus azimut h approach
angle for 0 t~a , 75 ~.t a FLYIJP, and 75~~ a FLYWWN at 30,000 feet range. Figure
24A is for infinit e ground (2,000 feet or more is ecuivalent ) and shows
variations with the ant enna element s unfocused (in line), standard focus
(on runway centerline), and modified focus ( for near zero DIII into the thresh—
hold). Modified focusing generally causes less path angle and width variation
when the azimuth approach angle departs from zero than does standard focusing.
Figure 24B shows results for a 500 feet ground ~plane with standard and modified
focus. Here the antenna—side azimuth approach has considerable lowered path
angles for 0 and 75 Lk a FLYUP with standard focusing. Modified focusing offers
only slight improvement in path angle variation with azimuth. The important
feature of modified focus is the planar fly—in to thres hold obtained .
Deta on pat h characteristics is suxmnarized numeric~ ily in Tables 5—1 and
5—2. Path angle is the angle an aircraft would fly for zero DIII indication.

—7—
_________________________________

Table 5—1
PATH CHARACTERISTIC S FOR VARIOUS OUND PLAN
~~ ~~ WITH STAN a~.RD FOCUSED CAPTUR E
‘
F
~ ~~ T ARRAY

Infinite Plane Coninents

Azimuth Angle (0) —8 0 +8
Path Angle ( °) 2. 94 3.00 2.95 Data from Figure 6
Path Widht (°) .78 .70 .79
RWTH 0 43 FU 53FTJ
Plare
(~ & a) 1000 FEEl’ i6 FD 12 FU 14 FU

2000 Feet Halfplane

Azimut h Angle —8 0 +8
Path Angle 2. 94 3.01 2.95
Path Widt h .75 .69 .79 Data from Figure 7

Flare
RWTH 0 44 FU 53 FU
1000 feet i6 FD 12 FTJ 15 FU

500 Feet Hal.fplane

Azimuth Angle —8 0 +8
Path Angle 2.91 3.00 2.99
Path Widt h .91 .70 .65 Data from Figure 17

Flare
RWTH 56 FU 104 F~J 119 FU
l000 feet 11 FU 43 F1J 52 FU

•
1~~~~~~~
•1
-8~ .

_ i_
~~~ ii
— --- --- - - ---- . - -.-.
~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —~~ - -~~~ -
 — -- -~~~~~~~ -----
— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TABLE 5—2
ED FOCUS CAPTURE
PATH CHARACTERISTICS FOR VARIOUS GROUND PLANES WITH MODIFI
EFFEET ARRAY

Infinite Plane Comments

Azimuth Angle —8 0 8
Path Angle ( ° ) 3.00 3.00 3.03
Pat h Width (°) .70 .70 .74 Data from Figure 8

Flare
RWTH 49 FD 0 52FU
(ba) j .000 feet 26 FD 0 30 FU

2000 Feet Halfplane

Azimuth Angle —8 0 8
Path Angle 3.01 3.01 3. 04
Path Widt h .73 .69 .72 Data from Figure 9
48 FD 1 FU 52 Elf
Flare RWTH
l000 feet 25 FD 0 3O FU

500 Feet Halfplane

Azimuth Angle —8 0 8
Path Angle 3.07 2. 99 2.96
Pat h Width .69 .71 .78 Data from Figure 22

Flare
RWTH 36 FD 2 Eli 42 FIJ
l000 feet 6FD 0 14 FU

_ _ _ _ _ I
 . —-- — - -- - . -..
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

Pathwidth is the degree width between angles. flown for ±75 a DDM. Path angle
~~
and pathwidth data are also shown in Figures 24Jt and 24B . Flare is the Dl)!
depart ure from zero as the threshold is approached when the aircraft is flying
on the design glide path angle. The data following RWTH is the flare at runway
threshold. The next line of dat a is the flare at 1000 feet from threshold. FU
is fly—up and FD is fly—down. Inspection of Table 5—j. for the standard focused
arr ay shows that for zero azimuth approach angle fly—up flare extets for ~ all
ground planes and flare increases as length of ground plane decreases. Table
5—2 shows the same data with modified focus aimed at minimizing DDM along
the entire glide path. Very small DDM values for zero azimuth ~~gle were obtained
for all ground planes.

6.0 FIVE ELEME~IT ARRAY WITH DEEREASED LOW ANGLE RA DIATION

Objectiv e (2) of Section 1 called for investigation of improvements to

be obtained by adding up to three additional antenna elements to the Capture
Effect Array. One desirable improvement would be to further reduce the low ang le
radiation. Figures 25 through 28 give the charact eristics of one example of
an arrangement in which the SBO field at 10 elevation angle is 10. 5 dB below the
corresponding field for the standard Capture Effect Array. Figure 25 giv es the
height and excitation of the standard Capture Effect array and the five element
array. The CSB levels shown are less than FAA standard; however , this is cor-
rected for in the calculations by a path width sensitivity calibration. The
five element array was formed by adding elements 4 and 5 to the Capture Effect
0
array. The SBO on 4 and 5 were chosen to have a null at 3 and simultaneously
cancel a large part of the standard SBO low angle radiation. The particular
ex ci t at ion in di c at ed for the five element array in Figure 25 was chosen to
1) give 10.5 dB less radiation at 1°, 2) to linearize the DDM versus elevation
0
in the 3 region and 3) to obtain a low angle DDM which does not cross zero.

Fi.gur e 26 shows the relative amplitude at 30,000 feet range of the CSB and
SBO fields for both arrays. The SBO amplification factor of 2.559 (to obtain
normal pathwidth sensitivity ) is included in the five element SBO field . Figure
characteristic for both arrays.
27 shows the elevation Dl)! Figure 28 shows
fly—ins over an infinite plane with unfocused ant enna elements. These are similar
to those obtained with the standard Capture Effect arr ay as shown in Figure 5
but the flare in the threshold approach region is greater .

.40-

- - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~
-. -~~~ — ,- - -- -~~~~~~~ ~~
-
~~~~~ -- — ,-
~~~~~ ~~~~
--
 -~~~ — ~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~ --- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

7.0 PHASE SENSITIVITY OF ThE CAPTURE E7FEET ARRAY

The low angle radiation of the Capture Effect array is quite sensitive
to phase shift s of the excitation on the second ant enna element. Such phase
shift may occur in field installations of this array due to circuit mistunings
caused by changing environmental conditions. Figure 29 shows the SBO field
amplitude sensitivity to ±15° of phase shift on the middle element . Figure 30
shows sensitivity for the CSB field. In both cases , since the normal excitations
are designed to suppress low angle radiation by partial cancellation , dephasing
causes an increase in low angle amplitude. Figure 31 shows the derogation of
DII! due to the phase shift. It is observed that a strong fly—down signal is
0
obtained at 1 with only ±15° of phase shif t , whereas the normal condition is
a strong fly—up at this angle.

8.0 FOUR AND FIVE LH’4E’ITVARIATIONS OF THE CAPTURE EFFEET ARRAY HAVING IMPROVED
PHASE SENSITIVITY

Two variations of the Capture Effect array were studied which have somewhat
improved phase sensitivity. The first was the four element array indicated on
the right side of Figure 32. The second element of the standard version is
replaced by elements 4 and 5 in the four element version. The height of
element 4 is designed to give an SBO null at 3.5 , and element 5 to null at
~
2.5°. The SBO excitations on 4 and 5 were derived by imposing on the far
field equation the conditions that the flull of the sum of SBO from element s
0 0
4 and 5 be zero at 3 and the amp litude at 1.5 be the same that as t ha t of
.

the standard version. The CSB excitations on 4 and 5 were designed to give
the same total CSB amplitude at 1. 5° as the standard version. Figures 33 and
34 show the resulting SBO and CSB field amplitudes and their variation with 15°
of phas e shift on the individual elements, one at a time. Figure 35 shows the
resulting elevation Dl)! variations with phase. Comparison of this figure with
Figure 31. for the standard Capture Effect shows that there is some improvement
in performance. The low angle DII! zero crossings for the four element versior
0
occur at 1 or less whereas , for the standard version , a zero crossing occurs
as high as 1.35 ° for the same phase shift. An undesirable characteristic of
t he four element array is that , even with no phase shift, there is an erroneou s
0
zero crossing at about 0.4 elevation angle.

-U-

- — — - . - _ ~~~~~~~ -~~ -
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~ - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A five element modification of the Capture Effect array was deviaed which
has somewhat less p hase sensitivity than the four element array above. The
conf iguration is shown on the right si
de of Figure 36. Here , element 2 of
the standard Capture Effect is added to the four element array above. The
SBO excitation Is identical to the standard, but the CSB exc itation i
s spt
i
l
between elements 4 and 5 as in the four element version of Figure 32. The
elevation CDM characteristics of the resulting five element array are shown
in Figur e 37. With no phase shift on any element there is no false zero
crossing at low angle. With phase shift , there is one false zero crossing
0 0 0
at 0.9 (+15 on element 2), and others falling at 0.7 or less.

9.0 GLIDE PATH FLY—IN STRUCTURE WITH A LATERAL EI~EE

lAiring the Westinghouse studies of edge diffraction of EN waves , a closed

form solution was developed for wave diffraction by an edge perpendicular to
the axi s of a horizontal electric dipole. This solution is in addition to the
solution for the edge parallel to the dipole axis (Appendix B) which has been
used in all of the limited ground plane analysis results reported prior to this
section. The perpendicular edge is also referred to as a lateral edge in that
it is parallel to the side of the runway. Thus the lateral edg e refers to a
half—plane or limited ground plane whose edge is parallel to the runway, as
opposed to perpendicular to the runway as in the previous studies.

The lateral edge solution equations were incorporated into the Capture
Effect guidance comput er model and fly—in runs were made with results shown
in Figures 38 and 39. These runs were made for a 2.86° glide path , 300 feet
ant enna offset , standard element focusing , and with standard infinite p lane
pathwidth sensitivity. The parameter t~Y is the distance between the array and
the lateral edge. Wh en the edge is just under the array (t ~Y = o), it is in-
terrupting large ground current s and th e effect on DDM is large as shown by the
= 0 curve of’ Figure 38. To obtain reasonable amplitude of ~ cillation
(less than 10 microamps )the edge must be moved about 40 feet beyond the an-
tenna. Figure 39 is an expanded scale run showing that an edge 200 feet from
the antenna has small oscillations and that a 700 feet edge is essentially
equival ent to an infinite plane.

10.0 CONCIIJSIONS , SIGN~~’ICANT FINtIINGS, REEOMMENDATIONS

An efficient computer model of image typ e glide slope systems operating

I
‘1 -.
~ ~ _ . -.- - . _ _-
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ --— -~~~~~ -~~~~~~~- .,_ — ~~~~~~~~ _ . -- .-
 — - ~~~~~~ ------ _ _- - -._ - -~~~

over botb long and short ground planes has been developed and used ext ensivelY
in this study. DII! fl y—in results for a Null Reference array over a 5000 feet
ground plane obtained with this model were compared with results obtained by
the Transport ation Systems Cent er (Tsc ) personnel and found to be identical.
The Westinghouse computer model incorporates a closed form solution for edge
diffraction of EN waves and requires an order of magnitude less comput er time
than the TSC method which requires numerical summatior . of EN fields arising
from ground current strips . Calculations were also made for a Capture Effect
array over a limited ground plane which was , in turn , over an infinite ground
plane corresponding to the experimental conditions of Lucas. A high degree of
correlation was obtained between the calculations and the experimental data
taken by Lucas.

The computer model was then used to study the effect on fly—in el)!of
different positior.arrangements of the Capture Effect array elements. It
was discovered that a uni que arrangement of elements could be found for any
given system environment which would give a near z~ ro DII1 along the entire g lide
path up to the runway threshold. This improved fly—in characteristic can be
obtained for both long and short grcund p lanes.

Another goal of the study was to consider what improvements could be

made to the Capture Effect array performance by adding a maximum of three
antenna elements. One five element array was devised which has 10.5 dB less
0
SHO field radiation at 1 elevation angle than does the standard Capture Effect
array; however, this array is higher than the standard array height. Two other
configurations were studied , one four element and one five element, which gave
decreased DIII sensitivity to phase changes of antenna current.

The final effort of the study involved calculations of fly—in EIII with
Capture Effect array , over a half—p lan e with a lateral edge. The results show
that if the edge is at least 40 feet beyond the array the peak variations of
DIII are less than iOp a.
The thrust of this study has been to improve the glide path structure for
operation with reduced ground planes. Only a small range of angles about the
glide path have been examined . It is assumed that a separate clearance signal
will be required to provide sufficient below path fly—up . The results indicate
that systems could be installed where presently CAT-lI structure cannot be met.
but does not imply that present systems are unsafe .

-13-
~ —_ — —- . .- .
-- -—...—- -
~~~~~~ -~~~~~

Table 10— 1 shows the derogation of the average DIII in the t hre shold approach
region ( Point B to thresh old) for standard adjustment. Since Cat . II tolerance
allows an average deviation of 37.5 ~Sa at Point B (3500 ft . fr an threshold) , 48.75 iLa
~t Point C (858 ft. fran threshold) and 75 pa at threshold , it is clear that both
Cat . I and Cat . II toler ances are met for zero azimuth approach with a ground plane
as short as 500 ft. With modified focusing , as in Figure 22 , the average derogaticn
for ground planes as short as 500 ft. is virtually zero and in addition the fly—up
flare is ellminated , thus providing a planar guidance over the entire glide path.

It is recamiended that the FAA arrange for field tests to verify that modified
focusing as discussed herein will provide a planar glide path guidance average signal .
A near field probe system should be devised to permit the establislinent of the planar
guidance far fields without repeated trial and error fly—ins.

_ 1 ,. —
~ , -- ----. --
-. .. -, .
~~ -~~~~- .~ -~~~ ---- —
. . . . ~~ . .— - .--- ‘---- --~~~ - - - - - — — -. - -----— ---

,
~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~

TABLE 10— 1

DL14DEROGATION WITH GROUND PLANE LENGTH

Ground Plane Edge Distance

00 F.~ 2000 FT. DEROGATION 1000 FT. DEROGATION 500 FT. DEROGATION
DISTANCE FROM
THRES}~ LD (FT)
0 - 4 3~ La - 43.5 12a - 0.5 128 — 5 1 ia - 8 ~ 2a — 104 1.ia — 6 1 1Sa
1000 — 12 -12 0 —1 9 —7 — 43 —3 1
2000 — 6 —7 —1 —13 —7 — 26 — 20
3000 -4 - 4.5 - 0.5 - 10 -6 -18 -14
4000 - 2.5 -3 - 0.5 -8 - 5.5 - 13.5 -11

CONDITIONS :
(1) Standard focus and height adjustment as in
Figures 6 , 7, 16 and 17.
(2) Zero az~inuth approach angle.
 -—
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~—

LIST OF REF~~ 7IiC~~

1. S. Morin , P. Neweom , D. Kahn and L. Jordan, “ILS Glide Slope Performance

Prediction !’, Vol. A, Report No. FAA—RD..744..157.A , Transportation Systems
Center , Cambridge, Mass. (1974).*
2. J. G. Lucas, “The &‘fect of a Limited Ground Plane on a 2.86 Degree M—Array
Glide Path”, Air Navigation Group, University of Sidney, Sidney, Australia
(1972).
3. rX)T/FAA Handbook No. 6750.6A, Ifl8tailation Instruction8 for ILS Glide Slope.
Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, 1). C. (19697 *
~~
4. R. W. Redlich , “Computed Performance of Glide Slope Arrays on Sites with
Limited Ground Planes ” , I~~.E Trans. on Aerospace and Elec. Sys., A —7 ,
No. 5, p. 854 (1971). ~~

5. J. G. Lucas, A Microwave Model of an Instrument landing System Glide Path.

Unpublished report .

* These documents are available throug~i National Techni cal Information Service,
Springfield, Vir ginia 22151.

-56-

_ _ - - _
‘ -
_ F _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_ _
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_ _ _
~ -
_ _ _ _
—
_
- _- _
 - - -
:‘T
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

APP~~ DIX A : Image Type Glide Slope Syst ems and Guidance Signal ( DDM) Derivation

Image type glide slope arrays consist of two or more horizontally polarized
F
ant enna diement s above flat ground which combine with their images to form radiation
patterns used as guidance signals by aircraft. Typically glide slope frequencies
are allocated in a 2% band cent ered at 332 MHz. The radiated fields are amplitude
modulated with 90 Hz and 150 Hz signals in such a manner that when the aircraft is
on the glide slope path the combined fields produce an RF carrier in the receiver
with equal modulation of the 90 and 150 Hz signals. Below glide path the 150 Hz
modulation dominates while the 90 Hz dominates above. The receiver envelope detects
the amplitude modulation, separates the 90 and 150 Hz signals by appropriate fil-
tering, peak detects the separate signals, and then subtracts the resulting DC
signals. The difference signal is called Dt~4 (difference in depth of modulation)
and is displayed visually for the pilot indicating that he is on course (zero DL~4),
should fly—up (negative signal)or fly—down (positiv e signal).

There are three image type glide slope array s in use: the null reference ,
sideband reference and captur e effect arr ays. The operational and radiation
pattern characteristics of these arrays are given in Reference 3 (pages 3 to 14).
In all cases one type of radiation is directed along the glide path which consists
of an RF carrier modulated with the 90 and 150 Hz signals. This radiation is
referred to as the carrier plus sideband (CSB) signal. A sideband only radiation
(sBO)is also generated which consists of the 90 Hz (phase opposite to CSB) and
150 Hz (phase same as CSB)sidebands with the carrier suppressed. This radiation
has a null along the glide path. The SBO fields reverse phase as the null is
crossed with the sum of the CSB and SBO fields producing the carrier modulation
variation described previously.

The null reference array consists of two antennas with the lower element
radiating the CSB field and the upper the SBO field. The sideband reference array
also uses two antennas but they are closer to the ground than the null reference
array which permits some reduction in terrain requirements for satisfactory opera—
tion. The CSB signal is radiated by the lower element while the SBO signal is
radiated from both elements. The capture effect array employs three antennas
where CSB is distribut ed to the two elements closest to the ground and SBO is
sent to all three. The advantage of the capture effect array is that low angle
radiation is suppressed so that the array can be used where irregularities preclude

_ _ _ F
-
_
~~~~~~~ - - — - -
- F- -
- -
 — -- --- --—~-~-~~-“ - _ _ _ _ _ _

operation with the other two arrays . In addition to the basic capture effect
array pattern a clearance signal is also generat ed which is independent of the
primary glide path guidance. Table A—i illust rates the heights of the antennas
for the various arrays in terms of the glide slope angle , O( ~ and the radiation
gg
wavelength , X.

Element Sideband
Number Null Reference Reference Capture Effect

1 h~ = >./(4 5ifl ~~ )
g5 h
1>‘(8 sin O~g~ )
= h
1
= >V(4 sin o( g5 )
2 h2 = 2 h 1 h2 = 3 h h =2h
1 2 1
3 — h =3h
3 1

Table A—i . Ant enna Heights in Terms of the Glide Slope Angle and Radiation Wavelength

In Table A—2 the relative amplitude and phase of the CSB and SBO excitation
on the antennas of each array, as used in the calculations present ed , i~ given.

At a given point in -the glide slope space the field from each array antenna
has an average amplitude which is inversely proportional to the distance from
the element and a phase delay which is directly proportional to this distance.
The physical field is described in terms of real quantities; however, it is
useful to work with complex fields, keeping in mind that the physcial phenomena are F

represented by the real part of these complex fields.

/
F’

Element Null Ref. Sideband Ref. Capture Effect

Number CSB SBO CSB SBO CSB SBO

1 1 0 1 —i 1 — .5
2 0 1 0 1 — .5 1
3 — — — — 0 — .5

Table A.-2. Relative Antenna &citation for CSB and SBO Signals

F A— 2

LF.- - - -
 The current in an ant enna r adiating an amplitude modulated carrier may be
represented math ematically as follows:
i . I (j + ~ n cosW t) cos ( W t + ~~ )
=ReIe 1 (1+ m cosW m t ) e
0

where m is the modulation iridex ,W m is the modulation angular frequency, W 0

is the carrier angular fre quency and ~ is the carrier phase angle. Let be the
complex current whose real part is 1. Then
= 2e O
1W t (A.2)

wher e I I e~4 (1 + m cos Wmt) is the complex envelope of the current. The far
=

field in front of the antenna may be represented by

A 1
Wt
e E~ e 0
(A .3)
A, ~ A A
where E is the envelope E = A (i + amp lt ude
m cos~~t) with A a field vector whose i
is inversely proportional to the distnace from the antenna and whose phase is
directly proportional to this distance. It also contains the source amplitude and
phase and constant s relatLng antenna current to electric (magn etic) field.
As stated earlier, both the CSB and SBO fields are amplitude modulated with
90 and 150 Hz signals. Representing these frequencies by W 1 and W 2, the complex
CSB field envelope and similarly that for the SBO may oe represented
= Ci + m (cos W 1t + cos W 2t)) (A.4a)
~~
W t cos w~t) (A .4b )
1
= —

where A 0 and A are the sum of the field vectors from all antennas carrying CS~R
5
and S~0 curr ents , respectively. The total complex field envelope at the aircraft
is the sum of the envelopes of the CSB and SBO fields. The RF envelope detector
in the aircraft rece iver out puts a si gnal proportional to the amplitude of the
total complex field envelope. Defining a normalized detector output, Ed, one has F

Ed = +

= ~1 + m (i + cos W t + m (i — cos W t~
~~~~ 1 2 (A .5)
2
= ((1 + ~~)~~ ~2)
* (i + 2 E ~~+ E~~+ E~~~,
where Re (~5/~~)) cos W 1 t
= m (i + + m (i — Re (
~~/.t))cos W t and
2
E
Q
=
~ 5/~~)m(cos w1t
Im ( cos W t).
2
—

~ cpandirig (A.5) in a power series

2F~ .,. + 2
~~ ) higher order terms.
(A.6)
E 1+ + (2~~ ÷ + +
d
=

~~~

A-3
- - _ _ _ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

contains undistorted 90 Hz and 150 Hz signals. contain harmonics and

and sum and difference of 90 and 150 Hz frequencies. The third and higher order
terms contain higher order harmonics and cross product frequencies including
some additional small amplitude 90 and 150 Hz signals . The 90 and 150 Hz
filters following the envelope detector essentially pass only the 90 and 150 Hz
component s of (A.6). The contributions of third and higher terms to 90 and 150 Hz
frequency are small compared to that of the second term . Thus the outputs of these
two filters may be considered to come from the Ef ~ Of the second term of (A.6).
Following the filters the amplitudes of the 90 and 150 Hz signals are
subtracted to obtain the DDM guidance signal. Thus
DDM m (i + Re (~5/Z0 )) — m(i. — Re (A.?)
~~~~~~
2m Re (~ /~ )
5 0
=

A A
Referring to Fquations (A.4a,b) it is seen that A 5 and A C are the complex field
amplitudes of the SBO and CSB fields , respectively . Denoting A 5 and A by SBO
t
and CSB
(A.~ )
D114 = 2m Re(~~~ )

Glide slope systems are normalized so that at ± 0.35 ° relative to the desired
pat h angle the aircraft DL~4 indicator reads microamps. Thus the normalized
~~~~
D~ 1 sat isfy

DtM ( Re SBO
75
~a) = (A.9)

= ~350 + ~Re(~~~~~~ = _ .35 o

g5 ~~

A-4

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
‘—4
 - - -

F
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ F - -F

APPENDIX B

MATH~ 4ATICAL MODEL USED TO CALCULATE FIELD OF A H(

~ IZONTALLY P0LARI~~D ELECTRIC
DIPOLE OVER A CONDUCTING HALF PLANE

The total field at point P (see Figure 3—1) due to transmitting antenna T is
the sum of the geometric optics field and the field due to diffraction by the edge
of the half—plane. The points of interest lie largely in front of the dipole and
the f ield variation due to azimuth pattern will be small and will be ignored in
this analysis. This permits the use of a horizontally polarized point source in
mathematical analysis.
The normalized geometric far fields are as follows:

e.’
~
- - F
- —

e1~-~
~~~~~~

~~~

c)
where k 2 / ), = waveJ engt.n , R is distance from a
n tenna to aircraft
~
-
,

€~, and e ,
~~~~

position P (Figure B— i) ,, R is distance from antenna image to P. e

are defined in Figures 8-1 and B-2.
~
iffracted f ield has been derived in closed form involving Frene l integrals,
The d
from fundamental electromagnetic theory~

~~~ ~~~~~ [— ~~~i(A ~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FuAl )
4.
F(
~~
where
A=2 _ _ _

1 ’
2 k

~~~l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-F
_ _ -- - - -_ --F
 2 2
- (r + r 0) + ( Y 1)

F(a) - FR (a) + Z. F~(a)

FR (a) 2 2 = 1
- [-i- — C 2(a )] C2(a ) -
-

2 2
(a )] 52 (a )
-
-
F1(a) - ~
—
~~2
‘ ~~~~.ç
_dt.
1_
j

].
.
Variables and constants used in the above equations are defined in Figure 8-

cF
.

8-2
-F -- - --
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -F
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
- -
_ _ —“--- - -F
-

ThIS PAGE IS BEST QUALXI’YPBAC ICA3LZ

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 APPfl~DIX C -
CORR~~ATION OF WESTINGHOUSE HALF—PLAIIE ANALYSIS WITH TRANSPORTATI ON
SYSTEMS CENT~B ANALY SI S

Some comparisons hav e been made of fly—in results reported by the Transportation
Syst ems Cent er ( TSC ) 1 and those computed using the Westinghouse analytic method
described in Appendicies B and E herein. The TSC method involves the numerical
susination of fields due to ground current strips parallel to the ground plane
edge, whereas the Westinghouse method is an analytic solution involving Fresnel
integrals. The latter is believed to require much less computer tim e than the
former.
Figure 28* of the TSC report shows a null reference array fly—in ov ~er
flat terrain where fields from ground current stri ps out t o 5000 feet in front
of the antenna were included. This condition would correspond to having the
array over a half—plane extending to 5000 feet in front of the antenna . This
case was comput ed using the West ing house analytic method and identical results
were obtained. This is illustrated in Figure C—i herein where the Westinghouse
results were overplotted on the TSC curves. Fly=in curves for the Capture
Effect array over half—planes also exhibit oscillations but they are small as
in Figure 7 or they are not visible with path width D~ 4 scales as in Figures
ii through 15.

A Capture Effect array fly—in was computed with the 1200 foot half—plane
and 20 feet drop— off to a second half—plane as in the TSC report Figures 4 and
41. The result is the curve labeled 20 in Figure C—2 herein. The curves are
similar (excluding the flare) but different in detail , up to about 6000 feet
from touchdown. The TSC case involved a second edge on the lower plane at
5000 fee t from the antenna, but this edge would not cause oscillations until
after about 6000 feet from touchdown as in Figure 2B* of the TSC report . Figure
C—2 herein is believed to be a more accurate result because the edge shadow re-
gions are illuminated by edge diffracted rays in the Westinghouse analysis whereas
the TSC analysis includes only line—of—sight illumination of the lower surface.
Figure C—2 includes fly—ins with 10 and 30 foot drop—offs also. The Dtt4 characteristic
is seen to be sensitive to the amount of the drop—off to t i e second plane .
* Figure 2B of the TSC draft report was used in the comparison. The corresponding
figure in the TSC final report ( Reference i) is Figure 2A in which the threshold
approa ch flare was removed by having the aircraft fly a hyperbolic approach.

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APP~~DIX D
COMPARISON BEflP1EF~ TH~DRY AND FXP~~IM~~T FOR THE CAPWRE ~~FE~T ARRAY OVER
A S~MI—INFIN1TE ~~0UND PLANE

INTRCLUCTI ON

The purpose of this section is to discuss the agreement between experiment

and theory of measured signal levels for a capture effect ant enna (M- array ) il-
luminating a semi—infinit e ground plane. From a practical viewpoint it is dif—
ficult to conduct an experiment in which only a half—plane contributes to the
2
diffract e d fields. An experiment by Lucas was performed for the case of a
semi—infinite ground plane over an infinite ground plane. The semi—infinite
p la n e u sed by Lucas is only approximate since its transverse dimensions cor-
respond to a plarj e of width 360 feet rather th an being infinite.
The experimental set—up is depicted in Figure 1)- i a , b. Lucas ’ model was
construct ed in the ratio cf 1:30 to real life. Pattern information ( sBo and CSB)
as well as DDM crossover data were obtained for iertical scans above the 00
reference point, which marks the level of the semi—infinite plane. t~ ta is
presented for the case of a semi—ii~finite plane of longitudinal widths 1785 feet,
1200 fee t , 600 feet and 450 feet.

tkiring the course of an experim ent the receiver is positioned so that no

direct reflected illum in ation occurs. Only direct radiation, diffracted ra-
diation and reflected diffraction fi elds are allowed to reach the receiver.
The receiver is carefuiJy positioned using a laser beam and the antenna hei ghts
are critically adjusted (a sharp side—band null is obtainable at the glide slope
angle ). The approximate antenna heights are 5~ 10, and i5Xand the glide slope
ang le used was 2•
~~~~~~ C
A ground plane of 1785 feet was used while the amplitudes
•

arid phases of the system were adjusted. In effect this procedure yields a sharper
null at the glide slope angle (sBo ) than would occur if these adjustment s were
done a t si gnificantly larger distances.
The Initial motivation for Luc~ ’ experiment was to compare results with the
half—plane calculations of Fëdlich4. In this regard it should be pcinted out that
Redlich’s analysis assumes no second irifinit.e plane ( below the half—plane) which
contributes reflected diffraction term. Clearly Redlich should expect agreement
as the longitudinal width of the half—plane becomes large. Redlich performs his
calculations for a two—dimensional model whereas, the current Westinghouse effort
includes the full. three—dimensional treatment. In the Westinghouse analysis
F the r esult s of Appendix B Kave been used and applied in the manner out lin ed ii’
Appendix E.

D..l F

-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - -~~~~~~ - -F -- - - -

-
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Due to the lack of exact detail in Lucas ’ discussion it was necessary to

make several assumptions regarding the geometry of the experiment. The patterns
obtained depended rather strongly on the following factors:
1. Ebcact longitudinal location of the receiving ant enna
2. E~cact height of semi—infinite plane above infinite plane
3. Off set of receiver from antenna
4 . Focusing of antenna rray element s

Lucas indicates for the 1785 and 1200 feet half—plane that no apparer.t change
in the longitudinal location of the receiving antenna was made. .T’his assu mption
was inferred from the fact that a chang e is noted for a 600 foot half—plane but
not the 1200 foot . The requirement that no reflected direct rays illuminate
the antenna dictates that the x—position (longitudinal) of the receiver must be
at least 4400 feet from the ant enna. For the 600 foot and 450 foot half—plane
this positior.drops to 2600 feet (since again no change between these two set s
of measurements is indicated).
The half—plane height above the ~xF finit e plane is given to be approximately
120 feet and this height was used for the 1785 foot, 1200 foot and 600 foot half—
pla ne. It was additionalj4r assumed that at an x—positlon of 4400 feet , the
ant enn a and receiver were on a line perpendicular to the edge of the half—plane,
thus, no offset or focusing was required. For the 600 foot half—plane an offset
of 214.8 feet was used based on calculations assuming that the receiver moved
i n along a path intersecting the y—position of the antenna at 525 feet (reference
Lucas5— see Figur e D—i). Finally, the assumption was made that the antenna
(for the 600 foct half—plane) was focused about the 525 foot offset. / F

In Figure D-2a and b the SBO and CSB signals , respectively, are il]ustrated
for the 1785 feet ground plane. The~~sert in the upper left—hand corner depicts
the results obtained by Lucas. As indicated above the SBO null at 2. 86° is not
quite as pronounced In the analytical results. In Figure D-2o the Di}1 crossover
pa ttern Is illustrated (also included are Lucas ’ results in the insert). As
this figure indicates very good agreement exi ste between the experimental results
F
aria the analysi~ over the region where the signal. is of inter est (from —150 Ma
to 150 frka). Also plotted on this figure are the result s for Redlich ’s calculation
for an 180C foot ground plane. The graph plotted is for the half—plane with
no infinite sheet below. As a check on the validity of thi s plot the siga nls
( DI}t)with and without the half—plane located 120 feet ab ov e an infinit e plane

D-2

- -- - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FF
~

were compared and no difference was found except at very small angles where
—

a slight oscillation in the D~ ’i of the half—plane over the infinite plane could
be discerned. Also, since the calculations are for a 1785 foot half—plane a
comparison was made in the current analysis and no difference was found in the F

pattern due to the added 15 feet.

The Westinghouse calculatior.s yield mtFch closer agreemen t with experimer.t
than do Redlich ’s analysis. It appears that the difference occurs because
Redlich cties the analysis for an infinite wire over a ground plane, whereas ,
the present analysis duplicates the situation examined by Lucas — a dipole over
a plane. Also, Redlich ’s result represents a two—dimensional solution, whereas,
the analysis presented is the full three— dimensional calculation. Comparison
of these results with those of Redlich manifests itself in significantly lower
0DM over the range .4 ° while the CSB and SBO pa tt erns show remarka b le
~ 1.5
—

simi larity. This latt er fact indicates that the phases must c.iffer from those
of Redfl c}-..
In Figures 0-3 a and b again the SBO and CSB patterr.s are presented for
the 1200 foot half—plane. Now the oscillation at smaller angles are readily
apparent . The S~0 null at 2.86~ is not as deep .
Fi gure D—3 C illustrates the DI~4 crossover results for the present study
as well as the experimental results of Lucas and Redlich ’s calculations. Again,
there is quite good agreement Letween the Westinghouse calculations arid the
0
experimental data. The agreement becomes less for angles below 1.76 ( the
ang le at which the clearance signal would normally dcmix-iate). Red.lich clearly
has the wrong slope in his data.
Figures 0-4 a , b and c present the 600 foot half—plane data. The os-
cillation in both SEO and CSB signals show remarkable similarity to those
ot tained ~ ’ Lucas. Also , the oscillations in the 1~1JM appear qudi tatively
F

similar but slightly out of phase. The D~~ crossover results show goc-d agree-
0
ment above 1.76 . Typically, one would expect Redlich’ s results to be poorer
(as the figure indicates) since the ground current s near the edge of the half—
plane are somewhat larEer for the 600 foct half—plane as opposed to the 1200
f3ot and 1785 fcot case. This reflects itself in changes in both the diffracted
field and the reflected diffraction field (which Redflch fails to include).
FIgures D.. 5 a , b, and c illustrate the 450 foot half—plane data. It is
interesting to note that the sideband null occur s slightly below the glide slope
 ang le. The SBO pattern dat a from the analysis occurs slightly below the glide
slope angle. The Sf0 pattern data from the analysi s again dup licate the ex-
per iment al curves remarkably . The D 1 crossover plot shows somewhat less
~
agreement. in the range — 15C M a to 150~Aa. This is due to the fact that the
calculated pattern oscillations are slightly out of phase with -those cbtained
experimentally. Redlich’ s results are also plotted and as previously observed
show poorer agreement. Clearly , the effects of the reflect ed diffraction fi elds
are becoming important .

Finally, in Figure D—6 the D1}~ crossover results are plotted for the 450
foot half—plane. For this plot attempts were made to obtain &greemer.t in the
region of small angles. This required a height of the hal f—plane above the
infinite plane of 130 feet (instead of 120 feet)with focusing about the 525
foot cffset. As the figure indicates poorer agreement exists in the region
about 2.86~ (with this f i t ) .
Discussion
The present calculation demcnstrates very good agreement with the experi-
mental data in the region between —15~ 1aaid l59ua of DDM. Eelow —150 LAa the
results are qualitatively in agreement; however, fail to quantitatively match.
Several reasons would exist for the discrep a n cie s in ~1]4:

1. Lateral diffraction and corner effects could become important for

short half—planes in the experimental set—up .
2. In the small ang le region th e Dl~ experimental data could deteriorate
due to the very low signal levels in the Sf0 and CSB signals.
3. The experimental conditions are not exactly duplicated In the analysis.
4. The analytical model deter iorates as the ground plane is short ened
(very high ground currents near the diffracting edge).
In general there exists good qualitatIve agreement between the analysis and
imentally measured SBO and CSB patterns . The major deviatior. is the lack
exper
of a very sharp n~.ill (
sf0)at the glide slope an gle for the analysis. Comparisons
with cther theoretical analysis (Redlich) demonstrate much closer agreement with
F the experimental result s than had previously exi sted.

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APPENDIX E

ANALYSIS OF A SF241-INFINITE GR~ JND PLANE OVER AN INFINITE GR JND PLANE

~

The behav ior of diffraction fran a semi— infinite ground plane has been examined
in Appendix B. In orde r to include the effects of a ground pla
ne below the half—

F
plane it is useful to divide the diffraction problem into the four regions of Figure
E .l. For convenience we indicat e in Table E—1 the contributions as seen by the
observer for each region.

FIEL DS REGION I REGION II REGION III RPX ION IV

DIR~~T X X X X

IMAGE X X

DIFFRACTION X X X X

REFL. DIFF. X X X

DIRFX~T
REFL. X

TABLE E-
~ FIELD CONTRIBUTIONS BY REGION

the angle between the half—plane and a vector f rom the half—plane edge
Q~~~~~~j l
~~~

to the observer , ( 3~, represents the angle between the hail—plane and a vector from
F the half—plan e edge to the antenna , the position of the observer in the longitu-
~~ .

dinal direction, )c~ the half-plane edge distance ,

~ the height of the half—plane
above the Infinite plan e , the vertIcal height of the observer and r the length
~
F

of the vector from the half—plan e edge to the observer. In terms of these çuantities ,
the four regions indicated above are defined by the following conditions:

F E-l

-F -F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ -
~~~~~
F
- ’ —
~~
--- - -— --F— ,-—F
~
-F
-

REGION I : e ’~-y T1Z

REGION I I :
~ Tr-O~ ,

REGION III : (3) ~-y ~ ‘1~lh.~i9u ~ ~

~~~~~~~~~~~ ~.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RE
GION I V : 1T-e
~~ O~ ~-,~~ (+~ e
9 - z L t ( ~-~~~~~~ e~,

There is, of course, a fresh region where , however, this region corres-
~~
ponds to flying in under the half—plane and is eliminated by the restriction E Q
~ F

The semi—infinite and infinite ground planes are assumed to lie in the x—y plane.
The direct ,iinage arid diffracted fields have been discussed in Appendix B.
Th e reflected diffract ions f ield has a very similar form to the diffracted field
except the displacements are now determined by the image distances of the hail—plane
(see Figure E.l). This field is defined as follows :

~ Tt4 ~~
‘
- ~~~ ;
~~~~~~~

2f i~~~ j , -
i e
~~~~ ~~ ‘
~~~ ( ~~\
~
It- ’ .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

e’ i_ FL,
- I
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The reflected direct field satisfies

F
“4,

t I, -
‘-3
_ _ _ _

~~~~~
t
where R is defined as above .
 r•Fr ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ______________________
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
F F FF - F

!
\~~~~~~~~~

1 ~~~~~- \ F~~~~~~~~~ ~~~

-/
.

~~~
F
, In S
Ui
-
~~~~~
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‘
_ _ _ _ __
_ _ _

5
I\
)
-

N,

\
F
’J
\_
\ ~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~
“ F
-

E—3