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Citation: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4926844
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4926844
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jrse/7/4?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
Power quality assessment of a solar photovoltaic two-stage grid connected system: Using fuzzy and proportional
integral controlled dynamic voltage restorer approach
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 013113 (2015); 10.1063/1.4906980
Modeling and global maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions
using modified particle swarm optimization algorithm
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 063117 (2014); 10.1063/1.4904436
Maximum power point tracking of partial shaded photovoltaic array using an evolutionary algorithm: A particle
swarm optimization technique
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023102 (2014); 10.1063/1.4868025
Conventional and global maximum power point tracking techniques in photovoltaic applications: A review
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 5, 032701 (2013); 10.1063/1.4803524
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JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 7, 042701 (2015)
Augmentation in use of solar energy has been reiterated in the literature. The
significant role of this gradual but continuous growth lies in its ubiquitously known
ride through other conventional energy sources in terms of supplement to
increasing energy demand. Whereas the only limitation with solar photovoltaic
(PV) system is that it suffers from low efficiency energy conversion, therefore it
becomes more important to draw maximum available power from solar PV. As the
I-V characteristic of PV is nonlinear and alters with different values of insolation
and temperature, it causes alteration in Maximum Power Point (MPP), also at the
time of partial shading condition the point of maximum power deviates. In litera-
ture, good number of publications proclaimed for tracking the maximum power
point for uniform insolation as well as for partial shading condition. This paper
contributes an encyclopedic review of MPP Tracking (MPPT) technique which
may overcome the distraction of researchers while selecting MPPT technique
because all methods have their unique advantages and disadvantages which requi-
sites a thorough and informative comparative analysis of different methods. This
review work may provide a better commencement and valued informative source
C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4926844]
in this context. V
I. INTRODUCTION
Mankind is facing a massive energy-crisis challenge. Our modern lives, both individual and
societal, have come to depend on its abundance, convenience, and potential.1–3 The overall socio
economic growth results in the energy demand more and we are aware of the fact that fulfilling
this energy needs by the conventional sources is neither sufficient nor greatly feasible.4,5 There
exist many factors, but the prominent one is the sky-high growth of fossil fuels prices, which also
shows that we are approaching the ceiling of oil supply. Another important factor is the carbon
emission by the conventional energy sources causes increase in the global warming. Concentration
levels of greenhouse gases are rising steadily and are now greater than at any time in the past
800 000 years. If concentration levels are not reversed, major changes to the world climate may
result, bringing significant effects on people, industry, and the world economy. Hence, Renewable
energies like solar and wind energy are the best option to achieve all above requirements.6,7
Solar energy is a large source of energy which is absolutely free of cost, and available to
all at fairly equal manner. Two methods are there to extract the solar energy: (1) solar thermal
plants and (2) solar cells, i.e., photovoltaic (PV) cells. Among wide variety of renewable energy
projects in progress, the photovoltaic cell (Solar PV) is the most promising future energy tech-
nology option.8 The direct conversion of solar radiation to electricity by PV cells has a number
a)
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: deepakverma16@gmail.com. Tel.:
þ919893853816.
b)
E-mail: s_nema@yahoo.com.
c)
E-mail: arunshandilya@yahoo.com.
d)
E-mail: soubhagya.skd@gmail.com.
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042701-2 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
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042701-3 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
FIG. 2. Solar I-V and P-V characteristic with different insolation and for constant temperature.
decrease in insolation. Fig. 2 reflects that the point of maximum power also varies with respect
to changing insolation.
FIG. 3. Solar cell characteristic with different working temperatures and constant insolation.
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042701-4 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
As explained above, it is seen that all these time variant and environmental dependent fac-
tors show a major contribution in the changes of the operating point or MPP throughout the
day. The function of maximum power point tracking is to shift this changing operating point to
the point (Pmax) where the module delivers maximum power. The phenomenon of tracking the
maximum power point is same as impedance matching by tape changing transformer in case of
AC and in DC a DC-DC converter is used to convert output voltage of solar cell with respect
to Pmax by changing duty ratio.
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042701-7 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
PPV ðVPV ; Tarray Þ ¼ K8 Tarray V4PV þ K9 Tarray V3PV þ K10 Tarray V2PV þ K11 Tarray VPV þ K12 Tarray : (6)
dP dI
¼IþV :
dV dV
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At true MPPT,
dP
¼ 0;
dV
dI
IþV ¼ 0;
dV
dI I
¼ ; (7)
dV V
dP dI I dP dI I dP dI I
> 0 or þ >0 < 0 or þ <0 ¼ 0 or þ ¼0
dV dV V dV dV V dV dV V
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From Eq. (7), it can be clearly seen that MPP can be easily obtained on comparison of in-
stantaneous conductance with the incremental conductance. Operation of this technique is based
on three stages as shown in Table II. Flow chart is provided in Fig. 10.31 The method is com-
plex and computationally more demanding as compared to P&O.32,33
I. Beta method
In this method a coefficient beta (b) is used, which is given as
Ipv q
b ¼ ln Vpv; (8)
Vpv kTg
where “k” is Boltzmann’s constant, “g” is diode quality factor, “T” is ambient temperature in
Kelvin, and “q” is electric charge.
From Eq. (8), it can be clearly referred that b depends on the temperature and independent
from the insolation. This scheme enhances the operation by operating near this value b rather
than the MPP. The method fetches the operating point close to the value of beta in few itera-
tions; thereafter, incremental conductance or P&O methods with finer steps can be used to track
the exact MPP.34 Fig. 11 shows the flow chart of the method.
The dependency of temperature and insolation on b is imprecise. b is evaluated with maxi-
mum and minimum values of temperature and insolation, and it is observed that variation in
maximum power point is small for fixed temperature even as the insolation is varied over a
wide range. Despite that, there is an inverse relationship between the value of b and tempera-
ture. A range, i.e., bmax to bmin is given by Soon and Saad34 for specific PV system where the
algorithm gives appropriate solution.
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Vcell
d¼1 : (9)
Vlink
Fig. 12 shows the schematic diagram of the method. It shows that the output of the boost
converter is fed to the inverter across terminal “a” and “b.” Now the operating power of the
array can be increased by increasing the amplitude of the line current of ac system. As long as
the output power of the PV is less than the Pmax, the power increases with the increase in line
current and V*link remains constant. After reaching the maximum power, the V*link starts
decreasing; thus, the equilibrium condition is disturbed which can be controlled by the change
in duty ratio of the boost converter. Thus in steady state at the constant V*link the maximum
power point can be achieved.35,36
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FIG. 13. Schematic diagram of load current or load voltage maximization method.
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FIG. 14. Single phase grid connected inverter with solar PV system.
P ¼ V I;
dP
¼ 0;
dI
d½2 2 d
I R ¼ 2I R þ I R ¼ 0:
dI dI
d
r ¼ 0 ¼ 2R þ I R; (11)
dI
where r is defined as sliding surface.46–48 Now duty ratio d is updated as given in Eq. (12) to
achieve the MPP,
(
d þ Dd for r > 0
dupdate ¼ (12)
d þ Dd for r < 0:
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042701-13 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
accomplished. Oscillation in power provided through all pass filter that makes use of ripples to
perform MPPT.42 Technique makes use of the equation that at MPP,
dP dV dP dI
or ¼ 0: (13)
dt dt dt dt
where x is state variable vector, u is switch (SW) duty ratio of DC/DC converter, e is disturb-
ance due to load variation, and t is independent time variable.
This method gives a control law “u” to obtain MPP,
u ¼ K T MT g1 þ neðtÞ; (15)
where the vectors: KT and MT and the parameter: “n” are the controller parameters, which are
to be defined during the design process.
The vector g1 is the reference signal which satisfy the maximum power condition
_ g ðtÞT ;
g1 ¼ ½gðtÞgðtÞ€ (16)
dVo
gðtÞ ¼ Vo þ io : (17)
dIo
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042701-14 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
where N is scaling factor which governs step size in case of P&O method (18) becomes
dP
d k ¼ d k 1 6 N :
ð Þ ð Þ (19)
dd
dmax
N < ;
dP
dV
where dmax is largest step size, INR method gives a simple and effective variable step size angle
dP
¼ j tan hj ; 90 < h < 90 ; (20)
dI
Around MPP sin hk becomes lesser thus step size Sk becomes smaller.52
where k2 is the step size corrector which decides the next step size in the direction of gradient.
dP
For MPPT operation, it is required to find the solution where dV or function become minimum
53–55
(zero).
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d2 ð1 dÞVpv
Lmin ¼ : (25)
2fs Ipv
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Fig. 17 shows the schematic diagram of variable inductor control, in which any of the con-
ventional methods can be applied with variable inductance which reduces the overall size of
the inductance.
where VMPP is the MPP voltage, T is the working panel temperature, TKvoc is the temperature
coefficient of VMPP, and Tref is the standard test conditions temperature.60–63
This method is easy to implement and required simple circuitry. Voltage and temperature
of PV array are required to be measured.
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042701-17 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
where PPV and iPV are the power and current of the PV array. In case of MPP, E(k) should be
zero.
For input and output variables, Fig. 18 shows the membership grades of five fuzzy subsets.
The input variable like voltage and current are expressed in terms of labels (NB: negative big,
NS: negative small, ZO: zero, PS: positive small, and PB: positive big). Fuzzy controller is
designed in such a way that input variable E has to be always zero, which is the condition of
MPP.65–74
FIG. 18. Membership function for input error change in error and duty ratio.
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042701-18 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
where vkþ1
i is velocity of ith swarm for iteration k þ 1, w is learning factor, c1 ; c2 are position
constants and r1; r2 are random numbers (their range is 0 to 1).83–91
VOC
tc ¼ 2C : (31)
ISC
In discharging mode, switches “S3” and “S1” are used to discharge through resistance (R).
To operate at GMPP, the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter is adjusted by comparing
}Vref } ð VMPP of charging mode) and instantaneous output voltage of the PV array. The
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042701-19 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
technique proves its suitability under uniform, partially shaded, and rapidly changing environ-
mental conditions along with reduced computational time to find GMPP.
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042701-20 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
A. Category
MPPT methods can be classified under Indirect Control (INDC), Direct Control (DIRC),
and SC techniques on the basis of their control strategy.
1. INDC
Indirect control methods are typically based on mathematical relationship obtained from
the empirical data which may include the parameters and characteristic of the solar PV panel.
Maximum power points are basically predicted offline using various algorithms, empirical data
or mathematical equations. These methods are not suitable with fast changing environmental
condition and partial shading condition, also the MPP given by the method is not true but it is
an approximation based on the database. Example: Constant voltage, constant current, look up
table, curve fitting, and pilot cell methods.
3. SC technique
Methods based on the soft computing techniques belong to this category. Example: meth-
ods based on the Genetic algorithm (GA), Artificial Neural Network, and particle swarm
optimization.
B. Dependency of PV array
This category explains the state of dependency (whether dependent or independent) of
MPPT methods on the type and size of PV system. Example: Constant voltage method is PV
system specific.
C. Implementation methodology
This category explains the degree of complexity of the circuitry required for implementa-
tion of the method. Example: constant voltage method is less complex as compared to the P&O
method.
D. Sensor required
The control parameter or sensed parameter required to find out the point of maximum
power such as voltage (V), current (I), temperature (T), or may be combination of these three.
G. Grid interaction
Methods can also be classified on the basis of their mode of connection with the grid such
as grid connected or off grid.
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042701-21 Verma et al. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7, 042701 (2015)
H. Analog or digital
Methods can be classified on the basis of the kind of operating circuitry required such as
analog (A), digital (D), and combination of both.
I. Tracking efficiency
Tracking efficiency basically defines the tracking accuracy of the tracker. A MPPT tracker
can be efficient up to 100%, if it delivers maximum power which is available. The efficiency of
tracker is given as
POut
T:F: ¼ g ¼ 100:
PMPP
J. Tracking speed
Tracking speed of the MPPT tracker defines the speed of the tracker to achieve the MPP.
Example: in case of P&O method increase in perturbation size results in increase in tracking
speed but the accuracy or tracking efficiency becomes poor.
K. Cost
This category defines economy of the MPPT tracker in comparison with the other trackers.
MPPT can be divided into four categories as very expensive (V.EX), expensive (EX), medium
(Med.) and inexpensive (INEX).
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TABLE IV. Comparison of the MPPT methods.
042701-22
Sensor
Dependency Implementation required Stages of Analog
of of energy Grid or Tracking Tracking
Method Category PV array methodology V I T conversion PSE interaction digital efficiency speed Cost
Verma et al.
Method-A INDC Simple DC-DC A,D Poor Fast INEX
Method-B INDC Simple DC-DC A,D Poor Fast INEX
Method-C INDC Simple DC-DC A,D Poor Fast INEX
Method-D INDC Simple DC-DC D Med. Fast INEX
Method-E INDC Simple DC-DC D Med. Fast INEX
Method-F DIRC Simple Both A,D Good Slow Med.
Method-G DIRC Simple Both A,D Good Slow Med.
Method-H DIRC Med. Both D Good Med. Med.
Method-I DIRC Complex Both D Good Fast EX
Method-J DIRC Complex Both D Good Med. EX
Method-K DIRC Complex DC-DC A,D Good Med. EX
Method-L DIRC Med. DC-AC A Good Slow Med.
Method-M DIRC Complex DC-DC D Med. Med. Med.
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042701-23
TABLE IV. (Continued.)
Sensor
Dependency Implementation required Stages of Analog
of of energy Grid or Tracking Tracking
Method Category PV array methodology V I T conversion PSE interaction digital efficiency speed Cost
Verma et al.
Method-BB SC Complex Both D Good Med. V. EX
Method-CC SC Complex Both D V. good Fast V. EX
Method-DD SC Complex Both D V. good Fast V. EX
Method-EE SC Complex Both D V. good Fast V. EX
Method-FF DIRC Complex DC-DC D Good Fast EX
Method-GG INDC Complex DC-DC D Good Fast V. EX
Method-HH DIRC Complex DC-DC D Good Fast EX
descent or gradient descent technique, and they needed a lot of computation so the complex-
ness will increase and just in case of partial shading tracking potency goes down. In partial
shading condition, soft computing techniques like ANN based technique, GA based technique,
and PSO based technique provide conspicuous tracking potency, however overall system
becomes costly.
V. CONCLUSION
This review paper presents an outline of most commonly used thirty four MPPT techniques
and their classification on the premise of twelve parameters. Availability of bulk choices as as-
sociate MPPT makes its unambiguous choice a harder nut to crack. The comparative analysis
provided in this paper could be found to be a striking tool which can guide the utility to pick
out the foremost constructive and compatible type of MPPT to satisfy the requirements of oper-
ators as well as consumers. In the same manner, P&O is most popular method and best suited
where simple implementation is required; in satellite applications wherever accuracy is major
concern, soft computing techniques with high efficiency are used and wherever environmental
conditions changes rapidly, partial shading enabled methods is used. This paper will avoid the
complication in the tiresome job of perfect choice of MPPT, which will found to be worthy of
complying all the desired attributes of the system. Some MPPT manufacturer names are also
provided at the side of their business merchandise. This information might found to an attrac-
tive source to help the researchers in context with the prevailing industrial state of affairs.
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