Guideline for Developing Water &

Environmental Sanitation Improvement

(WESI) Plan

WaterAid Nepal
March 2008

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 Guideline for Developing Water & Environmental
Sanitation Improvement (WESI) Plan
- Kabir Rajbhandari,
Programme Manager (urban), WaterAid Nepal

1. Background:

The current global trend of urbanization is creating a pressure on Nepal’s eco-

system. Nepal is also struggling with the most rapid urbanization trend in the
South Asian Sub-continent with approximately 15% of its total population living
in 58 designated urban areas. This is expected to reach 23% by 2016 as the
urban population is increasing at 6.6% per annum reflecting both an increase in
migration to towns as an escape from rural poverty, conflict and the
reclassification of emerging towns from villages to municipalities.

Falling water tables, surface and groundwater pollution and growing and
competing demands on limited water resources have emerged as challenges in
the effective provision of water and sanitation facilities in Nepal. Combined with
the broad-scale impacts of urbanization and climate change, poor communities
have become increasingly vulnerable to water scarcity, water borne diseases and
social exclusion from access to water. Many of these challenges result from the
historic precedence of a sub-sector approach to water management in Nepal that
does not address the interconnectedness of different users and managers of
water at the community level.

Recognizing the present trend of country’s urbanization, there is a huge gap

between demand and supply of water and sanitation services. The present water
and sanitation situation in Nepal indicates the coverage only about 76% and 46%
of total population respectively, which is still debatable when looked from the
point of serviceability including accessibility, reliability and sustainability. The
scale of the problem is further illustrated by the present achievement made by
the country to meet MDG targets, particularly sanitation. Drinking water is
always the obvious priority of people and recently sanitation has gained some
interest at government as well as local level due to lagging behind in achieving
MDG targets compared to water targets. However, in both cases the scope has
been narrowed to drinking water and toilet facilities. The MDG targets of
sanitation are measured in terms of toilet facilities. The in-house sanitation, the
neighbourhood environmental sanitation and management of waste water has
not yet gained adequate attention, besides other uses of water.

While WaterAid Nepal (WAN) has now focussed its approach on the sustainable
extraction of water within the WatSan sector with improvement in sanitation and
neighbourhood environment, it is now sensed that a more holistic approach to
water resource management is required to ensure sustainability of water sources
and the resource base from which they originate. WAN has therefore placed
increased emphasis on community based water resource management while
designing water supply and sanitation programmes to help to begin to recognize

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the importance of integrated approaches for responding to contemporary
challenges in managing water resources, environmental sanitation and possibly
with linkage to health and livelihood.

2. Rationale for WESI Plan and the guideline:

Based on above arguments, therefore, the challenge at present is to increase the

accessibility of water and environmental sanitation facilities through a holistic
concept of integrated planning for providing access of poor and vulnerable
communities of urban communities to safe water, affordable sanitation, improved
neighbourhood environment coupled with hygiene education and increased
understanding of community to ensure usage and sustained behaviour. Thus, to
adopt integrated approach of planning under holistic concept within water and
sanitation sector; and to have cross-sectoral linkage by linking cross cutting
issues of development, an approach of developing a comprehensive plan for
addressing afore mentioned issues and challenges is required. This will help to
guide service providers at the local and community level, the successful
demonstration of which will help WAN and partners to influence the entire sector
for replication.

WAN recognizing the need of such comprehensive plan conceptualized “Water

Environmental Sanitation Improvement” (WESI) Plan and put forth it as a tool for
promoting its CWRM initiative as well. The approach basically incorporates the
sustainability of water sources, and the environment that procures them,
increasing risk of water pollution resulting from poor wastewater management
and concerns over water quality. These challenges have manifested most notably
among the poor, marginalized and vulnerable communities, particularly slums &
squatters in urban, peri-urban and small town areas, where access to water and
sanitation is compounded by social exclusion, conflict and gender inequalities.

To prepare WESI plan as discussed above and to have its uniformity among the
partners of WAN not only in terms of the contents but also in preparing the plan
as well as in making them own by the local political bodies and sector
stakeholders, it is necessary to devise some steps so that it will help to achieve
the aim of the plan and to broaden its horizon and scope of use in this water sub-
sector as well as in other sectors too.

3. Objective of this guideline:

The basic objective of this guideline is to help WAN’s partners develop a

comprehensive plan based on existing resources and facilities being entertained
for devising future programme on service delivery in water, sanitation including
neighbourhood environment, hygiene promotion with a cross-sector linkage in
collaboration with the local community, local bodies and concerned sector
stakeholders of the programme areas. To achieve this objective, the followings
will be its specific objectives:

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 • To help partners in preparing a comprehensive plan (called WESI Plan) for
delivering water, environmental sanitation and hygiene promotion (WSH)
programme based on participatory approach, inclusive approach of gender
and socially excluded, under privileged and marginalized groups
• To develop and strengthen partnership with local governments and other
stakeholders (sector and cross sector) for designing and implementing
WSH related programme/projects
• To facilitate for the development concepts for the effective management of
water resources through their sustainable use based on the needs and
priorities of the communities
• To help partners in making WESI Plan owned by the local governments and
by other sectors as well.
• To have uniformity in WESI plan developed by partners prior intervention
irrespective of differences in the programme approaches and geographical
areas

4. What is a WESI Plan?

WESI Plan is an approach and attempt to address local water and sanitation
needs in comprehensive way incorporating all the sources and sinks. Therefore,
this plan does not limit itself to drinking water and the water sources only.
Similarly, in sanitation it does not limit to toilet and mere toilets only. The plan
oversees all the resources available, intends their judicious use and prepares an
inventory of water resources of the area. In addition, it holistically plans based on
the demands and needs of the community for sanitation improvement, and
hygiene promotion within the areas. Based on CWRM principles, it attempts for
sustainability, community participation and local ownership in water and
sanitation issues. Collaboration with local political bodies and empowering local
users are the socio-political approach of this plan.

In general, WESI Plan is just like a master plan for the improvement of situation
of the programme areas in terms of their existing sanitation, health & hygiene
condition as well as for improving the access of poor, marginalized and
vulnerable communities of urban poor

In social term, the plan helps the judicious and equitable distribution of water
and delivers sanitation services on need based demand. Moreover, it also
considers the management plan and ownership of the system.

5. What should be there in WESI Plan?

Apart from the general information of the programme areas, the WESI plan,
based on the detailing of the existing baseline information, particularly, on socio-
economic profile, water sources & their existing use, existing sanitation situation
and health & hygiene condition of the area, should have a detailed
comprehensive plan for:

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 • Effective utilization of existing water resources of the programme area for
which it is being developed
• Improvement of existing sanitation situation
• Promotion of hygiene education to improve the existing health condition
• Collaboration and integration with the programmes of the other cross sector
actors such as irrigation, energy, livelihood, and health etc.

The plan should assess the detailed technical information of the water sources
identified during the socio-economic study to provide detailed insights into
realities of the existing water situation, especially on available discharge of the
source, water management practices and problems and possible utilization of
water resources. Therefore, the WESI plan should categorize all the potential
water sources for possible application (e.g. drinking water, irrigation (drip or
surface), micro-hydro or industrial applications etc.) according to their quality,
capacity, accessibility and sustainability. The plan should however facilitate
participatory mapping of all the water resources within the area of interest
(programme areas) which are already being used or proposed to be used.

5.1 Socio-economic profile:

Identifying appropriate development programmes targeting poverty requires

information on existing condition of urban poor, particularly the information on
demographic features, education, economic conditions (including housing
conditions), health and environmental sustainability, particularly water,
sanitation (inclusive of environmental sanitation) and hygiene education etc.
that are relevant to the targeted areas for the planning and designing of the
programme. Similarly, information regarding inclusiveness of socially excluded
groups (such as Disability, Vulnerability, Ethnicity, and gender etc.) need to be
covered while preparing socio-economic profile.

Various studies in the past show that inadequate water and sanitation services
have more impact on women and girls compared to men and boys as they
share the burden of managing water at household level. Hence better water
and sanitation conditions provide real benefits to women and girls in the form
of greater privacy, convenience, safety, dignity and safe hygiene practices in
the family. Apart from that girls will have better opportunity to get enrolled in
schools and will also result in reduced drop out rate from the schools. Hence,
gender inclusive approach should also be taken whiled developing WESI Plan
for delivering water and sanitation programme

For this participation of women along with men as an integral component of

planning is very crucial for the success of the plan as well programme
developed based on it and thus should be sought as a key stakeholders. For
the meaningful presence of both women and men in planning and decision
making process, prop-poor governance framework has to direct their
participation as a mandatory so as to involve both the genders in making
accountable, responsive, transparent and participative in planning, designing
and implementing as well as management of the programme.

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There are various conventional methods such as questionnaire survey, focus
group discussion, secondary data collection etc. to review the situation. Well
adopting these methods when combined with community based mapping (e.g.
PRA, social mapping etc.) will help to visualize the existing baseline situation
effectively and efficiently as it will be more interactive, user friendly and a very
good tool for decision making. Refer methodology in subsequent chapter in
Annex-1.

5.2 Water:

In most of the cases bringing water to the community is the approach,

harnessing external sources even from other watersheds, if not available in
their own watershed and this approach on one hand undermines the traditional
sources and may create water sharing disputes in the longer run. In addition,
it also raises the risks of breaking of the system demanding continuous repair
and maintenance.

Based on the existing baseline information, the plan should, therefore, address
the existing water issues such as availability of water, its uses and the drinking
water situation in the programme areas. In addition, it should open up the
potentialities of using the existing water resources for different sectoral uses
by the concerned sector stakeholders. In addition, the plan should also
address to attempt to conserve traditional water sources, raise the issues of
water quality, its judicious distribution and proper handling.

Local community should be in the driving seat in managing their water. In

addition, the plan should also reflect the potential use of existing water
sources (already being used or potential for usage) for other sector activities
rather than limiting to drinking water sector only by broadening the scope of
the plan and its utilization by cross sectors stakeholders. This will open up the
potentialities to collaborate with other sectors as well as help them to have a
basis for integrate the plan in their programme activities and thus the
ownership towards this WESI plan.

Therefore, the plan ultimately should have an inventory of existing resources,

water being the main based on the use of existing water resources, their
potential utilization and effective management by future programme. For this,
the plan should address the need of local community for delivering water
facilities (new/rehab) with their effective use; management; and linkage with
the needs of other cross sector actors including local political bodies.

The plan at the end should cover the followings:

ƒ Source conservation, source improvement/renovation and source
sustainability
ƒ Water demand management and Water Quality (WQ) improvement
through WQ improvement plan and Water safety plan (WSP)
ƒ Piped water supply or any other means of water supply
ƒ Ground water recharge

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 ƒ Exploring the potentials for alternate water facilities
ƒ Wastewater management through proper drainage or its improvement
ƒ Avoiding possible contamination to water bodies / water pollution
ƒ Linkage with other livelihood opportunities such as:
ƒ Potential irrigation whether new or improvement of existing one
ƒ Energy development through micro-hydro power, water mills and

5.3 Sanitation:

Similarly, improvement of sanitation facilities including environmental

sanitation, which includes waste management; wastewater management at
household and at the community level and their subsequent activities related
to outdoor sanitation issues such as improvement of drainage, walkways,
alternate wastewater management alternatives etc. without jeopardizing the
downstream natural ecosystem will be addressed by the WESI plan under its
sanitation component as a part of sanitation improvement for the programme
area.

While discussing during the preparation of the plan, the potential pollution
problem and contamination issues that might be brought by different activities
while addressing sanitation needs need to be taken care of. Therefore, the
WESI plan should be developed with a detail sanitation plan for addressing
sanitation needs of the community including their neighbourhood environment
for improvement and better situation thereby avoiding the potential pollution
problems.

5.4 Health and Hygiene:

Without health and hygiene education and its promotion within the programme
areas, the ultimate result of providing water and sanitation facilities may not
be able to achieve the targeted outputs as expected as health and hygiene is
an integral component of Water & Sanitation delivery programme. Hence, the
WESI plan should establish the existing situation of health and hygiene status
within the programme areas. Based on its critical analysis, the detail plan for
improving the existing health and hygiene situation of the area should be
developed with an inclusion of value based water, sanitation and hygiene
education programme through schools and then to the communities.

The plan should also explore the opportunities of linking with the health sector
for further promoting hygiene programme integrating with their programme
activities through collaborative efforts. For this purpose, the WESI plan should
be developed in such a way that it acts as a planning tool for the stakeholders
to adopt it as a reference document while designing their programmes. The
plan should also reflect the monitoring mechanisms for ensuring sustainable
hygiene behavioural changes and its impact within the programme areas.

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 5.5 Profile of Existing Institutions for possible linkages &
collaboration:

The different institutions and development agencies and organizations working

within the district, municipalities, and programme areas (whether urban, peri-
urban or small town areas) should be inventoried to prepare their brief profile.
The profile thus developed of the existing organizations should be included in
the plan. The profile catered by the WESI plan should present the institutional
strength of these organizations along with their focus areas for future
engagement with them wherever possible either through collaboration or by
programme integration through supplementing & complimenting each others
programme for synergy effect.

Once the institutional strength and profile is understood, then from the very
beginning of the WESI plan preparation process, the coordination and
collaboration can also be established. The efforts should however be directed
in this line of thinking. This will help in later days, once WESI plan gets
prepared, to provide spaces open for these organizations to get engaged to
materialize the plan by involving in the areas of interest of the
organizations/institutions as envisaged in the plan to play complimentary and
supplementary role for the implementation of the plan as the ownership of
WESI plan does not belong to one individual organization/institution no matter
who has developed it.

The WESI Plan should detail out the programme activities planed
(whether for water services or sanitation improvement or hygiene
promotion etc.) with their expected outputs and targeted
groups/beneficiaries with tentative time frame. However, the plan
should also indicate the responsible organizations to carry out the
programme activities and should also indicate the potential areas for
collaboration between the relevant organizations/institutions under the
coordination of LGs. It would be good to have details of the programme
along with the necessary drawings and cost breakdown of the identified
and planned activities envisaged by WESI plan.

6. How to develop a WESI Plan?

While develop a WESI Plan for any clusters/communities/areas of the urban /

peri-urban / small town areas where water and sanitation programme is being
initiated, the most important things to be considered is to make all the
responsible organizations (such as the community, government line agencies,
concerned stakeholders (sector & cross sector), local political bodies
(DDC/Municipalities/VDCs), development agencies including GOs, (I)NGOs, CBOs
and UCs etc.) present within the areas, involved in the process with the
community people (targeted beneficiaries) having adequate representation of
women at the forefront of the process as a driving entity of the programme. The

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series of discussions, interactions and debates should be undertaken along with
professional discussions and consultations with the concerned entities for possible
engagement for collaboration, integration and supplementation in the programme
from the concerned sectors. No doubt coordination and cooperation should be an
inbuilt component of the process.

The WESI Plan should be developed for any particular clusters/communities of

the urban/peri-urban areas to develop a comprehensive plan for designing a
programme to deliver water, sanitation and hygiene promotion facilities for the
poor, marginalized, deprived and vulnerable communities. For this purpose, the
WESI plan should be developed in the following 3 stages:

a. Generating Baseline Information to acquaint with the existing situation

of the areas where programme are being initiated.
b. Analysis of the generated baseline information in terms of human
resources, material and financial resources for devising a plan
c. Demand responsive plan should be developed based on the needs &
priorities of the communities, sector line agencies of the government in
close consultation, discussions and coordination with the community,
concerned stakeholders, local bodies, development agencies including GOs,
(I)NGOs, CBOs and UCs etc.

7. Who should be involved in developing a WESI Plan?

The implementing partner(s) of WaterAid Nepal (WAN), who is initiating water,

sanitation and hygiene promotion programme in the areas is a responsible
organization in developing a WESI plan for the programme area in consultation
and coordination with the various agencies, but primarily with the local bodies
(DDC/Municipality/VDCs), and community stakeholders. The WESI plan which will
be developed by WAN’s IP shall not be limited to them only as this plan should be
developed as a comprehensive plan common to all the stakeholders for the
benefit and development of the entire areas. Therefore, while developing this
plan, the cooperation and supports from all the development agencies, local line
agencies of the government, development professionals, water sectors and other
sectors and cross sector stakeholders, (I)NGOs, CBSOs and community
stakeholders present in the entire programme area of interest will be sought so
as to make them all responsible and accountable to this plan for its
implementation in the long run.

However, above all, the local political bodies also called as local government
(LG), such as DDC/Municipalities/VDCs should be the entity with which the
collaborative efforts should be extended strongly to tie a knot for getting them
engaged in this process of developing a WESI plan. For this purpose, LG should
be made involved from the very inception phase of this activity by assigning one
of their personnel as a focal person. In addition to this, sharing of resources for
undertaking a series of activities while developing a plan needs to be ensured.
However, the implementing partners should also ensure LGs about their technical
and financial support for developing a WESI plan undertaking the various sets of

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activities. To happen this, some kind of mutual understanding and agreement
between both needs to be reached prior initiating the works ahead. That is to
say, Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) needs to be signed to hold both the
entity responsible and accountable in achieving the results.

This is necessary, because LGs are the responsible organization within the
District/Municipality/VDCs for establishing one door planning process to prepare
plans and programmes for the development of the areas in consultation and
cooperation with the government line agencies and non government agencies.
They, are the committed entity of the area to provide services to the people and
are also responsible for holding other agencies responsible and accountable for
implementing the plan (such as District/Municipality/Village Development Plan)
prepared for the area.

With this concept of one door planning process as envisaged by the country’s
local self governance act (LSGA) – 97, partnering with the local body of the
programme area for developing WESI plan mainstreaming with the
District/Municipality/Village Development Plan (D/M/VDP) has been
conceptualized. The idea not only ensures ownership of LG towards the WESI
plan, but also helps to make it a live document for all the stakeholders to be
adopted and referred for mainstreaming the planning and implementation
process while delivering water, sanitation and hygiene promotion programme
with an aim and concept envisaged in the WESI Plan. This is because, WESI plan
is an ultimate output of the collaborative efforts and engagement of all the
stakeholders present in the programme area in addition to the LG
(DDC/Municipality/VDCs) whose commitment and assurance for owning the plan
and making it materialized on the ground should be the integral component of
the plan.

8. How to make a WESI Plan owned by Local Bodies and

stakeholders?

Holding all the entities of the area including development organizations, sector
stakeholders including local line agencies of the government, primarily local
bodies responsive and accountable through transparent means of their
commitment, engagement and coordination, WESI plan prepared by WAN’s IP(s)
can be rendered ownership by them as a lively tool for planning water and
sanitation programme in the areas to be implemented in a long run.

Besides these, keeping the local community people at the front as a driving entity
stimulates the process by exerting pressure on the LGs who are in fact
established to address their basic needs and services on behalf of central
government in addition to the role played for delivering the services by local line
agencies of the different government departments.

Regular interactions, debates, consultations with the every stakeholders both

government and non-government development agencies and development
professionals will also ensure towards developing a realistic plan. While doing so,

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seeking their professional expertise as their cooperation and engagement and
accounting them through their commitments and responsiveness in translating
the plan in their programmes will also help to ensure their ownership towards the
WESI Plan.

Similarly, the WAN’s Implementing Partner(s) should materialize some of the

activities set out in the WESI Plan in partnering with the LBs. The plan can be
implemented by WAN’s IP(s) and LB either collaborating with other stakeholders
present in the area or integrating in their programmes wherever relevant and
possible through either supplementing or complementing them. However,
exploring potential collaboration and engagement with the sector and cross
sector agencies as well as other stakeholders by developing linkages with them
through effective coordination and cooperation is an inevitable for holding all the
entities present in the area responsible and accountable in owning the WESI Plan
developed in consultation and cooperation with them.

To happen all these possible, the wider dissemination of the plan is essential
through wider discussions and debates for having their inputs, feedbacks and
comments as well as insights in finalizing the plan in one hand and the
commitments and responsiveness for owning the plan on the other to implement
it on the ground by playing a significant roles from their respective sides.

Besides above discussions, the following are some of the key points to be
considered while making all the relevant stakeholders, primarily Local Bodies
(LGs) to own the WESI Plan:

• Sharing a concept of WESI Plan and its linkages with one door planning
process of LGs
• Discussions on the possible roles of the LG and WAN’s IPs in preparing a plan
• Broader understanding on the linking WESI Plan with District/Municipality/VDC
development plan prepared by LGs
• Mutual understanding and agreement through signing MoU by both LGs and
WAN’s IP(s) for partnership in presence of relevant institution as an
eyewitness to undertake initiation for developing a plan
• Formation of task force for preparing WESI plan under the coordination of
Municipality staff personnel assigned as a focal person. The task force includes
representation from WAN’s IP(s), community stakeholders, relevant local line
agencies and representation from the relevant stakeholders.
• With community’s active participation and cooperation from the existing
development agencies, the task force generates baseline information to
acquaint with existing situation, analyse the information critically and finally
formulate a comprehensive plan for delivering primarily water, sanitation and
hygiene promotion services to respond community’s need based demands.
• Dissemination of the findings for wider discussions among the concerned
stakeholders of the area for finalization of the plan
• Endorsement of the WESI plan by the board meeting of the local body for its
implementation on the ground by making concerned agencies and

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 stakeholders responsible and accountable for their supports and engagement
as deemed necessary
• Supports to LGs by WAN’s IPs either directly or through their post follow-up
monitoring programme to review the plan through regular monitoring to
understand whether the programme are planned by development agencies
mainstreaming with WESI Plan or not.

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 Annex -1

Methodology for generating baseline information to acquaint with existing

situation:

There are various conventional methods such as questionnaire survey, focus group
discussion, secondary data collection etc. to review the situation. Well adopting these
methods when combined with community based mapping (e.g. PRA, social mapping etc.)
will help to visualize the existing baseline situation effectively and efficiently as it will be
more interactive, user friendly and a very good tool for decision making. The following
are the guiding steps to adopt while generating the baseline line information

Step – 1: Information required for a profile: Different types of data/information are

required to analyze, evaluate the existing situation and the gaps in different aspects of
life. Thus, key issues and information required for addressing them need to be identified
and then should collect those data/information as required for preparing an existing
baseline profile of demographic, socio-economic as well as existing water, sanitation
(including environmental sanitation) and hygiene education condition of the programme
area. Information identified (acquired) in one urban/peri-urban/small town settlement
may vary to other due to difference in socio-economic, religio-cultural and environmental
situations of the settlements.

Step – 2: Select data collection method - develop a survey tool: The three pronged
approach (household survey - HS, focus group discussion - FGD, and use of secondary
data – SD) is suggested to develop a survey tool for collecting the required
data/information as identified by step 1 to have household specific information as well as
information on public/community interest (e.g. water resources, watershed information,
environmental sustainability etc.) to be used in designing future plans and programmes
with gender sensitivity and responding the existing and potential use of the available
resources within the programme areas not only limiting to water, and sanitation
(including environmental sanitation) sector but also opening an opportunity for other
cross sector actors (such as health, income generation (livelihood), irrigation and energy
etc and so on) to promulgate linkage through collaboration with integrated efforts with
them. .

Step – 3: Collect and prepare a data set for analysis: All the identified data and
relevant information should be collected adopting a three pronged approach as
mentioned in step 2 in addition to the information collected from the secondary sources.
Collating all the information at hand from various sources, a set of household/community
and public database (data and information) of the settlement should be prepared.

Step – 4: Integration of household information with spatial database: It would

have been better if GIS system can be used to manage spatial data integrating spatial
with household/community and public (attribute) information analyzing them and
producing interactive digital and analogue (hardcopy) maps for visualizing the existing
socio-economic profile of the targeted programme areas. However, there is a limitation
on using ths technique as all the implementing partners may not have expertise of using
them in one hand and on the other it becomes expensive for adopting the technique in
generating baseline information despite of being an effective and powerful tool for
interactive and analytical visualization of the programme areas.

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 Annex -1I
Key Information and Data Required 
Issue  Key Information  Data Required 
Total area and number of Households and population of 
City/Settlement/Clusters/Community and population of 
VDC/Municipality 
Population 
Male and female population of different age groups  
Population of age groups (<15 yrs, 15 ‐ 59 yrs and > 59 yrs) 
Total disabled population  
No. of HHs by types of tenure (i.e. self owned or rented)  
Demography 
No. of HHs by types of construction (permanent, semi‐permanent 
and temporary) 
Households 
No. of HHs with more than 3 persons per room out of total 
Households 
Households below and above poverty line 
Women Headed  Women headed households out of total households  
Households  Women headed households below poverty line 
No of primary/secondary/tertiary schools (colleges) in the 
city/settlement/clusters/community and Municipality in total 
Access to Education 
No. of girls and boys enrolled in Primary/secondary/tertiary schools 
Education 
and their respective percentages 
No of literate persons both male and female out of total population 
Literacy rate 
of age groups (< 6 yrs, 6 ‐ 15 yrs, 15 ‐ 24 yrs, and > 24 yrs) 
No. of employed persons by major economic activities and total 
population by sex 
No. economically inactive persons by age groups by both sexes and 
Employment 
total populations accordingly 
Economically active population and population seeking job of age 15 
‐ 59 yrs by both sexes and total population accordingly  
Total No. of HHs and Population (M/F)of the settlement below 
Economic 
poverty line (<$1/day) 
Development 
Total HHs &Population (M/F) according to following categories: 
a. Hard core (ultra) poor 
Poverty  b. Poor 
c. Medium Poor 
d. Non Poor 
Total income of all persons and total population  
Women headed households below poverty line 
Water and  Land Use  Area of different land uses and total land area 
Sanitation  Types/No./Discharge and rights of water sources available in the 
(Environmental  settlement/clusters/community and VDC/Municipality in total 
Sustainability)  Types and No./Discharge and rights of water sources that are being 
Water Sources  used currently for various purposes such as water supply, irrigation, 
energy etc. 
Types/No./Discharge and rights of water sources that are not being 
used till date 

Access to Drinking Water 
No of HHs having water facilities through: 
a. Piped water 
b. Tube (bore) wells (hand pumps) 
c. Dug wells 
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 Issue  Key Information  Data Required 
  d. Others (e.g. directly from the river/water sources) 
Total No of HHs having water treatment facilities through: 
a. Central Treatment System 
b. Filtering 
c. Boiling 
d. SODIS 
e. Chlorination (use of chlorine liquid) 
Water fetching time of all the HHs and distance of nearest water 
sources from them 
No. of HHs without having any kind access to water facilities   
No. of women headed HHs with access to safe drinking water out of 
total women headed HHs   
No of HHs with basic / hygienic sanitation facilities 
No of HHs with some kind of sanitation facilities (but not necessarily 
hygienic one) 
No of shared toilets 
No of persons per toilet and No. of HHs per shared toilet 
No of institutional toilets and no. of persons depending on them 
No of public toilets and no. of persons depending on them 
Access to Improved  No. of women headed HHs with access to basic hygienic sanitation 
Sanitation  facilities out of total women headed HHs   
No of HHs connected to sewerage system out of total HHs 
No of HHs practicing solid waste management by types out of total 
HHs 
No of HHs practicing wastewater  management by types out of total 
HHs 
No of wastewater treatment / management facilities in the 
settlement/clusters/communities/Municipality/VDCs 
Access to Health  No of primary health centre, health post, and sub‐health post 
No. of deaths before age 1 and population below age 1 by (both 
sexes) 
Child Mortality 
Health and  No. of deaths before age 5 and population below age 5 by (both 
Hygiene  sexes) 
Maternal Health  No. of maternal deaths and no. of live births 
Awareness to  No. of HHs and population (both sexes) aware to HIV/AIDS/STDs out 
HIV/AIDS/STDs  of total HHs 
No. of HHs where women only do house cleaning out of total HHs 
No. of HHs where women only do toilet cleaning out of total HHs 
No. of HHs where women and girl children only do water fetching 
Division of Labour 
out of total HHs 
Status and  No. of HHs where women only do managing solid wastes out of total 
Position of  HHs 
Women  No. of HHs where women can make decisions in: 
a. Household purchasing (daily & large scale) 
Women's Decision 
b. Children's education 
Making Role 
c. Participating local activities 
d. Family health care 
Participation in Local  No of users' committees, CBOs, Local NGOs and clubs with female 
Gender Inclusion 
Users' Committees  members 

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 Issue  Key Information  Data Required 
in Development  Number and types of local training (skill development, water & 
Programme  environment conservation, sanitation and hygiene promotion etc) 
Capacity Building  with number of male and female participants 
Number of male and female participants of the local training 
practicing the topics they were trained at hand 
No of female members involved in planning and designing Water, 
Sanitation and Hygiene promotion programme 
Water and Sanitation  No of female members involved in operation, maintenance and 
rehabilitation (overall management) of water and sanitation system 
in the city/settlement/clusters/community and Municipality/VDCs 
Women representation in the existing structure of tariff setting 
committee 
Involvement of women while fixing the tariff rate for generating 
Financial System 
O&M fund 
Willingness to pay by female respondent for improved water and 
sanitation services 
Institutional  Number and Name of service providers and  
Arrangements to  name of Units to deal with women’s issues regarding Water and 
Institutional 
Develop, Provide, and  Sanitation facilities 
Arrangements 
Maintain Water and  Arrangement of gender unit in organizational structure of Water and 
Sanitation Services  Sanitation service providers  

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