Unit 300771/197 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

TUTORIAL # 1 - ANSWERS

Q1

Load
30 kVA 1200 V Ang 0 at 0.8 PF leading
Current = 25 A/ph Ang 36.8699 deg = 16.88639 j 18.43502 A
Value of R (real part) 71.06316504 ohms Value of X (imag part) 65.0935 ohms
Distrbution line R X ohms; Z Ang
8.4 11.2 14 53.1301 deg
Volt drop = I.Z = 350 V / Ang 90 deg
2.143132E-14 j 350 V p.u.
Vs= 1200 j 350 V p.u.
1250 p.u. Ang 0.28379411 r 16.2602 deg

Q2

V1 = 500 V ang 16.26 deg; = 480.0005 +j 139.9983 V

V2 = 585 V ang 0 deg; = 585 +j 0 V
V1 - V2 = -104.9995 + j 139.998285 V; = 174.998328 V ang 126.8701 deg
Line = 0.7 + j 2.4 ohms = 2.5 ohms 73.7398 deg
Current I12 = dV/Z = 69.999331 A ang 53.13031 deg Current I21 = -I12 = 69.99933 A ang -126.8697 deg
Complex power for mach #1 S1 = V1.I* = 34999.67 VA ang -36.87031 deg = 27999.58 W + j -21000 Var
Complex power for mach #2 S2 = V2.I21* = 40949.61 VA ang 126.8697 deg = -24569.65 W + j 32759.78 Var
Conclusion: Mach #1 is supplying real power and absorbing reactive power.
Mach #2 is absorbing real power and supplying reactive power.
Line losses = I2.R = 3429.9345 W
Check: Do losses sum correctly?
Mach 2 + Line loss = -27999.58198 W
Mach 1 output = 27999.58198 W --> OK!

Q3

Balanced 3-=phase system. So convert to single-phase equivalent.

Must however convert delta load to star equivalent. So do delta-star conversion.
For balanced load, star equivalent = 1/3 delta load = 0.33333333 of 15 +j 18 ohms
Star equivalent load Zph= 5 +j 6 ohms ph-neutral = 7.81025 Ohms ang 50.19443 deg
Single-phase equivalent. Analyse 'a' phase.
Total Z pn/neutral = 6 +j 8 ohms ph-neutral 10 Ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Line voltage = 207.65 V Phase/neutral V = 119.8868 V ph
Line current I = Vph/Zph = 11.98867834 A ang -53.130102 deg
Total complex power = 3.Vph.Iph* = 4311.852 VA ang 53.1301 deg
2587.111 W 3449.482 Var
Phase voltage at load = Supply - line drop. Line drop = Zph.I = 2.236068 ohms ang 63.43495 deg * 11.98868 A ang -53.1301 deg
26.8075 V ang 10.30485 deg = 26.37509 + j 4.795471 V
Phase voltage at load = 93.51169 + j -4.795471 V = 93.63457 V ang -2.935673 deg
Line voltage at load = sqrt(3)* Vph = 162.179835 V

Q4.

Because loads are connected in parallel, each is supplied by full line voltage.
Therefore, each draws P and Q independently of the others.
Therefore, we can simply add up individual P and Q components.
System supply volts = 12.47 kV (line)
Load 1: 60 kW and 660 kVAr
Load 2: 240 kW at 0.8 PF (lag) = 240 kW -180 kVAr
Load 3: 60 kW at 1 PF = 60 kW 0 kVAr
Total complex S = 360 kW and 480 kVAr 600 kVA ang 53.1301 deg.
Total PF = 0.6
Line current = S 3-ph/(sqrt(3)*Vline) = 27.77948 A/ph

To bring PF up to 0.8 overall:

P= 360 kW. Therefore, at 0.8 PF, Q = 270 kVAr
Existing Q = 480 kVAr.
Therefore, correction = -210 kVAr Negative, so this implies capacitive.
New corrected load (3-phase total) = 360 kW 270 kVAr = 450 kVA
New Line current = Snew 3-ph/(sqrt(3)*Vline) = 20.8346128 A/ph.
 Unit 300771/197 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
TUTORIAL # 1 - ANSWERS

Q5.
Three loads are connected in parallel across a single source voltage of 240 V rms, 50 Hz.
Load 1 absorbs 12 kW and 6.667 kvar.
Load 2 absorbs 4 kVA at 0.96 p.f. lagging.
Load 3 absorbs 15 kW at unity power factor.
Calculate the equivalent impedance, Z, for the three parallel loads, for the two cases:
(i) series combination of R and X
(ii) parallel combination of R and X.

Because loads are connected in parallel, each is supplied by full line voltage.
Therefore, each draws P and Q independently of the others.
Therefore, we can simply add up individual P and Q components.
System supply volts = 415.6922 V (line) 240 Vph
Load 1: 12 kW and 6.667 kVAr
Load 2: 4 kVA 0.96 PF (lag) = 3.84 kW 1.12 kVAr
Load 3: 15 kW at 1 PF = 15 kW 0 kVAr
Total complex S = 30.84 kW and 7.787 kVAr 31.80791 kVA ang 14.1708 deg.
Total PF = 0.96957
Line current = S 1-ph/Vph = 132.5329472 A/ph

Equivalent impedances of each load.

Parallel equivalence: divide P and Q by phase voltage.
Load 1: R = Vph2/P= 4.8 ohms; X = Vph2/Q = 8.639568 ohms.
Load 2: R = Vph2/P= 15 ohms; X = Vph2/Q = 51.42857 ohms.
Load 3: R = Vph2/P= 3.84 ohms; X = Vph2/Q = #DIV/0! ohms.
Series equivalence: calculate load current, then get Req and Xeq from I^2R and I^2X.
Load 1: S= 13.72767 kVA ang 29.05582027 deg I1 = 57.19862 A ang -29.05582 deg
Load 2: S= 4 kVA ang 16.26020471 deg I2 = 16.66667 A ang -16.2602 deg
Load 3: S= 15 kVA ang 0 deg I3 = 62.5 A ang 0 deg
Load 1: R = P/I^2 = 3.667838 ohms + j X = Q/I^2 = 2.03779 ohms
Load 2: R = P/I^2 = 13.824 ohms + j X = Q/I^2 = 4.032 ohms
Load 3: R = P/I^2 = 3.84 ohms + j X = Q/I^2 = 0 ohms

Q6.

a) Original system:
Total Z ph/neutral = 4.18 + j 3.24 ohms = 5.288667 ohms ang 37.77997 deg
Line voltage = 480 V = Phase/neutral V = 480 V ph
Line current I = Vph/Zph = 90.76011 A ang -37.77997 deg
Line impedance = 0.18 + j 0.24 ohms = 0.3 ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Phase voltage at load = Supply - line drop. Line drop = Zline.I = 27.22803 V ang 15.35014 deg = 26.2567 + j 7.207723 V
Phase voltage at load = 453.7432964 + j -7.207723 V= 453.8005 V ang -0.910068 deg
Line losses = I^2.Rline = 1482.731 W

a) System with step-up and step down tx and HV line:

Refer all HV impedances to generator (supply) side: Transf ratio = 10

Line impedance = 0.0018 + j 0.0024 ohms = 0.003 ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Total Z ph/neutral = 4.0018 + j 3.0024 ohms = 5.00288 ohms ang 36.87952 deg
Line voltage = 480 V = Phase/neutral V = 480 V ph
Line current I = Vph/Zph = 95.94473 A ang -36.87952 deg
HV line current = 9.594473 A ang
Line impedance = 0.18 + j 0.24 ohms = 0.3 ohms ang 53.1301 deg
Phase voltage at load = Supply - line drop. Line drop = Zline.I = 2.878342 V ang 16.25058 deg = 2.763344 + j 0.805472 V
Line drop as seen on load side of tx 0.287834 V ang 16.25058 deg = 0.276334 + j 0.080547 V
Phase voltage at load = 479.7236656 + j -0.080547 V= 479.7237 V ang -0.00962 deg
Line losses = I^2.Rline = 16.56971 W

Note vast reduction in line losses, and improvement in received voltage.

 Unit 300771/197 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
TUTORIAL # 1 - ANSWERS

Q7. Dy11 vector diagrams: This diagram shows all the 3-phases vectors.

VAB The angles for the LV side voltages are thus (for HV a phase VAN = angle 0 deg):
Van = v angle 30 (where v is the magnitude of the LV side voltage)
Vbn = v angle -90
Vcn = v angle 150
VAN
Van
30
°
Vbn

VCN Vcn VBN

Q8. Taking the 'a' phase HV side of both transformers as referance angle 0, then
For Dy11, Van = v angle 30
For Dy1, Van = v angle -30 deg.
Van( Dy11)
The effect is shown in the vector diagram:
Difference
The voltage difference is shown by the red vector. VAN
As a 60 deg equilateral triangle is formed, this difference
is equal to the full phase-neutral voltage van.
The effect is like a full short circuit across the transformers'
LV terminals.
Van( Dy1)

Q9. Harmonics.
Fundamental: V1a = V1.cosωt , V1b = V1.cos(ωt+4π/3) , V1c = V1.cos(ωt+2π/3) , for a, b and c phases in a-b-c sequence (positive sequence).
2nd harmonic: V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos2(ωt+4π/3) , V2c = V2.cos2(ωt+2π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+8π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3) Now, replace 2ω by ω'
V2a = V2.cos(ω't) , V2b = V2.cos(ω't+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(ω't+4π/3)
Compare to fundamental, and note that phase sequence is now a-c-b, ie reverse or negative sequence.
3rd harmonic: V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos3(ωt+4π/3) , V3c = V3.cos3(ωt+2π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt+12π/3) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt+6π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt) Multiples of 2ω Now, replace 3ω by ω'
V3a = V3.cos(ω't) , V3b = V3.cos(ω't) , V3c = V3.cos(ω't)
Compare to fundamental, and note that all phases are now in phase, ie no rotation at all or zero sequence.

Q10. Fourier components fo square wave.

f(ωt) = 1 for 0<ωt<=nπ (n odd); f(ωt) = -1 for (n-1)π<ωt<=nπ (n even) Fourier series definition:

2π
1
an = . ∫ f (ωt ). cosnωt . d( ωt )
π 0
2π
1
bn = . ∫ f (ωt ). sin nωt . d (ωt )
π 0
Integrate over 1 cycle. From 0<ωt<=π, f(ωt) = 1; from π<ωt<=2π, f(ωt) = -1
an cos(nωt) terms are zero. bn sin(nωt) terms are 1 x 1/n.pi (integral of sin(nωt) = -1/n.cos(nωt) ).
an of zero means no DC component.