Method Principle Most Suitable Soil Maximum Effective Economic Size of Ideal Properties of
Conditions/Types Treatment Depth Treated Areas Treated Materials
In-Situ Deep Compaction 1. Vibratory probe Densification by Saturated or dry clean 65 ft. (20 m) routinely >10,760 ft.2 (1000 m2) Can obtain relative vibration; liquefaction- sand; sand. (ineffective above 10-13 densities of 80% or more. induced settlement and ft. (3-4 m) depth); > 100 Ineffective in some settlement n dry soil ft. (30 m) sometimes. sands. under overburden to produce a higher density. 2. Vibroflotation Densification by Cohesionless soils with > 100 ft. (30 m) >10,760 ft.2 (1000 m2) Can obtain high relative vibration and compaction less than 20% fines. densities (over 85%), of backfill material of good uniformity. sand or gravel. 3. Compaction piles Densification by Loose sandy soils; partly > 65 ft. (20 m) >10,760 ft.2 (1000 m2) Can obtain high displacement of pile saturated clayey soils; densities, good volume and by vibration loess. uniformity. Relative during driving, increase densities of more than in lateral effective earth 80%. pressure. 4. Dynamic Compaction Repeated application of Cohesionless soils best, > 65 ft. (20 m) possible 35,520 ft.2 (3300 m2) Can obtain high relative high-intensity impacts at other types can also be densities, reasonable surface. improved. uniformity. Compression 5. Displacement/ Highly viscous grout acts All soils. Unlimited Small Grout bulbs within Compaction grout as radial hydraulic jack compressed soil matrix. when pumped in under Soil mass as a whole is high pressure. strengthened. 6. Surcharge/ Buttress The weight of a Can be placed on any soil -- >10,760 ft.2 (1000 m2) Increase strength and surcharge/buttress surface. reduce compressibility. increases the liquefaction resistance by increasing the effective continuing pressures in the foundation. Method Principle Most Suitable Soil Maximum Effective Economic Size of Ideal Properties of Conditions/Types Treatment Depth Treated Areas Treated Materials Pore Water Pressure Relief 7. Gravel Drains Relief of excess pore Sand, silt, clay. > 100 ft. (30 m) >16,150 ft.2 (1500 m2) Fast relief of excess pore water pressure to prevent water pressure will liquefaction. prevent liquefaction. Injection and Grouting 8. Particulate grouting Penetration grouting-fill Medium to coarse sand Unlimited. Small Impervious, high strength soil pores with soil, and gravel. with cement grout. Voids cement, and/or clay. filled so they cannot collapse under cyclic loading. 9. Chemical grouting Solutions of two or more Medium silts and Unlimited Small Impervious, low to high chemicals react in soil coarser. strength. Voids filled so pores to form a gel or a they cannot collapse solid precipitate. under cyclic loading. 10. Pressure-injected Penetration grouting – Medium to coarse sand Unlimited Small Impervious to some lime fill soil pores with lime. and gravel. degree. No significant strength increase. Collapse of voids under cyclic loading reduced. 11. Electrokinetic Stabilizing chemicals Saturated sands, silts, Unknown Small Increased strength, injection move into and fill soil silty clays. reduced compressibility, pores by electro-osmosis voids filled so they or colloids into pores by cannot collapse under electro-phoresis. cyclic loading. 12. Jet grouting High-speed jets at depths Sands, silts, clays. Unknown Small Solidified columns and excavate, inject, and mix walls a stabilizer with soil to form columns or panels. Admixture Stabilization 13. Mix-in-place piles Lime, cement, or asphalt Sand, silt, clays, all soft > 65 ft. (20 m) (200 ft. Small Solidified soil piles or and walls introduced through or loose inorganic soils. (60 m) obtained in walls of relatively high rotating auger or special Japan) strength. in-place mixer. Soil Reinforcement 14. Vibro-replacement Hole jetted into fine- Sands, silts, clays. > 100 ft. (30 m) (limited >16,150 ft.2 (1500 m2); Increased vertical and stone and sand columns grained soil and by vibratory equipment) fine-grained soils, horizontal load carrying A. Grouted backfilled with densely >10,760 ft.2 (1000 m2) capacity. Density B. Not grouted compacted gravel or increase in cohesionless sand; hole formed in cohesionless oils by soils. Shorter drainage vibro techniques and paths. backfilled with compacted gravel or sand. For grouted columns, voids filled with a grout. 15. Root piles, soil Small-diameter inclusion All soils. Unknown Unknown Reinforced zone of soil nailing used to carry tension, behaves as a coherent shear and compression. mass.