Automatic motor start/stop

Start-stop system or stop-start system automatically shuts down and restarts the internal
combustion engine to reduce the amount of time the engine spends idling, thereby reducing fuel
consumption and emissions.

Temperature control

Is a process in which change of temperature of a space (and objects collectively there within) is
measured or otherwise detected, and the passage of heat energy into or out of the space is
adjusted to achieve a desired average temperature.

Pressure Control

Is a mode of mechanical ventilation alone and a variable within other modes of mechanical
ventilation. Pressure control is used to regulate pressures applied during mechanical ventilation. Air
delivered into the patients lungs (breaths) are currently regulated by Volume Control or Pressure
Control. In pressure controlled breaths a tidal volume achieved is based on how much volume can
be delivered before the pressure control limit is reached.

Temperature switches

Temperature switches are the mechanisms used to measure temperature. The working of
a temperature switch is based upon the temperature variations taking place in an enclosed
space, or in an open area adjoining the temperature detecting component.

Pressure switch

A pressure switch for sensing fluid pressure contains a capsule, bellows, Bourdon tube,
diaphragm or piston element that deforms or displaces proportionally to the applied pressure.
The resulting motion is applied, either directly or through amplifying levers, to a set of switch
contacts. Since pressure may be changing slowly and contacts should operate quickly, some
kind of over-center mechanism such as a miniature snap-action switch is used to ensure quick
operation of the contacts. One sensitive type of pressure switch uses mercury
switches mounted on a Bourdon tube; the shifting weight of the mercury provides a useful over-
center characteristic.

Control valves

A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as
directed by a signal from a controller. This enables the direct control of flow rate and the
consequential control of process quantities such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.

Relays

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can turn
on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire
that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it).
Pneumatic PID controller

Many pneumatic PID controllers use the force-balance principle. One or more input
signals (in the form of pneumatic pressures) exert a force on a beam by acting through
diaphragms, bellows, and/or bourdon tubes, which is then counter-acted by the force
exerted on the same beam by an output air pressure acting through a diaphragm,
bellows, or bourdon tube. The self-balancing mechanical system “tries” to keep the
beam motionless through an exact balancing of forces, the beam’s position precisely
detected by a nozzle/baffle mechanism.
Throughout this section I will make reference to a pneumatic controller mechanism of
my own design. This mechanism does not directly correspond to any particular
manufacturer or model of pneumatic controller, but shares characteristics common to
many. This design is shown here for the purpose of illustrating the development of P, I,
and D control actions in as simple a context as possible:

The action of this particular controller is direct, since an increase in process variable
signal (pressure) results in an increase in output signal (pressure). Increasing process
variable (PV) pressure attempts to push the right-hand end of the beam up, causing the
baffle to approach the nozzle. This blockage of the nozzle causes the nozzle’s
pneumatic backpressure to increase, thus increasing the amount of force applied by the
output feedback bellows on the left-hand end of the beam and returning the flapper
(very nearly) to its original position. If we wished to reverse the controller’s action, all we
would need to do is swap the pneumatic signal connections between the input bellows,
so that the PV pressure was applied to the upper bellows and the SP pressure to the
lower bellows. Any factor influencing the ratio of input pressure(s) to output pressure
may be exploited as a gain (proportional band) adjustment in this mechanism. Changing
bellows area (either both the PV and SP bellows equally, or the output bellows by itself)
would influence this ratio, as would a change in output bellows position (such that it
pressed against the beam at some difference distance from the fulcrum point). Moving
the fulcrum left or right is also an option for gain control, and in fact is usually the most
convenient to engineer.
Electronic PID controller

Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than
pneumatic process controllers, they are actually “more obsolete” than pneumatic controllers.
Panel-mounted (inside a control room environment) analog electronic controllers were a great
improvement over panel-mounted pneumatic controllers when they were first introduced to
industry, but they were superseded by digital controller technology later on. Field-mounted
pneumatic controllers were either replaced by panel-mounted electronic controllers (either
analog or digital) or left alone. Applications still exist for field-mounted pneumatic controllers,
even now at the beginning of the 21st century, but very few applications exist for analog
electronic controllers in any location.

Analog electronic controllers enjoy only two advantages over digital electronic controllers:
greater reliability and faster response. Now that digital industrial electronics has reached a very
high level of reliability, the first advantage is academic, leaving only the second advantage for
practical consideration. The advantage of faster speed may be fruitful in applications such as
motion control, but for most industrial processes even the slowest digital controller is fast
enough1. Furthermore, the numerous advantages offered by digital technology (data recording,
networking capability, self-diagnostics,flexible configuration, function blocks for implementing
different control strategies) severely weaken the relative importance of reliability and speed.
Most analog electronic PID controllers utilized operational amplifiers in their designs. It is
relatively easy to construct circuits performing amplification (gain), integration, differentiation,
summation, and other useful control functions with just a few op-amps, resistors, and capacitors.
Circuit design

The following schematic diagram shows a full PID controller implemented using eight
operational amplifiers, designed to input and output voltage signals representing PV, SP, and
Output:
Data logger

A data logger (also data logger or data recorder) is an electronic device that
records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor
or via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based
on a digital processor (or computer).

Electromechanical transducer

Any type of device that either converts an electrical signal into sound waves
(as in a loudspeaker) or converts a sound wave into an electrical signal (as in
the microphone). Many of the transducers used in everyday life operate in
both directions, such as the speakerphone on certain intercoms.
Control System
A control system is a device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs or
regulates the behaviour of other devices or systems. They can range from a home
heating controller using a thermostat controlling a boiler to large Industrial control
systems which are used for controlling processes or machines.
In the most common form, the feedback control system it is desired to control a process,
called the plant, so its output follows a control signal, which may be a fixed or changing
value. The control system compares the output of the plant to the control signal, and
applies the difference as an error signal to bring the output of the plant closer to the
control signal.
5. Construction monitoring system

Construction monitoring is an accurate and positive way of

checking the quality, accuracy and progress of a construction
project. Our specialist teams will oversee all aspects of
construction identified by your due diligence phase and provide
reports, updates and advice to give you complete project control.

Areas to monitor include:

 the construction environment

 quality control
 timeliness and meeting targets
 negotiations, suppliers and supplier performance
 health & safety
 costings
 materials
 conformance with plans and specifications

Construction monitoring gives you a clear view of your project’s

progress, and allows you to address problems before and as they
arise. Using our global experience and expertise, we can help you
to install and manage real-time monitoring systems to further
enhance your project management.
6. Explain the functions, How it operates and works, How
measured value can be performed following
Control unit

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central

processing unit(CPU) that directs operation of the processor. It
tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and
output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
The computer does its primary work in a part of the machine we
cannot see, a control center that converts data input to
information output. This control center, called the central
processing unit (CPU), is a highly complex, extensive set of
electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions. All
computers, large and small, must have a central processing unit.
As Figure 1 shows, the central processing unit consists of two
parts: The control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. Each part has
a specific function.

Before we discuss the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit in

detail, we need to consider data storage and its relationship to the
central processing unit. Computers use two types of storage:
Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU interacts
closely with primary storage, or main memory, referring to it for
both instructions and data. For this reason this part of the reading
will discuss memory in the context of the central processing unit.
Technically, however, memory is not part of the CPU.

Recall that a computer's memory holds data only temporarily, at

the time the computer is executing a program. Secondary storage
holds permanent or semi-permanent data on some external
magnetic or optical medium. The diskettes and CD-ROM disks
that you have seen with personal computers are secondary
storage devices, as are hard disks. Since the physical attributes
of secondary storage devices determine the way data is
organized on them, we will discuss secondary storage and data
organization together in another part of our on-line readings.
Input-output interface

Input-output interface provides a method for transferring

information between internal storage and external I/O devices.
Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication
links for interfacing them with the central processing unit. The
purpose of the communication link is to resolve the differences
that exist between the central computer and each peripheral. The
major differences are:
1. Peripherals are electromechanical and electromagnetic devices
and their manner of operation is different from the operation of the
CPU and memory, which are electronic devices. Therefore, a
conversion of signal values may be required.
2. The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the
transfer rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization
mechanism may be needed.
3. Data codes and formats in peripherals differ from the word
format in the CPU and memory.
4. The operating modes of peripherals are different from each
other and each must be controlled so as not to disturb the
operation of other peripherals connected to the CPU.
An I/O interface is required whenever the I/O device is driven by
the processor. Typically a CPU communicates with devices via
a bus. The interface must have necessary logic to interpret the
device address generated by the processor. Handshaking should
be implemented by the interface using appropriate commands
(like BUSY, READY, and WAIT), and the processor can
communicate with an I/O device through the interface. If different
data formats are being exchanged, the interface must be able to
convert serial data to parallel form and vice versa. Because it
would be a waste for a processor to be idle while it waits for data
from an input device there must be provision for
generating interrupts and the corresponding type numbers for
further processing by the processor if required.
A computer that uses memory-mapped I/O accesses hardware by
reading and writing to specific memory locations, using the same
assembly language instructions that computer would normally use
to access memory. An alternative method is via instruction-based
I/O which requires that a CPU have specialised instructions for
I/O.[1] Both input and output devices have a data processing rate
that can vary greatly.[2] With some devices able to exchange data
at very high speeds direct access to memory (DMA) without the
continuous aid of a CPU is required.[2]
Higher-level implementation
Higher-level operating system and programming facilities employ
separate, more abstract I/O concepts and primitives. For
example, most operating systems provide application programs
with the concept of files. The C and C++ programming languages,
and operating systems in the Unix family, traditionally abstract
files and devices as streams, which can be read or written, or
sometimes both. The C standard library provides functions for
manipulating streams for input and output.
In the context of the ALGOL 68 programming language,
the input and output facilities are collectively referred to
as transput. The ALGOL 68 transput library recognizes the
following standard files/devices: stand in , stand out , stand
errors and stand back .
An alternative to special primitive functions is the I/O monad,
which permits programs to just describe I/O, and the actions are
carried out outside the program. This is notable because
the I/O functions would introduce side-effects to any programming
language, but this allows purely functional programming to be
practical.
Monitor display

The main function of a computer monitor is to display video and

graphical information generated by the computers graphics
adapter, allowing the user to interact with the computer. It is
categorized as an output device.
Often referred to as a monitor when packaged in a separate case,
the display is the most-used output device on a computer. The
display provides instant feedback by showing you text and
graphic images as you work or play.
Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode
ray tube (CRT) technology, while nearly all portable computing
devices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology. Because of
their slimmer design and lower energy consumption, monitors
using LCD technology (also called flat panel or flat
screen displays) are replacing the venerable CRT on most
desktops.
Printer Logs

Printer is an essential device for a commercial company.

Documents like MS office, PDF, images, CAD designs, etc. are
often printed. It's also possible that someone uses a printer to
print confidential documents. To prevent any data leakage via
printers, printer monitoring is necessary.
One of the functions in SurveilStar monitoring software you like
may be printing logs. SurveilStar can record any printer usage
including printer type, time, computer, group, user, printing task,
printer name, pages, caption and application. And surveilstar
printer monitoring software supports all kinds of printers including
local printer, shared printer, network printer and virtual printer.
Printer logs enable you to keep track of print jobs on your
business's printer. If, for example, you find a 100-page print job of
a personal nature on your office’s printer, you can find the culprit
by looking at the printer log. If enabled, you can find a list of print
jobs and printer events in the Windows Event Viewer.
Alternatively, you can enable “Keep printed documents” for a
specific printer, or log into the printer’s Web console if it has one

Alarm Printer

Functionality

The alarm and monitoring system is the basic functionality of the

K-Chief 600 marine automation system. The main purpose of the
system is to give ship's officers all the basic alarm and status
 information they require to maintain safe and efficient operation of
the machinery and other related equipment.

Alarm and logging functions

The logging printer and the colour graphics display records all
status changes, such as alarm acknowledgements and alarm
condition cleared. When all alarm conditions are cleared, the
system returns to normal. Alarm limits and delays are adjustable
by using the Operator Panel. A counter function keeps track of
running hours for engines, pumps and related items. This function
can also accumulate flow. Counter values are shown on the
colour graphics display or may be printed.
Alarms and other information is presented either as lists or
graphic displays on the operator stations or local operator
stations. To record alarms and events a number of different
logging options are available including complete log, alarm
summary log, group log, etc.

Alarm and monitoring system benefits

 Alarm detection with visual and acoustic alarm indication
 Alarm groups, summary & history
 Alarm extension system for bridge & cabins for UMS operation
 Exhaust Gas temperature monitoring
 Inhibit of alarms (alarm block)
 Colour graphic presentation
 Logging of alarms and events to printer
 Running hours & counters
 Logs (event log, noon log, and others)
 Ship & system information
 Trend monitoring
 Bargraph display of selected points
 Performance monitoring
 Personal alarm system

Available options
The system can be delivered as alarm and monitoring system
only, or can at any time be extended to include power
management system, system control and a variety of other
functions such as ballast automation, air conditioning control,
reefer monitoring and fire system.
Lamp Driver
Lamp Driver is a small integrated circuit designed to supply the
current required by alamp. It manages the incoming voltage and
current to the voltage and current level requirements of the lamp.
Extension Alarm System

A marine automation system for merchant ships consists of

machinery control & monitoring system and cargo control &
monitoring system. Extension Alarm System (EAS) has been
installed for machinery control & monitoring system to provide
machinery alarms to bridge, cabins, and public areas. However,
EAS of the latest marine automation systems requires the
integrated functionality for both machinery and cargo monitoring.
In this paper, we introduce general features of EAS and design
Integrated Extension Alarm System (IEAS) for ACONIS-2000®
system, which is the integrated marine automation system
developed by Hyundai Heavy Industries co., ltd. Extension alarm
panels of IEAS are classified by the system type and display the
information received from the alarm server of ACONIS-2000®.
Therefore, IEAS can transfer machinery and/or cargo alarms to
the on-duty engineer according to the system type of alarms. In
addition, IEAS provides the flexibility of the alarm group and duty
configuration.
7. Function/performance test can be carried out in a typical
system
Load testing
Load testing is the simplest form of performance testing. A load
test is usually conducted to understand the behaviour of the
system under a specific expected load. This load can be the
expected concurrent number of users on
the application performing a specific number of transactions within
the set duration. This test will give out the response times of all
the important business critical transactions.
The database, application server, etc. are also monitored during
the test, this will assist in identifying bottlenecks in the application
software and the hardware that the software is installed on.
Stress testing
Stress testing is normally used to understand the upper limits of
capacity within the system. This kind of test is done to determine
the system's robustness in terms of extreme load and helps
application administrators to determine if the system will perform
sufficiently if the current load goes well above the expected
maximum.
Soak testing
Soak testing, also known as endurance testing, is usually done to
determine if the system can sustain the continuous expected load.
During soak tests, memory utilization is monitored to detect
potential leaks. Also important, but often overlooked is
performance degradation, i.e. to ensure that the throughput
and/or response times after some long period of sustained activity
are as good as or better than at the beginning of the test. It
essentially involves applying a significant load to a system for an
extended, significant period of time. The goal is to discover how
the system behaves under sustained use.
Spike testing
Spike testing is done by suddenly increasing or decreasing the
load generated by a very large number of users, and observing
the behaviour of the system. The goal is to determine whether
performance will suffer, the system will fail, or it will be able to
handle dramatic changes in load.
Configuration testing
Rather than testing for performance from a load perspective, tests
are created to determine the effects of configuration changes to
the system's components on the system's performance and
behaviour. A common example would be experimenting with
different methods of load-balancing.
Isolation testing
Isolation testing is not unique to performance testing but involves
repeating a test execution that resulted in a system problem.
Such testing can often isolate and confirm the fault domain.