CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Continuous increase in demand with rise in population, is putting the

CG under pressure since centralized power system network existed for decades
without much alternation due to increased expenditures and complexity involved in
expanding the conventional generation and transmission. Moreover elevation in
conventional generation to meet the increased demand yields more ecological
impacts. Besides this, CG is suffering severely from energy deficit, peak demand
and blackout issues around the globe. Need for quality of supply, its reliability and
eco-friendly generation is increasing enormously. This has given birth to new
paradigms like micro and nano grids which encloses distributed energy resources
(DER), storage systems(SS) and local loads that can operate either in standalone or
grid connected mode. Such a systems have multiple advantages like increased
efficiency, reliability, optimal operation, reducing stress on utility and ability to
supply the power to remote areas. New paradigms are either AC or DC and AC/DC
hybrid based on the type of buses formed.
Even though AC loads are dominated in the present network,
DC loads are significantly increased from last two decades in various fields of
application with revolution of semiconductor technology. Presently DC loads are
fed by AC grid only but it imparts notable conversion losses. As few renewable
sources and storage systems are in DC, DC microgrids (DCMG) have been gaining
popularity since they can feed the DC loads directly by avoiding the conversion
losses and also free from reactive power, harmonics and phase synchronization

1
issues as compared to AC microgrid. Control complexity is less in DCMG as
compared to AC microgrid.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

TITLE: Microgrids Management.
AUTHORS: A. D. Katiraei, Farid, Reza Iravani, Nikos Hatziargyriou,2008.
The environmental and economical benefits of the microgrid and
consequently its acceptability and degree of proliferation in the utility power
industry, are primarily determined by the envisioned controller capabilities and the
operational features. Depending on the type and depth of penetration of distributed
energy resource (DER) units, load characteristics and power quality constraints,
and market participation strategies, the required control and operational strategies
of a microgrid can be significantly, and even conceptually, different than those of
the conventional power systems.

TITLE: A Hybrid AC / DC Micro-Grid and Its Coordination Control.

AUTHORS: X. Liu, P. Wang, and P. C. Loh,2010.
This project proposes a hybrid ac/dc micro grid to reduce the
processes of multiple dc-ac-dc or ac-dc-ac conversions in an individual ac or dc
grid. The hybrid grid consists of both ac and dc networks connected together by
multi-bidirectional converters. AC sources and loads are connected to the ac
network whereas dc sources and loads are tied to the dc network. Energy storage
systems can be connected to dc or ac links. The proposed hybrid grid can operate
in a grid-tied or autonomous mode. The coordination control algorithms are
proposed for smooth power transfer between ac and dc links and for stable system
operation under various generation and load conditions.

2
TITLE: Design and analysis of novel control strategy for battery and
supercapacitor storage system.
AUTHORS: S. K. Kollimalla, M. K. Mishra, and N. L. Narasamma,2014.
In this project, a simple novel control strategy is designed and
analyzed for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). In the proposed method,
batteries are used to balance the slow changing power surges, whereas
supercapacitors (SC) are used to balance the fast changing power surges. The
proposed method features less computational burden as it uses simple control
strategy. The detailed experimental results presented validate the proposed control
strategy for sudden changes in photovoltaic (PV) generation and load demand.

TITLE: Trends in Microgrid Control.

AUTHORS: D. E. Olivares, A. Mehrizi-sani, A. H. Etemadi, C. A. Cañizares, R.
Iravani, M. Kazerani, A. H. Hajimiragha,2014.
The increasing interest in integrating intermittent renewable energy
sources into microgrids presents major challenges from the viewpoints of reliable
operation and control. In this project, the major issues and challenges in microgrid
control are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends
is presented; a general overview of the main control principles (e.g., droop control,
model predictive control, multi-agent systems) is also included.

TITLE: Hierarchical Coordination of a Community Microgrid with AC and DC

Microgrids.
AUTHORS: L.Che, M. Shahidehpour, A. Alabdulwahab, and Y. Al-Turki,2015.
In this project, a community microgrid with multiple ac and dc
microgrids is introduced and analyzed. Individual microgrids with different
frequency and voltage requirements would operate as self-controlled entities,
3
which could also cooperate with neighboring microgrids for providing back-up
operations in the community microgrid. A hierarchical coordination strategy with
primary, secondary, and tertiary coordination is proposed for the economic
operation of an islanded community microgrid.

1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

Chapter 1 explains about the introduction of the project.
Chapter 2 explains about the energy management system used
conventionally.
Chapter 3 explains about the energy management system in DC
microgrid.
Chapter 4 describes the simulation results.
Chapter 5 explains about the components used in hardware.
Chapter 6 describes about the conclusion and future scope of the project.

4
 CHAPTER 2

CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

2.1 ENERGY MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF MICROGRID

In the microgrid application scenario, one of the challenging tasks is
reducing large energy imbalances due to the uncertainty in power supply from
intermittent renewable energy source based distributed generators (DGs) and the
dynamic nature of electricity consumption .Fortunately, advances in information
and communication technologies (ICT) along with more and more heterogeneous
flexible loads, such as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), thermostatically controlled
loads (TCLs) and distributed energy storage (DES), enable a great opportunity to
develop the demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) in smart
grid applications. These technologies provide a lot of energy management
approaches to ensure that the power demand can be rescheduled according to the
power supply from utilities or local micro grids through directly or indirectly load
control strategy. Within the context of various non-dispatchable renewable
resources based micro grid, many demand response programs supported by home
energy management system (HEMS) or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) can further promote the participation of active energy customers into
power distribution network to provide a way that they can contribute to the
optimization of the value chain through directly controlling the self-generated
power and electric devices. The potential demand elasticity offered by end-users
(e.g. household demand) can postpone or defer grid investments and promote the
efficient exploitation of the renewable electricity produced at or close to the
consumption level. The implementation of these opportunities require us

5
developing new operational strategies, value mechanism and ICT tools for
enabling the coordination between demand scheduling and micro grid with the
objective of supporting the entire power distribution network through providing
ancillary services. The feasibility of combined optimal operation of micro grids
can also be improved by embedding various DR or DSM strategies into the
operation.

Fig.2.1 Microgrid equipped with distributed approach

Both DR and DSM are mainly aim settling down the energy
imbalances caused by irrational energy consumption or optimizing the
consumption strategies by aligning the energy consumption to the supply and
response immediately to the electricity price signal. Majority of the DR/DSM
strategies are designed to reduce the peak demand by shifting the energy demand
from peak hours to off-peak hours, namely peak shaving or valley filling.

6
2.2 DEMAND RESPONSE AND DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT

In the last few years, there have been more and more retailers and utilities
investing in DR programs, utilizing changes in end-users’ electricity demand as
one of the ways i.e., to increase electricity demand elasticity. Usually, most DR
actions may be either responses to changes in the electricity prices over time, or
incentives from utilities that result in peak shaving or even the relief of congested
networks incentive agreement. With the development of networked microgrids,
those incentives also include local power supply situations and relevant generation
forecast. Generally, there are two demand response mechanisms, namely incentive-
based and price-based. Each DR mechanism comprises a number of DR
alternatives that can be adopted.

More specifically, the incentive-based DR mechanism has two

subcategories. One of them is the conventional mechanism that is widely used in
many applications, including direct control and an interruptible/curtailment
program. The other one is innovative market based mechanism that includes
emergency actions, demand bidding, reserving market and various kinds of
ancillary services markets. On the other hand, there are also several alternatives for
the priced based DR mechanism. It includes time-of-use (TOU) pricing, critical
peak pricing (CPP), extreme day critical peak pricing, real time pricing and so on.
From economic perspective, the benefits of DR actions may be significant for both
utilities and customers, if those electricity price mechanism are introduced in a
proper way. The cost reduction for both retailers and end-users may be significant
reaching up to 18% when 40% of the controllable devices are considered . As the
difference between peak and off-peak TOU rates increases, demand elasticity
increases as well. These mechanisms can be implemented through the main
architecture of Demand Side Management (DSM) framework . It is noteworthy

7
that DSM techniques depend heavily on two-way communication techniques
including wide area network (WAN) and home area network (HAN). The
realization of the necessary demand response actions usually requires frequent
communication between customers and utilities or local microgrids, especially
considering real-time pervasive uncertainty of the highly dynamic intermittent
renewable sources, caused by weather conditions.

However, the main barriers for wide rollout of demand response programs as
identified by different stakeholders are low consumer interest and ineffective
program design. There is also a high correlation between these two barriers
because if some more effective program designs were proposed, some of them
would possibly encourage customers to actively participate. Otherwise, the benefit
will not be big enough to improve customers’ interest. So far, the majority of the
applied DR mechanisms are based on highly centralized control concepts.

2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM

• A microgrids that could be a kind of smart grid provides us with more

flexibility and reliability for control and protection of a power system.

• Live interaction between private commercial generators and controllable

consumers is an inseparable part of a smart grid that makes the power
system more and more complex to handle.

• Thus, it is evident that conventional protection and control systems will not
effectively work in a microgrid because they cannot satisfy all the control
and protection requirements of such a dynamic and variable grid.

8
 CHAPTER 3

GRID INTERACTIVE DC MICROGRID STRUCTURE - PROPOSED

SYSTEM

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this project, a DC distribution network is used as it includes
local renewable energy sources and storage devices easily. Since modern electronic
loads can be supplied with DC without modifying the load itself, it would save the
losses incurred during conversions from AC to DC if they are fed directly from AC
grid. Grid interactive DCMG system contemplated in this project which is shown
in Fig.3.1. It comprises of PV connected to DCMG through unidirectional boost
converter, which avoids need of series diode along with PV source that decreases
the additional cost and losses in comparison with buck converter. Maximum power
from PV is extracted using voltage control instead of current control because
maximum power point (MPP) voltage does not change with isolation and also
provide more benefits like fast tracking, accurate measurement and faster
regulation. This produce more reliable result in comparison to others. Perturb and
Observe (P&O) method is incorporated for getting MPP. Grid side converter
(GSC) is connected between the utility and DCMG through a transformer for
transmitting the power to CG and vice versa. GSC is mainly employed for real
power trade at unity power factor but it can serve the other ancillary services like
harmonic reduction, reactive power support, etc. GSC is built with full H-bridge
topology. Lead-acid battery and ultra-capacitor are considered as SS which are
connected to DCMG via half H-bridges separately that holds inherent capability of
carrying bidirectional power. Lead acid battery and ultra-capacitor collectively
give unique features of HESD. Here battery share only low frequency power
9
component and remaining is sent to ultra-capacitor with help of low pass filter
(LPF) and rate limiter(RL) which lessen the stress on battery. Loads are
categorized into two types, one is essential loads (EL) and other one is nonessential
loads (NEL). ELs are critical loads that need to be supplied irrespective of
conditions of utility and DCMG. On the other hand NELs are noncritical loads that
can be controlled as per the requirement.

Fig.3.1 Block Diagram of Grid Interactive DC microgrid Structure

3.2 MODULES USED IN PROPOSED SYSTEM:

➢ Photovoltaic (PV).
➢ Maximum power point tracking.
➢ Battery.
➢ Distributed Energy Resources.
➢ Microgrid.

10
3.2.1. Photovoltaic (PV):
Photovoltaic(PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into
electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a
phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. A typical
photovoltaic system employs solar panels, each comprising a number of solar cells,
which generate electrical power. PV installations may be ground-mounted, rooftop
mounted or wall mounted. The mount may be fixed, or use a solar tracker to follow
the sun across the sky. Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy source: once
installed, its operation generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions, it
shows simple scalability in respect of power needs and silicon has large
availability in the Earth’s crust.

Fig.3.2 Solar PV panels

3.2.2 Maximum power point tracking

MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is algorithm that is
included in charge controllers used for extracting maximum available power from
PV module under certain conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce
maximum power is called ‘maximum power point’ (or peak power voltage).

11
Maximum power varies with solar radiation, ambient temperature and solar
cell temperature.

MPPT is most effective under these conditions:

• Cold weather, cloudy or hazy days: Normally, PV module works better at
cold temperatures and MPPT is utilized to extract maximum power available
from them.
• When battery is deeply discharged: MPPT can extract more current and
charge the battery if the state of charge in the battery is lowers.

Fig.3.3 General configuration of the MPPT solar charge controller

3.2.3. Battery
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as
flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric
power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.
The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an
external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device.

12
3.2.4. Distributed Energy Resources
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are electricity-producing resources or
controllable loads that are directly connected to a local distribution system or
connected to a host facility within the local distribution system. They are smaller
power sources that can be aggregated to provide power necessary to meet regular
demand. As the electricity grid continues to modernize, DER such as storage and
advanced renewable technologies can help facilitate the transition to a smarter grid.
DERs can include solar panels, combined heat and power plants, electricity
storage, small natural gas-fuelled generators, electric vehicles and controllable
loads, such as HVAC systems and electric water heaters.

Fig.3.4 Distributed Energy Systems

3.2.5. Microgrid
Microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity sources and loads that
normally operates connected to and synchronous with the traditional centralized
electrical grid (macrogrid), but can disconnect and function autonomously as
physical and/or economic conditions dictate. By this way, it paves a way to
effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation (DG), especially
Renewable Energy Sources (RES). It also provides a good solution for supplying
power in case of an emergency by having the ability to change between islanded
mode and grid-connected mode. On the other hand, control and protection are big

13
challenges in this type of network configuration, which is generally treated as a
hierarchical control.

Fig.3.5 Micro Grid

3.3 EMS FOR GRID INTERACTIVE DCMG

Fig.3.6 EMS for grid interactive DCMG

At any instant the sum of generated power is equal to consumed
power by assuming converters are lossless. If DC bus voltage is constant then
instantaneous current relation between all source currents is given by,

ipvo+ igo + ibo+ iuco- iLo = 0 (3.1)

Where ipvo, igo , ibo, iuco and iLo are PV, grid, battery, ultra-capacitor and load
currents after the converters respectively and their output powers are ppv, pg, pb,
14
 puc and pL in the same sequence. Here positive sign indicates feeding. (i.e.
supplying) to DCMG and negative sign indicates taking (i.e. absorbing) from
DCMG. Fluctuations in bus voltage reflect the unbalance in power generation and
load. Bus voltage fluctuations are differentiated into two current components as
low frequency power component (LFPC) and high frequency power component
(HFPC) using the following relation with help of LPF and RL.

iLFPF= fRL( fLPF(idce)) (3.2)

iHFPF= idce- iLFPF (3.3)

idce=Kpvvdce +Kiv∫ vdcedt (3.4)

Where vdce, vbusr, vbus, fLPF( ) and fRL( ) are functions of LPF and rate limiter; Kpv, Kiv
are proportional and integral time constants; vbusr, vbus are reference and actual bus
voltages respectively. SoC of battery (SoCb) and ultra-capacitor are estimated using
the coulomb counting method.
The DCMG is operated based on proposed EMS which is shown in Fig. 3.6,
It incorporates outer voltage control loop for decomposing high and low frequency
power components, PFCS, inner control loops and at last converters. PFCS
receives the inputs of ppv,pL, SoC b, MPP voltage and grid interfacing parameters.

3.4. POWERFLOW CONTROL STRATEGY

The proposed PFCS is mainly focused on the reduction of peak power

deficit of the CG and optimum use of renewable power. It is as shown in Fig. 3.7
PFCS play vital role in whole management scheme by which current references are
synthesized for each converter’s inner control loop depending upon the operating
modes.

15
Merits of PFCS are i) diminishes peak demand of CG, ii) lessens carbon emission
due to the fossil fuel free generation, iii) efficient utilization of DERs, iv) increases
battery's life span by diverting the HFPC to ultra-capacitor, v) flawless mode
transfer, vi) covering wide range of grid interactive DCMG operating scenarios.

Depending upon grid availability and its demand, three modes are defined as
follows:
1. Peak-hour
2. Off Peak-hour
3. Isolated mode
Again each mode is further classified into four sub modes based on
Ppv,PLand SoCb. Ultra-capacitor is used mainly as high power density storage for
transition periods between different cases for seamless mode transfer and it never
supplies/absorb average power. SoC of ultra-capacitor is assumed to be within
limits throughout the operation.

Peak hour:
In this mode, the priority is either to supply grid or draw minimum power
required for essential loads in grid interactive DCMG by ensuring DC bus voltage
is within limits. There are mainly four operating scenarios under this mode which
are furnished as follows
Case1:( Ppv >PL & SoCb >70% ) In this case, energy is surplus and if battery is
sufficiently charged up to pre defined threshold then extra power from the
DCMG is fed to the utility grid through GSC and battery remains idle.

(3.5)

16
Case2:(Ppv > PL & SoCb <70%) Previous mode is continued till falls below
threshold value. Once it reaches below threshold then excess power used to charge
the battery. As a result GSC enters into the idle mode.
(3.6)

Case3:( Ppv < PL & SoCb >30% ) This case arises, once generation become less
than total load demand. In that condition first battery's is SoC checked against
sufficient charge. If available, then battery starts discharging and grid remains idle.

(3.7)

Case4:( Ppv <PL& SoCb <30% ) It is an extension to preceding mode (case 3) and
comes into active mode when SoCb drops below threshold. Load shedding is
incorporated for prioritized loads in this mode on the basis of SoCb cut off values.
As per this project, If SoCb<30% , least preferred load is cut off first then second
least preferred load is shed when SoCb fall below 20%. References current are
same as previous mode until SoCb reaches below 10%. Once it become below
10%, then essential loads are only fed from GSC and reference currents given as

(3.8)

17
Fig.3.7 Proposed power flow control strategy

18
Off Peak hour:
In this mode, charging of batteries is preferred along with full load supply
from grid because CG is now able to deliver enough power at low cost so that
stored power can be utilized locally when peak demand occurs on CG. Meanwhile
CG should not be driven into peak demand and increases stress as well as carbon
foot print by charging more batteries to full SoC. Thus limit put on charging of
battery. In generation dominating condition, if SoCb is higher than threshold
(>90%) then battery system remains idle and extra power is fed to the grid.
Otherwise (SoCb< 90%) battery is charged and grid is disconnected. In load
dominating condition, if the SoCb is greater than threshold (>60%), then battery is
feeding the loads. Else grid supplies power to the loads as well as to the battery for
charging. Reference currents for each case are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1. OPERATING CASES OF OFF PEAK HOUR MODE

Isolated mode:
This mode comes into picture when CG encounters failure/outage. In this
mode, DCMG operated under all worst scenarios like generation become lesser
than load demand with SoCb is at critically low and excess generation with battery
at high SoC. Load shedding is done in first scenario and PV converter will be

19
operated at off MPP in second scenario. Other than previous cases, battery used to
discharge/charge based on modes which are elaborated clearly in the Table 3.2
with reference currents for each case. In this mode, load shedding involved in
case(4) follows same principle applied for case (4) in peak hour mode excluding
grid availability and ensures that essential load (EL) is always fed till SoCb crosses
10% to avoid high depth of discharging.

Table 3.2 OPERATING CASES OF ISOLATED MODE

3.5 INNER CONTROL LOOPS (PFCS)

A. Battery and Ultra-capacitor inner loops
PFCS extracts reference currents based on operating modes and fed to
inner current control loops which are built using PI controllers as shown in Fig.
3.8.(a)&(b). Controllers are tuned based on transfer function approach. Controllers
provide the duty ratios (dbi&duci) as output which govern the input currents (ib&iuc)
of battery and ultra-capacitor.

B. GSC control loop

GSC control loop receives the reference from PFCS and operate
accordingly based on mode. Inner current control loop for GSC shown in Fig.

20
3.8.(c), actual reference value for GSC is synthesized by multiplying unity
template generated through phase locked loop (PLL) with i gref , which is tracked by
grid input current (ig ) through hysteresis controller. Upper and lower boundaries of
hysteresis controller are set in proportion to required switching frequency.

C. PV Inner control loop

PV is always operated in maximum power condition except in isolated
mode with surplus power and battery being fully charged condition where PV
shifts into bus regulation. Mode of operation is decided by PFCS. PV control loop
is shown in Fig. 3.8.(d). MPP tracking (MPPT) method provides reference voltage
(Vpvref) which is tracked by PV source voltage (Vpv) through PI controller and its
output produce required duty ratio (dpv). Similar procedure is followed in bus
regulation case except reference voltage set to DC bus voltage.

Fig.3.8 Inner control loops for a) battery converter, b) ultra-capacitor converter, c) GSC
and d) PV

21
3.6 ADVANTAGES
❖ Diminishes peak demand of CG.
❖ Lessens carbon emission due to the fossil fuel free generation.
❖ Efficient utilization of DERs.
❖ Increases battery's life span by diverting the HFPC to ultra-capacitor.
❖ Flawless mode transfer.
❖ Covering wide range of grid interactive DCMG operating scenarios.

3.7 APPLICATIONS
❖ Residential application.
❖ Telecommunication systems.
❖ Data center.
❖ The DCMG is found to be also suitable for low power domestic consumers,
and remote villages where CG do not exist or unreliable.

22
 CHAPTER 4

SIMULATION RESULTS

4.1 SIMULATION DESIGN OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Simulation is carried out on grid interactive DCMG system, Enclosing of PV

panel, battery and ultra-capacitor with actual ratings which are given in Table 4.1
reinforces the real time simulation to be equivalent with same practical system .
Considered loads are of pure resistive type and split into two major categories.
First load is an essential load (EL) and other two are non-essential loads(NEL)
with equal values. Parameters considered during the development of converters
and their controllers are tabulated.

Table.4.1 SIMULATION PARAMETERS

23
4.2. SIMULATION MODEL
A simulation design of the proposed is implemented in MATLAB SIMULINK.
The obtained output waveforms are shown in the following figures.

Fig.4.1 Simulation of proposed system

24
GRID SIDE CONVERTER

Fig.4.2 Grid side converter

BOOST CONVERTER FOR PV PANEL

Fig.4.3 Boost converter for PV panel

25
BIDIRECTIONAL CONVERTER FOR BATTERY

Fig.4.4 Bidirectional converter for battery

BIDIRECTIONAL CONERTER FOR ULTRA CAPACITOR

Fig.4.5 Bidirectional converter for ultra capacitor

26
CONTROL DESIGN

Fig.4.6 Control design

27
4.3. INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM RESULTS

Fig4.7 Grid voltage

Fig 4.8 GSC current

Fig 4.9 Load Voltage

28
MODES OF OPERATION:
(I) OFF-PEAK MODE

Fig 4.10.1 PV Voltage &Current

Fig 4.10.2 Battery parameter

Fig 4.10.3 Ultra-capacitor parameter

29
(II) PEAK HOUR MODE

Fig 4.10.4 PV Voltage &Current

Fig 4.10.5 Battery parameter

Fig 4.10.6 Ultra-capacitor parameter

30
(III) ISOLATED MODE

Fig 4.10.7 PV Voltage &Current

Fig 4.10.8 Battery parameter

Fig 4.10.9 Ultra capacitor parameter

31
 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The hardware system of the proposed converter is implemented using a PIC micro-
controller. The software system Micropro is used for the system design for coding
the pulses into the PIC controller. The power supply circuit is designed that will
control the PIC and driver circuit to drive the pulses to the MOSFET.

5.2 SOFTWARE UNIT

• MICROPRO

Introduction & Features

This Versatile programmer is a dedicated PIC Micro controller

Programmer. All the PIC series of IC’s except the 17 series can be programmed
with this Hardware through RS232 Port of PC. This programmer also supports
ICSP programming for on board programming of supported flash PIC devices.
MPLAB IDE, PIC CCS C compiler Demo software with MPLAB Plug-in,
and programming instructions are provided in CD-ROM. The programmer
software is compatible to Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows XP
platforms. A Soft copy of the user manual is also included in the CD, in addition to
the hard copy provided with the Kit. This Dedicated programmer is for
programming a wide range of PIC Micro controllers including EEPROMS, PIC12
series, PIC16 series & PIC18 series of IC’s.

32
Specifications

• Auto detection of programmer by software.

• Regulated Power supply 5,13.5V.

• Auto Flash upgrades through serial port.
• 16 MHz crystal Oscillator.
• Built in RS232 connector.
• ZIF socket for easy programming.
• External ICSP Interface for on board programming.
• Programmable configuration and ID.
• Selective Erase and programming for supported PIC Devices.
• Manual / Auto Reset.
• Configurable COM Port.
• Program, Read, Verify and Blank check Modes.
• Hex Code Editor.
• Program & Verify fly Window.
• Switchable to MPLAB software.
• Extensive Integrated Help.
• Debug vector Read & write.
• Oscal value read & program (for selected chips).

5.3 CONTROLLER UNIT

A Microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small

computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small

33
amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in
contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general
purpose applications.

Fig.5.1 Micro-controller Peripherals

Fig.5.2 Microcontroller PIC16F877A

34
5.4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

5.4.1 MOSFET Gate Driver

The High And Low Side Driver (IR2112) is a high voltage, high speed
power MOSFET and IGBT driver with independent high and low side referenced
output channels. Proprietary HVIC and latch immune CMOS technologies enable
ruggedized monolithic construction. Logic inputs are compatible with standard
CMOS or LSTTL outputs, down to 3.3V logic. The output drivers feature a high
pulse current buffer stage designed for minimum driver cross conduction.
Propagation delays are matched to simplify use in high frequency applications.
The floating channel can be used to drive an N-channel power MOSFET or IGBT
in the high side configuration which operates up to 600 volts.

Fig.5.3 DRIVER CKT IR2110

35
5.4.2 MOSFET

The Power MOSFET switch IRF840 is used. A Power MOSFET is a

specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)
designed to handle significant power levels. Compared to the other power
semiconductor devices (IGBT, Thyristor.), its main advantages are high
commutation speed and good efficiency at low voltages. It shares with the IGBT
an isolated gate that makes it easy to drive. It was made possible by the evolution
of CMOS technology, developed for manufacturing Integrated circuits in the late
1970s. The power MOSFET shares its operating principle with its low-power
counterpart, the lateral MOSFET. The power MOSFET is the most widely used
low-voltage (i.e. less than 200 V) switch. It can be found in most power supplies,
DC to DC converters, and low voltage motor controllers. Because of their unipolar
nature, the power MOSFET can switch at very high speed. Indeed, there is no need
to remove minority carriers as with bipolar devices.

Advantages

➢ Silicon gate for fast switching speeds.

➢ Low Rds(on) to minimize On-losses, specified at elevated temperature.
➢ Rugged---SOA is power dissipation limited.
➢ Source to drain diode characterized for use with inductive loads.
➢ Dynamic dv/dt rating
➢ Repetitive avalanche rated
➢ Fast switching
➢ Ease of paralleling
➢ Simple drive requirements

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 Fig.5.4 IRF840

Table 5.1 MOSFET PRODUCT SUMMARY

5.4.3 Power Supply Unit

Power Supply for PIC 16F877A Microcontroller, This section describes how
to generate +5V DC power supply and +12V DC power supply.

Fig.5.5 Power Supply Unit

The power supply section is the important one. It should deliver constant
output regulated power supply for successful working of the project. A 0-
12V/1mA transformer is used for this purpose. The primary of this transformer is
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connected in to main supply through on/off switch& fuse for protecting from
overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes to
convert 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. And filtered by the capacitors, which is
further regulated to +5v, by using IC 7805 and +12v by using IC7812.

5.4.4 Regulator IC’s

Fig.5.6 Regulator Unit

Fig.5.7 Regulator

Series regulators are the more common form. The series regulator
works by providing a path from the supply voltage to the load through a variable
resistance (the main transistor is in the "top half" of the voltage divider). The
power dissipated by the regulating device is equal to the power supply output
current times the voltage drop in the regulating device. The shunt regulator works
by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance

38
(the main transistor is in the "bottom half" of the voltage divider). The current
through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows uselessly to
ground, making this form even less efficient than the series regulator. It is,
however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode, and is
used in very low-powered circuits where the wasted current is too small to be of
concern.

5.4.5 Load

If an electric circuit has a well-defined output terminal, the circuit connected

to this terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. (The term 'load' may also refer
to the power consumed by a circuit; that topic is not discussed here). Load affects
the performance of circuits that output voltages or currents, such as sensors,
voltage sources, and amplifiers. Mains power outlets provide an easy example:
they supply power at constant voltage, with electrical appliances connected to the
power circuit collectively making up the load. When a high-power appliance
switches on, it dramatically reduces the load impedance. If the load impedance is
not very much higher than the power supply impedance, the voltage will drop. In a
domestic environment, switching on a heating appliance may cause incandescent
lights to dim noticeably.

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5.8 Prototype Of Power Flow Control Strategy For Renewable Integrated Dc Microgrid

40
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSUION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION
The demand for carbon-free electricity is driving a growing movement of
adding renewable energy to the grid. In our project a simplified power flow control
strategy is proposed for minimizing the peak demand as well as ensuring optimal
utilization of renewable energy and storage. A low voltage DCMG was modeled
by enclosing a PV source, hybrid storage system and loads to validate PFCS. The
performance of the developed strategy is explored under various practical
conditions to ensure reliable and efficient operation. The simulation results were
satisfactory and the grid remained stable even in case of extreme conditions. A
prototype is developed in the laboratory and simulation waveforms are validated
through practical results during grid connected (peak and off peak) and isolated
modes. Peak demand minimization, diminishing of stress on CG network,
pervasive control analysis, fast regulation of bus voltage, flawless transfer between
modes, unity factor supplying and absorbing by CG are observed as main features
of proposed scheme. The results also emphasized on the independence from
macrogrid thus increasing reliability in case of grid outages. The DCMG is found
to be also suitable for low power domestic consumers, data centers,
telecommunication systems and remote villages where CG do not exist or
unreliable.
The advent of renewable electricity with its enormous potential
and inherent regional and national character presents an opportunity to examine the
local structure of the grid and establish coordinating principles that will not only
enable effective renewable integration but also simplify and codify the grid’s
increasingly regional and national character.
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6.2 FUTURE SCOPE
As a cutting-edge technology, Microgrids feature intelligent energy
management systems and sophisticated control, and will dramatically change our
energy infrastructure. The modern microgrids are a relatively recent development
with high potential to bring distributed generation, distributed energy storage
devices, controllable loads, communication infrastructure, and many new
technologies into the mainstream. As a more controllable and intelligent entity, a
microgrid has more growth potential than ever before. In future we can modify the
proposed control system with the reduced number of components in order to
reduce the cost of the system. And also we can successfully provide power supply
to remote villages where Conventional Grid doesn't exist.

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