Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
A
DESIGN
SUBMITTED TO
ENGR. RONALD B. BARAL
IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBJECT
ECE 515 – ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN
SUBMITTED BY:
Sangutan, Mary Cris C.
Magsino, Ann Manelle J.
1st Semester
2018 – 2019
Dear Sir:
In view of our requirements in the course Elective 3 Microwave Design, we have prepared
documentation on “Microwave Link Design”. In relation to this we have come up with a
proposed receiver and transmitter location with its equipment and specifications based
on the design we have made.
We are hoping that all the expectations were met with the completion of this design.
Respectfully Yours,
This is to certify that the group have designed, conducted studies and documented
important parameters in this microwave design which was prepared by the group entitled
MICROWAVE LINK SYSTEM DESIGN, and that this document has been submitted for
midterm examination by the oral examination committee.
____________________________ ____________________________
As member of the oral examination committee, we certify that we have examined this
document and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment for the subject
ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN.
______________________________
Panel
______________________________
Engr. Ronald B. Baral, ECT
We also give our deep gratitude to Engr. Ronald B. Baral who gave us the
opportunity to gain the knowledge we need through practical applications and designs.
We would also like to thank our parents who have supported us emotionally and
financially in making this design. And also, for letting us go through with the series of
overnights to make this project successful. Your trust and understanding has given us
the energy and lessen the pressures that we have.
To the group, this would not be done without the trust and the cooperation within
our group. And this whole thing would not be possible if we never believed with the
capability of each other in doing our best.
And most especially, we give our thanks to the Lord Almighty for all the guidance
that He granted us in times of need. He unselfishly gave us wisdom to carry on and finish
this project. And we owe Him the strength that pushed us to continue in all that we aim
as a group, a friend and a family.
A. Objectives
• To be able to come up with a project that will help the students grasp the
idea of microwave design more comprehensively
• To be able to provide the students a material that will serve as their guide
in making their own microwave design
This paper describes and provides guidelines for the design and implementation
of a two-hop microwave communications system in Iloilo City between San Juan to the
Municipality of Jordan (bugnay). Adherence to these guidelines should allow significant
terrain and propagation dynamics as well as cost savings to be made for the pursuit of
a highly reliable system. The suggested procedure and considerations are presented
with the fundamental components of microwave path design: determining whether a
proposed path is "line-of-sight", evaluating path clearances with regard to refractive
effects, evaluating path clearances with regard to Fresnel zones, considering path
reflections, deriving a power budget and the fade margin as well as the path reliability.
This design focuses on a Microwave System designed for cellular communication.
This Antenna will help improving Mobile Digital Radio Reception especially in
areas with Dense Foliage or area surrounded by water (such as lakes and seas).
This part deals with the scopes and limitations of the design. These categorize
the reach and restrictions of the microwave system which might be useful to the readers
of the paper and on the people of Iloilo City.
• The microwave link covers the San Juan, Iloilo City and the
Municipality of Jordan (Bugnay).
This design as well will serve as a reference for students who will take the subject
in the future.
From researches about Microwave Systems, it specifies that there are so many
factors to consider in designing an effective and efficient microwave system.
The free-space path is the line-of-sight path directly between the transmit and
receive antennas (this is also called the direct wave).
Plotting these elevations at intervals will produce a path profile showing terrain
relative to the antenna elevations. This graphical representation aids in determining not
When evaluating a proposed path, the path profile should be developed first. This
will identify path obstructions from terrain features. A field survey should follow, which
offers the necessary visual confirmation that the height of man-made objects (which are
not indicated on a topographical map) will not be located in or too near the proposed
path.
Figure 1: K factors describe the effective Earth radius, e.g., the radius of a hypothetical
Earth for which the distance to the radio horizon in straight-line propagation is the same
as for the actual Earth with a uniform vertical gradient of atmospheric refractive index.
Less obvious barriers to microwave signals include the Earth’s curvature (k factor)
and atmospheric conditions, which differ over geographic areas and change locally
throughout the year. In coastal areas, for example, changes in atmospheric density due
to temperature inversions, rain storms, and normal diurnal fluctuations can vary the
Earth’s effective curvature from 4/3 to 0.5. During the year, a typical microwave path
might experience a change in clearance by 20 feet or more. As atmospheric fluctuations
cause the beam to bend, the signal strength can easily vary by 20 to 30 dBm. (See
Figure 2) In order to account for these fluctuations, the engineer must carefully calculate
the Fresnel zone clearance based on the likely range of k-factors for the region where
the microwave path is to be built. Thus, Fresnel zone clearance cannot be determined
through a visual LOS survey.
The entire path survey for a microwave link system includes four details according
to a microwave communications company and these are as follows: Communication
Infrastructure Corporation, 2008 X
Microwave link design covers a very wide range and field of study. A well-planned
system is very much required to reach the objectives in putting up a point-to-point LOS
link.
Antenna bandwidth
The frequency range within which the antenna performance meet specifications.
Antenna gain
Branching losses
➢ comes from the hardware used to deliver the transmitter/receiver output to/from
the antenna.
➢ Defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to
atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path.
Four fading types are considered while planning links. They are all dependent on
path length and are estimated as the probability of exceeding a given (calculated)
fade margin
Fading Margin
➢ Circular portion of a wave front transverse to the line between an emitter and a
more distant point, where the resultant disturbance is being observed, whose
center is the intersection of the front with the direct ray, and whose radius is such
that the shortest path from the emitter through the periphery to the receiving point
is one-half wavelength longer than the direct ray.
➢ In an analog microwave radio system, the flat fade margin is equal to the system
total Gains minus system total losses. In a digital microwave radio system, the
"flat" or thermal fade margin (TFM) is calculated from the system total Gains minus
system total losses.
➢ The signal attenuation that would result if all absorbing, diffracting, obstructing,
refracting, scattering, and reflecting influences were sufficiently removed so as to
have no effect on propagation. Note: Free-space loss is primarily caused by beam
divergence, i.e., signal energy spreading over larger areas at increased distances
from the source.
Fresnel Zone
Gas absorption
Primarily due to the water vapor and oxygen in the atmosphere in the radio relay
region. The absorption peaks are located around 23GHz for water molecules and
50 to 70 GHz for oxygen molecules. The specific attenuation (dB/Km) is strongly
dependent on frequency, temperature and the absolute or relative humidity of the
atmosphere. Interference fade margin (IFM). Is the depth of fade to the point at
which RF interference degrades the BER to 1x 10^-3? The actual IFM value used
in a path calculation depends on the method of frequency coordination being
used.
Link Budget
➢ The accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the
medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a
telecommunication system. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted
signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feed line and
miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel gains such as fading are taken
into account by adding some margin depending on the anticipated severity of its
effects.
Microwave
➢ These are the ultra-high, super high and extremely high frequencies directly above
the lower frequency ranges.
• Loss/attenuation Calculations
➢ Unpredictable and sporadic in character like fog, moving objects crossing the path,
poor equipment installation and less than perfect antenna alignment etc.
Multipath Fading
➢ The dominant fading mechanism for frequencies lower than 10GHz. A reflected
wave causes a multipath, i.e. when a reflected wave reaches the receiver as the
direct wave that travels in a straight line from the transmitter.
Multipath Interference
➢ When signals arrive at a remote antenna after being reflected off the ground or
refracted back to earth from the sky (sometimes called ducting), they will subtract
(or add) to the main signal and cause the received signal to be weaker (or
stronger) throughout the day.
Parabolic Antenna
can be used as a transmit and receive antenna with both Single and Dual
polarized feeds available. Frequencies from 1.7 to 23.6 GHz can be
accommodated just by changing out the Feed assembly. Various mounting
hardware and accessories availably. Dual frequency and specialty feeds are also
available.
Propagation losses
➢ Receive signal level is the actual received signal level (usually measured in
negative dBm) presented to the antenna port of a radio receiver from a remote
transmitter.
Receiver Sensitivity
where the signal level at which the radio runs continuous errors at a specified bit
rate.
Also known as k-type fading. For low k values, the Earth’s surface becomes
curved and terrain irregularities, man-made structures and other objects may
intercept the
➢ System operating margin (SOM) is the difference (measured in dB) between the
nominal signal level received at one end of a radio link and the signal level
required by that radio to assure that a packet of data is decoded without error.
➢ In db, is the difference between the normal received signal RSL at the input of
microwave receiver expressed in dbm and the receiver's threshold (given by the
manufacturer) expressed in dbm (TFM = RSL - TH)
Transmit Power
➢ The transmit power is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of a transmitter. It
is measured in dBm, Watts or milliwatts and does not include the signal loss of the coax
cable or the gain of the antenna
For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire
line transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment
costs decrease. Low monthly operating costs can undercut those of typical expenses,
proving it more economical over the long term. But before you move forward, make sure
you understand all of the design considerations that will affect your deployment. First, it
is important to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency band, path
distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas.
Frequency Options
Wavelengths in the lower frequencies are longer, which is important because the
wavelength determines how the atmosphere affects transmission. The atmosphere may
refract longer waves. Refraction can reduce the length of the path, or microwave hop.
Microwave Systems in the 2GHz to 6GHz frequencies can transmit over longer
distances, which make them more suitable for rural areas. High-frequency systems are
a better fit for suburban and urban environments.
You will use a large antenna (low frequency) when the path is longer. Large
antennas require large towers and have higher wind factors. As a result, you also must
consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement the design on existing
or planned towers and structures.
You also must take into account attenuation, the reduction in energy as a signal
travels through equipment, transmission lines or air. The term often refers to the impact
of rain, or fog as well as normal signal loss in the waveguide and microwave system
itself.
Path reliability normally has to meet the same standards as the rest of the
microwave system. Reliability objectives are often stated on a per hop basis or end-to
end. The objective applied to each hop is limited to a distance of 35km to 40km, having
a ratio of 2cm:1km.
When selecting equipment, determine the amount of power the system uses to
transmit and receive signals. More power usage equates to higher operating costs.
System planners should perform path calculations to establish fade margins and system
gain, taking into account an estimate of system downtime for the locale of the planned
radio (average rainfall). Fade margin is the allowance made to accommodate estimated
propagation fading without exceeding a specified signal-to-noise ratio.
With careful attention to link gain power, antenna height, receiver sensitivity, free
space loss, attenuation and availability requirements, you can integrate microwave radio
effectively into virtually any wireless system.
Population
Sites A and B are located at San Juan and Municipality of Jordan (Bugnay) where
the population is not that large, to avoid so much of external interference, however, the
population is not that small as well to attain the objective of providing reliable information
signals to the people.
Site Description
Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo (Hiligaynon: Dakbanwa/Syudad sang Iloilo;
Kinaray-a: Syudad kang/ka Iloilo; Filipino: Lungsod ng Iloilo; Spanish: Ciudad de Iloílo)
is a highly urbanized city on the southeastern tip of Panay island in the Philippines. It is
the capital city of the province of Iloilo where it is geographically situated but, in terms of
government and administration, it is politically independent. In addition, it is the center
of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area, as well as the regional center and primate city
of the Western Visayas region. In the 2015 census, Iloilo City had a population of
447,992 inhabitants, with a 1.02% population annual growth rate. For the metropolitan
area, the total population is 946,146 inhabitants.
Iloilo City is bordered by the towns of Oton in the west, Pavia in the north and Leganes
in the northeast. Just across the Iloilo Strait in its eastern and southern coastlines, are
the towns of Buenavista and Jordan in the island-province of Guimaras. The city was a
conglomeration of former towns, which are now the geographical districts consisting of:
Villa Arevalo, Iloilo City Proper, Jaro (an independent city before), La Paz, Mandurriao
The city's establishment dates back when the town of La Villa Rica de Arévalo
(Arévalo) was founded in 1581 when Spanish Governor General Gonzalo Ronquillo de
Peñalosa, due to frequent coastal raids by the Moro pirates and Dutch and English
privateers, moved the colonial center in Panay island from the town of Ogtong (Oton), a
town in southern Iloilo that dates back its founding in 1566 as the second Spanish
colonial settlement in the Philippines when Spanish conquistador Miguel López de
Legazpi moved his headquarters from the island of Cebu.
Iloilo City earned its title "La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad" (Most Loyal and Noble
City) through a royal decree by Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain through the city's
loyalty to the Spanish crown during the Philippine revolution thus it earned its moniker
through that title as the Queen's City of the South or Queen Regent's City of the South,
a title that through the years because of Iloilo's socio-economic importance and
prominence next to Manila during Spanish colonial period has been colloquially referred
to its form as Queen City of the South. The city's Spanish inception and the royal decree
further implies its status and reputation as the Second Spanish Royal City after Manila
in the Philippines.
Iloilo is known as the "Heart of the Philippines" and "(Asia's) City of Love" because
of Iloilo and Panay Island's central location in the Philippines and the soft and gentle
spoken Ilonggo people, and as "Emerging Museum City of the Philippines" and "City of
Mansions" because of heritage structures and mansions clustered in the city built during
the Spanish and American colonial eras.
The city's district of the former city of Jaro is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese
of Jaro with its widely venerated patron Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria enshrined at
the National Shrine of Our Lady of Candles (Jaro Cathedral), is the official patron of
During the decline of the Spanish Empire stronghold in the Visayan islands in late
1890s, the revolutionaries established Iloilo City as the capital of the short-lived Estado
Federal de Bisayas (Federal State of the Visayas) with its jurisdiction encompassing the
islands of Panay, Guimaras, Romblon, Cebu and Bohol, plus the Republic of Negros.
Iloilo is the last capital of the Spanish Empire in Asia and the Pacific before the Philippines
was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898.
History
Some historians also affirm the Sumatran origin of the people of Panay, observing
that the Visayans derived their writing system from those of Toba, Borneo, Celebes,
Ancient Java and from the Edicts of the ancient Indian emperor Ashoka.
The very probable proof of Sumatran origin of the Malay settlement in Panay is
the account of P. Francisco Colin, S.J, a historian who came to Asia during the early
years of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. The following is his personal
observation recorded during his visit to Sumatra:
"In the middle of Sumatra, there is a spacious and extensive lake (presumably
Lake Toba near Pannai), around the shore of which many and several ethnic groups
settle [and] from where, in the past, there was a forced exodus of inhabitants
[constraining them] to sail to and to settle in various islands. One of these ethnic groups
was subjugated there and they were unable to flee for various circumstances. Someone
speaking Pampango (which I heard before) found out that they were not speaking
Pampango among themselves, but they (the Malays of Sumatra) donned the old
Pampango ethnic costume. And when he addressed an old man among them, the [old
man] replied: You are descendants of the lost, that in times past left this place to settle
in other lands, and nothing was heard about them again."
So, Colin concluded that the Tagalogs and Pampangos, and other political or
ethnic groups (Visayans and other related civilized groups), by symbols used in
expressing language, by color of dress and costume, one can believe that these came
from parts of Borneo and Sumatra. The phrase "subjugated ethnic groups" gives hint to
the encroaching of the Majapahit Empire into the falling Srivijaya Empire, or perhaps to
The kingdom of Pannai was a militant-nation allied under the Srivijaya Mandala that
defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca.
The Visayan lore says that in the 13th century, ten Bornean datus came to the
island which they named Panay, Pani or Panae (after the fallen kingdom of Pannai or a
shortening of the Ati word for the island, Ananipay). This, after they dissented from the
unjust rule of a certain Rajah Makatunao and exiled themselves. Upon arriving on the
island of Panay, they gave a golden hat (salakot) and a long pearl necklace called
Manangyad in the Hiligaynon language (meaning a long necklace that touches or
"nagasangyad" the ground) as a peace offering and treaty-items to the Ati natives of the
island. It was said that it was also a way of the ten Bornean datus to barter the flat lands
of Panay from the Ati. One datu, named Paiburong, was given the territory of Irong-Irong
(cf. also Kedatuan of Madja-as). The Kedatuan of Madja-as centered in Panay island
eventually grew a powerful and strong naval presence that it rivaled the nearby states of
the Rajahnate of Cebu, The Kingdom of Maynila and the Sultanate of Sulu when it came
to wealth and prestige.
In Panay, according to Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., "...in the ancient
times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole
island."
By the 14th century, under Datu Padojinog, this state had grown so powerful
militarily and economically, their naval power regularly threatened Chinese Imperial
shipping. This was so much so, that the Chuan-chou gazeeter specifically reported that
Images from the Boxer Codex (c. 1595), illustrating an ancient Visayans of Panay
during their first contact with the Spaniards. The Visayans of Panay wore clothing over
themselves compared to the Cebuanos which the Spaniards called "Pintados" for the
tattoos that adorned their exposed bodies.
Unlike the Indianized Cebuanos who were neutral to the Spaniards or the partially
islamized Tagalogs of Manila who were more hostile, the people of Madja-as welcomed
the Iberians as allies since at that time period, Madya-as was locked in a war against the
invading Muslims, especially with the Sultanate of Brunei and its vassal states, the
Sultanate of Sulu and the Kingdom of Maynila which, according to Spanish
GovernorGeneral Franciso de Sande, are their blood-cousins. The people then fervently
accepted Christianity as they supplied the bulk of the mercenaries used in the conquest
of partially islamized Manila, whose rulers were related to the Sultan of Brunei.
At the early days of the Spanish period; the first Manila Galleons were originally
constructed at the port of Oton to the west of Iloilo. Since there was no precedent in
Spain for the immensity of a Manila-Galleon, it could be argued that the proto-type Manila
galleons were of Visayan design since the Visayans were already constructing huge
multi-masted 4 to 5 decked caracoas in their wars against the other kingdoms and thus,
In the year 1600, a large Muslim attack on Iloilo City was launched, with a force
of 70 ships and 4,000 warriors, raiding and attacking several Visayan islands in order to
abduct slaves. However, the attack was repulsed by a force of 1,000 Visayan warriors
and 70 Mexican harquebusiers under the command of the Don Juan Garcia de Sierra
(the Spanish alcalde mayor), who died in battle.
In 1635, in an effort to check the Islamic slave-raiding into the Visayas islands,
the Christian Visayans from Iloilo together with Spanish officers and their Latino soldiers
from Peru soon founded Zamboanga City and settled in it, using it as fortress to prevent
Moro attacks in the Visayas, and as a staging ground for Christian campaigns into
Muslim Mindanao.
In 1700, due to ever-increasing attacks especially from the Dutch and the Moros,
the Spaniards again moved their seat of power some 25 kilometres (16 miles) eastward
to the village of Irong-Irong, which had natural and strategic defense against raids. At
the mouth of the river that snakes through Panay, the Spaniards built Fort San Pedro to
better guard against the raids which were now the only threat to their hold on the islands.
IrongIrong or Ilong-Ilong was shortened to Iloilo. Later, the natural port area quickly
became the capital of the province.
After its establishment under Spanish rule, Iloilo received Chinese migrants from
the west which worked among the city's industries (the Locsin, Lopez, Jalandoni, Lim
and Sy families) and Latinos from across the Pacific (Viceroyalty of New Spain) to man
its military fortifications (the Araneta, De Rama and Arroyo families). In the late 18th
century, the development of large-scale weaving industry started the movement of Iloilo's
surge in trade and economy in the Visayas. Sometimes referred to as the "Textile Capital
of the Philippines", the products were exported to Manila and other foreign places.
Sinamay, piña, and jusi are examples of the products produced by the looms of Iloilo.
Because of the rise of the textile industry, there was also a rise of the upper middle class.
However, with the introduction of cheap textile from the UK and the emergence of the
sugar economy, the industry waned in the mid-19th century.
The waning textile industry was replaced, however, by the opening of Iloilo's port
to the world market in 1855. Because of this, Iloilo's industry and agriculture were put on
direct access to foreign markets. But what triggered the economic boom of Iloilo in the
19th century was the development of the sugar industry in Iloilo and its neighboring
island of Negros. Sugar during the 19th century was of high demand. Nicholas Loney,
the British vice-consul in Iloilo, developed the industry by giving loans, constructing
warehouses in the port, and introducing new technologies in sugar farming. The rich
families of Iloilo developed large areas of Negros, which were later called haciendas,
because of sugar's high demand in the world market. Because of the increase in
commercial activity, infrastructures, recreational facilities, educational institutions,
banks, foreign consulates, commercial firms and much more sprouted in Iloilo.
On 5 October 1889, due to the economic development that was happening in Iloilo
making it the most important port in the Philippine Islands next to Manila, Iloilo was raised
from the status of a town to a city through a Royal Decree,and in 1890, the city
government was established.
Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain and her son King Alfonso XIII. The Queen
Regent raised the status of Iloilo as a Royal City, on 5 October 1889, in the name
of King Alfonso XIII, who was still a minor.
The immediate reaction of Ilonggo elite to the outbreak of the 1896 rebellion in
Manila was that of surprise. They immediately responded with protestations of outrage
and affirmed their loyalty to Spain. The Ilonggos themselves were united in their support
of Spain during the first two years of the revolutionary period.
Shortly after the Cry of Balintawak, the Jaro Ayuntamiento (another colonial city
adjacent to Iloilo City), composed of native Ilonggos, convened a special session on
September 1, 1896, where the Manila uprising was condemned as an unpatriotic act
"that finds no echo in the noble hearts of Jareños, who do not forget the immense
gratitude they owe Spain who, from nothing, raised us to a life of civilization and
progress."
The Ayuntamiento of Iloilo also affirmed its allegiance and loyalty to Spain and
made a similar protestation. Condemning the uprising, the City's letter to the Governor
General says:
The foreign community in the city also asked its representatives to visit local
authorities and to elevate their protests against the revolt. And so did the Filipino parish
priests of Jaro, Molo, Mandurriao, and Arévalo. Towns in Iloilo province also condemned
the Manila uprising, and those of the neighboring provinces of Cápiz and Antique, as
well as the island of Negros, followed suit. This emboldened the Ilonggo elite to initiate
the organization of volunteers to be sent to quell what was seen as a mostly-Tagalog
rebellion. The move was backed by the Spanish and foreign communities of Iloilo. A
battalion of five hundred native volunteers was raised, which was divided into two
companies, and placed under the cadre of mostly Spanish officers. They arrived in
Due to the loyalty of the Ilonggos, the city of Iloilo was honored with the
perpetualtitle of Muy Noble. The Royal Decree granting this title was signed on 1 March
1898 by Queen Regent Maria Cristina. Over time, this title earned for Iloilo City the
reputation of it being "The Queen's Favored City in the South" or simply "Queen's City
in the South", being the second Spanish port of importance next to Manila,and being
located South of the Archipelago's Capital. On a side note, at the beginning of the
American period, Cebu became the second port of importance (Iloilo having been partly
ravaged by bombardment, fire, and riot during the American occupation of Iloilo City).
Yet, it was also during this period of Philippine history that Iloilo was more
popularly known as the "Queen City of the South". This points to the fact that the moniker
was associated to the Queen Regent's favor and to the honorary title granted to Iloilo
City as Muy Noble Ciudad, due to the loyalty of its citizens to the Spanish Crown.
Besides, the Ilonggos, who were among the first allies of the Spanish Crown in the
archipelago, contributed in the Spanish conquest of Luzon. It was in Arevalo (later, a
district of Iloilo City), Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned and launched, on 8
May 1570, with the help of seafaring inhabitants of the Island.
After the defeat of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Manila Bay during the
Spanish–American War, the Capital of the Spanish East Indies was transferred to Iloilo,
with General Diego de los Rios as the new Governor General residing in the City. A truce
was declared between the American and the Spanish forces pending the negotiations of
the joint commission of both warring Countries in Paris, France for the terms of peace.
Meanwhile, General Aguinaldo sent several small vessels to Panay with Tagalog
revolutionaries in order to stir up rebellion in the Visayas. He was anxious to secure all
territories he could before the conditions for peace should be settled in Paris. At stake
was the hope that actual possession of territories would influence the final decision.
By October 1898, fresh Tagalog expeditions were sent to Panay and coerced or
persuaded its people to rise in greater force than ever, until finally, General de los Rios
had to fall back to Iloilo. By the middle of November, after having secured the support of
the inhabitants of the towns outside Iloilo through the leadership of General Martín
Delgado, practically the whole island of Panay, except for the City Proper, Jaro, La Paz,
and Molo, was under the revolutionary dominion. By December, de los Rios held only
the city and port of Iloilo.
On 25 December 1898 (fifteen days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10
The newly found freedom of the Ilonggos would be short-lived. The American
forces arrived in Iloilo on 27 December 1898, under the command of General Marcus P.
Miller, and were afterwards reinforced up to a total strength of about 3,000 troops and
two ships, to take possession of the territory in accordance with the Treaty of Paris.
Filipino-American War
After the Spanish forces left the City, the revolutionary forces made a formal entry
amidst music and banners. A government was constituted. On 17 January 1899, an
election placed Raymundo Melliza, of a notable family from Molo that was respected by
both the natives and foreigners, to office as Mayor. However, the influence of the new
regime established by the government of Aguinaldo did not have effective extent far
beyond a day's march from the Capital. At the threshold of the City and Province of Iloilo,
the Americans were waiting for signal from Manila. Two more ships supplemented the
U.S. forces, even though no clashes with the revolutionaries took place after the
Spaniards abandoned the City. Miller expressed demands for the surrender of Iloilo but
no gun was fired. The Americans were waiting for the right moment, for it was not until
6 February 1899 that the American Senate ratified the Treaty of Paris.
General Martín Teofilo Delgado marching in 1901 ahead of 30 officers and 140
men to surrender to Brig. Gen. Robert P. Hughes, regional commander of the US
imperialist forces occupying the country
As the Americans were preparing to attack the City, the 1,650 native troops under
General Martin Delgado became uncontrollable and insolent to their officers. They were
promised a monthly remuneration of Php4 and food, but only received Php1. Threats of
mutiny, sacking and burning of the City, forced the Generals to collect money from the
towns of Panay in order to appease the Visayan contingents. The same thing happened
to the Tagalog component of the troops. The danger of riots in the City and the attitude
of native soldiers fomented fear among the inhabitants. Chinese merchants closed their
stores leaving only a small hole for transacting business. Many prominent families, who
were in constant fear for their safety, went over to Negros Island in small schooners that
flew the Philippine flag, without having any trouble with the American ships on standby
in the waters between the two islands.
On 10 February, an Extraordinary Session at the City Hall discussed plans for the
impending bombardment of the City. There was a proposal to burn Iloilo, but the Mayor
protested to this barbarous plan. A majority in the meeting was in favor of burning, which
was seen as an invitation to despoil, lay waste and slay. The instigators who had no
The Americans fired the first shell on 11 February 1899. Foreign eyewitnesses
observed that the bombardment damaged quite a few buildings. In the meantime, from
early morning, the withdrawing native soldiers, followed by a riffraff mob, were observed
to have rushed hither and thither, throwing firebrands on to petroleum-washed houses.
The Chinese had to barracade themselves to no use since fire burned their bazaars.
Europeans and the Spanish half-castes had to defend themselves with every means
possible, including bribing the rioters with a few pesos. Two British warships in the
roadstead sent boats ashore and landed a party of marines, who made a gallant effort
to save foreign properties, as the United Kingdom had a strong business interest in Iloilo
and a Consulate.
By 1 o'clock of the same day, the Americans made a landing and restored order.
Sentinels were stationed to protect what still remained of the townspeople's goods. In
due course, indemnity claims were forwarded to the American military authorities, but
were all rejected.
Ten years later, an article published in the local paper Nuevo Heraldo summarized the
downfall of the Queen City in these words:
"The fire left behind only the name Iloilo, as the main part of the city was reduced to
ashes by the retreating Ilongo troops. That event was the cause of the ruin of such a
beautiful city, second only to Manila, where, if there was not a surplus of money, neither
the people's welfare was wanting, and life was prosperous and peaceful. If the brain who
planted such an unqualified act had measured the consequences... maybe he would
never have dared doing it..."
Local government was established in some towns of Iloilo by 11 April 1901. Jose
Maria Gay was appointed Alcalde, Matias Hibiernas was teniente alcalde of Iloilo;Jose
Yusay was President of Molo; Pablo Borromeo was President of Arevalo; Ruperto
Montinola was the lone representative of Jaro, but was not its President; Madurriao's
President was Emigdio Mesa. Emilio Magbanua was appointed its police delegate. It
was observed by Juan de Leon, judge of the Court of First Instance that there existed a
rivalry between the pueblos of Iloilo, Jaro and Molo, which are adjacent to and are only
half an hour travel by carriage from each other. Besides, Molo and Jaro are residential
pueblos, and Iloilo was the business town for both. It was also recommended that
Arevalo be joined to Molo, and La Paz to Jaro. The aggregate population of these
territories was at 100,000 in 1901. Presidents and other representatives were also
appointed for the towns of Alimodian, Miag-ao, Janiuay, Mina, Oton, Passi, Guimbal,
Pototan, San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, San Miguel, Pavia, Sara, Nagaba (currently
known as Nueva Valencia), San Enrique, Lambunao, Cordoba (a barangay of Tigbauan
today), Cabatuan, Leganes, Tigbauan, Banate, Buena Vista, Navalas, Tubungan,
Duenas, Mandurriao, Maasin, Lucena, and Leon. Other formerly existing ones, like
Anilao and Barotac Viejo, were fused with other towns.
As the aftermath of the revolution and the Filipino-American war, it was clear to
all the most sober-minded and best educated Ilonggos that Aguinaldo's government was
Central Philippine University was founded in 1905 through a grant given by the
In 1900, the Americans reverted the city's status into a township. Later, they
initiated the construction of the Baluarte and Arroyo streets, extension of Delgado Street
to Valeria and from Fuentes and Jalandoni streets up to the present-day U.P. in the
Visayas. Quezon and Mabini streets were asphalted while their sidewalks were also
During the American colonial regime that time in the Philippine islands, the
Americans brought with them their faith, the Protestantism. A comity agreement was
made in 1898 that the Philippine islands would be divided into different Protestant
denominations for missionary works to avoid future conflicts; Iloilo is one of the very first
places in the country where the early Protestant sects came. Western Visayas and
Negros, in accordance with the comity agreement, was given to the religious jurisdictions
of the Baptists, although other Protestant sects were allowed to do missions in the same
area.
Baptists on the other hand, established institutions like Central Philippine University in
1905, as the first Baptist-founded and second American university in Asia; the Jaro
Evangelical Church, the first Baptist church in the Philippines; and the Convention of
Philippine Baptist Churches, the oldest Baptist organizational body in the Philippines.
Later, the Seventh-day Adventists established the Jaro Adventist Center, the first
organized Seventh-day Adventist church in the islands.
Jaro Evangelical Church, the first Baptist Church in the Philippines (second
Protestant Church in the Philippines and first Protestant Church outside Manila
in the Philippines both after the Central United Methodist Church (Manila)
(1899)) by the Northern American Baptists.
Seizure of friar lands and parishes and the above-mentioned Protestant activities
gave the American and Filipino public an impression of anti-Catholic stance of the U.S.
occupation of the Islands during the first years of the American rule. The Taft
Commission, the sole legislative body of the American government for the Philippines
(then known as the Philippine Islands under the sovereign control of the United States)
while still under the Philippine–American War, were attacked by Catholic press in New
York for antiCatholic bigotry. Soon, pressures from influential Catholics in the United
States, and also in Ireland caused President Theodore Roosevelt to appoint a Catholic
in the Commission to defend Catholic interest in the Philippines. Influential Catholics in
Manila followed suit. Worries about Catholic vote in national elections moved the civil
government to send the Commission to the Vatican to negotiate exploring workable to
In Iloilo, American Catholics countered the Protestant American missions and the
American Catholic bishops, like Frederick Rooker, Dennis Joseph Dougherty, and
James McCloskey, were named for the Roman Catholic See of Jaro in Iloilo City. These
bishops sustained the educational achievements of the Spanish friars by bringing in
American and European Catholic missionaries, among whom were the Sisters of Charity
of St. Paul, and Augustinian missionary priests. The Augustinians, who were the first to
bring the Christian faith in the Philippines as well as in Panay island, and who built the
centuriesold heritage churches in this island, established the Collegio de San Agustín in
1904. During the American regime, their confreres from the United States developed
evermore this institution, which later became the first university in Iloilo. The American
Catholic Bishops also maintained and upgraded the St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary
(established in 1869 as the Collegio-Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer), which was the
first institution of higher learning in Western Visayas.
The Paulinian Sisters took charge of St. Paul Hospital, originally owned by the
Catholic Diocese of Jaro. Bishop Dennis Joseph Dougherty, who later became Cardinal
Archbishop of Philadelphia, gave the medical facilities to the Sisters. To commemorate
the bishop's generosity, the hospital named a more recent section of the facilities after
him: the CADMA (Cardinal Dougherty Medical Annex). To meet the growing need to
provide nurses for their hospital, the Paulinians also opened a nursing school. Today,
this institution has also become a university (St. Paul University Iloilo), and has ever
since supplied high quality healthcare professionals known worldwide for their skills and
dedication to work.
During the American colonial occupation, one of the platforms by the colonial
government was first to establish and implement a public education system in the islands
and the Thomasites were deployed and commissioned by the American government to
teach in the public schools that will be established. The Thomasites tolerated religious
freedom, which is one of the foundations of the United States constitution and legacy to
the Philippines, while commissioned and under their tutelage to teach in public schools
during the colonial period. Public schools that were established when the Thomasites
came to Iloilo are Iloilo Normal School, the present day West Visayas State University
(formally established in 1924 but dates back its founding in 1902 as part of the Philippine
Normal School System in the Philippines); the Iloilo National High School, the first public
provincial high school in the islands; and Baluarte Elementary School, the first public
elementary school in the islands.
Iloilo regained cityhood status on July 16, 1937, through Commonwealth Act 158.
Incorporated as part of Iloilo City were the towns of Molo, Mandurriao, La Paz, and Villa
de Arévalo and inaugurated on August 25, 1937. The City of Jaro on the other hand was
merged later years after with the city. Sugar's demand was declining, labor unrests in
the port area scared the investors away, and the opening of the sub-port of Pulupandan
in Negros Occidental moved the sugar importation closer to the sugar farms.
Central Philippine University's main campus north-eastern side aerial view in the
1960s.During the World War II Central's entire properties on its main campus
were heavily destroyed. The war torned university's main campus was rebuilt
after the post-war.
By 1942, the Japanese invaded Panay and the economy moved into a standstill.
During World War II, Iloilo was controlled by several Japanese battalions. Japan's
ultimate goal was to entrench itself deeply into the Philippines so that at the close of the
war they could occupy it just as the Spanish and the Americans had years before.
During the invasion of Japanese forces, the academic life in Iloilo was interrupted
during the broke of World War II and Central Philippine University which was founded by
the Americans was one of the heavily torned academic institutions during that time. The
entire properties of the university on its main campus were destroyed and turn into
ashes. American missionaries assigned at Central fled and took refuge in the mountain
barrios of Katipunan, Tapaz, Capiz. They hid in the forest they called "Hopevale" with
the help of their Filipino friends. But soon they fell and were captured by the Japanese
troops on 19 December 1943. The missionaries begged them to free the Filipino captives
and instead offered themselves as ransom. At the dawn of 20 December 1943, the
missionaries asked to be allowed to pray and, an hour later, they told their Japanese
captors they were ready to die. The adults were beheaded and the children were
bayoneted. The missionaries who died in the massacre are today called the Hopevale
Microwave Link Design
ECE – 5 ELECTIVE 3 MICROWAVE DESIGN
Martyrs. The martyrs are: Dr. Francis Howard Rose (former President and head of
Central), Jeanie Clare Adams, Prof. James Howard Clovell, Charma Moore Clovell,
Dorothy Antoinette Dowell, Signe Amelia Erikson, Dr. Frederick Willer-Meyer, Ruth
Schatch Meyer, Gertrude Coombs Rose, Rev. Erle Frederich Rounds, Louise Cummings
Rounds, and Erle Douglas. Despite the order that these Americans should go home
because of the war, they refused to leave their mission and eventually sacrificed their
lives.
After post war, the reconstruction of the main campus out of ashes is made
possible by returning missionaries and benevolent people from the United States which
includes also Filipino people.
On the other hand, however, when Iloilo was liberated by Filipino and American
forces from Japanese military occupation on March 25, 1945, the remnants of these
battalions were held in Jaro Plaza as a makeshift detention facility.
The war heavily damaged the infrastructure in Iloilo. However, the continuing
conflict between the labor unions in the port area, declining sugar economy, and the
deteriorating peace and order situation in the countryside, the exodus of Ilonggos to
other cities, provinces/regions and islands that offered better opportunities and business.
People were moving to other cities such as Bacolod, Cebu, and Manila that led to Iloilo's
Change slowly came. First came the construction of the fishing port and a new
international seaport. One by one, commercial business firms invested in Iloilo, spurring
on the city to its eventual recovery.
Iloilo became a highly urbanized city in 1979 by the virtue of Batas Pambansa
Bldg. 51. Corollary to this new status, its residents effectively lost their eligibility to vote
for provincial officials.
After the opening of the new commercial and business center in Mandurriao
district and with the construction of a national highway that traverses this area, big
businesses like the SM Supermalls, SM Prime Holdings, Mega world Corporation,
Gaisano Capital, and Ayala Corporation poured in huge investments in the city, giving
impetus and catalyst toward future progress.
Geography
Barangays by district
1. Bonifacio 1,903
2. Calaparan 7,986
3. Dulonan 4,673
4. Mohon 1,373
5. Quezon 2,149
4. Concepcion-Montes 3,610
5. Danao 450
6. Delgado-Jalandoni- 275
Bagumbayan
7. Edganzon 462
8. Flores 583
Jaro
No. Barangay Population
1. Arguelles 901
2. Balabago 8,596
3. Balantang 3,136
4. Benedicto 2,827
5. Bito-on 5,679
6. Buhang 2,744
7. Buntatala 3,676
8. Calubihan 1,353
9. Camalig 2,185
1. Aguinaldo 1,229
2. Baldoza 6,214
3. Bantud 524
4. Banuyao 1,230
5. Burgos-Mabini- 1,920
Plaza
6. Caingin 3,848
7. Divinagracia 1,380
8. Gustilo 2,670
9. Hinactacan 510
La Puz
1. Alalasan 2,001
6. Libertad 1,037
8. Mansaya 3,620
9. Obrero 6,592
Mandurriao
3. Bakhaw 5,829
4. Bolilao 6,481
6. Calahunan 3,356
7. Dungon 3,356
8. Guzman-Jesena 2,519
1. Calumpang 11,113
2. Cochero 1,088
3. Compania 3,717
6. Habog-Habog 2,117
Salvacion
7. Infante 1,380
8. Kasingkasing 2,601
9. Katilingban 1,142
The city is divided into seven geographical districts. All of the districts were once
individual towns, excluding Lapuz, which was a sub-district of La Paz until 2008. They
were merged into one city on August 25, 1937, when the current Iloilo City inaugurated
as a charter city. All districts have their own town centers complete with a plaza, a Roman
Catholic church, a fire station, a police station and a public market. City Proper is a
commercial area and the political center of the city and the Province of Iloilo and the
Regional Government Center of Western Visayas.
Iloilo City is the center of the only officially recognized Metropolitan Area in
Western Visayas. The metropolitan area is composed of the City of Iloilo, the
municipalities of Leganes, Pavia, Sta. Barbara, Cabatuan, San Miguel, Oton, the Island
Province of Guimaras and its five municipalities, namely - Sibunag, San Lorenzo, Nueva
Valencia, Buenavista and Jordan.
The city of Iloilo has only one legislative district and is subdivided into 180
barangays (barrios).
Iloilo City has a tropical wet and dry climate as according to the Köppen climate
classification system, with pronounced wet season from June throughout November;
then dry season from December to May.
Hide Climate data for Iloilo, Philippines — NOAA Station Id: PH98637
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Recor
d high
29.7 30.2 31.7 33.1 33.1 31.6 30.7 30.4 30.8 31.1 30.9 30.2 31.1
°C
(85.5) (86.4) (89.1) (91.6) (91.6) (88.9) (87.3) (86.7) (87.4) (88) (87.6) (86.4) (88)
(°F)
Avera
ge
high 26.1 26.5 27.6 28.9 29.1 28.1 27.6 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.5 26.8 27.6
°C (79) (79.7) (81.7) (84) (84.4) (82.6) (81.7) (81.5) (81.7) (81.9) (81.5) (80.2) (81.7)
(°F)
Daily
mean
°C 22.7 22.7 23.5 24.6 25.1 24.7 24.4 24.5 24.4 24.2 24.0 23.4 24.0
(°F) (72.9) (72.9) (74.3) (76.3) (77.2) (76.5) (75.9) (76.1) (75.9) (75.6) (75.2) (74.1) (75.2)
Recor
d low 18.5 18.0 19.3 21.2 21.7 21.4 19.8 20.1 20.1 20.8 20.3 18.3 18.0
°C (65.3) (64.4) (66.7) (70.2) (71.1) (70.5) (67.6) (68.2) (68.2) (69.4) (68.5) (64.9) (64.4)
(°F)
Avera
ge 117. 174. 1,953
39.9 19.1 27.1 47.7 255.2 313.2 363.7 266.8 264.1 64.2
rainfal 9 8 .7
(1.57 (0.75 (1.06 (1.87 (10.0 (12.3 (14.3 (10.5 (10.3 (2.52
l mm (4.64 (6.88 (76.9
1) 2) 7) 8) 47) 31) 19) 04) 98) 8)
(inche 2) 2) 17)
s)
Avera
ge 82 80 75 73 77 82 85 85 85 84 84 83 81
relativ
e
humid
ity
(%)
1970 209,738 —
Language
Hiligaynon is the dominant language of Iloilo City. English is used as the language
of business and education. In addition, other local languages such as Karay-a (also
known as Kinaray-a or Hiniraya) is also spoken by a few. Spanish, once widely spoken
during the colonial era up to the 1980s, is still spoken by the elderly, some wealthy
families and also the elder members of the micro-community of sugar-plantations related
clans.
Hiligaynon is spoken in Western Visayas and Negros Island Region, and is part
of the Visayan language family of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. It is heavily
Religion
Iloilo City is a predominant Catholic city with 90% belonging to the Roman
Catholic Church. Other religious minorities such as Protestants (7%), Iglesia NI Cristo
(2%) and Aglipayans (1%) have a significant presence at the city.
Culture
Cultures and traditions has the crucial role that shaped Iloilo's cultural and
heritage sphere apart from the being the Regional Center of the Western Visayas region.
Cultural and heritage consciousness is held in much broad public attention and fervor
among the various stakeholders with the help of the government. Iloilo holds many
cultural institutions especially national ones and heritage houses and mansions that
contributed to Iloilo's monikers being known as "Emerging Museum City of the
Philippines" and "City of Mansions."
The city has various museums clustered throughout the city. Museums and art
galleries are the repositories of Iloilo’s rich and glorious history in culture and arts.
Various notable Philippine artists trace their roots from Iloilo. Unearthed artifacts like
potteries and plates had been excavated in many parts of Iloilo that dates Pre-Hispanic
times are now showcased in various museums in Iloilo.
Notable efforts of the city's engagement with various stakeholders to uplift the
cultural consciousness of the Ilonggo people led to the establishment of the Western
Visayas Regional Museum of the National Museum of the Philippines in the former
renovated and restored old Iloilo Provincial Jail and their regional headquarters in the
restored old Municipio de Jaro (Jaro Municipal Hall). There are other museums that
showcase memorabilias of notable person and families, artworks and artifacts that are
contrast to the glorious past of Iloilo. The other notable museums and art galleries in the
city in which some are under some academic institutions which include the Museo Iloilo
(the first government built museum in the Philippines), Iloilo Museum of Contemporary
Art Museum (housed at the Casa de Emperador at Iloilo Business Park), The Henry Luce
III - Meyer Asian Museum/Collection and World War II memorabilias of Central Philippine
The Iloilo Museum of Contemporary Art (ILOMOCA), the first museum project of
the property giant Mega world Corporation, is the first museum dedicated to modern and
contemporary art in Visayas and Mindanao. The museum of 3,000 square meters of
space is housed at the ‘’Casa de Emperador’’ which includes five exhibit rooms and
souvenir and merchandise shop. The ground floor is ‘’The Hulot Exhibit’’ which
showcase exhibits of local and international artists. Works by notable and renowned
international artists like Salvador Dali, Marc Chagall, and Joan Miro are exhibit in some
of its art collections.
Festivals
The Ilonggos cultural identity is deeply rooted and influenced by the Hispanic
culture. Iloilo is known is Festivals Capital of the Philippines with various renowned
festivals in the country celebrated in the city showcasing the city's rich cultural and
historical past. Iloilo is highlighted with various festivals in which big three is Dinagyang
Festival - held every fourth Sunday of January in honor of the Holy Child Jesus (Santo
architect William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by Iloilo's Dinagyang and Paraw
Regatta festivals.
Iloilo has various facilities also for international and local musical, band, and solo
performances or concerts and the famous and largest concert theater in the Western
Visayas region is the Rose Memorial Auditorium or Rose on Central Philippine
University's main campus. The prestigious national Bombo Music Festival is held
annually at the Rose.
The auditorium is a 2-storey structure and can occupy or has a maximum capacity
of 4,000+ spectators. Rose Memorial along with Central Philippine University has been
and is the only theater/auditorium and university in the Western Visayas region that has
been designated (one of the first batch of nine) Cultural Center of the Philippines
Regional Art Centers (or Kaisa sa Sining Regional Art Centers) in 2014 in the whole
Philippines.
The colonial influence of Spanish and American culture has created an imprint in
art and entertainment scene Iloilo. The city and province has produced a notable people
in the field of cinema and entertainment. The arts and entertainment sectors in Iloilo
flourished during the time when Iloilo was opened to the international trade when the
Puerto de Iloilo (Port of Iloilo) was opened to foreign ships to dock from different
There had been old cinema theaters in the old central business district of Calle
Real, but they do not now operate. Because of the development of modern shopping
malls in the metropolis, there are however modern theaters and cinemas that replaced
the once and glorious notable theaters in heritage zone of Calle Real in the city center.
The arts and entertainment initiatives with the Film Development Council of the
Philippines under the office of the Philippine President city has established its presence
in the city as the regional cultural and arts center of Western Visayas through the
establishment of Cinematheque theater which showcases various screened films.
The largest theater and auditorium in Western Visayas is the Rose Memorial
Auditorium in Central Philippine University. Rose Memorial has and had been a venue
of concerts of renowned International Philippine singers and bands. The auditorium is
also the venue of the annual prestigious national Bombo Music Festival that draws
homegrown music artists from all over the Philippines.
University’s in Iloilo on the other hand, has a vital role with various established
cultural and art groups that gain foothold that held and performed in various cultural
performances nationally and internationally in which some are sponsored National
Cultural government agencies. The University of San Agustin has established the USA
Troubadours while Central Philippine University the CPU Bahandi Singers, CPU Hand
bell Choir (the first 8 octave hand bell choir in the Philippines) and the CPU Sari-Saot
Dance Troupe.
Architecture
The city Spanish influence is strongly imprinted not only in Iloilo’s history but the
city’s urban plan with Plazas or public civic squares flanked by government and religious
institutions which is unique to Spanish colonial and non-colonial cities in the former
colonies of Spanish Empire. Iloilo was a former conglomerate of once independent towns
which includes the former Jaro City thus every town has its own squares or Plazas.
The city’s regaled status during the Spanish colonial era until the turn of the 20th
century is implied during by the sugar boom with ubiquitous stately mansions and
edifices built by the old money Ilonggo Sugar Baron and elite families which contrast to
the city’s economic importance as a second city next to Manila during the said era in the
Philippines. The city’s other moniker – ‘’City of Mansions’’ is likewise implied because
Iloilo holds 240 mansions in which 30 of it are grand mansions built during the Spanish
and American colonial eras.
The ravaged ‘’Fuerte de San Pedro’’ (Fort San Pedro) is Iloilo’s ground zero as
there was no Iloilo City back in 1600s. As a fortress, Fort San Pedro was built solely by
the Spaniards to protect Iloilo from the marauding pirates and privateers. The fort is the
second Spanish built fort after the one in Cebu (also Fort San Pedro) in the Philippines
and Asia. The foundation of the Fort San Pedro was substantial to the Spanish Empire’s
stronghold as Panay Island with Iloilo as their second colonial center established through
the Iloilo precursor towns of Oton (1566) and La Villa Rica de Arevalo (1581). Oton which
was founded as early as 1566 but formally established in 1572 was the actual second
seat of Spanish colonial powers but due to pirate attacks, they moved the capital
eastward and established the ‘’La Villa Rica de Arevalo’’.
The town of La Villa Rica de Arevalo holds some of the fine example of Spanish built
mansions like the mansion of the Spanish Governor General but were destroyed when
the pirates ransacked and destroyed the town. It was in the said frequent events of pirate
attacks that the Spaniards moved finally the capital further eastward in the mouth of ‘’Rio
de Iloilo’’ (Iloilo River) which is flanked and protected by Guimaras Island across it. It
was in the said establishment of the city on the mouth of Iloilo River that as years go by,
the city flourished to its heights especially in the economic and regal importance in the
Spanish and American eras. La Villa Rica de Arevalo (Arevalo) is the first Spanish
named town in the Philippine islands. It is also in Arevalo that the third oldest image of
Holy Child Jesus (Señor Santo Niño) in the Philippines was brought by the Spaniards.
Notable present-day structures that are repositories that attest to the town’s former glory
as a Spanish precursor town of Iloilo is the mansion of Balay Camiña na Bato and the
Convento de Arevalo.
During the Spanish and American eras, the city developed its own unique charm
that exudes a typical European city in the east which differed it from other cities just like
the old Manila in the Philippines. It was in the said eras that architectural perspective of
Iloilo flourished with European styled edifices and stately mansions was built which
stands of Iloilo’s once economic and political importance in its heydays.
Iloilo also possesses structures built during the prelude of the American colonial
period in the Philippines. Aduana de Iloilo (Iloilo Customs House) and old Iloilo City Hall
are notable of the structures built during the said colonial period. Iloilo Customs House,
the second largest customs house after the Aduana in Manila was built the famous
Filipino Architect Juan Arellano.
Cityscape
Iloilo spreads out with its location in a plain land in south eastern side of Panay
Island. It is bounded in the south east side by Iloilo-Guimaras Strait and Guimaras Island
which makes the city as a natural harbor for ships. The two main rivers of Iloilo and
Batiano snakes through the city and empties out of the Iloilo-Guimaras Strait.
Iloilo is a conglomerate of former separate towns which includes the former city
of Jaro established during the Spanish colonial times, thus the layout of the towns civic
centers follows a typical Spanish colonial town center composed of a Plaza (Public
Square), church, municipal hall and other religious, academic and government
instrumentalities offices.
Sustainability
The city has been a champion in air quality initiatives that further implied when in
won in the 2017 ‘’Clean Air City Award’’ given by the Clean Air Philippine Movement.
The award is given to urban centers and cities whose initiatives in good urban planning
is to maintain a good air quality for its citizens to be a more livable and air pollution
Philippines cities.
Economy
Iloilo City is a hub for trade, commerce, finance, technology, medical tourism,
hospitality, real estate, tourism, education, and industry in the Western Visayas region.
Major industries in the city include management of port facilities, telecommunications
infrastructure and utilities, banking and finance, retail trading, real estate, tourism and
business process outsourcing. The local government has provided incentives to
businesses in certain investment areas, such as income tax holidays and free issuance
of permits and licenses. It is the home of Mang Inasal headquartered in Iloilo.
Torre del Reloj (The Clock Tower) of Festive Walk Parade at Iloilo Business Park
Average per Capita Income is P 65,136 and Average Per Capita Expenditures is
P 51,557 (FIES 2000). Average Inflation Rate is 3.2, the Average Purchasing Power of
the Peso is 0.62 and the Average Consumer Price Index (CPI) is 162.6 in 2003. (Source:
NSO, Prices Section).
The BPO industry has spurred employment. BPO locators are attracted to Iloilo
because of the literacy rate and number of graduates per year. The Department of
Science and Technology-Information and Communications Technology Office
(DOSTICTO) and Business Processing Association of the Philippines (BPAP), has
named Iloilo City as one of the next wave cities. This means that Iloilo city is capable to
host information technology-business process outsourcing (IT-BPO) companies on the
basis of availability of talent and relevant infrastructure.
The city is now officially a "City of Excellence" which means that it levels the city
of Manila and Cebu in terms of economic progress. It has a number of IT/BPO centers
among them is the Iloilo Ayala Techno Hub, Amigo Plaza Mall, SM City Iloilo estates and
Plazuela de Iloilo which houses BPO companies.
Another IT/BPO centers is in Iloilo International Business Park at the Sta. Barbara
Heights and Iloilo Business Park, both by Mega world Corporation and the Iloilo City
Center by the Gaisano Group. It has business process outsourcing (BPO) office
buildings undergoing construction.
Iloilo City's urban planning and architecture reflect the plans of the Spanish and
the American colonial administrations. Since Iloilo City is a conglomeration of towns, the
districts have their own plazas which are surrounded by establishments of political and
ecclesiastical influence, such as churches and old administrative halls. In 1930, Juan M.
Arellano of the Bureau of Public Works designed the schematic plan for Iloilo City, which
was influenced by Ebenezer Howard's "Garden City."
Public transport
Iloilo City is served mostly by passenger jeepneys, white metered taxis and
tricycles within the city limits. The passad jeepneys of Iloilo are known for their sleek and
sedan-like design. These often serve fixed routes and mostly travel on the city's major
and secondary roads. Jeepneys are also the main mode of transportation to Metropolitan
Iloilo areas. Tricycles serve most secondary roads and city communities. Large passad
jeepneys and buses link Iloilo City to the rest of the province and the island of Panay.
Buses bound for Metro Manila, Mindoro, Batangas, Cebu, Negros and Mindanao are
also available via the Roll-on, Roll-off ferry services of the Strong Republic Nautical
Highway. Mini-shuttle vans also serve major points in Panay Island.
Iloilo City has five Major Integrated Transport Terminals located at the city's
perimeter areas: the Iloilo North ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo North
Ceres Bus Terminal (NCBT) located at Tagbak, Jaro District is the transport hub serving
passengers to/from north western municipalities of Iloilo, City of Passi and northwestern
Panay (Capiz and Aklan including Boracay Island); Iloilo Central Line ITS (Integrated
Transport System) Terminal/Pavia Peoples Terminal (PPT) in Ungka, Jaro District is the
transport terminal for passengers to/from central municipalities of Iloilo; Aleonsan ITS
(Integrated Transport System) Terminal at Hibao - and in Mandurriao for those to/from
the upland municipalities of San Miguel, Alimodian and Leon (including Bucari, Leon);
Iloilo South ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo South Ceres Bus Terminal
(SCBT) located at Mohon in Villa de Arevalo for going to/from the southern municipalities
of Iloilo and to/from the province of Antique; and Iloilo North Coast ITS (Integrated
Transport System) Terminal at Ticud, Lapaz District for those going to/from the northern
coastal municipalities of Iloilo (including Sicogon Island and Isla de Gigante all part of
Carles, Iloilo).
From 1907 to the 1980s, Panay Railways operated a railroad from Roxas City to the port
area of Muelle Loney along the Iloilo River in Iloilo City.
Iloilo International Airport is the 4th busiest in the Philippines with international
flight to Singapore and Hong Kong and vice versa serving passengers from Western
Visayas Region, Palawan and Mindanao. For domestic flights to/from Metro Manila,
Caticlan, Cebu, Cuyo, Puerto Princesa, Sipalay, General Santos City, Cagayan de Oro
and Davao City, Iloilo International Airport is the airport serving the general area of
Metropolitan Iloilo - Guimaras, the province of Antique and the rest of Iloilo Province. It
is located 19 kilometers (12 miles) northwest of Iloilo City on 188 hectares (460 acres)
The Port of Iloilo is the port serving the general area of Iloilo and the premier port
in the Western Visayas Region. The new port of iloilo is located on a site away from the
older port facilities. It is situated in the Southern coast of Panay Island, in the Panay Gulf.
With Guimaras Island guarding the port from violent storms, it has one of safest and
most natural harbors in the Philippines
The Iloilo Domestic Port Complex (IDPC), located near Fort San Pedro and
formerly the Old Foreign Pier, serves inter-island passenger and cargo ferries which
serves the routes Manila, Palawan, Cebu, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro. It is located
near the mouth of Iloilo River at the vicinity of the Western Visayas Regional Government
Center at the City Proper District. It is also the port of call for several domestic shipping
companies such as Super Ferry or 2GO Travel, Negros Navigation, Sulpicio Lines,
Cokaliong Shipping, Trans-Asia Shipping Lines and others. The colloquial name "Fort
San Pedro" refers to the old Spanish fortress beside it that was destroyed during World
War II and soon to be restored by the Department of Tourism (DOT) under TIEZA.
Muelle Loney or Iloilo River Wharf is the original port of the city. Opened to
international trade in 1855, it has served as the trans-shipment docks for muscovado
sugar in the late 19th to the first half of the 20th century. It has undergone several times
of expansion and improvement. Today, it serves smaller cargo ships, roll-on roll-off
ferries bound for Guimaras and Negros Island and fast ferries that ply Iloilo-Bacolod
route regularly. In September 2014, the newly opened Iloilo River Port Complex (IRPC)
at Lapuz District started its operation to replace the Iloilo River Wharf.
The Iloilo Fish Port Complex (IFPC) is the only and the major center of fish trading
and marine products processing in all of Visayas. The port complex is the traditional
landing site of bag netters and other fishing bancas in Iloilo City and nearby towns. This
strategic location has made the port the major fish/marine source of major supermarkets,
hotels and restaurants and local public markets in the country and abroad.
Its services includes, unloading and marketing facilities for fish and other
fishery/aquatic products both for local and foreign markets; services and facilities for
harbor operations such dry-docking/repair shop, fuel, oil, water and ice conveyance and
for transshipping products;processing, refrigeration and other post-harvest services
including product pre-processing, freezing through contact freezer, cold storages and
topgrade facilities for the processing of marine products such as prawn, abalone,
cuttlefish, lobster, nylon shell, octopus, slipper tail, squid, whiting and bangus; and raw
land for the establishment of fishery-related factories.
Proper District. Recently, the fish port complex was granted ₱570 million for the
expansion of its facilities which will include the construction of a new fish processing
plant, establishment of a fish canning facility and the construction of an alternative
energy source.
Iloilo has various facilities also for international and local musical, band, and solo
performances or concerts and the famous and largest concert theater in the Western
Visayas region is the Rose Memorial Auditorium or Rose on Central Philippine
The auditorium is a 2-storey structure and can occupy or has a maximum capacity
of 4,000+ spectators. Rose Memorial along with Central Philippine University has been
and is the only theater/auditorium and university in the Western Visayas region that has
been designated (one of the first batch of nine) Cultural Center of the Philippines
Regional Art Centers (or Kaisa sa Sining Regional Art Centers) in 2014 in the whole
Philippines.
Iloilo Sports Complex, also known as Iloilo Sports Center, is the major sports
venue in Western Visayas. The center completes with a 10,000-capacity stadium, a
rubberized track oval, a football field, a soccer field, an Olympic size swimming pool, two
volleyball courts, two basketball courts, two open tennis courts, four badminton courts
and an indoor gymnasium.
The newest generator will be on top of the existing 164-MWs for an additional
150-megawatt to be generated that will help produce a total of 404 MW supply for Panay,
Guimaras and Negros islands.
Media
The city and the province of Iloilo is served by mostly tabloid-type English
newspapers such as Panay News, The Daily Guardian, News Express, and Sunstar
Iloilo.
Hublas of Panay News is the sole Hiligaynon tabloid newspaper. Iloilo has a glossy full
color lifestyle magazine named Cream Magazine published monthly since 1989.
center of the province, most of the AM and FM radio stations serve the province of Iloilo
and Guimaras, mostly local stations of national radio stations.
Television arrived in the city in 1964 when DYAF-TV began airing, serving Iloilo
City and the neighboring towns in the province. In 1998, with the frequency transfer to
Channel 10, ABS-CBN separated its news team from the Bacolod news team and
launched TV Patrol Iloilo (today TV Patrol Panay). In 1967, TV-6 Iloilo (a TV5 affiliate)
stated its initial broadcast in Jaro, Iloilo City. By 1974 it changed its affiliation to GMA
Network as their local television station.
The channel started upgrading its facilities and relocated their TV tower to
Guimaras and began serving Iloilo City, Panay and Guimaras, as well as some parts of
Negros Occidental in 1998. Studio 23 Iloilo (UHF 38) (changed its name to ABS-CBN
Sports and Action on January 18, 2014) initiated its broadcast in 1999.
The government television station, PTV (VHF 2) in 1992 and IBC (VHF 12) in
1977 are also broadcasting local programs for Iloilo. In the first quarter of 2010, QTV-28
Iloilo (UHF 28) (changed its name to GMA News TV on February 28, 2011) and UNTV-
42 (UHF 42) commenced operations in the city. In second quarter of 2012, TV5 Iloilo
(UHF 36) and
Aksyon TV Iloilo (UHF 46) commenced operation, serving the southern part of
Western Visayas that includes southern Panay, Iloilo City and Guimaras, also formerly,
Negros Occidental, and at the same time started its News5 team coverage.
Being the center of education in Western Visayas Region, the city and the
province of Iloilo has a total of ten major universities.
Iloilo City alone hosts 8 large universities such as the University of the Philippines
Visayas (UPV), which houses the University of the Philippines High School in Iloilo
(UPHSI), Central Philippine University (CPU), University of San Agustin (USA), West
Visayas State University (WVSU), Iloilo Science and Technology University (formerly
WVCST) (ISAT-U), University of Iloilo (UI), St. Paul University Iloilo (SPUI), and John B.
Lacson Foundation Maritime University (JBLFMU).
Iloilo is also home to numerous private colleges and schools such as the Iloilo
Doctors College (IDC), one PAREF-affiliated high school, the West bridge School for
Boys, St. Therese - MTC colleges (ST-MTCC), Western Institute of Technology (WIT),
De Paul College (DPC) (defuncted), ABE International College of Business and
Economics, Computer College of the Visayas, Dominican College of Iloilo, Great Saviour
College, AMA Computer College - Iloilo Campus, STI College - Iloilo, Interface Computer
College, IMAPF - School of Midwifery, Philippine College of Aeronautics, Science and
Technology, ACSI College Iloilo, ABBA Institute of Technology, Iloilo Scholastic
Academy, Hua Siong College of Iloilo, Sun Yat Sen High School, Cabalum Western
College, St. Anne College of Iloilo, St. Augustine School of Nursing - Iloilo, Assumption
Iloilo is also home to numerous religious formation houses, St. Joseph Regional
Seminary for Theologate studies, The 148 year old, St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary for
Collegiate studies and Mill Hill Formation House of the Mill Hill Missionaries.
In June 2012, the city government opened the Iloilo City Community College at
Molo, Iloilo City. These universities and colleges in Iloilo is a testament to the city being
the center of education in Western Visayas.
Philippine Cycling is about cycling in the Philippines. It helps promote bike races,
cycling clubs, bicycle tours, and the development of bicycle trails. Activities are
coordinated with bike shops and cycling clubs throughout the Philippines to promote
the fun of riding bikes. Philippine cycling will be coordinating events with tour of Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. Road biking and mountain biking will be promoted by Philippine
Cycling.
Municipality
Municipality of Jordan
10°36′N 122°36′E
Country Philippines
Region Western Visayas (Region VI)
Province Guimaras
Founded 1918
Government
Area
• Total 36,096
PSGC 067902000
Website jordan.gov.ph
Jordan, officially the Municipality of Jordan ([hɔ̝ ɾdɐn]), is a 3rd class municipality
and capital of the province of Guimaras, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it
has a population of 36,096 people.With a wharf closest to Iloilo City and a central
location, Jordan is also the commercial center of the island. Jordan is bounded by the
three municipalities of the province, Buenavista to the north, San Lorenzo to the east,
and Sibunag to the south. Before founding of the five towns, the whole island of
Guimaras was called "Himal-us". Across the Iloilo Strait from Jordan is Iloilo City on the
island of Panay.
• Alaguisoc
• Balcon Maravilla
• Balcon Melliza
• Bugnay
• Buluangan
• Espinosa
• Hoskyn
• Lawi
• Morobuan
• Poblacion
• Rizal
• Sinapsapan
• Santa Teresa
The name of the town used to be Nagaba but was changed in 1902 to Jordan.
The name Jordán, the Spanish name for the Jordan River, was chosen by the residents
in honor of John the Baptist, their patron saint. According to local folklore, he saved the
inhabitants from slaughter during the Moro raid in the Spanish era.
In 1918, the municipality was formed when it separated from Buenavista, with
Valeriano Villanueva as the first appointed President Municipal. After elections in 1919,
Hugo Chávez became the next mayor, followed by Licerio Segovia (1921-1923), Alberto
Gonzaga (1923-1925), Feliz Ronzales (1925-1928), Hilario Nava (1929-1932), again
Hugo Chávez (1932-1938), and Leodegario Galarpe (1939-1941).
Nueva Valencia was established as a separate municipality in 1941. In July 1995 San
Lorenzo and Sibunag were created, leaving Jordan with only 14 barangays. Before these
two towns was created, Jordan was composed of 33 barangays.
Demographics
1903 7,475 —
In the 2015 census, the population of Jordan, Guimaras, was 36,096 people, with
a density of 290 inhabitants per square kilometer or 750 inhabitants per square mile.
In the 2000 census, in an area of 126 km2 it had a population of 28,745 people in
5,397 households, and in 2007, 32,525 people. In the 2010 census, its population had
increased to 34,791 persons.
A= [longitude A – longitude B]
A= [122°34’31.65’’ - 122°35’05.03’’]
A= 0°0’33.38’’
SITE A SITE B
Elevation = 7m Elevation = 5m
= 2.95km
HIGHEST OBSTRUCTION
= 5m
= 32m
= 2.95km
𝑑1𝑑2
ℎ=
12.75𝑘
where :
h = distance in meters from horizontal reference
line
d1 = distance in kilometers from one end
d2 = distance from the other end of the path
In Standard Condition
4
𝑘=
3
d1= 𝟏.𝟑𝟕
d2= 1.58
(1.37)(1.58)
ℎ= 4
12.75( )
3
= 0.127km
𝐹1
Where:
𝐹1
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝒎
Height of Tower
𝐷1(𝐸2+𝐴1)−(𝐸1+𝐴2)
60% FRESNEL ZONE = − (𝐻𝑜 + (𝐸1 + 𝐴1 ))
𝑑
𝒙 = - 9.52m
C. FREQUENCY PLAN
For Hop 1
=-1331.81 dB
= -1331.01 dB
For Hop 2
= 1336.41dB
= 1335.61 dB
Hop 2:
TFM = RSL-MRT
For Hop 1
=28.21dB
=28.7 dB
For Hop 2
=24.1 dB
=73.1 dB
For Hop 2
LBF: NPL=64 dB -(-1335.92 dB)
=1399.92 dB
HBF:NPL=64 dB -(-1286.92 dB)
=1350.92 dB
H. RAIN LOSS
=6.46
𝐾 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.0335) – (6.46𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.0335 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.0168)
𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔
K=
𝜶 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟖
Do = 35 𝑥𝑒 −0.015 𝑥 180
Do =2.35
𝐷
DE = 𝐷
1+
𝐷𝑜
Hop 1:
40
DE = 𝐷
40
1+ (2.35)
=2.22
Hop 2:
40
DE = 𝐷
40
1+ (2.35)
=2.22
LBF:
γ = 𝑘(180)𝑎
γ = −0.56(180)0.921
γ = -66.88
Arain = DE (γ)
Arain = 2.22 (-66.88)
Arain = -148.47dB
HBF:
γ = 𝑘(180)𝑎
γ = −4.014(180)8.88
γ = -4.27
Arain = DE (γ)
Arain = 2.22 (-4.27)
Arain = 9.48 dB
LBF:
𝟔.𝟎𝟗 𝟒.𝟖𝟏
𝑨𝒐 = [ 𝟕. 𝟏𝟗 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝟐 +𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟕) + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟓𝟕)𝟐 +𝟏.𝟓) ] (𝟓𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )𝟐. 𝟗𝟓
𝑨𝒐 =1.079 𝒅𝑩/km
For Hop 1
−𝟐𝟖.𝟐𝟏 −28.21
𝐿𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 )
−𝟐𝟖.𝟕 −28.7
𝐻𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 )
−24.1 −24.1
𝐿𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝑙𝑜𝑔(10 10 + 10 10 )
−73.1 −73.1
𝐻𝐵𝐹: 𝐹𝑀𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = −10𝑙𝑜𝑔(10 10 + 10 10 )
−𝐹𝑀𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 −𝐹𝑀𝐷𝐼𝑆𝑃𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐸𝑅𝑉𝐸
( ) ( )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10 10 + 𝑅𝐷 10 10 )
For Hop 1
LBF:
−28.21 −70
( )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10 10 + (3)(10 10 )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟎 𝒅𝑩
HBF:
−28.7 −70
( )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10 10 + (3)(10 10 )
LBF:
−24.1 −70
( )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10 10 + (3)(10 10 )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩
HBF:
−73.1 −70
( )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = −10 log( 10 10 + (3)(10 10 )
𝐹𝑀𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑆𝐼𝑇𝐸 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟔𝟎 𝒅𝑩
LBF:
𝟑 𝟗 𝟒.𝟑
𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = [ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕 + + + ] (𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐 𝒙𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 )
(𝟓𝟎.𝟕𝟓−𝟐𝟐.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟕.𝟑 (𝟓𝟎.𝟕𝟓−𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟔 (𝟓𝟎.𝟕𝟓−𝟑𝟐𝟑.𝟖)𝟐 +𝟏𝟎
𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = 170.45dB/km
𝑨𝑯𝟐𝑶𝒇𝒐𝒓 40𝒌𝒎 = 6818𝒅𝑩
HBF:
𝟑 𝟗 𝟒.𝟑
𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = [ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟐𝟐.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟕.𝟑 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟑)𝟐 +𝟔 + (𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟓−𝟑𝟐𝟑.𝟖)𝟐 +𝟏𝟎]
(𝟓𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒙𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 )
𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = 1658.89dB/km
𝑨𝑯𝟐𝑶𝒇𝒐𝒓 40𝒌𝒎 = 66355.6dB
Hop 1
For Hop 1
LBF:
−28.20
( )
𝑈 = 1𝑥10−9 (50.751,2 )(2.953.5 )(10 10 )
=𝟕. 𝟒𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗
=𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗
For Hop 2
LBF:
−24.10
( )
𝑈 = 1𝑥10−9 (50.751,2 )(2.953.5 )(10 10 )
=𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟖
HBF:
−𝟔𝟒.𝟔𝟎
𝑼 = 𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗 (𝟓𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟏,𝟐 )(𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟑.𝟓 )(𝟏𝟎( )
𝟏𝟎 )
=𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
R= (1-U) x 100%
For Hop 1
LBF:
𝑅 = (1 − 7.43𝑥10−9 )𝑥100%
=99.99999926%
HBF:
𝑹 = (𝟏 − 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗 ) 𝑥100%
=99.99999933%
LBF:
𝑅 = (1 − 1.90𝑥10−8 )𝑥100%
=99.9999981%
HBF:
𝑹 = (𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 ) 𝑥100%
=100%
𝐾 − 𝑄 𝑏 𝑐 (−𝐹𝑀𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
𝑈 = ( 1.3 )𝑓 𝐷 10 10
𝑆
LBF:
𝑈=
UBF:
𝑈=
LBF:
𝑹 =
UBF:
𝑹 =
Project Number: 1
Frequency Band Used: 51 GHz
Low Band Frequency: 50.75 GHz
High Band Frequency: 51.25 GHz
Site A: Iloilo City, Colegio Del Sagrado
Site B: Jordan Municipality, Bugnay
Hop 1 Path Length: 40km
Hop 2 Path Length: 40km
SITE ELEVATION 7m 5m
ANTENNA HEIGHT 10m 10m
PATH RELIABILiTY
LBF HBF
K-Q RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS:
Hop 1:
Hop 2: 99.99999866% 𝟗𝟗.99999875%
𝟗𝟗.99999615% 𝟗𝟗.9999964%
Upon the completion of this design, we were able to meet the needed outcomes
and conditions regarding the design. We were able to make a Point – to –Point
Cellular.
Link System design having a 99.99999% reliability.
Due to the importance of a design like this, we highly recommend this paper to
the students who are interested in microwave communications system design and
to those who are required to take the subject Microwave Engineering and make
their own link design.
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
A. Antenna
Transport costs are also reduced dramatically thanks to small packaging volumes.
The robust design has been verified in tests and during service since 1998.
The patented design principle, called the Hat antenna design, is a combination of
excellent side lobe suppression, low cross polarization, and high antenna gain with small
dimensions and low weight. The main advantages are less wind load, reduced weight
load on the tower, easy handling and low transportation costs.
Our antennas are ideal both for direct installation on RF devices outdoors and as
self-contained units. There are a large number of different interfaces, directly mounted
couplers, and all types of IEC or EIA flanges can be provided. Customer unique options
can be supplied with very short lead times.
Only materials of high quality are used, with surface treated aluminum, stainless
steel and galvanized steel. Our primary goal is to provide the most cost-effective
microwave antennas on the market when it comes to reliability and service life.
LEAX Arkivator Telecom provides antennas in common frequency bands for radio
links from 6 to 80 GHz. LEAX Arkivator Telecom antennas are available as 0.3 m, 0.6 m,
0.9 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.0 m, 2.4 m, 3.0 m and 3.7 m.