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AISC Live Webinar Stiffeners and Doublers – Oh My!

July 12, 2018

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AISC Live Webinars

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© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2018


The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is for general
information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be applied to any
specific application without competent professional examination and verification by a licensed
professional engineer. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such
use.

Course Description
Stiffeners and Doublers – Oh My!
July 12, 2018

This webinar will present tips for avoiding costly doubler and stiffener detailing,
along with good engineering practices that can make a big difference in the success
of projects. The webinar will present a relative cost comparison between using
stiffeners and doublers versus increasing member sizes. The latest requirements
regarding doubler and stiffener design responsibilities will also be presented.

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Learning Objectives
• List locations within a building structure where stiffener and doubler plates
are utilized.
• Describe the cost implications of using stiffener and doubler plate details
versus using larger member sizes.
• Describe how the responsibility of stiffener and doubler detailing is assigned
on the project using guidelines provided in the 2016 AISC Code of Standard
Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges. Explain how to communicate design
responsibility in the contract documents.
• Explain how to properly design stiffener and doubler plates according to the
2016 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.

Stiffeners and
Doublers
Oh My!
Carol Drucker, S.E., P.E., P.Eng.
Drucker Zajdel Structural Engineers, Inc.

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Stiffeners and Doublers Summary

• What are doublers?


• When are they required?
• Doubler Cost
• COSP and Doublers
• Doubler Design
• Stiffener Applications
• Stiffener Design

Stiffeners and Doublers 9

What is a Doubler?
• A doubler is a plate at a member web used to reinforce a
section for the required load

Courtesy of Lyndon Steel Company

Stiffeners and Doublers 10

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What is a Doubler?
• A doubler plate is typically used to reinforce a column web
panel zone

B B
A
Stiffeners
A

Doublers

Section A-A Section B-B

Stiffeners and Doublers 11

Doublers
• Other common applications a
– Coped beam web shear connections
– Chevron connections
– Truss Connections

a
b b

See
Blodgett,
Figure 41

Stiffeners and Doublers 12

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Why Doublers?
• Coped Beam to Girder w
– Shear Yielding, Shear Rupture
– Block Shear
– Flexural Yielding, Flexural Rupture
– Flexural Buckling
– See Spec Part J and Manual Chapter 9 l

Capacity

V+

Doubler Force = Required Force – Strength of Section

Stiffeners and Doublers 13

Shear Force and Stress


• Shear Flow at Top Edge of Doubler C C+dC
y2-y1

v(t)(dz)
dz

V (Q )
fv 
I (t )
t
See Salmon and Johnson,
t Steel Structures Design and Behavior
Element Shear Stress

Stiffeners and Doublers 14

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Shear Force and Stress


• Shear Flow at Top Edge of Doubler
Average web shear
used for design of
steel beams

V (Q ) V
fv  f avg 
I (t ) ( d )(tw )

Stiffeners and Doublers 15

Shear In a Member
• Shear Flow at Top Edge of Doubler

V (Q )
fv 
I (t )

Stiffeners and Doublers 16

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Doubler Configurations
• Doubler configurations commonly used:
Prepped, Flush, and Offset
• For flush doublers: use (1) doubler if
thickness < 1/2” to 5/8”.
• Doubler hierarchy (flush and prepped
Prep and
configurations): Fillet Weld
Flush

1. Place on side without shear connection


2. Place on side with smaller beam
framing into column web
• Consider shear beam framing into doubler

Offset and Offset with


Symmetric Spacer Plate
Stiffeners and Doublers 17

Doublers
• Design Guide 13

N1 ENCROACHMENT OF
Kdet WEB DOUBLER PLATE Kdet ENCROACHMENT
INTO COLUMN FILLET OF WEB
PER 15th ED MANUAL DOUBLER PLATE
FIGURE 10-3 INTO COLUMN
FILLET PER 15th
GROOVE WELD MAY BE teff AT TOE ED MANUAL
BEVEL, IF
A NON-PREQUALIFIED OF FILLET FIGURE 10-3
REQUIRED
DETAIL (SEE DG13
SECTION 4.4.3)

(A) GROOVE-WELDED DETAIL (B) FILLET-WELDED DETAIL WITH PLATE


N1. RIDING THE K CAUSES A GAP BETWEEN BEVEL EQUAL TO PLATE THICKNESS
THE DOUBLER AND FACE OF WEB

Stiffeners and Doublers 18

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Doubler Prep
• Design Guide 13
0.6 Fy (treq )
Dmin 
1.392

wmin  t req 2  (t dp  clip )

(tdp  clip )
Dreq  max( Dmin , wmin (16))
x (tdp  clip )


x  t req  (tdp  clip ) 2  2  treq 2  2(tdp  clip ) wmin

Stiffeners and Doublers 19

Flush Doublers: DG13


• Not a prequalified CJP weld kdet - tfc ENCR.
5/16" 1/8"
3/8" TO 1/2" 3/16"
9/16" TO 13/16" 1/4"
• Design Guide 13 7/8" TO 1 1/4" 5/16"
1 5/16" TO 1 3/8" 3/8"
– tdp =1/4” to 3/8” max:
• C-L1a or C-L1a-GF with tfc
DOUBLER MAY
ENCROACH INTO
square cut edges (or kdet COLUMN FILLET
beveled) BY ENCR. ABOVE,
FABRICATOR TO
CONFIRM

– tdp > 1/4” to 3/8”: DOUBLER PLATE


• TC-U4a with beveled 20° TO 30°

plates edges

Stiffeners and Doublers 20

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Flush Doubler: Seismic Provisions


• Prequalified doubler weld added to 2016
AWS D1.8/D1.8M Clause 4.3

• AISC 341-16 Seismic Provisions designate


this weld as a “full strength” PJP Groove
Weld (See Comm E3)
– Routine ultrasonic testing is not
required
– 1/16-in. gap permitted between
doubler and column web
– Required strength of weld = available
shear yielding strength of doubler

Stiffeners and Doublers 21

Flush Doubler: AWS D1.8/D1.8M :2016

*AWS D1.8/D1.8M Clause 4.3: Decreased groove angle (a) and decreased root (R)
require 3 macroetch test

Stiffeners and Doublers 22

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Flush Doubler Welds at Column Radius

tfc tfc
DOUBLER MAY DOUBLER MAY
ENCROACH INTO ENCROACH INTO
kdet kdet
COLUMN FILLET COLUMN FILLET
BY ENCR. BY AISC BY ENCR. BY AISC WELD PER AWS
ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE D1.8 CLAUSE 4.3
AMOUNT AMOUNT

a
20.0° 20.0°
TO 30°
PJP WELD NO TESTING PJP WELD NO TESTING REQUIRED. PJP WELD NO TESTING
REQUIRED PREPARE A WELD PROCEDURE REQUIRED PER D1.8
SPECIFICATION (WPS) AND CLAUSE 4.3
CONFIRM FULL PENETRATION

Rweld=(0.75)(0.6)(Fexx )(E) Rweld= FULL SHEAR STRENGTH Rweld= FULL SHEAR STRENGTH

Stiffeners and Doublers 23

Shear In a Member
• Exceptions at Chevron

y/2
MIN

Stiffeners and Doublers 24

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Shear In a Member
• Exceptions at Chevron

Stiffeners and Doublers 25

Doubler Extension
• Doubler Extension
EXT

EXT

EXT

W-SHAPED W-SHAPED W-SHAPED


BEAM BEAM BEAM
EXT

EXT

EXT

COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN

BOLTED FLANGE PLATE DIRECTLY WELD CONNECTION END PLATE CONNECTION


WIND AND LOW SEISMIC WIND AND LOW SEISMIC WIND AND LOW SEISMIC

EXT = 2.5 kdes (6" MAX) EXT = 2.5 kdes (6" MAX) EXT = 3 kdes + t p (6" MAX)

Stiffeners and Doublers 26

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Doubler Extension Seismic


• Doubler Extension

EXT
EXT

EXT
W-SHAPED W-SHAPED W-SHAPED
BEAM BEAM BEAM
EXT

EXT

EXT
COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN

BOLTED FLANGE PLATE WELDED FLANGE END-PLATE CONNECTION


HIGH SEISMIC HIGH SEISMIC HIGH SEISMIC

EXT = 6" EXT = 6" EXT = 6"

Stiffeners and Doublers 27

Wind and Low Seismic


• Doubler Termination

Size weld for 25% of AISC minimum if


stiffeners unbalanced force. no stiffeners
A See Design Guide 13

A
Column Web

Stiffener Stiffener

Doubler

Section A-A

Stiffeners and Doublers 28

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High Seismic
( d z  wz )
Weld not required t Eq. E3-7
• Doubler Termination 90
except if Eq E3-7 is not
satisfied by both column
web alone and doubler
Develop 75% of the
plate alone (to limit
shear yielding strength
buckling of the doublers)
A of doubler

A
Column Web

Stiffener Stiffener

Doubler

Section A-A

Stiffeners and Doublers 29

Continuous Doublers
• Doubler Termination E3.6f.2(c): Connect
for lesser of:
- Sum of stiffener tensile
Size weld for 50% of
strength
the stiffeners
- Available shear
unbalanced force
strength of stiffener
A - Available shear
strength of doubler
A Column Web
Doubler

Stiffener Stiffener

Weld not required,


AISC Comm. E3,
minimum if Wind and Low pg. 9.1-240
no stiffeners Seismic Section A-A
High Seismic

Stiffeners and Doublers 30

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Cost of Doublers
• Rule of Thumb (Per Seismic Design
Manual): Upsizing columns between
50 to 100 lb/ft might still be more
cost effective than installing doubler
plates and continuity plates.

• Cost of Steel = $800/ton average


(FOB mill) ($881 for plate)
http://stld-cci.com/

• Platts S&P Global is also a good


source for price of steel

Size WT/FT Price/cwt*

Stiffeners and Doublers *cwt=hundredweight:31 100 lbs


Multiply by 20 for $/ton

Cost of Doublers – DG13 (1999)

Stiffeners and Doublers 32

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Cost of Doublers
tST , TYP
A
A
• LRFD, Grade 50 Plates W24x55 W24x55
BEAM BEAM
• W14x90 Column
• W24x55 Moment Connected Beams
• M = 350 kip-ft NOTES:
– 1/2” stiffeners required 1. GR50 STEEL
– 1/2” doubler required 2. 14 FT FLOOR-TO-FLOOR

(#) tDB
• Upsize to W14x109 Column COLUMN

– Stiffeners not required TYP. WW COL. WEB


WW DOUBLER
– 3/8” doubler required
• Upsize to W14x193 TYP. WF
WF TYP
– Stiffeners not required STIFFENER WW
– Doubler not required STIFFENERS SECTION A

Stiffeners and Doublers 33

Cost of Doublers NOTES:


1. GR50 STEEL
2. 14 FT FLOOR-TO-FLOOR
Cost Comparison for Different Column Sizes
tST , TYP.
A
Stiffeners Doublers
A
Cost W24x55 W24x55
Column Flange Web Doubler
Weld Ratio BEAM BEAM
tST Weld Weld # tDB Weld
Det.
WF WW WD
W14x90 1/2” 5/16” 5/16” 1 1/2” - A 1.00

W14x90 1/2” 5/16” 5/16” 1 1-1/2” 3/8” B 0.75


(#) tDB
COLUMN
W14x109 - - - 1 3/8” - A 0.85

W14x109 - - - 1 1-1/2” 5/16” B 0.66


OR
W14x193 - - - - - - - 1.08

TYP. 20.0° TYP.


WD
DETAIL (A) DETAIL (B)
GROOVE WELD FILLET WELD

Stiffeners and Doublers 34

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Who Checks for Doublers?

• Code of Standard Practice


– 2005 and 2010 COSP Section 3.1.1

3.1.1 Permanent bracing, column stiffeners, column web doubler plates,


bearing stiffeners in beams and girders, web reinforcement, openings for
other trades and other special details, where required, shall be shown in
sufficient detail in the Structural Design Drawings so that the
quantity, detailing and fabrication requirements for these items can be
readily understood.

Stiffeners and Doublers 35

Who Checks for Doublers?

• Code of Standard Practice


– 2005 and 2010 COSP Section 1.1

1.1 In the absence of specific instructions to the contrary in the


Contract Documents, the trade practices that are defined in this Code shall
govern the fabrication and erection of the Structural Steel.

Stiffeners and Doublers 36

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Who Checks for Doublers? TYP.

CJP

• Specific instructions to the


contrary:

– Contract documents can


modify the COSP. For example,
the Specification can indicate: CONTINUITY PLATES
AS REQUIRED EACH
“AISC’s COSP applies with the SIDE OF COLUMN WEB
TO MATCH THICKNESS
COLUMN TYP.

following modifications: OF BEAM FLANGES


(SEE NOTE 1)
Where reaction forces are given on
PROVIDE WEB
the design drawings, Fabricator is DOUBLER PLATES AS
REQUIRED (SEE NOTE 1)
responsible for designing stiffeners NOTES:
and/or doublers if necessary.” 1. PER THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER J OF THE AISC SPECIFICATIONS, PROVIDE COLUMN
FLANGE STIFFENERS WHERE REQUIRED TO RESIST FORCES FROM MOMENT
CONNECTIONS. PROVIDE COLUMN WEB DOUBLER PLATES AS REQUIRED FOR UNBALANCED
MOMENT. ASSUME 20 KSI AXIAL STRESS IN COLUMNS FOR THE PANEL ZONE CHECKS

Stiffeners and Doublers 37

Who Checks for Doublers?

• Misleading Information:

– Detail indicates stiffeners to


be checked but not doubler

– No loads given

– No indication that Fabricator


is to check for doublers on
drawings or in Spec

Stiffeners and Doublers 38

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Who Checks for Doublers?


• Current Code of Standard Practice
– 2016 COSP (303-16) Section 3.1.2

» Option 3A: Member reinforcement (e.g. stiffeners, doubler, etc.)


shall be designed by the owner’s designated representative and
shown in the structural design documents issued for bid

» Option 3B: Member reinforcement at connections is delegated


design, but the quantities and conceptual configurations shall
be provided and relied upon for bidding purposes. If no
quantities or conceptual configurations are shown, member
reinforcement at connections will not be included in the bid.

Note: For Option 1 and 2, EOR designs stiffeners and doublers


Stiffeners and Doublers 39

Check for Doublers


Determine Column Panel Zone Shear Strength
• AISC Clean Column: www.aisc.org/cleancolumn

Stiffeners and Doublers 40

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Doublers at Lateral Moment Connections - FBD


Inflection Pf1 +Pf2
point Vc = ∑(Mb)/h
assumed
at h/2
Stiffeners if
Vc
required

Pf1 = Mb1/db1 Pf2 = Mb2/db2


Mc
Vp

Mc
Panel Zone,
h

Doublers if Vc
Required
Vc
Vp = Panel Zone Shear
= Pf1 + Pf2 - Vc Shear Moment

Stiffeners and Doublers 41

Forces from 3D Analysis

Vc

Mc

Mc

Vc

Shear Moment

Stiffeners and Doublers 42

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Check for Doublers


Determine Column Panel Zone Shear Strength
• Must Have
P
– Beam Moments

• Best to Have
– Break Down of Beam DL, LL, and Lateral Moments
– Column Axial Load

Stiffeners and Doublers 43

Deflected Shape

Joint
moments
Typ.

Lateral Gravity

Stiffeners and Doublers 44

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Deflected Shape

Joint
moments
Typ.

Lateral Gravity

Stiffeners and Doublers 45

Moment Connections – Doublers


• ∑M = 0
∑(Mb) < ∑(Mc)

• Sum of beam
moments can not
exceed sum of
column moment
strengths

Vp max = Panel Zone Shear


= 2(Mc)/db - 2(Mc)/h

Stiffeners and Doublers 46

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Moment Connections – Doublers


Top of • ∑M = 0
Column ∑(Mb) < Mc

• At top of column,
sum of beam
moments can not
exceed column
moment strength

Vc max = Panel Zone Shear


= Mc/db

Stiffeners and Doublers 47

Moment Connections – Doublers

• Add dead and


lateral loads on
both sides
• Add live load on
one side
MD1 ML1 MLAT1 MD2 MLAT2

Stiffeners and Doublers 48

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Moment Connections – Doublers

Column Web Doublers


Loading Criteria % Columns Requiring Doublers
Full Moment Beam, Limited to Strength of Column 100%
Actual Moments Given with No Break Down 79%
Actual Moments Given with Break Down 26%

Stiffeners and Doublers 49

Give Actual Loads

1 ½” Stiffeners on a
W14x90 Column

Courtesy of Larry Muir and Bill Thornton

Stiffeners and Doublers 50

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Check for Doublers


Determine Column Panel Zone Shear Strength, J10.6
• Elastic Range:   0.9
Pr
  1.67
aPr  0.4 Py : R n  0.6 Fy d c tw (J10-9)
 aP 
aPr  0.4 Py : R n  0.6 Fy d c tw  1.4  r  (J10-10)
 Py
 
• Plastic Range:
 3bc f tcf2
aPr  0.75 Py : R n  0.6 Fy d c t w  1   (J10-11)
 ddt
 b c w 
2
 3b t   1.2a Pr 
aPr  .75 Py : R n  0.6 Fy d ct w  1  c f cf   1.9   (J10-12)
 d d t  Py
 b c w  
• http://risa.com/news/code-requirements-for-panel-zone-shear-deformation/

Stiffeners and Doublers 51

Check for Doublers


Determine Column Panel Zone Shear Strength
• Force in Doubler
Vdoubler = SPf –Vc –Rn LRFD
Vdoubler = SPf –Vc–Rn/ ASD
Pf Pf
• Size of Doubler
d
– AISC Specification Eq. G2-1
Use ”d” of column

Vn  (0.6 Fy AwCv1 )

Vn   (0.6 Fy AwCv1 ) 

Stiffeners and Doublers 52

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Check for Doublers


Determine Column Panel Zone Shear Strength
• Consider beam shear when beam frames into doubler

H=Vg (x)/ dm Pf=M/dm

Vg V=Pf (dm)/x1
Vg
Vg
M
V=Pf (dm)/x1 x
0.5Vg 0.5Vg

H=Vg (x)/ dm Pf=M/dm


x1

Alternate 1 Distribution Alternate 2 Distribution, DG13


Stiffeners and Doublers 53

Doubler Web Buckling


• Wind and Low Seismic Doublers:
Minimum thickness to prevent shear
buckling (Spec Section G2):

h h Fy W-SHAPED
 2.24 E / Fy  t = BEAM
t 381
h  d c  2 kdes

t = thickness of web doubler


Alternatively, use plug welds and the total
thickness (t= thickness column web +
thickness doublers) can be used
COLUMN

Stiffeners and Doublers 54

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Doubler Web Buckling


• DG13 is per 1993 Spec
which  = 0.9 versus  =
1.0 in 2016 Spec for Shear

W-SHAPED
h Fy BEAM
t 1993 LRFD, Section F2
418

Engineering for Steel


127
t Construction, 1984
Fy
Based on 1978 Spec Section
1.18.2.3 for Compression of
Built-up Members COLUMN

Stiffeners and Doublers 55

Doubler Web Buckling

• High Seismic Doublers


( d z  wz ) wz
t
90
d z  d b  2 tbf W-SHAPED
BEAM
dz

wz  d c  2 tcf

Where:
t = thickness of column web
or individual doubler
COLUMN

Stiffeners and Doublers 56

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Doubler Web Buckling

• High Seismic Doublers with


plug welds wz

( d z  wz )
t W-SHAPED
90 BEAM

dz
Where:
t = thickness of column web
+ thickness of individual doublers

Stiffeners and Doublers 57

Moment Connections

• Consider load
path and
equilibrium

Panel Zone
Shear

• Same depth beams at


cantilevers with equal and
opposite moments do not need
to be checked for doublers

Stiffeners and Doublers 58

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Stiffeners
• Stiffener Plates

B B
Stiffeners A
A

Doublers

Section A-A Section B-B

Stiffeners and Doublers 59

Stiffeners
• Other Common Applications

Column Bearing Beam over Chevron


on Beam Top of Column Connections

Stiffeners and Doublers 60

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Stiffeners
• Other Common Applications

Stability To Direct Force


(J10.7)

Stiffeners and Doublers 61

Stiffeners
• Stiffeners, Spec J10.8
B B
– Minimum width, b:

bf
bf

twc
b 
b

3 2
twc

– Minimum thickness, t:
tf Section B-B
t
2
b
t
16

Where: tf (thickness) and bf (width) are for the element delivering the force

Stiffeners and Doublers 62

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Stiffeners
• Limiting Stiffener Slenderness
– Minimum width, t > b/16:
Simply
• For plates with one free edge:
2
Supported
t
 cr    0.769 Dx D y  0.270( Dxy  D yx )  1.712Gt 
b
bs
Dx  8, 000 ksi Dxy  16, 000 ksi Fixed Free
D y  31, 000 ksi Gt  2, 400 ksi
x
 cr  33 ksi y

bs Simply
 15.2  16
ts cr Supported
Reference: Welded Interior Beam-to-Column Connections, AISC

Stiffeners and Doublers 63

Stiffeners
• Stiffeners, Seismic Provisions

– Minimum width, b:
B B
bf
t
b  wc
2 2

– Minimum thickness, t:

tf
bf

t One sided connections


b

2
3t f
t Two sided connections
twc

4
Section B-B

Stiffeners and Doublers 64

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Stiffeners
• Stiffeners
– Minimum Length
• AISC 360-16 Specification Section J10:
– Transverse stiffeners shall extend a minimum of
one-half the depth of the member except as
required in Section J10.3 (WC)*, J10.5(WB), and
J10.7(Unframed ends of beams not restrained
against rotation about their longitudinal axis)

ds
*To satisfy web crippling strength, ½-depth
stiffener increased to ¾-depth in the 15th
Edition based on EJ 4th Qtr, 2015, Crippling of
Webs with Partial-Depth Stiffeners under Patch
Loading, by Salkar, et al

– Avoid welding stiffeners on 3-sides if possible,


terminate at kdet for fabrication cost savings

Stiffeners and Doublers 65

Stiffeners
• Stiffeners

– Designing Partial Depth Stiffeners


b'
• Reference EJ 4th Qtr, 2015,
“Crippling of Webs with Partial-
Depth Stiffeners under Patch
Loading” by Salkar, et al
a'
• Reference 15th Manual Ed, Fig 15-2
for brackets

Stiffeners and Doublers 66

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Stiffeners
• Stiffener Clips

– Gravity, Wind, and Seismic R=3

• Stiffeners should clear kdet and k1

Fig C-J10.8:
• k-area (1-1/2” from k) is area of potentially Recommended placement
lower notch toughness in rotary- of stiffener fillet welds to
straightened W-Shapes, see Commentary avoid contact with “k-area”
J10.8
Can reduce to ¾”
at flanges for
• Tests show a corner clip of 1-1/2” with additional weld
fillets stopped short by (1) weld size can length
avoid this problem Fig C-J10.7:
Representative “k-area” of
wide-flange shape

67

Stiffeners
• Seismic Stiffener clips

– Seismic Provisions:

• Reference AWS D1.8/D1.8M, Clause 4.1


– At web: Extend 1-1/2” min beyond kdet
– At flange: Not to exceed 1/2” beyond k1
– Shall facilitate suitable weld termination
– If curved, r = 1/2” min
AISC’s Seismic
• Welding in the k-area should be avoided Provisions,
Fig C-D2.3:

Stiffeners and Doublers 68

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Stiffeners/Continuity Plates
• Flange Welds

– AISC Specification Section J10.8


• Welds to be sized for the
FILLET
difference between the required
strength and available strength.
PJP
S (E)
– AISC’s Seismic Provision
• Shall be CJP Welded per CJP
E3.6f2(c)

Stiffeners and Doublers 69

Stiffeners/Continuity Plates
• Web Welds

– Design Guide 13
• Weld for unbalanced stiffener force
FILLET

– AISC’s Seismic Provision


PJP
• E3.6f.2(c): Connect for lesser of: S (E)
- Sum of stiffener tensile strength at
column flanges CJP
- Available shear strength of stiffener
at column web
- Available shear strength of column
web (or doubler if doubler extended)

Stiffeners and Doublers 70

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Stiffeners/Continuity Plates
• Stiffener Design
– AISC Specification Chapter J
Pstiffener = Pf – minimum Rn LRFD
Pstiffener = Pf – minimum Rn/ ASD
W-SHAPED
Rn is the minimum nominal strength for BEAM
the applicable limit states

– If kl/r < 25, yielding (k = 0.75) (J4.4)


If kl/r > 25, see Spec Chapter E

COLUMN

Stiffeners and Doublers 71

Stiffener Design
• Flange Local Bending
– AISC Specification Section J10.1, Eq. Load
J10-1 width
Rn  6.25 Fyf t 2f

  0.90 (LRFD)   1.67 (ASD)

– Applicable to tension load only

– Not applicable if load width is less


than 0.15bf

– Reduce Rn by 50% if force is applied See Blodgett 5.7-8


less than 10tfc from end of column
Stiffeners and Doublers 72

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Stiffeners

lb

5kdes+lb
1
• Web Local Yielding
– AISC Specification Section J10.2 2.5

Rn  Fywtw  5kdes  lb  Spec Equation J10-2


k des

Rn  Fywtw  2.5kdes  lb  Spec Equation J10-3,


Force  d from end
of column

  1.00 (LRFD)   1.50 (ASD)

W14x90 COL
lb = bearing length, in. W24x55 BEAM

Stiffeners and Doublers 73

Stiffeners
• Web Local Crippling
– AISC Specification Section J10.3
1.5 Spec Equation J10-4, Force
  EF t
l   tw  yw f
Rn  0.80t  1  3  b
2
w     Qf applied distance > d/2 from
 d  tf   tw end of member
 
1.5
  EF t Spec Equation J10-5a, Force
l   tw  yw f
Rn  0.40t  1  3  b
2
w    Qf applied distance < d/2 from
 d  tf  tw end of member, lb/d<0.2
 
1.5
  EF t
 4l  t  yw f Spec Equation J10-5b, Force
Rn  0.40t w2  1   b  0.2   w   Qf applied distance < d/2 from
  d  t
 f    t w end of member, lb/d>0.2
 
  0.75 (LRFD)   2.00 (ASD)
See Section J10.3 for Qf definition

Stiffeners and Doublers 74

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Stiffeners
• Web Compression Buckling
– AISC Specification Section J10.5,
Eq. J10-8
24tw3 EFyw
Rn  Qf
h
  0.90 (LRFD)   1.67 (ASD)

– Applicable to double-concentrated
forces at the same location

W14x90 COL
– Reduce Rn by 50% if force is W24x55 BEAM W24x55 BEAM
applied less than d/2 from end of
column

Stiffeners and Doublers 75

Stiffeners
See Spec
• Web Compression Buckling Appendix
Section 6.2.2 for
– Equation J10.8 developed from point
point bracing
loads and restrained flanges
(nodal bracing)
– If lb/d > approximately 1, Use required strength
Chapter E and stiffness
– See Chapter C and Appendix 6 for
Stability

Test Set-up from Chen


and Oppenheim 1970 Stiffeners and Doublers 76

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Stiffeners/Continuity Plates
• Stiffener Design

– AISC’s Seismic Provision


• Also Required if tcf < bbf/6 Eq (E3-8)
W-SHAPED
BEAM

COLUMN

Stiffeners and Doublers 77

Stiffener Eccentricity
• DG13 which references testing by Graham,
et al (1959), indicates stiffeners with 2”
eccentricity, e, are 65% effective, reduced
linearly:

Rn_emax = 0.65 Rn

• Can slope stiffener if stiffener not needed


e

for beam-to-column web moment


connection

• Further research discussed for eccentric


e

e = 2" MAX
stiffeners

Stiffeners and Doublers 78

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Web Sidesway Buckling – Beams


• Web Sidesway Buckling (J10.4)
– AISC Specification Eq. J10-6 and J10-7
3
Cr t w3 t f   h / tw   Equation J10-6,
Rn  1  0.4    Compression Flange
h2   L /b   restrained, applicable if
  b f 
 (h/tw)/(Lb/bf)<2.3

3 Equation J10-7,
Cr t w3 t f   h / t w  
Compression Flange not
Rn   0.4   
h 2   Lb / b f   restrained, applicable if
  (h/tw)/(Lb/bf)<1.7

AISC Commentary,
  0.85 (LRFD)   1.76 (ASD) Fig.C-J10.2 Web
• Compression flange braced, tension flange unbraced sidesway buckling
• Lb = largest laterally unbraced section along either
flange at the point of load.

Stiffeners and Doublers 79

tst
Web Buckling - Girders
• Additional Stiffener Requirements for
Beam and Girder Flange(s)
tw

– AISC Specification Section J10.8

• Check web and stiffeners as column


beff =25tw AT
section with kl = 0.75h (see Spec Sections
INTERIOR
E6.2, J4.4) tst
A A
tw

• beff = 25 tw at interior
12 tw at ends of members

– For fabrication cost savings, fit one side beff =12tw AT


of stiffener to bear at flange and transfer EXTERIOR
force at opposite end of stiffener by weld
Section A-A
Stiffeners and Doublers 80

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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Given:
– Distance to end of column much larger than column depth - Plates Grade 50, Fy = 50 ksi
– W Shapes ASTM A992, Fy = 50 ksi - AISC Specification 360-16
- AISC 15th Edition, LRFD
- ASCE 7-10
- R= 3
- Wind determined not to control

MD1 = 130 kip-ft


ML1 = 220 kip-ft
ME1 = 690 kip-ft
MD1 ML1 ME1 MD2 ML2 ME2 MD2 = 130 kip-ft
W14x176

W27x94 W27x94
ML2 = 220 kip-ft
ME2 = 690 kip-ft

81
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Find:
– Check if stiffeners are required. If required, size the stiffeners.
– Check if doublers are required. If required, size the doublers.

Stiffeners if
required
W14x176

W27x94 W27x94
Panel Zone,
Doubler if
Required

82
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 1. ASCE 7-10, Load Combinations for Strength Design
1. 1.4D = 182 kip-ft
MD1 = 130 kip-ft
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) = 508 kip-ft
ML1 = 220 kip-ft
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W) = 376 kip-ft
ME1 = 690 kip-ft
4. 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) = 376 kip-ft
MD2 = 130 kip-ft
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S = 1070 kip-ft
ML2 = 220 kip-ft
6. 0.9D + 1.0W = 117 kip-ft
ME2 = 690 kip-ft
7. 0.9D + 1.0E = 807 kip-ft

Governing Load Combination: 5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S


M1 = M2 = 1.2(130 kip-ft) + 1.0 (690 kip-ft) + 1.0(220 kip-ft) = 1070 kip-ft
83
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 2. Determine Each Beam’s Flange Force

Pfl1 Pfl2
Mu
Pfl  Flange Plate
d  t pl
W14x176 COL

Mu Directly welded
Pfl 
d  t fb W27x94 BEAM W27x94 BEAM

84
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 2. Determine Each Beam’s Flange Force

M1
Pfl  Pfl 1  Pfl 2  Pfl1 Pfl2
d b  tf b
1070 kip-ft

26.9in. - 0.745 in.

W14x176 COL
 491kips
W27x94 BEAM W27x94 BEAM

85
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 3. Check Stiffener Limit States
• Web Local Yielding (J10.2)    1.00 
– AISC Specification Eq. J10-2

Rwy  Fywtwc  5kdesc  lb 


 1.00  50 ksi  0.830 in.  5 1.91in.   0.745in. 
W14x176 COL

 427 kips < Pfl  491kips n.g.


W27x94 BEAM W27x94 BEAM
Stiffeners Required

Note : lb  t fb

86
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 3. Check Stiffener Limit States
• Web Local Crippling (J10.3)    0.75 
– AISC Specification Eq. J10-4

1.5
 
2  lb   t wc   EFyc t fc
Rwc  0.80t 1  3    
 dc   t fc  
wc
 t wc
 
1.5
2
  0.745in.   0.830 in.    29000 ksi  50 ksi 1.31in.
 0.75(0.80)  0.830 in. 1  3    

  15.2 in.   1.31 in.    0.830in.
 672 kips  Pfl  491kips o.k.

Note : lb  t fb

87
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 3. Check Stiffener Limit States
• Web Compression Buckling (J10.5)    0.90 
– AISC Specification Eq. J10-8

h  dc  2kdesc  15.2in.  2 1.91in.  11.4 in.


W14x176 COL

24t w3 c EFyc
Rwb   Qf
h
3
24  0.83in.  29000 ksi  50 ksi  W27x94 BEAM W27x94 BEAM
 (0.90) (1.0)
11.4 in.
 1305 kips  Pfl  491kips o.k.

88
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 3. Check Stiffener Limit States
• Flange Local Bending (J10.1)    0.90 
– AISC Specification Eq. J10-1

R fb  6.25 Fyc t 2fc


2
 0.90  6.25  50 ksi 1.31in.
 483 kips < Pfl  491kips n.g.

Stiffeners Required

See Blodgett 5.7-8

89
Stiffeners and Doublers

Use of Manual Tables


• Web Local Yielding    1.00 
– AISC 15th Edition Manual Eq. 4-2a

396
41.5
1310
483
Rn  Pwo  Pwilb
 kips 
 396 kips   41.5   0.745in.
 in. 
 427 kips  Pfl  491kips n.g.

Stiffeners Required

90
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Use of Manual Tables


• Web Local Crippling    0.75 
– AISC 15th Edition Manual Eq. 9-50a

Rn  2  R3  lb  R4  


  kips  
 2 313kips   0.745in.  31.1 
  in.  
 672 kips  Pfl  491kips o.k.

91
Stiffeners and Doublers

Use of Manual Tables


• Web Compression Buckling    0.90 
– AISC 15th Edition Manual Eq. 4-3a

396
41.5
1310
483
Rn  Pwb
 1310 kips  Pfl  491kips o.k.

92
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Use of Manual Tables


• Flange Local Bending    0.90 
– AISC 15th Edition Manual Eq. 4-4a 396
41.5
1310
483
Rn  Pfb
 483 kips  Pfl  491kips n.g.

Stiffeners Required

93
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


lst
• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design
bst

• Determine Force in the Stiffeners


Pst1tot  Pst 2tot  Pfl  min(Rwy , Rwc , Rwb , Rfb) Snip
 491 kips  427 kips
= 64 kips

• Determine Beam Force Per Each Stiffener

Pst 1  0.5( Pst1tot )  0.5(64 kips) = 32 kips


Pst 2  0.5( Pst 2tot )  0.5(64 kips) = 32 kips

94
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design

bst
• Determine Minimum Stiffener Width per
Snip
AISC’s Specification, Section J10.8

bfb twc 10 in. 0.83 in.


bst min      2.92in. Min. (See Note below)
3 2 3 2
bfc  twc 15.7 in.  0.830 in.
bst max    7.44in. Max
2 2

Use bst = 7" Stiffener

*Note: Use bpl in lieu of b fb if moment connection plate delivering the load

95
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design
bst

• Determine Minimum Stiffener Thickness per


Snip
AISC’s Specification, Section J10.8

bst 7 in.
tst min    0.438in. Controls
16 16
tfb 0.745 in.
tst min    0.373 in. (See Note below)
2 2
• Try a 1/2” Stiffener

*Note: Use t pl in lieu of t fb if moment connection plate delivering the load


96
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


lst
• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design

bst
• Check Minimum Thickness Due to Tension Yielding
– AISC Specification Section J10.8
Snip
twc
snip  max(k det c  tfc, k 1c  ,1.5 in.)
2
0.83 in.
 max(2.625 in.  1.31 in., 1.625 in.  ,1.5 in.)
2
 1.5 in.
Pst
tst min 
Fyp (bst  snip )
32 kips

0.90(50 ksi)(7 in.  1.5 in.)
= 0.129 in.  0.5 in. o.k. *Note: Can reduce snip at flange if needed.
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Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


lst
• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design
bst

• Check Minimum Thickness Due to Compression Buckling


– AISC Specification Section J10.8 and E3    0.90 
lst  dc  2tfc  15.2 in.  2(1.31 in.) = 12.6 in.
k  0.75
kl klst 12 0.75(12.6 in.) 12
   65.5
r tst (0.5 in.)
E 29,000 ksi
Limit  4.71  4.71  113
Fyp 50 ksi
2 E π 2 (29,000 ksi)
Fe  2
 2
 66.6 ksi
 r
kl  65.5
98
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


lst
• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design

bst
• Check Minimum Thickness Due to Compression Buckling
– AISC Specification Section E3    0.90 
50 ksi
 Fyp
  
Fcr   0.658 Fe  Fyp   0.658 66.6 ksi  50 ksi  36.5 ksi (E3-2)
 
   
Fcr  0.90(36.5 ksi) = 32.9 ksi
Rearrange Pn  FcrAg to Solve for tst min (E3-1)
Pst
tst min 
Fcr (bst ) *Note: Buckling limit state included for example purposes.
32 kips

(32.9 ksi)(7 in.)
= 0.139 in.  0.5 in. o.k.
99
Stiffeners and Doublers

Use of Manual Tables

– AISC Manual Table 4-14:


KL/r Table

65 22.0 33.0
66 21.8 32.7

Stiffeners and Doublers 100

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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design

Lwf
Lww
• Weld Design of Stiffener to Column
– AISC Specification Section J2
Snip

Lww  lst  2 snip  12.6 in. - (2)1.5 in. = 9.6 in.


Lwf  bst  snip  7 in. - 1.5 in. = 5.5 in.

  0.928 ASD
  1.392 LRFD
Pst 32 kips
D min fl   = 1.39 (16th of an inch)
(2) Lwf (1.5) 1.392(2)(5.5 in.)(1.5)

1/4” Fillet Weld o.k.


101
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 4. Column Stiffener Design
Note :
0.928 D  (0.6)( Fexx )(0.707)( w) / 
w
D
 (0.60)(70 ksi)(0.707)   / 2  0.928 D
 16 
D
1.392 D  (0.6)( Fexx )(0.707)( w)   
 16  w
D
 (0.60)(70 ksi)(0.707)   (0.75)  1.392 D
 16 
1.5  1.0  0.5(sin())1.5  1  0.5(sin(90))1.5  1.5 Reference Spec Eq (J2 - 5)

102
Stiffeners and Doublers

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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 5. Determine Flange Forces for Column Doubler Checks
• Based on ASCE 7 Load Cases
• Determine sum of flange forces for each load
load combination. Consider symmetric gravity
moments and pattern loading if applicable ASCE 7-10
1. 1.4D
MD1 = 130 kip-ft 2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
ML1 = 220 kip-ft 3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W )
ME1 = 690 kip-ft 4. 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R )
MD2 = 130 kip-ft 5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
ML2 = 220 kip-ft 6. 0.9D + 1.0W
ME2 = 690 kip-ft 7. 0.9D + 1.0E
103
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 5. Determine Flange Forces for Column Doubler Checks
• Determine Critical Load Combination:

Governing Load Combination 5:


M 1_ 5 = 1.2(130 k-ft) + 1.0 (690 k-ft) + 1.0(220 k-ft) = 1070 kip-ft
M 2_ 5 = 1.2(-130 k-ft) + 1.0 (690 k-ft) = 534 kip-ft MD1 = 130 kip-ft
M1 1070 kip-ft ML1 = 220 kip-ft
Pfl1_ 5    491 kip
db1  tfb1 26.9 in. - 0.745 in. ME1 = 690 kip-ft
M2 534 kip-ft MD2 = 130 kip-ft
Pfl 2 _ 5    245 kip (Stiffener not required)
db 2  tfb 2 26.9 in. - 0.745 in. ML2 = 220 kip-ft
Pfd  Pfl1_ 5  Pfl 2 _ 5  491 kips  245 kips  736 kips ME2 = 690 kip-ft

104
Stiffeners and Doublers

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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 5. Determine Flange Forces for Column Doubler Checks
• Confirm column strength does not control:

SM b = M 1_ 5 +M 2 _ 5 = 1070 kip-ft + 534 kip-ft = 1604 kip-ft


0.9(320 in.3 )(50 ksi)
M nc  ( Z xc )( Fyc )  = 1200 kip - ft
12in. / ft
SM c = M c _ t +M c _ b = 1200 kip-ft + 1200 kip-ft = 2400 kip-ft
SM b = 1604 kip-ft < SM c  2400 kip-ft Beams Control

105
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 6. Determine Panel Zone Shear Reduction Due to Column Shear
Pfd
Vc

hcol  15 ft
M  M2 Vc
Vc  1
hcol
1070 kip - ft + 534 kip - ft Pfd1 Pfd2

15 ft Vp
M1 M2
 107 kips

Vp  Pfd  Vc  736 kips  107 kips  629 kips


h

Vc

Vc

Shear 106
Stiffeners and Doublers

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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 7. Column Doubler Check    0.90  ᶲRn
• Web Panel Zone Shear Strength
– AISC Specification Section J10.6

a  1.0 (LRFD); 1.6 (ASD)


W27x94 BEAM W27x94 BEAM
aPr  (1.0)870 kips = 870 kips LRFD
Py  Fyc Agc  (50 ksi)(51.8 in.2 ) 2590 kips
aPr (1.0)870 kips W14x176 COL
  0.336  0.4
Py 2590 kips

Since aPr  0.4 Py : R n  0.6 Fy d ct w (J10-9)

107
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 7. Column Doubler Check    0.90  ᶲRn
• Web Panel Zone Shear Strength
– AISC Specification Section J10.6

Rn  0.6 Fywt wc dc


W27x94 BEAM W27x94 BEAM
 0.90(0.6)(50 ksi)(0.830 in.)(15.2 in.)
 341 kips
W14x176 COL

Vp  629 kips > Rn  341 kips n.g. Doubler Required


Stiffeners are not
required

108
Stiffeners and Doublers

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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 7. Determine Doubler Shear Force Vd

Vd  Vp  Rn
 629 kips  341 kips
 288 kips
W27x94 BEAM W27x94 BEAM
Number of Doublers, nd = 1
Panel Zone,
Doubler
W14x176 COL
Required

109
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 8. Column Doubler Design
• Minimum Doubler Thickness to prevent Shear Buckling
– AISC Specification Section G2.1

For, Cv = 1.0

h Fyp dc  2kd esc Fyp 15.2 in.  2(1.91in.) 50 ksi


td min 1     0.211 in.
2.24 E 2.24 E 2.24 29, 000 ksi

110
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 8. Column Doubler Design
• Doubler Thickness Due to Panel Zone Shear    1.00 
– AISC Specification Equation G2-1

Vd (Cv )
td min 2 
(0.6)( Fyp )(dc )( nd )
288 kips(1.0)

(1.00)(0.6)(50 ksi )(15.2 in.)(1)
 0.632 in.

111
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 8. Column Doubler Design
• Doubler Vertical Edge Thickness Due to Beam-to-Column Web
Shear Connection, Reference AISC’s Spec Equation J4-3

td min 3 
0.5Vconn ' x    1.00 
(0.6)( Fyp )( Ld )
0.5(0 kips)
td min 3   0.0 in. Vconn’x
1.00(0.6)(50 ksi)(26.9 in. - 0.745 in. - 0.5 in.)
Where : Ld  length of doubler  db  tfb  ts

td min = max(td min 1, td min 2  td min 3)


= max (0.211 in., 0.632 in. + 0 in.) = 0.632 in.
Use (1) PL 3/4" or (2) PL 3/8"
112
Stiffeners and Doublers

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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 8. Column Doubler Design    1.00 
• Doubler Horizontal Edge Thickness Due to Unbalanced Stiffener
Force

Lwf
Lww
Pst 1  Pst 2 Ref Spec Eq (J4-3)
td min 4 
(0.6)( Fyp )( Lww )(2) Snip
Pst1 Pst2
32 kips + 0 kips

(1.00)(0.6)(50 ksi)(9.6 in.)(2)
 0.056 in. < 3/4" o.k.

113
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


lst
• Solution:
– 8. Column Stiffener Thickness for Shear    1.00 
bst

• Check Minimum Thickness Due to Unbalanced Stiffener Force


Snip

Rearrange Rn  0.6 FypAgv to Solve for tst min Ref (J4-3)
Pst 1  Pst 2
tst min 
(0.6) Fyp (lst  2( snip))
32 kips  0 kips

1.00(0.6)(50 ksi)(12.6 in.  2(1.5 in.))
= 0.111 in.  0.5 in. o.k.

114
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:

Lwf
– 8. Column Stiffener Weld
Lww
• Stiffener Weld to Doubler Horizontal Edge and Column Web
for unbalanced stiffener force Snip
Lww  lst  2 snip  12.6 in. - (2)1.5 in. = 9.6 in.
  0.928 ASD
  1.392 LRFD DOUBLER
COL. WEB
1/4
Pst 1  Pst 2
D min web  STIFFENER 1/4
TYP
(2)( Lww)
32 kips+ 0 kips

1.392(2)(9.6 in.)
= 1.20 (16th of an inch) < 4 (16th of an inch), use 1/4” Fillet Weld o.k.
115
Stiffeners and Doublers

Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
– 8. Column Stiffener Thickness
Lwf

Lww
– Weld Design of Stiffener to Column
– AISC Specification Section J2
Snip

Check plate and column web thicknesses for weld size    0.75 
(2)( D min) 1.392(2)(1.20)
tst min    0.114 in. < tst = 0.5 in. o.k.
(0.6) Fup 0.75(0.6)(65 ksi)
(2)( D min) 1.392(2)(1.20) < twc = 0.83 in. o.k.
twc min    0.114 in.
(0.6) Fuc 0.75(0.6)(65 ksi)

116
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Stiffener & Doubler Example


• Solution:
1/4
TYP 1/4
– 9. Summary

DOUBLER
COL. WEB DOUBLER MAY
1/4 ENCROACH INTO
COLUMN FILLET
STIFFENER TYP SECTION B
1/4
SECTION A
a
PL 3/4"
DOUBLER
B B 1/2" STIFFENER PL
NS/FS

W27x94 W27x94

W14x176
COLUMN
117
Stiffeners and Doublers

Conclusion
• Doublers are required to resist shear forces exceeding the panel zone shear strength

• AWS D1.8/D1.8M: 2016 has a prequalified doubler weld configuration

• Sufficient information is needed to check for web doublers

• Increasing the column size to eliminate stiffeners and doublers can be cost effective

• Stiffeners (also known as continuity plates) are required to resist applied loads
greater than the local strength of the supporting member

• Stiffener applicable limit states are in Specification Section J10

Stiffeners and Doublers 118

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