CIA.

Q. Why to study history?

It's about how human beings (or) human institution functioned in different circumstances and
by analysing those, the future obstacles can be overcome.

Q. Why to study Russian history?

The Russian been part of European history and history of 20th century begins with Russian
revolution and ends with disintegration of USSR .

Russian revolution not only changed Russian history but also the western world. The right wing
Russians after Russian revolution left to Germany and participated in extreme right wing
movements.
Germans are afraid of Marxism and communism which led to raise of ​Hitler.Russian​ revolution
inspired by idealism

Formation of Russian state

this can be understood in these terms
1) how serfdom develop?
2) consequences of serfdom
3) ending of serfdiminished

Serfdom started in 1861 on contemporarily where feudalism became lighter and diminished.

serfdom developed because impoverishment of peasantry because Russian lands not

suitable for agriculture.
the political consequences was burgeoisie did not come to existence even after 20th century
and there are two reasons which led to serfdom they are
1. in 16th and 17th century Russia engaged in wars which led to destruction and made
peasants borrow in order to surviveto
2. the peasants couldn't pay and so state policy changed to serfdom

Tsar, the Prince has the army maintained by small landlords. there was no money economy
and so they paid by givings lands . the aristocrats or big landlords in order to improve production
the increase the wages and its on this affects the small landlords, small landlords holds the
Army so the king you eventually went against the aristocrats hence the pigeons for Forbidden in
order to move to Lourdes landlords for work.

By1651 this is significant policy of state.

second social fact is that nobility stands for Unity but Russia being diverse with multi race.
Aristocrat section is mixture of both mongolians and Europeans even though the eventually tried
to protest against the state but couldn't succeed. so finally they started supporting the state in
functioning and formed bureaucracy. they believed that the state interest as their interest on
nobility worked out, state became supreme. This was the state which severed interest of
nobility.
In the course of time the state became weak because the state had no proper means and it
is very lightly govern in a sense of public service hence the Russian revolution of 1917 is to
overcome this and establishes from state in Russia.
Russian culture dominated by churches and the society is not secular. at the beginning of
division it was between Russia and Europeans but after the influence of capitalism bike Peter
the Great they started a fundamental division among the intellectual class. the concept of
backwardness brought by the worst supporters and still it is continuing.

1861 - serfdom was abolished by State and why?

some Marxist historians give economic reasons example serfdom have very little interest in
improving land and the other reason is spiritual decision because the nobility everyone are
against undo that contemporarily American Civil war which mention that not to hold serfs.
nobles who collected the taxes deposited in the state treasury.
then local governing bodies came to existence called zemstov and the state and City
Council startedwere.
abolition of serfdom was the greatest Reform of the times but to the fact it is not completely
abolished for economic reasons. pigeon communion was a major force in the life of
countryside .
sirf Liberation is also India and for economic development, countryside became
overpopulated.
every individual village has its own pigeon Commune and restricted people to move to cities
because the tax was levied on the entire Commune as one if people move it becomes burden to
the ones who stays back.
the Surf liberalization to happen the great industrialisation.

industrialisation
this happened in the last decade of century
the concept of conservative modernization was in force and it is about to gain power and
become a superpower and by this they should built a strong army and to strengthen the state.
heavy taxes were levied on peasants
and they were forced to sell the domestic products in abroad by setting high tariffs.
Russian Finance Minister stated that the state economy as a gold standard which means very
state investment, foreign capital hooded into Russia.
Witte introduced the policy of infrastructure and industrialisation
He. Building railroads Building large factories of Steel and iron. this increased large
Industries and opposed consumer industries hence the rail road map work started example
trans Siberian Railway the industrialisation was not cat successful because in order to work
people needed to be educated and this became a handicap to the state Court
the Japanese industrialisation was started in same time and they were very successful.
the industrialisation made a group of people to become powerful called industrial ploteriant
the Russian ruling circles regarded themselves as being part of the European civilization
and spirit of it was imperialism.
the first Russian revolution was happened in 1905 which has 3 factors
1. the working class
2. Peasantry
3. army and mutinity
the reasons for failure is the happened at different Heights at different places
the results of first Russian Revolution are Parliament has started called Duma
the election is based on states suffrage and two person were elected by workers
this evidented to form the political spectrum Russia