Approval Standard

for

Pipe Insulation

Class Number 4924

March 1973

©2002 FM Approvals LLC. All rights reserved.

 Foreword

FM Approvals are intended to verify that the products and services described will meet stated conditions of
performance, safety and quality useful to the ends of property conservation. The purpose of FM Approval
Standards is to present the criteria for FM Approval of various types of products and services, as guidance for
FM Approvals personnel, manufacturers, users and authorities having jurisdiction.

Products submitted for Approval shall demonstrate that they meet the intent of the Approval Standard, and that
quality control in manufacturing and/or applications shall ensure a consistently uniform and reliable product or
service. FM Approval Standards strive to be performance-oriented and to facilitate technological development.

For examining equipment, materials and services, FM Approval Standards:

a) must be useful to the ends of property conservation by preventing, limiting or not causing damage
under the conditions stated by the Approval listing; and
b) must be readily identifiable.

Continuance of Approval and Listing depends on compliance with the Approval agreement, satisfactory
performance in the field, on successful re-examinations of equipment, materials, and services as appropriate, and
on periodic follow-up audits of the manufacturing facility or service/application.

FM Approvals LLC reserves the right in its sole judgement to change or revise its standards, criteria,
methods, or procedures.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
II TEST MATERIAL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
III TEST PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
IV PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ................................................................................................................................................ 3
V MARKING .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
VI FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES INSPECTION ............................................................................................................. 4
VII RE-EXAMINATION ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
VIII MANUFACTURER’S RESPONSIBILITY ....................................................................................................................... 4
APPENDIX 1: Fire Hazard Classification – Class I Building Materials ............................................................................... 6
I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
II SCOPE ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
III FIRE TEST FURNACE ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
IV TEST SAMPLE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
V CALIBRATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................ 10
VI FIRE TEST PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................................................... 10
VII TEST RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
VIII CLASSIFICATION .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
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I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Materials which may be used as insulation on the exterior of noncombustible pipes or ducts are covered by
the Approval Standard. If such a material is sufficiently combustible, it may cause a spreading fire along the
route of the pipe or duct which it insulates. To accurately assess the ability of a material to resist this fire
spread, the tests used must be correlated with the real fire conditions unique to the configuration of pipes
or ducts in a building.

1.2 Pipe insulation comes in many forms. Flexible or rigid cellular plastics and low density fibrous glass
materials may be used as well as the traditional cementitious and asbestos mixtures. In addition, these
insulators may or may not be jacketed with metal foil and paper combinations or some other suitable
material. The type of jacket, if any, is dependent upon the specific application, the insulation manufacturer,
or both.

1.3 Horizontal flame spread along a single insulated pipe is normally limited due to the lack of feedback to the
burning insulation. The fire cannot preheat the unburned insulation fast enough to cause the fire to spread
significant distances.

1.4 Vertical flame spread on single or multiple pipes is likely. However, vertical runs within a story represent
a relatively small exposure to the building and minimum replacement value. Fire spread between stories
should be checked by the recommended and commonplace use of fire stops and escutcheon plates around
the insulation. If other combustibles such as a wood wall or ceiling are present that could be ignited by a
spreading vertical fire, automatic sprinklers would be used to protect those combustibles and prevent
horizontal fire spread. The relatively small fire hazard of the pipe insulation would then be of limited
concern.

1.5 If, however, horizontal, multiple, parallel, runs of pipe are insulated in an unsprinklered area, there is the
potential for a serious fire exposure to a large portion of the structure along the route of the insulated pipes
or ducts. This is due to the ideal thermal conditions and flue effect created when two surfaces are placed
close to one another. Each burning surface preheats the other, creating optimum conditions for fire spread
in the air space between surfaces.

1.6 The Approval examination program as outlined below evaluates the potential for a horizontal spreading fire
in multiple, parallel, runs of insulated pipes or ducts within a pipe chase or plenum area. This represents the
most severe, horizontal configuration for the subject materials. It includes examination of the material in the
FM Approvals Construction Materials Calorimeter and a test under simulated full scale building fire
conditions. To qualify for FM Approval as a product of low fire hazard, not requiring automatic sprinkler
protection of itself, the insulation material must perform satisfactorily in all tests. The ASTM E-84 test
method in a modified form may also be employed to develop additional data for a flame spread rating via
this test method.

1.7 Meeting these requirements does not assure Approval, as other factors may govern. Continued Approval
depends, in part, on satisfactory installation and field performance. Approval may be withheld or withdrawn
if the overall performance (such as field experience) is unsatisfactory.

1.8 Approval may be limited to certain configurations, quantities, or thicknesses.

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II TEST MATERIAL
2.1 The manufacturer must submit for testing the thickest material for which Approval is desired. Thinner wall
materials may be automatically Approved if the thicker material proved satisfactory. The material should be
accompanied by all those accessories used to install the insulation, i.e., staples, tape, glue, etc.

2.2 The material submitted should be of the proper size and type to fit 2 in. NPS pipe although FM Approvals
may, at its option, test other sizes if it seems necessary. Sufficient material shall be supplied to cover
24 linear feet of pipe with at least 6 typical joints for the calorimeter test.

2.3 The simulated full scale test requires enough insulation to cover 90 linear feet of 2 in. NPS pipe. Joint
spacing should be typical of a field installation.

2.4 All insulation and its related accessories shall be truly representative and typical of the production material
supplied to the manufacturer’s customers.

III TEST PROCEDURES

3.1 The principal fire test of this test program is the FM Approvals Construction Materials Calorimeter which
measures a product’s maximum rate of heat release. This apparatus, explained in Appendix A1, has been
correlated with the simulated full scale test apparatus (see Illustration I). Those materials with a maximum
heat release rate of 230 Btu/ft2/min. or less when tested on a single pipe in the calorimeter have produced
no horizontal self-propagating fire on three pipes in the full scale apparatus.

3.2 The full scale apparatus is used as a back-up to the calorimeter for evaluating cylindrical insulation
applications. The test is designed to duplicate the geometric configuration of the sample in the Construction
Materials Calorimeter. If, in this test, fire does not spread horizontally 24 ft in 10 minutes, the material may
be considered acceptable.
3.2.1 The full scale fire test is conducted as a mock-up of a pipe chase containing three 2 in. NPS pipes
covered with the insulation in the desired wall thickness. Illustration 1 shows the three sided
simulated chase with one vertical side removed to expose the pipes to the viewer. As the picture
indicates, it is a box with the bottom removed. The apparatus is 24 ft long, 2 ft wide, with vertical
sides 1 ft deep. The 3 pipes are spaced to maintain an air gap of at least 1⁄2 in. but not more than
1 in. between insulation surfaces in the horizontal plane with their central axis 6 in. below the ceiling
of the chase and extend the full length of the apparatus. These are hung with 12 ga. Rezna hooks
spaced every 6 ft. The exhaust end of the chase is hung with 12 ga. Rezna hooks spaced every 6 ft.
The exhaust end of the chase is open while the other is closed with a vertical panel extending to the
floor. Two 1 ft side panels extend from this vertical piece to shield the fire exposure from spurious
drafts. This fire exposure is a 1 foot square by 7.5 in. deep pan containing 4 in. of heptane. This
exposure yields 10,000 Btu/min.; twice that of the ASTM E-84 furnace. Three insulated vertical
pipes hang from the horizontal pipes down to within 1 in. of the top of the pan.

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3.2.2 This configuration represents a more severe horizontal fire condition than is usually found in
industry, i.e., single pipes below a ceiling.
3.2.3 The fire exposure is ignited and allowed to burn for 10 minutes. During that time, the flame
propagation along the surface of the insulation is observed. Temperatures 1 in. below the ceiling of
the chase are continuously monitored 6 in., 6 ft, 12 ft, 18 ft, and 23 ft from the closed end of the
chase.

3.3 If the ASTM E-84 test method is employed it would only be for supplementary information. This test would
be modified to evaluate the insulation in a representative configuration as follows:
3.3.1 Three insulated copper pipes, 3⁄4 in. NPS, would be hung from the ledges and would run the full
length of the furnace. They would be spaced so that the insulation surfaces would be 2 in. below the
ledges and 4 in. on center. For 1⁄2 in. thick wall pipe insulation, this would yield approximately the
same exposed surface area as a flat sheet placed in the furnace in the usual manner.
3.3.2 The test would otherwise be performed in the prescribed standard ASTM E-84 manner.

IV PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
4.1 The Maximum One Minute Heat Release Rate obtained in the Construction Materials Calorimeter must not
exceed 230 Btu/ft min.

4.2 In the full scale simulated pipe chase the flame must not propagate the entire length (24 ft) in 10 minutes.
If it does propagate, the product will not have met FM Approvals performance criteria for pipe insulation.

V MARKING
Each section of insulation shall carry permanently the FM Approval symbol. These symbols must be placed at
intervals of not more than 5 linear feet on round insulation. Insulation supplied as flat sheets and field shaped
shall carry the FM Approval symbol at intervals of not more than 5 linear feet and placed not less that 11⁄2 in.
from the edge of the sheet.

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VI FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES INSPECTION

A follow-up inspection of the product manufacturing facility is part of the Approval investigation. Its purpose
is to determine that equipment, procedures, and manufacturing controls are properly maintained to produce the
same quality of materials as that tested. Periodic follow-up re-inspections will be conducted to assure continued
quality control and product uniformity.

VII RE-EXAMINATION
A re-examination will be conducted periodically on the Approved duct to determine that its quality and
uniformity have been maintained and that it will provide the same level of performance as originally Approved.

VIII MANUFACTURER’S RESPONSIBILITY

8.1 The manufacturer shall agree to notify FM Approvals of any change in the Approved product prior to
general sale and distribution.

8.2 The manufacturer shall make every reasonable effort to supply all necessary instructions and other assistance
to the installer to insure proper installation.

8.3 The manufacturer shall submit for review a copy of advertising literature and recommended installation
procedures. This is to ensure that the product will achieve the level of performance established by the above
tests.

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Construction Materials Calorimeter

FM Global Technologies LLC

FM Approvals
1151 Boston-Providence Tpk.
Norwood MA 02062

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APPENDIX 1

Fire Hazard Classification –

Class I Building Materials

I INTRODUCTION
1.1 One of the more critical aspects to be considered in the area of industrial fire loss prevention and protection
of life and property is the fire hazard of building construction. This may be defined in terms of the potential
amount of fuel contributed by the materials of which a building is constructed. The interior finish particu-
larly influences the fire hazard and, consequently, may require the need for automatic sprinkler protection
although the building occupancy may be of a noncombustible nature.

1.2 The fire hazard characteristics of a single building material or composite assembly are generally attributed
to the Fuel Contribution Rate of the material. Recognition of this principle is noted by present day flame
spread, fuel contributed, and smoke developed ratings by several test methods. These ratings provide a
relative measure of combustibility and are important to building code authorities and others to insure public
safety and for the conservation of property.

1.3 In one test procedure, ASTM-E84 ‘‘Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials’’ (Tunnel Test),
a 25 ft long x 20 in. wide sample is placed on the underside of a removable cover which, when in place,
forms the top of the test tunnel. One end of the sample is subjected to a gas-flame exposure under regulated
fire and draft conditions. Fire spread is determined visually through windows in the side of the tunnel when
smoke does not obscure the flame front. Time and distance of burning are compared with two sometime
common building materials, red oak and asbestos-cement board, which serve as end points on a numerical
scale of 100 and 0 respectively. In the interpretation of test data, some agencies treat products having a flame
spread rating of 25 or less as materials of low combustibility.

1.4 A more recently developed test procedure employing the FM Approvals Construction Materials Calorimeter,
evaluates the potential flame spread and the actual fuel contribution of a 5 ft x 41⁄2 ft sample in an 18 ft long
furnace. This test furnace predicts (1) Flame Spread in terms of Fuel Contribution Rates (BTU/sq ft/min.)
and measures the (2) Fuel contributed by a tested material in terms of total heat output (BTU’s).

1.5 The Fuel Contribution Rate of a combustible material has been shown by fire tests to be the single, most
significant property for predicting its flame spread potential. These tests reveal that a self-propagating fire
or flame front, in order to sustain itself, must rely on a positive heat balance; i.e., the material must produce
a sufficient rate of heat release while burning to preheat the material ahead of the flame front and yet
overcome the heat loss due to conduction, convection, and radiation.

1.6 In a series of approximately 50 fire tests on the FM Approvals Construction Materials Calorimeter, materials
having a known flame spread rating from the ASTM-E84 tunnel test were evaluated and found to have Fuel
Contribution Rates which compared favorably with their Flame Spread Ratings. The Fuel Contribution Rate
of each material showed good correlation in the range of flame spread values from low to high rates and
permitted classification of materials generally in accord with E84 flame spread classification.
1.6.1 From this correlation it can be concluded that flame spread over a combustible surface bears a direct
relationship to the rate of fuel contributed by a particular material. In other words, a high Fuel
Contribution Rate reveals that a sufficient quantity of heat is being given off to overcome heat losses
and still produce a rapid spreading fire.

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1.6.2 Likewise, flame spread over a noncombustible surface, such as a metal faced combustible core
assembly is dependent solely on the Fuel Contribution Rate of the combustible components and not
on the surface burning characteristics of the metal. This fact has been substantiated in actual rapid
spreading building fires on the underside of insulated steel roof decks in which combustibles above
the steel deck have supplied the necessary fuel contribution to induce flame spread.

1.7 Measurement of the Fuel Contribution Rate for any material or building assembly can be accurately
determined by the Construction Materials Calorimeter as described in the following fire test procedure. The
furnace, test procedures, results and fire hazard ratings were developed by FM Approvals and have been in
use since 1955.

II SCOPE
2.1 This method of fire testing is applicable to any type of building material used as interior finish or as a
structural component on walls, floor, ceiling or roof and any composite assembly containing insulation or
other combustibles. The purpose is to determine the comparative burning characteristics of the assembly
under test by measuring its fuel contributed and predicting its possible flame spread during combustion when
exposed to a test fire.

2.2 It is the intent that fire hazard classifications will register performance during the period of exposure, and
not intended to determine the suitability for use after fire exposure.

Operating Principle of Test Furnace

The FM Approvals Construction Materials Calorimeter operates on a principle of direct fuel substitution
in which evaluating fuel at a metered rate is introduced to replace the fuel contribution of the burning
sample. The test procedure is accomplished in two steps: A. Fire Exposure, and B. Fuel Evaluation.
A. During the Fire Exposure period of 10 minutes for interior finish materials or 30 minutes for composite
roof assemblies of the test panel, which is a representative sample of the construction to be tested, is
positioned as a horizontal cover on the liquid fuel-fired test furnace. As burning proceeds, a flue
time-temperature curve is obtained, resulting from the combined burning of the test panel and the fire
exposure.
B. During the Fuel Evaluation with a noncombustible panel taking the place of the test sample, the test
is repeated under identical test conditions, adding auxiliary fuel at a metered rate to create the same
time-temperature curve obtained in Step A. The recorded auxiliary fuel data represents the actual fuel
originally contributed by the test sample.

2.3 Since all other conditions are maintained constant, the fuel contribution added through the evaluating
burners equals the fuel contribution rate produced by the sample.

2.4 The computed Fuel Contribution Rate will predict the flame spread and fuel contribution behavior of the
assembly and represents a true and accurate measure of performance as it relates to the combustibility of a
building material.

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III FIRE TEST FURNACE

3.1 The test furnace consists of a fire box of sufficient size to expose fully a 4 ft x 4 ft horizontal test specimen,
provisions for fuel and air supply, main fire exposure burners, evaluating burners and time-temperature
recording equipment.

3.2 The fire test furnace, Figure 1, has inside dimensions as follows: Width 5 ft; Length: 17 ft - 6 in.;
Depth: 3 ft - 9 in., measured from the floor of the test furnace to the ledge of the inner walls on which the
test sample is supported.

Figure 1. Dimensions and Construction Details of the Calorimeter

3.3 The floor of the furnace consists of a 3 in. layer of sand. A baffle is located on the floor 13 in. from the
exposure end of the furnace. The baffle consists of wire reinforced Kaloblock, 16 in. high, 48 in. long, 21⁄2 in.
wide.

3.4 The top of the furnace, constructed of Narcocrete Castable Refractory, contains a 4 ft by 4 ft opening located
4 ft from the firing end to accommodate the test sample. A removable cover of the same material is employed
during a portion of the test procedure.

3.5 (A) Heptane fuel is supplied to the three main exposure burners at a constant rate to ensure a completely
reproducible exposure controlled by a standard time-temperature curve. Figure 2 shows the heptane fuel
piping and controls.

Figure 2. Fuel Piping and Controls for Calorimeter

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(B) The combustion air, supplied through a blower, is preheated to 100°F to make the mass rate of supply
independent of ambient temperature. Airflow in the supply duct is measured, and an orifice installed in the
blower inlet provides a flow of air for the exposure burners and sufficient excess to permit a fire exposure
rate of approximately 1100 Btu/ft2/min. of sample.

(C) Propane is used as the evaluating fuel. It is supplied via a flow meter at constant temperature and
pressure through the arrangement shown diagrammatically in Figure 3 so that any given flow meter reading
always supplies the same mass rate of flow regardless of ambient conditions.

Figure 3. Diagrammatic Arrangement of Propane Fuel Controls

3.6 Thermocouples are located in the 16 in. flue on four radii at right angles to heat flow so that temperatures
are measured at four locations in each of three equal concentric areas. Since reading 12 temperatures from
the recorder charts and averaging them for each time interval is tedious and time consuming, the readings
are averaged automatically by connecting the thermocouples in series to sum them and then dividing
electrically before recording. The series connection was chosen rather than parallel so that failure of a
thermocouple would be clearly and immediately apparent.

3.7 Temperatures monitored by the flue thermocouples are recorded. These readings are used to correlate the
quantity of evaluating fuel with the fuel contribution of the test panel; the exposure being the same in both
aspects of the test.

Furnace temperatures in the vicinity of the test panel are also monitored by thermocouples.

IV TEST SAMPLE
4.1 The test sample must be truly representative of the material or assembly for which classification is desired
as to ingredients, workmanship and practical application as established in building construction.

4.2 Dimensions required for the sample for placement on the calorimeter are 41⁄2 ft × 5 ft. When in place, a
4 × 4 ft area of the sample is exposed. If necessary, a noncombustible backing may be used to support the
test material.

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V CALIBRATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT

5.1 Combustion air is adjusted to 100°F.

5.2 With the noncombustible refractory cover in place, the furnace is preheated until thermocouples embedded
in the brick lining of the calorimeter record 300°F.

5.3 At this time the preheat is cut off, the combustion air maintained at 100°F and the calorimeter allowed to
cool until the embedded thermocouples attain 175°F.

5.4 At this point the exposure fire is started, adjusted to a fixed rate, and maintained for a period simulating the
length of the test. From the flue a time-temperature curve is obtained for the exposure period.

This standard flue time-temperature curve is compared with previous standardization curves to verify
precision of the furnace performance.

VI FIRE TEST PROCEDURE

Exposure

6.1 The test furnace is adjusted as described in Paragraphs 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3. During calorimeter cooling, the
refractory cover is removed and the test sample is placed in position and the edges sealed with asbestos
cement to prevent heat loss from the calorimeter chamber.

6.2 The exposure fire for interior finish materials is then adjusted to the standard rate of 17,700 Btu/min. which
is maintained throughout the 10 minute test. For composite roof assemblies, the standard exposure of 26,500
Btu/min. is maintained throughout the 30 minute test.

6.3 From the flue, a time-temperature curve is obtained representing the combined fuel contribution of the
sample and the exposure.
Evaluation

6.4 The noncombustible refractory cover is placed on top of the furnace and sealed with asbestos cement.

6.5 Again, following steps 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3, the standard exposure fire is established and maintained. The flue
time-temperature curve from 6.3 (representing the fuel contribution from the sample plus the fire exposure)
is preplotted and inserted in the recorder as a reference curve.

6.6 By adding metered fuel from the evaluation burners, the preplotted curve obtained from the test panel is
duplicated.

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VII TEST RESULTS

7.1 The various auxiliary fuel rates from 6.6 are used in conjunction with the heat value of the fuel to compute
Fuel Contribution Rates of the test panel.

Results are processed by first constructing a summation curve as shown in Figure 4. This curve represents
the various fuel contribution rates, multiplied by their respective durations, summed throughout the test.
Thus, referring to the curve, at 5 minutes this particular sample has released a total of 8000 Btu of heat
within the furnace.

7.2 Figure 4 also shows a typical ‘‘chord’’ to the curve, this particular chord representing the maximum 1 minute
rate for the sample, occurring between 7 minutes and 8 minutes. The rate is determined as follows:
Heat release: 13,400-11,000 = Btu
Time interval: 1 minute
Area of sample: 16 sq ft

Rate of heat release: 2400 = 150 Btu/sq ft/min.

1×16

Similarly, by a process of inspection, maximum slopes can be found for chords spanning 3 minutes, 5
minutes, 10 minutes, etc. Results are expressed as maximum fuel contribution rates achieved for these
various time intervals.

Figure 4. Interpretation of Test Results

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VIII CLASSIFICATION
A. Interior Finish Materials

8.1 Large scale fire tests conducted in a 100 ft long × 20 ft wide building have shown that interior finish
materials with a maximum one minute fuel contribution rate of 200 Btu/ft2/min. or below, as determined in
the FM Approvals Construction Materials Calorimeter, do not present a rapid spreading fire hazard. This
value has, therefore, been selected as the maximum one-minute fuel contribution rate allowable for a
building material to be designated as a Class I material considered suitable, in and of itself, for use without
automatic sprinkler protection.

8.2 To correlate this value with currently accepted Flame Spread numerology, Fuel Contribution Rates of
200 Btu/ft2/min. or below are divided by a factor of 8. Thus, the maximum acceptable Flame Spread Index
will be 25.

e.g., 150
= 18.75 rounded off to nearest 5 = 20
8

8.3 The actual fuel contributed by a test sample in a given time period would be an ideal basis on which to
develop a Fuel Contributed Index. Since the procedure used with the FM Approvals Construction Materials
Calorimeter supplies this information directly and precisely, a Fuel Contributed Index can be arrived at in
which the 200 Btu/ft2/min. burning rate is again used for reference.

During a 10 minute exposure, as shown in Appendix A, the maximum fuel contribution to be expected from
a 16 ft2 sample on the basis of this burning rate would be:

200 Btu/ft2
× 16 ft2 × 10 minutes = 32,000 Btu or
min.

32,000 Btu
= 2000 Btu/ft2
2
16 ft
If this latter value is taken as ‘‘100’’ on a ‘‘0-100’’ Fuel Contributed Index, then the conversion factor
relating to fuel values is 20. Thus, if the average number of Btu/ft2 obtained from a sample during a 10
minute exposure is determined, this value can be converted to a Fuel Contributed Index scale by dividing
it by 20.

The average fuel contributed/sq ft of sample during 10 minute exposure is calculated:

16,000 Btu
e.g., = 1000 Btu/sq ft and divided by 20:
16 ft2
1000/20 = 50

8.4 The calculated values are compared to the FM Approval Standard values.
Flame Spread Index = 25
Fuel Contributed Index = 100

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In order to qualify for Approval for use without automatic sprinkler protection the material tested must have
an FM Approvals Flame Spread index of 25 or below and a Fuel Contributed Index of 100 or below.
B. Composite Roof Deck Assemblies

8.5 Large scale fire tests conducted in a 100 ft long × 20 ft wide building have shown that composite roof deck
assemblies with fuel contribution rates no greater than those shown below – as determined in the
FM Approvals Construction Materials Calorimeter – would not represent a rapid spreading fire hazard
potential when subjected to an interior fire. (The values shown are averaged over the indicated time periods
of maximum burning of the sample ocurring during the test.)

Table 1:

Time Max Average Fuel Max

Interval Contribution Rates Allowable
(minutes) Btu/sq ft/min Deviation
3 385 +25
5 365 +25
10 340 +20
Avg. 270 +15

8.6 Therefore, these values have been selected as the maximum fuel contribution rates allowable for a composite
deck assembly to be designated as Class I Insulated Roof Deck Construction – not requiring automatic
sprinkler protection, in and of itself, when tested for 30 minutes. The fire exposure is shown in Appendix B.

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Illustration I
Full Scale Simulated Pipe Chase

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