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First of all, congratulations on the successful of our project, it’s a fantastic project. Second, we would like to thank our
beloved lecturer, Dr Hilton @ Mohd Hilton Bin Ahmad for her excellent skill in teaching us the subject of structural analysis
for this semester. He was a great lecturer that we have ever met. Besides that, we dedicated our full grateful feeling for our
family especially our parents, for keep supporting us through up and down. Thank you for being there with us and give us a
Group members also play the main role in this project. Thank you and well done for each of us for making this project
real and sent it in the time that had been given. Though we might busy with our own commitment, we still can finish up this
project. We realized that we should take over the stress and take things positively. Never let things bring us down, instead we
have to stay strong and have faith in god. This is the best organization team in the universe.
Lastly, huge thanks to those that has contributed in this project. We are very lucky to live a life among people who
A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements
forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes
both in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. A truss bridge is economical
to construct because it uses materials efficiently. Firstly, we had to create a model of determinate truss and analyze and evaluate
based on the model that we design. Using Alternative Method, that has a series of mathematical calculations to determine the
internal force in every member of the truss. Which in every internal force that have zero member, compression and tension
member that support of a truss in order the structure’s ability to carry load safety.
We need to strengthen our bridge in order to pass the requirement which is put load of 10 kg in our bridge that been
design. We had to use own idea in creating a bridge that can support equally and pass the requirement that we needed. We had
a problem during creating a model which is to use the best materials in joining all members and every joint in a truss of bridge.
We had to generate an idea to strengthen at the joint of a member in order it did not collapse during testing. If it is passing, it
shows it pass the requirement needed can be handle load above than 10kg. We learned that teamwork and knowledge is very
important during create a model based on the bridge that we design and been calculated to determine the internal force of every
Bridges are structure which helps people and vehicles to cross obstacles such as ocean or river as well as connecting
villages and towns. In earlier times, people crossing over the river by stepping in stones or swimming but with heavy loads
it may risk the people. The bridges structures improve as the technology evolves. Early bridges were made from local
material such as woods, stones and fibers. Today's, there are many materials that suitable to make bridges. Nevertheless,
structures and the materials are the most important criteria to successfully build the bridges.
The aim of this project is to encourage students to use their structural knowledge and creativity to solve practical problem
in building small model bridge by using Satay Stick and encourage effective communication between group
members. The students are encouraged to test their materials to find the tensile and compressive strength using Universal
Testing Machine or other appropriate methods. The bridge considered pass if the bridge supported at least 10kilograms
load to maximum 15kilograms loaded. Some calculations needed to obtain the suitable member size, internal forces of
truss and deflection using hand calculation and check using suitable computer programs.
1.2 Objectives
1. To design and build the lightest bridge with the highest structural efficiency that can span a given opening meeting
3. To test the strength and weakness of bridges that accommodate the load
4. Learn about planning and Constructions Bridge and how about teamwork and working in groups.
a) Calculation of Internal forces using Alternative method and the reaction on pin/roller support using Equilibrium equation
VAx VGx
0.01N
VAy VGy
m = 2j-3
21 = 2(12) – 3
r=4
ƩMG = 0,
VA = 0.05kN (↑)
ƩFy = 0,
VA + VG = 0.1kN
0.05kN + VG = 0.1KN
VG = 0.05KN (↑)
ƩFx=0, HA = 0
HG = 0
b) Deflection data by using Virtual Work Method
Member L (m) F’ (KN) µ F.µ.L µ𝟐 𝑳/𝑨𝑬 F’ + Xµ
BH 0.3 0 0 0 0 0
DJ 0.3 0 0 0 0 0
FL 0.3 0 0 0 0 0
∑ = 0.054 ∑ = 1.2
∑ F.µ.L/AE
X= −
∑ µ2 𝐿/𝐴𝐸
0.054
=−
1.2
= - 0.045m
6.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the experiment, our bridge has not met the criteria that are required. Our bridge has not collapsed even the
load of 10kg is applied. This might be because of the glue that we used that is 3 seconds glue and because of the way we
connect the satay stick by using the joinery method that makes the bridge become stronger than it should be. Besides
that the type of truss that we used also plays an important role to the strength of the bridge because different truss and
joint gives different compression and tension to the internal member of the truss. The factors that will affect the strength
of a truss is the type of truss uses, the connection of the joint, the length of each of the truss member and the cross
sectional area of the truss. However, our weight of the bridge has exceed 300g which is 318.3g. With the weight of
318.3g makes the bridge seems light but high in strength. This is because although our bridge has exceed a lit bit of 300g,
yet it can bare the load up to 30kg maximum load without collapsing. Therefore this bridge design is suitable enough to
be built in real situation to resist high load and is economic and easy to be built. Our bridge succeed in this project
requirement and it is a good bridge because it can stand very high load although exceed 300g to 318.3g.. So, we can
conclude that this experiment is succeeding since we success to make the bridge not collapsing at the required load.
7.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, after completing this task, we learned about the types of possible loads, how to calculate ultimate
load combinations, and investigate the different sizes for the beams (girders) and columns (piers) of simple bridge design.
We also learn the steps that engineers use to design bridge, understanding the problem, determining the potential bridge
loads, calculating the highest possible load, and calculating the amount of material needed to resist the loads.
We know that bridges play an important part in our daily lives. We know they are essential components of cities
and the roadways between populations of people. Some bridges are simple and straightforward, others are amazingly
complex. Designing a building, bridge and many more is a huge responsibility of an engineer that he or she must be
ready of any risk. We have to make sure that the design is suitable, safe, economic, and have own aesthetic value so that
We also realized that one of the most important steps in the design process is to understand the problem. Otherwise,
the hard work of the design might turn out to be a waste. In designing a bridge, for instance, if the engineering design
team does not understand the purpose of the bridge, then their design could be completely irrelevant to solving the
problem. If they are told to design a bridge to cross a river, without knowing more, they could design the bridge for a
train. But, if the bridge was supposed to be for only pedestrians and bicyclists, it would likely be grossly over-designed
and unnecessarily expensive (or vice versa). So, for a design to be suitable, efficient and economical, the design team
must first fully understand the problem before taking any action.
REFERENCES
Books
Static and Mechanics of Materials, R.C. Hibbeler, published in 2011 by Prentice Hall
Websites
http://www.deldot.gov/archaeology/historic_pres/bridges/pdf/context/context_ch3_1.pdf
http://thenextgalaxy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-truss-bridges/