Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional

Process Analysis
A Regression-Based Approach

Andrew F. Hayes

2013, Hardcover
ISBN 978-1-60918-230-4
7" x 10", 494 Pages, $65.00
DISCOUNT PRICE: $55.25
www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
“This decidedly readable, informative book is perfectly suited for a range of audiences, from the
novice graduate student not quite ready for SEM to the advanced statistics instructor. Even the
seasoned quantitative methodologist will benefit from Hayes's years of accumulated wisdom as he
expertly navigates this burgeoning—and at times inconsistent—literature. This book is particularly
well suited for graduate-level courses. Hayes brings conditional process analysis to life with such
passion that even the most 'stat-o-phobic' will become convinced that they too can master SPSS (or
SAS) process. The thoughtful use of real-life examples, accompanied by SPSS and SAS syntax and
output, makes the book highly accessible.”
—Shelley Brown, PhD, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Canada
“A welcome contribution. This book's accessible language and diverse set of examples will appeal
to a wide variety of substantive researchers looking to explore how or why, and under what
conditions, relationships among variables exist. Hayes has a unique ability to effectively
communicate technical material to nontechnical audiences. He facilitates application of several
cutting-edge statistical models by providing practical, well-oiled machinery for conducting the
analyses in practice. I can use this book to enhance my graduate-level mediation class by extending
the course to include more coverage on differentiating mediation versus moderation and on
conditional process models that simultaneously evaluate both effects together.”
—Amanda Jane Fairchild, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina

“Mediation and moderation are two of the most widely used statistical tools in the social sciences.
Students and experienced researchers have been waiting for a clear, engaging, and comprehensive
book on these topics for years, but the wait has been worth it—this book is an absolute winner.
With his usual clarity, Hayes has written what will become the default resource on mediation and
moderation for many years to come.”
—Andy Field, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom

“Hayes provides an accessible, thorough introduction to the analysis of models containing

mediators, moderators, or both. The text is easy to follow and written at a level appropriate for an
introductory graduate course on mediation and moderation analysis. The book is also an extremely
useful resource for applied researchers interested in analyzing conditional process models. One
strength is the inclusion of numerous examples using real data, with step-by-step instructions for
analysis of the data and interpretation of the results. This book's largest contribution to the field is
its replacement of the confusing terminology of mediated moderation and moderated mediation
with the clearer and broader term conditional process model.”
—Matthew Fritz, PhD, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University

This engaging book explains the fundamentals of mediation and moderation analysis and their
integration as “conditional process analysis.” Procedures are described for testing hypotheses about
the mechanisms by which causal effects operate, the conditions under which they occur, and the
moderation of mechanisms. Relying on the principles of ordinary least squares regression, Andrew
Hayes carefully explains the estimation and interpretation of direct and indirect effects, probing and
visualization of interactions, and testing of questions about moderated mediation. Examples using
data from published studies illustrate how to conduct and report the analyses described in the book.
Of special value, the book introduces and documents PROCESS, a macro for SPSS and SAS that
does all the computations described in the book. The author's website (www.afhayes.com) offers free
downloads of PROCESS plus data files for the book's examples.

Find full information about this title online: www.guilford.com/p/hayes3

Guilford Publications, Inc. Order Introduction to Mediation, Moderation,
72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 and Conditional Process Analysis
Copies in Hardcover
Order Online: www.guilford.com ISBN 978-1-60918-230-4, $65.00, $55.25*
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Go to www.guilford.com/ebooks for more information.
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 1

Conceptual Diagram

X Y

Statistical Diagram

X eY
b1
1

b2
M Y
b3

XM

Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b3M

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 2

Conceptual Diagram

M W

X Y

Statistical Diagram

XM
b4

M eY
b2
1

b1
X Y
b3

W
b5

XW

Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b4M + b5W

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 3

Conceptual Diagram

X Y

Statistical Diagram

MW
b6
XM
b4
eY
M b2 1

b1
X Y
b3
b5
W
b7

XW
XMW

Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b4M + b5W+ b7MW

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 4

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi

ai bi
eY
1

c'
X Y

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai bi

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 4 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 5

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
ai bi
eY
1

c1'
X Y
c2'

W c3'

XW

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai bi

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 5 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 6
(2 mediators)

Conceptual Diagram

M1 M2

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eM1 eM2
1 1

d21
M1 M2

a1 a2 b1 b2 eY
1

c'
X Y

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2
Direct effect of X on Y = c'
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 6
(3 mediators)

Conceptual Diagram

M2

M1 M3

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eM
2
1

eM eM
1 d21 M2 d32 3
1 1

M1 M3
d31
a1 b3
a2 b2
a3 eY
b1 1

c'
X Y

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M3 in serial = a1 d31 b3
Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M3 in serial = a2 d32 b3
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M3 in serial = a1 d21 d32 b3
Direct effect of X on Y = c'
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 6
(4 mediators)
Conceptual Diagram

M2 M3

M1 M4

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eM eM
2 3
1 1

d32
M2 M3
eM d21 d43 eM
1 4
1 d31 1
d42

M1 M4
d41

a1 a2 b2 b3 eY
a3 b4
a4 b1 1

c'
X Y

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M3 in serial = a1 d31 b3
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M4 in serial = a1 d41 b4
Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M3 in serial = a2 d32 b3
Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M4 in serial = a2 d42 b4
Indirect effect of X on Y through M3 and M4 in serial = a3 d43 b4
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M3 in serial = a1 d21 d32 b3
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M4 in serial = a1 d21 d42 b4
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M3, and M4 in serial = a1 d31 d43 b4
Indirect effect of X on Y through M2, M3, and M4 in serial = a2 d32 d43 b4
Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, M3, and M4 in serial = a1 d21 d32 d43 b4
Direct effect of X on Y = c'
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 7

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i bi
eY
a2i 1

c'
X Y
a3i
W

XW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)bi

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 7 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 8

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i bi
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i c2'

W c3'

XW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)bi

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 8 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 9

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
W

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i bi
eY
a2i 1

X Y
c'
a3i
W a4i a5i

Z
XW XZ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ) bi

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 9 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 10

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
W

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i bi
eY
a5i
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i c2'
c3'
W a4i
c4' c5'

Z
XW XZ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ) bi

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z

*Model 10 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 11

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1 i
bi
a2i eY
X 1

W a3i c' Y

Z a4i

XW a5i a6i a7i

XZ
WZ XWZ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 11 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 12

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
bi
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W c3' Y
a4i
c4'
Z c5'
a5i

XW c6'
a6i c7'
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

*Model 12 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 13

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
bi
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
W c2' Y
a4i

Z c3'
a5i

XW a6i a7i

XZ
WZ XWZ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 13 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 14

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
ai b1i
eY
1

c'
X Y
b2

V b3i

MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b3iV)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 14 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 15

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
ai b1i
XV eY
c3' 1

c1'
X Y
c2'

V b2 i

MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

*Model 15 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 16

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi

ai b1i
eY
1

c'
X Y
b2

V b3
b4 i b5i

Q
MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 16 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 17

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
ai b1i
XV eY
c4'
1

c1'
X Y
c2'
c3'
V
b2i b3i
c5'
Q
XQ MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q

*Model 17 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 18

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
ai
b1i
eY
X c' 1

b2
V Y
b3

Q b4 i

b5i
MiV
b6 b7i

MiQ
VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 18 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 19
Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
ai
b1i
eY
X c1' 1

c2'
V Y
c3'

Q c4'

c5'
XV c6' c7' b2i b3i b4i

XQ
VQ XVQ MiV MiQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ

*Model 19 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 20

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
ai
b1i
eY
X c1'
1

c2'
V Y
c3'

XV b2

b3
Q b4i b5i b6i

MiV
MiQ VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

*Model 20 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 21

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1

Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c'
X Y
a3i
W b2 b3i

XW V MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 21 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 22

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1

Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i a3i 1

c1'
X Y
c2'

W c3' b2 b3i

XW V MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 22 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 23

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c'
X Y
a3i
W a4 i a5i b2 b3i

Z
XW XZ V MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b3iV)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 23 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 24

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i a5i c2'
a4i
c3'
W b2 b3i
c4' c5'

Z
XW XZ V MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b3iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5' Z

*Model 24 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 25

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X 1

W a3i c' Y

Z a4i

XW a5i a6i a7i b2 b3i

XZ
WZ XWZ V MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 25 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 26

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i b1i
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W c3' Y
a4i c4'
Z c5'
a5 i

XW c6'
b2 b3i
a6i c7'
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ V MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

*Model 26 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 27

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i b1i
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W Y
a4i c3'
Z
a5i

XW
b2 b3i
a6i
a7 i
XZ
WZ XWZ V MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 27 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 28

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y

W a3i c3' c2' b2i

XW V
XV MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

*Model 28 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 29

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
c2'
c4'
W a3i c3' b2i
c5'
XW V
XV MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'V

*Model 29 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 30

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
1
a2i
c1'
X Y
a3 i

W a4i

a5i c2' c3' b2i

Z

XW XZ V XV MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

*Model 30 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 31

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
1
a2i
c1'
X Y
a3 i c2'
c3'
W a4i c4'
a5i c5' c6' c7' b2i
Z

XW XZ V XV MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'V

*Model 31 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 32

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
a3i c1'

W Y

a4i
Z
a5 i
XW a6i
a7i c2' c3' b2i

XZ
WZ XWZ V XV MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V
*Model 32 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 33

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
a3i c1'
c2'
W Y
c3'
c4'
Z c5'
a4i
c6'
XW a5i c7'
c8' c9' b2i
a6i a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ V XV MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ + c9'V
*Model 33 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 34

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
a3i c1'
c2'
W Y
c3'
a4i
Z

XW c4' c5' b2i

a5i a6i a7i

XZ
WZ XWZ V XV MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V
*Model 34 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 35

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c' 1

W a3i Y

b2
XW
b3
b4i
V
b5i

Q
MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 35 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 36

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V
V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1

W a3i Y

c2'
XW
c3'
c4'
V c5' b2i b3i

Q
XV XQ MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q

*Model 36 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 37

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c' 1

W a3i Y

b2
XW
b3

b4i
V b5i
b6 b7i

Q
MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 37 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 38
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi
a3i

a2i
XW b1 i
a1i
eY
W
1

c1'
X Y
c2'
V
c3'
Q
c4'
c5'
XV c6' c7' b2i b3i b4 i

XQ VQ XVQ MiV MiQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ

*Model 38 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 39

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1

W a3i Y

c2'
XW
c3'

V
b2 b3i b4i b5 b6i

VX
Q MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

*Model 39 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 40

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1

c2'
W a3i Y
c3'
b2
XW
b3

V b4i
b5i

Q
MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 40 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 41

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V
V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1

c2'
W Y
a3i c3'
c4'
XW
c5'
c6'
V c7' b2i b3i

Q
XV XQ MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c6'V + c7'Q

*Model 41 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 42

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1

c2'
W a3i Y
c3'
b2i
XW
b3i
b4i
V b5i
b6i b7i

Q
MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 42 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 43
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi
a3i
a2i
XW b1 i
c3'
eY
W c2' 1
a1i
c1'
X Y
c4'
V
c5'
Q
c6'
c7'
XV c8' c9' b2i b3i b4 i

XQ VQ XVQ MiV MiQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c6'V + c7'Q + c9'VQ

*Model 43 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 44

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1

c2'
W a3i Y
c3'
c4'
XW
c5'

V
b2 b3i b4i b5i b6i

VX
Q MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V

*Model 44 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 45

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Z Q

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X 1

a3i c'
W Y

Z a4i

XW a5i b3 b4i
b2 b5i

XZ
V Q MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'
*Model 45 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 46
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a4i

XW a2i
b1i
a1i
eY
W
1
a3i
c'
X Y
a5i

Z
a6i
a7i
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i

WZ XWZ V Q MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)
Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 46 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 47
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi VQ MiVQ
a4i

XW a2i b6i b7 i
b1i
a1i
W

c'
X Y
a3i
1
eY
Z
a5i

XZ b2 b3 b4i b5 i

V Q MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)
Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 47 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 48
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

Z Q

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi VQ MiVQ
a4i

XW a2i b6i b7i

b1i
a1i
W
a3i
c'
X Y
a5i
1
eY
Z
a6i
a7i
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i

WZ XWZ V Q MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

Direct effect of X on Y = c' (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 48 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 49

Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Z Q

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X
c1' 1

c2'
W Y
a3i c3'

Z c4'
a4i
c5'

XW a5i b2 b3 b4i b5i

XZ
V Q MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = + c1' + c4'W + c5' Z
*Model 49 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 50
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Z Q

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a4i

XW a2i
b1i
a1i
eY
W
1

c1'
X Y
a3i

Z
a5i

c2'
XZ c3' c4' c5' b2i b3i

V Q XV XQ MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q
*Model 50 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 51
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a4i

XW a2i b1i

a1i c4' eY
W
c2' 1

c1'
X c3' Y
a3i
c5'
a6i a7i
Z
a5i c6'
c7'
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i

WZ XWZ V Q MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ
*Model 51 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 52
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi MiV MiQ
a4i

XW a2i
b1i b2i b3i
a1i
W

c1'
X Y
a3i
a7i 1 eY
Z a6i
a5i

XZ c2' c3' c4' c5'

WZ XWZ V Q XV XQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q
*Model 52 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 53
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a4i

XW a2i b1i

a1i c4' eY
W
c2' 1

c1'
X c3' Y
a3i
c5'
Z
a5i

XZ b2 b3 b4i b5 i b6 b7i

V Q MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z
*Model 53 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 54
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi XV XQ XVQ
a4i
c4' c5' c7'
XW a2i
b1i
a1i
W

c1'
X Y eY
1
a3i

Z
a5i

XZ c2' c3' b2i b3i c6' b4i

V Q MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ
*Model 54 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 55
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

Z Q

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi VQ MiVQ
a4i

XW a2i b6 b7i
b1i
a1i c4'
W
c2'
c1'
X c3' Y
a3i
c5' 1
eY
a6i a7i
Z
a5i c6'
c7'
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i

WZ XWZ V Q MiV MiQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ
*Model 55 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 56
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

Z Q

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi XVQ MiV MiQ MiVQ

a4i
c7' b2i b3i b4i
XW a2i
b1i
a1i
W

c1'
X Y eY
1
a3i

a6i a7i
Z
a5i

XZ c2' c3' c4' c5' c6'

WZ XWZ V Q XV XQ VQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = (c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ)
*Model 56 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 57
Conceptual Diagram

W Mi V

Z Q

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi XVQ MiV MiQ MiVQ

a4i
c13' b2i b3i b4i
XW a2i
b1i
a1i c4'
W
c2'
c1'
X c3' Y eY
1
a3i
c5'
a6i a7i
Z
a5i c6'
c7'
XZ c8' c9' c10' c11' c12'

WZ XWZ V Q XV XQ VQ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = (c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ + c10'V + c11'Q + c13'VQ)
*Model 57 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 58

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i b1 i
eY
a2i 1

c'
X Y
a3i

b2
W
b3i

XW MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 58 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 59

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i b1 i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i c2'

W c3'
b2i

XW MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b2iW)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 59 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 60

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
Z

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c'
X Y
a3i b2

W a5i b3i
a4i

Z
XW XZ MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b3iW)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 60 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 61

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
Z

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
c2'
a3i
c3'
W a5i b2i
a4i

Z
XW XZ MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b2iW)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 61 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 62

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
Z

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i a4i a5i b2

W c2' c3' b3i

Z
XW XZ MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b3iW)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'Z

*Model 62 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 63

Conceptual Diagram

Mi
Z

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi

a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i a5i c2'
a4i
c3'
W
c4' c5' b2i

Z
XW XZ MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b2iW)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z

*Model 63 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 64

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c'
X Y
a3i b2

W
b3 b4i b5i

XW V MiW MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b4iW + b5iV)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 64 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 65

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1

Mi
a1 i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i c2'

W c3'
b2 b3i b4i

XW V MiW MiV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW + b4iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 65 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 66

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i b2

W c2'
c3' b3i b4i

XW MiV
V XV MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW + b4iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

*Model 66 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 67

Conceptual Diagram

Mi V

X Y

Statistical Diagram
eMi
1

Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1

c1'
X Y
a3i c2'
c3'
W
c4' c5' b2i b3i

XW MiV
V XV MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b2iW + b3iV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V

*Model 67 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 68

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Z W

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
c'
a3i
b2
W Y
a4i

Z a5 i

a6i
XW a7i b3i

XZ
WZ XWZ MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iW)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'
*Model 68 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 69

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Z W

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W Y
a4i c3'
c4'
Z a5 i c5'

a6i c6'
XW
c7' b2i
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ MiW

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iW)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ
*Model 69 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 70

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

W V

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi

b1i
a1i
eY
1
a2i a3i
c'
X Y

b2
W
b3
XW
b4i b5i b6 b7i

V MiW MiV WV MiWV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iW + b5iV + b7iWV)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'
*Model 70 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 71

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

W V

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3 i
c2'
W Y
c3'
c4'
V c5'

c6'
XW
c7' b2i b3i b4i

XV
WV XWV MiW MiV MiWV

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iW + b3iV + b4iWV)

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'V + c7'WV
*Model 71 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 72

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Z W

Statistical Diagram

e Mi
1

Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
a3i c'
b2
W Y
a4i b3

Z a5 i
b6
a6i
a7i
XW b4i
b5i b7i

XZ
WZ XWZ MiW MiZ MiWZ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b4iW + b5iZ + b7iWZ)
Direct effect of X on Y = c'
*Model 72 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 73

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Z W

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
c1'
a3 i
c2'
W Y
a4i c3'
c4'
Z a5i c5'

a6i c6'
XW
c7' b2i b3i b4i
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ MiW MiZ MiWZ

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b2iW + b3iZ + b4iWZ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ
*Model 73 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
 Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/

Model 74

Conceptual Diagram

Mi

X Y

Statistical Diagram

eMi
1

Mi
ai b1i
eY
1

c1'
X Y

c2i'
XMi

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + c2i'X)

Conditional direct effect of X = c1' + c2i'M

*Model 74 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. PROCESS does not produce

a table of conditional direct effects for model 74. With only one mediator, use model 1 to
generate the conditional direct effects, specifying M as moderator.