Index

A manganese efficiency, 454–455 Arbuscular mycorrhiza, 373–375, 378–381, 436

ABA, see Abscisic acid zinc efficiency, 453–454 Ascorbate oxidase, copper dependence, 207
Abscisic acid (ABA) boron, 447 Asparagine synthetase, 246
grain set role, 116 characteristics, 444–446 Assimilate transport, see Phloem
nutrition effects on concentration, 128–129 iron behavior and deficiency, 446–449 ATPase, magnesium dependence, 167–168
receptor signaling, 125–126 manganese behavior and deficiency, 447, Auxin (IAA)
saline soil effects, 465 449–451 boron interactions, 236, 239–240
stomatal closure, 186 phosphorus, 447 mycorrhizal effects, 386
structure, 121 zinc behavior and deficiency, 447, 449–451 nitrate response, 148
synthesis, 120, 122 ALMT1, 368, 425 receptor signaling, 125–126
Acid mineral soils Alternative oxidase (AOX), 107 rhizosphere bacteria induction, 341–342
adaptation, 424–425 Aluminum root exudates as precursors, 373
aluminum beneficial effects, 268 sink action, 130–131
definition, 417 toxicity sink activity, 118
distribution, 417–418 acid mineral soils structure, 121
manganese accumulation and tolerance, 426–427 synthesis, 120–121
tolerance, 429–430 binding in root apoplast, 428 zinc in synthesis, 218
toxicity, 424 detoxification by root exudates,
nitrogen fixation effects, 405 425–426 B
nutrient efficiency in adaptation, 430 mycorrhiza in adaptation, 428–429 Bacterial infection
proton toxicity, 418 resistance screening, 42 nutrition and susceptibility, 291–292
toxicity rhizosphere pH effects, 428 soil-borne diseases, 293–295
accumulation and tolerance, 426–427 root growth inhibition, 420–422 Beneficial element, definition, 249
binding in root apoplast, 428 solution chemistry, 418–420 Betaine, 147
detoxification by root exudates, 425–426 uptake inhibition of nutrients and water, Biofortification
mycorrhiza in adaptation, 428–429 422–424 agronomic biofortification, 274–276
resistance screening, 429 Amino acids foliar spraying of nutrients, 81
rhizosphere pH effects, 428 nitrogen assimilation, 146–148 genetic biofortification, 276
root growth inhibition, 420–422 nutrition effects on plant composition, selenium, 267
solution chemistry, 418–420 278–279 Biological nitrogen fixation, see Nitrogen fixation
uptake inhibition of nutrients and water, uptake, 141 Biological yield, 85
422–424 Ammonia, stomata exchange, 71–73 Boron
ADH, see Alcohol dehydrogenase Ammonium alkaline soil, 447
Aeration, root growth and development effects, assimilation, 145–147 fertility function, 115
339–340 nitrate nutrition synergy, 148 nitrogen fixation effects, 402
Aerenchyma, 40, 438, 442–443 potassium competition in root uptake, 26 organic complexes, 234
AFS, see Apparent free space root uptake, 140–141 shoot composition dependence on supply, 18
Aging shoot transport, 141 Brassinosteroids
leaf senescence, 97–100 toxicity, 148–149 receptor signaling, 125
transpiration rate and nutrient transport, 55 Ammonium transporter (AMT), solute synthesis, 122–123
AKT2, 187 transport, 14, 54, 140–141
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 213–214, 436 AMT, see Ammonium transporter C
Aldehyde oxidase, molybdenum dependence, AOX, see Alternative oxidase Calcareous soil, see Alkaline soil
230 Apoplasm Calcium
Aliin, 155 calcium association, 171 bacterial infection protection, 292
Alkaline soil ion influx, 8–10, 21 calcium/total cation ratio and root growth and
adaptation Apparent free space (AFS), 9–10, 52 development, 338–339
calcicole, 451 Appearance, nutrition influences, 272–272 cation–anion balance regulation, 175
calcifuge, 451 Aquaporins cell wall stabilization, 173–174
iron efficiency and chlorosis resistance, substrates in tonoplast, 17 compartmentation, 171–173
451–453 urea transport, 142 fungal infection resistance, 289

645
646 Index

Calcium (Continued) Cobalt copper in resistance, 290

ion competition in root uptake, 28–29 deficiency, 262–263 nitrogen in resistance, 288–289
membrane stabilization, 174–175 functions, 261 phosphorus in resistance, 289–290
nitrogen fixation effects, 400 nitrogen fixation effects, 402 potassium in resistance, 288–289
osmoregulation, 175 toxicity, 263 principles, 285–286
phloem mobility, 63–64 Copper silicon in resistance, 286–288
plant composition, 177–178 deficiency, 210–211 soil-borne diseases, 293–295
requirements, 177–178 fungal infection resistance, 290 mycorrhizal suppression, 387–388
rhizosphere–ion interaction effects, 28 lignification role, 209–210 nutrition and susceptibility, 283–285
root extension role, 174 metabolic functions, 209 virus infection and nutrition, 292–293
saline soil effects, 461–462 pollen formation and fertilization role, 114, Donnan free space (DFS), 9
second messenger activity, 175–177 206, 210 Dynamic photoinhibition, 88
secretory process dependence, 174 ascorbate oxidase, 207
xylem exudation, 45 cytochrome c oxidase, 207 E
Calcium-ATPase diamine oxidase, 207–208 Earthworm, root growth and development
tonoplast, 16 phenol oxidases, 208–209 effects, 342
xylem ion release, 44 plast ocyanin, 206 Economic yield, 85
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase superoxide dismutase, 206–207 Ectomycorrhiza, 374–376, 381–384
(CaMK), nitrogen fixation role, 408 toxicity, 211–212 Electron transport chains, 106–107
Callose, formation, 174 COPT transporters, 55 Endomycorrhiza, 373
Calvin cycle, 90–91 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), 95, 250 Endo-rhizosphere, 349
CAM, see Crassulacean acid metabolism Critical deficiency concentration (CDC) Ericoid mycorrhiza, 373
CaMK, see Calcium/calmodulin-dependent environmental factors, 308 Essential mineral, see also specific minerals
protein kinase nutrient efficiency, 309 criteria, 3–4
Carbon dioxide nutrient interactions and ratios, 306, 308 history of study, 4
carbon flux modelling, 482 nutritional disorder diagnosis, 302, 304–306 Ethylene
climate change effects on release, 476 plant species differences, 306–307 sink action, 129–130
microbial emission, 473–474 Cuticle structure, 121
organic soil amendment effects on emission, nutrient uptake, 75–76 synthesis, 122–123
475 structure, 74–75 waterlogging response, 437–438
soil pH, water content and temperature Cyclic nucleotide gated channel (CNGC), Exclusion mechanism, sodium substitution for
effects on matter turnover, 475–476 solute transport, 14 potassium, 253–254
Carbonic anhydrase, zinc dependence, 214–215 CYT, see Cytokinins Excreta, relationship between feed intake and
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) Cytochrome c oxidase, copper dependence, 207 excreta quality, 476–478
differences between plants, 9–10 Cytokinins (CYT)
pH dependence, 22 flower initiation, 113 F
root apoplast, 416 grain set role, 116 Feces, see Excreta
CDC, see Critical deficiency concentration leaf senescence, 98 Fenton reaction, 181
CEC, see Cation exchange capacity mycorrhizal effects, 386 Ferritin, 197–198
Cerium, beneficial effects, 268 nitrate response, 148s Flower, initiation as sink, 113–11
Chloride, see also Saline soil nutrition effects on concentration, 127–129 Flux modelling, 482
root concentration dependence on nitrate receptor signaling, 125–126 Foliar spray, nutrients
concentration, 27 root exudates as precursors, 373 irrigation methods, 81–82
Chlorine sink action, 131 practical application
deficiency, 247–248 sink–source regulation, 124 bio-fortification, 81
growth role, 245–247 structure, 121 calcium deficiency, 81
osmoregulation role, 247 synthesis, 120–121 dry topsoil, 79–80
photosynthesis role, 244 grain protein content response, 80–81
stomatal regulation, 245 D reproductive stage and decreased root
toxicity, 248 Dark reactions, 90 activity, 80
uptake, transport, and homeostasis, 244 Deficiency, see Nutritional disorders; specific soil nutrient availability, 79
V-type ATPase stimulation, 244–245 elements Fungal infection
Chlorophyll, see also Chlorosis; Photosynthesis DFS, see Donnan free space calcium in resistance, 289
synthesis, 166 Diamine oxidase, copper dependence, 207–208 copper in resistance, 290
Chloroplast Diffusion nitrogen in resistance, 288–289
iron in development, 195–197 equation, 320 phosphorus in resistance, 289–290
senescence, 98 plant factors, 322–324 potassium in resistance, 288–289
Chlorosis root exudates, 365 principles, 285–286
iron deficiency, 195–197 soil factors, 320–322 silicon in resistance, 286–288
manganese toxicity, 205 Disease soil-borne diseases, 293–295
Chronic photoinhibition, 88 bacterial infection
CLC transporters, 244 nutrition and susceptibility, 291–292 G
Climate change, effects on carbon dioxide soil-borne diseases, 293–295 GA, see Giberellic acid
release, 476 fungal infection Giberellic acid (GA)
CNGC, see Cyclic nucleotide gated channel calcium in resistance, 289 nutrition effects on concentration, 129
Index 647

receptor signaling, 125 root response to deficiency, 198–200 Magnesium/proton exchanger, 166
structure, 121 toxicity, 200 Manganese
synthesis, 120–122 acid mineral soils
Global warming, see Climate change J tolerance, 429–430
Globoid crystal, composition, 221 JA, see Jasmonic acid toxicity, 424
GLR, see Glutamate receptor Jasmonic acid (JA) alkaline soil
Glucosinolates, 155 structure, 121 behavior and deficiency, 447, 449–451
Glutamate dehydrogenase, 383–384 synthesis, 122–123 efficiency, 454–455
Glutamate receptor (GLR), solute transport, 14 cell division and extension role, 203–204
Glutamate synthase, 145–146 L deficiency and yield effects, 114
Glutamine synthetase, 145–146, 383–384 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 436 enzymes
Glutathione LAD, see Leaf area duration activation, 201–202
functions, 154 LAI, see Leaf area index catalysis, 200–201
synthesis, 153–154 Lanthanium, beneficial effects, 268 lignin biosynthesis role, 203
Glycine betaine, 470 LDH, see Lactate dehydrogenase lipid metabolism, 203
Glycolysis, 106 Leaching, elements from leaves, 82–83 photosynthesis role, 202
Growth response curve, nutrient supply, 299–300 solute uptake and leaching leaves, 83–84 requirements and deficiency, 204–205
foliar spraying of nutrients rhizosphere mobilization, 360
H irrigation methods, 81–82 root uptake dependence on supply, 26
Harvest index, 85 practical application saline soil effects, 462
Heme proteins, 192–193 bio-fortification, 81 toxicity, 205
Humidity, leaf solute uptake effects, 78 calcium deficiency, 81 MATE transporter, see Multidrug and toxin
Hydrogen sulphide, stomata exchange, 73–74 dry topsoil, 79–80 extrusion transporter
grain protein content response, 80–81 Membrane
I reproductive stage and decreased root boron function, 237–238
IAA, see Auxin activity, 80 composition, 10–13
Indoleacetic acid, see Auxin soil nutrient availability, 79 lipid structures, 12
Iodine, beneficial effects, 268 leaching of elements, 82–83 proteins, 11
Ion uptake nutrient remobilization before leaf drop in reflection coefficients for non-electrolyte
accumulation, 8 perennials, 70 solutes, 10
algae, 7 photosynthesis, see Photosynthesis solute transport
genotype dependence, 8 cuticle energy demand, 17
root influx nutrient uptake, 75–76 kinetics in root, 17–20
apoplasm, 8–10 structure, 74–75 thermodynamics, 13–17
axial uptake, 39–41 factors affecting zinc function, 218–219
cytoplasm, 10 adjuvants, 78 Metal tolerance protein (MTP), 223
cytoplasm, 10 environmental effects during Methane
factors affecting ontogenesis, 76–77 microbial emission, 474
external ion concentration, 31–33 humidity effects, 77–78 organic soil amendment effects on emission,
metabolic activity, 23–24 stomata penetration, 76 475
nutritional status, 33–38 stomata, see Stomata Molybdenum
pH, 21–23 xylem unloading, 53–55 deficiency, 230–232, 241–242
radial transport, 41–43 Leaf area duration (LAD), 104–105 enzymes
rhizosphere–ion interactions Leaf area index (LAI), 104–105 aldehyde oxidase, 230
cation–anion relationships, 28–31 Leaf blotch, nitrogen supply relationship, nitrate reductase, 228–229
competition, 25–28 284 nitrogenase, 227
extracellular calcium effects, 28 Livestock sulphite oxidase, 230
selectivity, 7–8 nutrient flux mediation, 478–481 xanthine dehydrogenase, 229–230
xylem ion release species-specific relationship between feed functions
factors affecting, 44–47 intake and excreta quality, 476–478 cell wall structure, 235–236
Iron Low Oxygen Escape Syndrome (LOES), 439–440 integrative assessment, 240
alkaline soil Low Oxygen Quiescence Syndrome (LOQS), membrane function, 237–238
behavior and deficiency, 446–449 439–440 metabolism, 236–237
efficiency and chlorosis resistance, Lsi transporters, 258 reproductive growth and development,
451–453 238–239
chloroplast development and photosynthesis M root elongation, 239–240
role, 195–197 Magnesium shoot growth, 239–240
deficiency response strategies, 36–38, 194, 411 chlorophyll synthesis, 166 nitrogen fixation effects, 401–402
enzyme catalysis, 194–195 compartmentation, 165–166 tolerance, 243
heme proteins, 192–193 deficiency and carbohydrate partitioning, toxicity, 232–233, 243
iron–sulphur proteins, 193–194 169–170 transporters, 227
localization, 197–198 enzyme activation, 167–169 MOT1, 227
phytate binding, 198 plant composition, 170–171 MTP, see Metal tolerance protein
requirements and deficiency, 200 protein synthesis role, 166 Mucigel, root exudates, 362–363
rhizosphere mobilization, 360 requirements, 170–171 Mucilage, root exudates, 362–363
648
Multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE)
transporter, 15, 368, 425–426
Mycorrhiza
aluminum resistance role, 428–429
arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant nutrition,
378–381
classification and structure, 373–375
ectomycorrhiza and plant nutrition, 381–384
heavy metal tolerance role, 384–385
hormonal effects and plant water relations,
386–387
mycorrhizal responsiveness, 385–386
pathogen suppression, 387–388
photosynthate demand, 376–377
plant growth effects, 377
practical implications, 388
root colonization, 375–376
N Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), 151
Nickel
enzymes, 223–224
nitrogen fixation effects, 402
nitrogen metabolism role, 224–225
Nicotianamine, iron binding, 199
Nitrate reductase
boron effects, 239
molybdenum dependence, 228–229
nitrogen assimilation, 142–143
Nitrate
ammonium nutrition synergy, 148
deficiency, 149
intracellular transport, 139
reduction and assimilation, 142–145
root
architectural response, 149
uptake, 136–137
efflux, 137–138
radial transport, 138–139
shoot transport, 139–140
storage proteins, 149–151
xylem loading, 138–139
Nitrate transporters, 54, 60, 136–139
Nitrogen
assimilation, 142–148
concentration in plants, 225
deficiency, 225–226
flux modelling, 482
fungal infection resistance, 288–289
macronutrients, see Amino acids;
Ammonium; Nitrate; Urea
microbial emission of gas, 474–475
nickel role in metabolism, 224–225
phytohormone concentration dependence,
127–129
rhizosphere pH effects, 353–356
toxicity, 225–226
yield response curve, 86
Nitrogenase
boron effects, 239
molybdenum dependence, 227
nitrogen fixation, 390–392
Nitrogen fixation
ecosystem input of nitrogen, 389
nitrogenase reaction, 390–392
Index
organisms effects on nutrient uptake, 359
associative organisms, 407–408 nitrogen supply source effects, 353–356
free-living organisms, 407–408 nutritional status effects, 357–359
symbiotic systems root
classification, 392 growth and development effects, 338
legume–rhizobia symbiosis ion uptake effects, 21–23
environmental effects, 404–405 Phenol oxidases, copper dependence, 208–209
host range, 392–393 Phloem
mineral nitrogen effects, 403–404 assimilate transport
nodule formation and function, loading, 108–110
396–399 mechanism, 109–110
nutrition effects, 399–402 sectors, 107–108
root infection, 393–396 unloading, 111–113
transfer of nitrogen to other plants in mixed long-distance transport
strands, 405–407 anatomy, 58–59
Nitrogen oxides loading and composition of sap, 59–60
microbial emission, 474–475 mobility
stomata exchange, 73 high-mobility nutrients, 62–63
low-mobility nutrients, 63–64
Nod genes, 393–394 principles, 60–61
Nodulation receptor kinase (NORK), 395 principles, 58–59
NORK, see Nodulation receptor kinase re-translocation and cycling of nutrients,
NTR, see Nitrate transporters 64–66
NUE, see Nitrogen use efficiency remobilization
Nutrient classification, plants, 4 pre-leaf drop in perennials, 70
Nutritional disorders reproductive stage, 67–69
biochemical analysis, 311 seed germination, 67
histochemical analysis, 310–311 vegetative stage, 67
plant analysis specific mass transfer equation, 62
developmental stage and age of leaves, transfer between xylem and phloem, 61–62
303–306 potassium role in transport, 187
environmental factors, 308 Phosphate transporter-1 (Pht1), 54, 98
growth rate versus nutrient concentration, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC),
302–303 357, 426
nutrient efficiency, 309 Phosphorus
nutrient interactions and ratios, 306, 308 alkaline soil, 447
plant species differences, 306–307 axial uptake in root, 40
soil analysis comparison, 311–312 compartmentation and regulatory role,
total analysis versus fractionated 160–161
extraction, 309–310 diffusion in soil
visual symptoms in diagnosis, 300–301 equation, 320
plant factors, 322–324
O soil factors, 320–322
Orchid mycorrhiza, 373–374 energy transfer functions, 159–160
Osmotic potential, 457 fractions and phytate binding, 161–164
Outer rhizosphere, 349 fungal infection resistance, 289–290
Oxygen tension nitrogen fixation effects, 399–400
root ion uptake effects, 23 plant composition, 165
xylem exudation effects, 46 requirements, 164–165
structural functions, 158–159
P uptake dependence on supply, 20, 35–36
Parasites, see Pests yield response curve, 86
PDC, see Pyruvate decarboxylase zinc interactions, 219–220
PEPC, see Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Photosynthesis
Peroxidase, iron dependence, 192–193 assimilate transport, see Phloem
Pests C4 pathway, 92–95
fertilizer effects, 297–298 carbon dioxide assimilation and
nutrition and susceptibility, 295–297 photorespiration, 90–92
root growth and development effects, 341 chlorine role, 244
PGPR, see Plant growth-promoting rhizosphere copper role, 209
microorganisms energy flow and photophosphorylation, 87–88
pH feedback regulation by sink demand for
matter turnover effects, 475–476 carbohydrates, 99–100
rhizosphere iron role, 195–197
Index 649

leaf area enzyme activation, 179–181 overview, 353

area per plant, 104 fungal infection resistance, 288–289 plant deposits
canopy leaf area, 104–105 ion competition in root uptake, 26–29 root exudates
individual leaf area, 102–104 osmoregulation role controlled release, 366–368
source size, 102 cell extension, 182–184 diffusion, 365
leaf photonastic and seismonastic movements, low-molecular-weight compounds,
maturation effect on source function, 95–97 186 365–368
senescence, 97–100 stomata movement, 184–186 mucigel, 362–363
manganese role, 202 phloem transport role, 187 mucilage, 362–363
nutrition effects on rate, 100–102 photosynthesis role, 182 retrieval mechanisms, 365–366
photoinhibition, 88–89 plant composition, 188–189 secretory proteins, 363–364
photooxidation, 89–90 protein synthesis role, 181 sloughed cells and tissues, 361–362
photosystems, 87–88 requirements, 188–189 radial gradients, 349–350
potassium role, 182 saline soil effects, 461 redox potential and reducing processes
respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, sodium substitution, 252–254 iron mobilization, 360
105–107 stress resistance role, 187–188 manganese mobilization, 360
saline soil effects, 463–464 tissue concentration effects on uptake, 33 waterlogging effect, 359–360
sodium in C4 plants, 250–252 uptake kinetics as function of concentration, temporal variability, 350
yield limitations, 131–133 17–18 Root, see also Rhizosphere
pH-stat, 29 xylem exudation, 46–47 aluminum and growth inhibition, 420–422
Pht1, see Phosphate transporter-1 Potassium/proton antiporter, respiration role, ammonium uptake, 140–141
Phytate 107 boron in elongation, 239–240
iron binding, 198 Pressure flow hypothesis, 58 exudates
metal binding overview, 162–164 Protein synthesis controlled release, 366–368
phosphorus binding, 161–164 magnesium role, 166 diffusion, 365
zinc binding, 221 potassium role, 181 low-molecular-weight compounds, 365–368
Phytochelatins saline soil effects, 464 microbial signals and phytohormone
functions, 154 zinc role, 216–217 precursors, 372–373
synthesis, 153–154 Proton/amino acid symporter, 110 mucigel, 362–363
Plant analysis, see Nutritional disorders Proton-ATPase, see also V-ATPase mucilage, 362–363
Plant growth-promoting rhizosphere boron effects, 237 retrieval mechanisms, 365–366
microorganisms (PGPR), 341–342 tonoplast, 16 secretory proteins, 363–364
Plant quality xylem ion release, 43 growth and development, factors affecting
factors controlling, 271–272 Proton-pyrophosphatase, tonoplast, 16 carbohydrate supply, 331–332
nutrition influences Proton toxicity, see Acid mineral soils development overview, 332–334
appearance, 272–272 Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), 436 soil factors
chemical composition aeration, 339–340
agronomic biofortification, 274–276 Q calcium/total cation ratio, 338–339
amino acid composition, 278–279 Quality, see Plant quality low-molecular-weight organic solutes,
bioavailability, 277–278 340
carbohydrates, 280–281 R mechanical impedance, 342–343
genetic biofortification, 276 Remobilization nematodes and earthworms, 342
lipids, 281 overview, 66–67 nutrient supply, 334–337
nutrients, 273–274 pre-leaf drop in perennials, 70 pathogens and pests, 341
proteins, 278 reproductive stage, 67–69 pH, 338
technical quality and nitrogenous seed germination, 67 plant growth-promoting rhizosphere
compounds, 279–280 vegetative stage, 67 microorganisms, 341–342
toxic element concentration, 276–277 Rhizobia, see Nitrogen fixation temperature, 344–345
toxic nitrogenous compounds, 279 Rhizoplane, 349 water content, 343–344
vitamins, 281–282 Rhizosphere ion influx
properties, 271 compartment systems for sampling, 347–349 apoplasm, 8–10, 21
Plasmodesmata, 41–42 element composition, 350–352 axial uptake, 39–41
Plastocyanin, copper dependence, 206 features compared with bulk soil, 347–348 cytoplasm, 10
Pollen, copper in formation, 114, 206, 210 longitudinal gradients, 350 factors affecting
Polyamines, synthesis, 122–124 microorganisms external ion concentration, 31–33
Potassium colonization of root, 369–371 metabolic activity, 23–24
cation–anion balance regulation, 187 Mycorrhiza, see mycorrhiza nutritional status, 33–38
cellular concentration, 179 plant nutrition role, 371–372 pH, 21–23
compartmentation, 179 root exudates as signals and phytohormone radial transport, 41–43
diffusion in soil precursors, 372–373 rhizosphere–ion interactions
equation, 320 pH cation–anion relationships, 28–31
plant factors, 322–324 effects on nutrient uptake, 359 competition, 25–28
soil factors, 320–322 nitrogen supply source effects, 353–356 extracellular calcium effects, 28
energy transfer role, 187 nutritional status effects, 357–359 iron deficiency response, 198–200
650 Index

Root see also Rhizosphere (Continued) Silicon water content and nitrogen fixation effects,
movement of nutrients to root surface, see beneficial effects, 259–261 404
Soil concentration and distribution in plants, Soil analysis
nitrate transport 257–258 chemical analysis, 315–316
efflux, 137–138 fungal infection resistance, 287–288 extraction, 328–329
radial transport, 138–139 metabolism role, 258 intensity/quantity ratio, 328
uptake, 136–137 overview, 257 plant analysis comparison, 311–312
nitrogen response, 149 pest protection, 296 plant factors, 329
root/shoot ratio, 345–346 pest susceptibility effects, 296 Source activity, see Photosynthesis
solute transport kinetics, 17–20 uptake, 257–258 Stomata
transpiration rate effect on xylem ion uptake Sinks chlorine regulation, 245
and translocation, 55–57 activity, 117–120 gas exchange, 71
Rubisco, 91–92, 145 flower initiation, 113–114 potassium regulation of movement, 184–186
phytohormone actions, 129–131 solute penetration, 76
S pollination and seed development, 114–116 volatile compound exchange
Salicylic acid, synthesis, 122–123 vegetative sink organ formation, 116–117 volatile nitrogen compounds, 71–73
Saline soil yield limitations, 131–133 volatile sulphur compounds, 73–74
adaptation SOD, see Superoxide dismutase Stress, potassium role in resistance, 187–188
osmotic adjustment, 468–469 Sodium, see also Saline soil absorption ratio Sulphate
reactive oxygen species detoxification, 471 (SAR) 456 assimilation, 152–153
salt distribution in shoot tissue, 467–468 C4 plant role, 250–252 deficiency, 156–157
salt exclusion versus inclusion, 466–467 essentiality, 250 plant composition, 156–158
salt excretion, 471–472 fertilizer effects on plant concentration, 53 reduction, 152–153, 432
vacuolar compartmentation and compatible fertilizers, 256–257 requirements, 156–158
solutes, 469–471 growth stimulation, 254–256 uptake, 152
characteristics and classification, 456–457 overview, 249–250 Sulphate transporters, 52, 54, 60
distribution, 455 potassium substitution, 252–254 Sulphite oxidase, molybdenum dependence,
growth response Sodium/proton transporter, 469 230
genotypic differences, 457–458 high input versus low-input approach to soil Sulphur
major constraints, 458 fertility problems metabolic function, 153–156
ion imbalances, 461–463 genetic basis of mineral nutrition, 411 nitrogen fixation effects, 400
nitrogen fixation effects, 404 nutrient efficiency, 412–416 Sulphur dioxide, stomata exchange, 73
photosynthesis and respiration, 463–464 Adverse soil conditions SULTR, see Sulphate transporters
phytohormone response, 465–466 resistance to excessive supply of elements, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), metal
prospects for study, 472 416–417 dependence, 201, 206–207, 211, 215
protein synthesis, 464 Movement of nutrients to root surface Symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK), 395
sodium and chloride uptake and toxicity, calculation principles, 316–317 SYMRK, see Symbiosis receptor-like kinase
460–461 diffusion
water availability, 459–460 equation, 320 T
Salt tolerance, see Saline soil plant factors, 322–324 Temperature
SAR, see Sodium absorption ratio soil factors, 320–322 matter turnover effects, 475–476
Seed mass flow, 318–320 nitrogen fixation effects, 404–405
development as sink, 114–116 nutrient concentration in soil solution, root growth and development effects,
nutrient remobilization in germination, 67 317–318 344–345
Selenium root density, 324–325 root ion uptake effects, 24–25
assimilation, 264–266 natural vegetation adaptation to soil xylem exudation effects, 45–46
beneficial effects, 266 conditions, 409–410 Thioredoxin, 154
biofortification, 267–268 nutrient availability and distribution of water, Thylakoid membrane, composition, 11
metabolism, 264–266 325–326 Toxicity, see Nutritional disorders; specific
overview, 263 root growth and development, factors elements
uptake, 263–264 affecting Tryptophan, zinc in synthesis, 218
Shoot nutrient supply, 334–337
ammonium transport, 141 aeration, 339–340 U
boron calcium/total cation ratio, 338–339 Uptake efficiency, 412
composition dependence on supply, 18 low-molecular-weight organic solutes, 340 Urea
growth function, 239–240 mechanical impedance, 342–343 biosynthesis pathways, 226
mineral composition required for growth, 5 nematodes and earthworms, 342 uptake and metabolism, 141–142
nitrate transport, 139–140 pathogens and pests, 341 Urease, nickel dependence, 223–224
root/shoot ratio, 345–346 pH, 338 Urine, see Excreta
transpiration rate effect on xylem ion uptake plant growth-promoting rhizosphere Utilization efficiency, 412
and translocation, 57–58 microorganisms, 341–342
SHST1, 227 temperature, 344–345 V
Sieve element–companion cell complex, water content, 343–344 Vanadate, beneficial effects, 268–269
108–109 structure and nutrient availability, 326–328 Vegetative storage proteins (VSPs), 149–150
Index 651

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, 373 Xylem Z

Virus infection, nutrition and susceptibility, ion release Zinc
292–293 factors affecting, 44–47 alkaline soil
Vitamins, nutrition effects on plant long-distance transport behavior and deficiency, 447,
composition, 281–282 loading and unloading 449–451
VSPs, see Vegetative storage proteins exchange adsorption and xylem efficiency, 453–454
V-type ATPase retrieval, 52–53 auxin synthesis, 218
chlorine stimulation, 244–245 leaf unloading, 53–55 binding forms, 221
saline soil adaptation, 469 release or secretion, 53 bioavailability, 221
transporters, 51–52 carbohydrate metabolism role, 217
W re-translocation and cycling of nutrients, deficiency and yield effects, 114, 222
Water free space (WFS), 9 64–66 enzymes
Waterlogging sap composition, 50–51 activation, 216
injury mechanisms, 432–433 specific mass transfer equation, 62 alcohol dehydrogenase, 213–214
metabolic adaptation, 440–441 transfer between xylem and phloem, 61–62 carbonic anhydrase, 214–215
nutrient deficiency and toxicity, 434–436 transpiration rate effect on uptake and miscellaneous enzymes, 215
phenotypic adaptation, 441–444 translocation superoxide dismutase, 215
phytohormones and root/shoot signals in root, 55–57 membrane function, 218–219
escape, 437 shoot, 57–58 phosphorus interactions, 219–220
phytotoxic metabolites, 436–437 nitrate loading, 138–139 phytate binding, 164
rhizosphere effects, 359–360 protein synthesis role, 216–217
soil chemical factors, 430–432 Y tolerance, 223
tolerance versus avoidance, 438–440 Yield toxicity, 222–223
WFS, see Water free space biological yield, 85
economic yield, 85
X nutrient supply relationships, 86–88
Xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdenum source and sink limitations, 131–133
dependence, 229–230