Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract— Transformer is an important component in renewable source. Therefore, to find the solution for this
power system. Lightning impulse will cause an overvoltage that problem, studies on vegetable oil (VO) has being carried out
will damage the transformer. Hence, transformer need an as an alternative to replace MO.
insulation that can protect it and withstand lightning impulse.
Mineral oil (MO) was the most commonly used oil as liquid VO is a renewable resource because it come from natural
insulation. Although MO provide an excellent performance in resources. VO is more environmental friendliness due to its
transformer, it still gives bad impact due to it low flash point, properties that biodegradable and high fire point. Most of
fire point and not biodegradable. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) studies use coconut oil (CO) to compare it performance with
offer a great potential for replacing MO as an insulating in MO. CO can be obtain by extracting of mature coconut
transformer due to it high flash point, high fire point and kernel. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is different from CO and
biodegradable. This project presents the examination of the different is on how it being extracted or produced.
breakdown voltage of both oil at both polarity, with and Usually, coconut oil is refined coconut oil that undergone the
without copper particle, and at thermal aging and before process of refined, bleach and deodorized (RBD), while
thermal aging. Test conducted under uniform field sphere- virgin coconut oil (VCO) is from most natural processing
sphere with lightning impulse voltage. Breakdown test were which no artificial filtering or expeller used [5]. Studies that
conducted according to ASTM 3300 standard for lightning been carried out to study the performance of VCO as oil
impulse by using rising method. For thermal aging process, oil
insulation in the transformer under lightning impulse is still
sample being heated at 100 °C for 100 hours. BDV for negative
lacking.
polarity was higher compared with positive polarity. Influence
of thermal aging and void contamination shows that there was Transformer is always in condition where its temperature
reduction in BDV of oil sample. Result shows that, although is high and unconditionally will lead to thermal aging of the
BDV for VCO under all condition is lower compared with MO, oil insulation after some period. Thermal aging can affect the
but it is still comparable and acceptable. lifetime of transformer. For most of the time, transformer
breakdown is causes by overheated that come from overload
Keywords— Impulse voltage test, virgin coconut oil, mineral
of an operation, dielectric heating, oxidation process that will
oil, particle, thermal aging
lead in rust, high temperature and others. Mostly thermal
aging of oil insulation happens due to high temperature of
I. INTRODUCTION transformer. This condition will cause transformer lifetime
Transformer oi one of the most important equipment in become shorter and reduces the performance for transformer
electrical power system. Ehen the transformer is damage, insulation [6]. Aging of oil and paper in transformer
they will be many problems arise from it. For instances indirectly will produce moisture, particles and others [7].
companies will lost some of it profit from energy that being Mostly, breakdown voltage (BDV) of oil insulation that
supply to its customer and the companies also need to pay occur in transformer is affected by particle like cellulose and
the repairing cost of the transformer. Basically, causes for copper.
transformer damage is mostly by overvoltage when it being According to M. Hussain slide [8]. Lightning is one of
subjected to lightning impulse [1]. the natural phenomenon that occurs in the atmosphere. When
There were several important materials that use as there are two cloud that have opposite charge which positive
insulation to protect the power transformer for example and negative charge are strike which each other, it will
pressboard, oil and paper [2]. Oil in transformer act as lie a produce a lightning. Other than that, lightning also can occur
cooling agent, electrical insulation and information carrier when object on earth have a connection with negative cloud.
[3-4]. Currently, mineral oil (MO) is oil that being used in Impulse is defined as unidirectional voltage that rise quickly
the transformer for insulation and it being used for many until it reaches a peak value and after that it decrease slowly
years already. This because MO has many benefits for to zero. Commonly impulse voltage was used to test the
example good cooling performance, price for MO is low, breakdown of high voltage due to lightning. Insulation is an
good performance for long period and other [5]. MO important component in the transformer because failure in
performance is good as insulation in transformer but it still insulation will lead to failure in transformer also. Therefore,
gave bad effect towards the environment because it is not impulse test need to be conducted to test the ability of
biodegradable and also will run out one day since it non- transformer to withstand the lightning impulse.
(a) (b)
(b)
Fig. 2. (a) Samples of virgin coconut oil, (b) mineral oil
(c)
(d)
Fig. 5. (a) Cylindrical test cell that filled with sample, (b) Experiment
setup, (c) Online monitoring system, (d) Test configuration for lightning
impulse [3]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors like to express the gratitude to Universiti
Pertahanan Malaysia (UPNM) for providing equipment to
conduct the experiment and also to Universiti Teknologi
MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang (UiTM) for the research
material and conducting an experiment.
Fig. 6. Breakdown voltage for samples free from particle
REFERENCES
Fig. 6 shows the result for BDV of MO and VCO that [1] T. Suwanasri, S. Homklinkaew, and C. Suwanasri,
has been tested before exposed to the thermal stress. The “Effects of lightning impulse on power transformer
sample also been examined in positive and negative insulation level,” 2009 6th Int. Conf. Electr. [1]
polarity. Overall, the reading for both polarity are quite T. Suwanasri, S. Homklinkaew, and C. Suwanasri,
closed for MO but for VCO the negative polarity result drop “Effects of lightning impulse on power transformer
a little bit. Besides, for all samples thermal stress decreased insulation level,” 2009 6th Int. Conf. Electr. Eng.
the BDV performance. Comput. Telecommun. Inf. Technol. ECTI-CON
2009, vol. 1, pp. 100–103, 2009.
[2] B. S. H. M. S. Y. Matharage, M. A. R. M. Fernando,
M. A. A. P. Bandara, G. A. Jayantha, and C. S.
Kalpage, “Performance of coconut oil as an
alternative transformer liquid insulation,” IEEE
Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 20, no. 3, pp.
887–898, 2013.
[3] N. I. A. Katim, M. T. Ishak, A. M. Ishak, and M. Z.
A. A. Kadir, “Behavior of Biodegradable Oil under
Impulse Voltages,” vol. 785, pp. 1–5, 2015.
[4] N. I. A. Katim et al., “Examination on the lightning
breakdown strength of biodegradable oil under
quasi-uniform field,” Conf. Proceeding - 2014 IEEE
Int. Conf. Power Energy, PECon 2014, pp. 17–20,
2014.
[5] A. A. H. Zaidi, N. Hussin, and M. K. M. Jamil,
Fig. 7. Breakdown voltage of samples with particle
“Experimental study on vegetable oils properties for
Fig. 7 represents the outcomes from samples that aging power transformer,” 2015 IEEE Conf. Energy
together with copper. Three parameters have been included Conversion, CENCON 2015, pp. 349–353, 2015.
in this experiment which is polarity, types of oil and thermal [6] I. M. Y. Negara, N. K. Aryani, D. A. Asfani, D.
aging. Mineral oil has a good BDV performance in both Fahmi, R. Jauhari, and M. Wahyudi, “Analysis of
polarity and same goes to the effect of thermal aging. Even physical and electrical characteristics of transformer
VCO result are quite lower from MO, it is still comparable oil insulation during accelerated thermal aging
with MO result and standard. experiment and its lifetime estimation using
arrhenius law and breakdown voltage test,” 2017
Result shows that there not much effect of polarity in
Int. Semin. Intell. Technol. Its Appl. Strength. Link
BDV of both oil sample. Although result for negative
Between Univ. Res. Ind. to Support ASEAN Energy
polarity show a higher BDV compare with positive polarity,
the different is not much and acceptable. Therefore, polarity Sect. ISITIA 2017 - Proceeding, vol. 2017–Janua,
do not give much effect on BDV of oil insulation under pp. 139–143, 2017.
lightning impulse. Other than that, sample that has undergo [7] S. S. Sinan, J. Jasni, N. Azis, M. Z. A. Ab Kadir,
thermal aging process give a result where it BDV was lower and M. N. Mohtar, “Effect of Particles on the AC
for all sample. Sample with particle and without particle Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil,”
show a reduction of BDV when undergo thermal aging Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 793, pp. 70–74, 2015.
process. This show that thermal aging process will reduces [8] M. Hussain, “Lightning impulse test in precise,” 9
the BDV of oil insulation in transformer. April, 2017. .
[9] M. P. Wilson et al., “Breakdown of mineral oil:
Effect of electrode geometry and rate of voltage
rise,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 19,
no. 5, pp. 1657–1664, 2012.
[10] Q. Liu and Z. Wang, “Breakdown and withstand
strengths of ester transformer liquids in a quasi-
uniform field under impulse voltages,” IEEE Trans.
Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 571–579,
2013.
[11] F. Husnayain, M. Latif, and I. Garniwa,
“Transformer oil lifetime prediction using the
Arrhenius law based on physical and electrical
characteristics,” Int. Conf. Qual. Res., pp. 115–120,
2015.
[12] D. E. Selangor, B. Sciences, and U. Putra,
“Physicochemical properties of virgin coconut oil
extracted from different processing methods,” Int.
Food Res. J., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 837–845, 2012.