Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind, part 1

ŽŠœȱ˜›ȱŠȱ•Šœ’Œȱ’—DZȱ‘Žȱȁ•’—ȱŠ—Ȃœȱ’Œ”ȂȱǻǼȱ

¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ’ŸŽȱŠž›Žȱ˜ȱŠŽ›’Š•ȱž•ž›Ž

Lambros Malafouris

In this article I employ the example of the ‘Blind Man’s stick’ (BMS) in order to redraw
the traditional boundaries that separate brains, bodies and things. It is argued that the
functional anatomy of the human brain is a dynamic bio-cultural construct subject to
continuous ontogenetic and phylogenetic remodelling by behaviourally important and
socially embedded experiences. These experiences are mediated and sometimes constituted
by the use of material objects and artefacts (like the stick) which for that reason should
be seen as continuous and active parts of the human cognitive architecture. Based on the
above premises I use the example of the Blombos shell beads in order to explore the role of
early body decoration in the emergence of human self awareness.

Can culture (in general) and material culture (in par-
’Œž•Š›ǼȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹›Š’—ǵȱœȱ‘Žȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ ˜›•ȱ
ŒŠžœŠ••¢ȱŽěŽŒ’ŸŽȱ’—ȱœ‘Š™’—ȱ‘Žȱž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱŠ—Š˜–¢ȱ
Š—ȱœ›žŒž›Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœ¢œŽ–ǵȱ‹˜ŸŽȱ
all how should the relationship between mind, brain
Š—ȱ –ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ Œž•ž›Žȱ ‹Žȱ ž—Ž›œ˜˜ǵȱ ‘Šȱ ’œȱ ‘Žȱ
role of things in the dynamic interaction between
neural growth mechanisms and environmentally
Ž›’ŸŽȱ—Žž›Š•ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ǵȱ‘Ž—ǰȱ ˜ȱŽŒŠŽœȱŠ˜ǰȱ‘Žȱ
argument for the ‘active nature of material culture’
ŠŸŠ—ŒŽȱ’—ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȱǻ
˜Ž›ȱŗşŞŘDzȱŗşŞŝDzȱ’••Ž›ȱ •’—”œȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ –’—ǰȱ ‹›Š’—ȱ Š—ȱ Œž•ž›Žǯȱ •‘˜ž‘ȱ
ŗşŞŝDzȱ Ž—›Ž ȱ ŗşŞŘDzȱ ’••Ž¢ȱ ŗşşŗDzȱ ‘˜–Šœȱ ŗşşŜǼȱ Ž ȱ
could imagine that this could ever be explored at the
Ž‹‹ȱǻŗşŚşǼȱꛜȱ
•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹›Š’—ǯȱȱ‘Šȱ’–ŽǰȱŠ—ȱ˜›ȱ–Š—¢ȱ
good reasons, it was the recognition of the symbolic,
Š——Š—ȱ ŘŖŖŜǼ on the brain
ideational and social dimensions of material culture
‘Šȱ ˜ŒŒž™’Žȱ ‘Žȱ ˜Œžœȱ ˜ȱ Š›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ŠĴŽ—’˜—ȱ
Š—ȱ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—›˜ŸŽ›œ¢ǯȱŠ—¢ȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱ•Žœœ˜—œǰȱ
epistemic and other, have been learned over the last
 ˜ȱŽŒŠŽœǰȱŽœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱꎕȱ˜ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱŠ—ȱ
social archaeology which, coupled with many new
Ž–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ ꗍ’—œǰȱ ›Š—œ˜›–Žȱ ˜ž›ȱ ž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ
of human cognitive evolution and the cognitive life of
‘’—œǯȱžȱŠ—ȱŠ›ž–Ž—ȱŒŠ—ȱ‹Žȱ–ŠŽȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜-
logical interpretive preoccupation with the symbolic,
representational and communicative dimension of
Ž‹‹ȂœȱŽ¡™Ž›’–Ž—œǰȱ‹žȱ’ȱ’œȱ—˜ ȱ
Cambridge Archaeological JournalȱŗŞDZřǰȱŚŖŗȮŗŚȱ ȚȱŘŖŖŞȱŒ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜›ȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘
˜’DZŗŖǯŗŖŗŝȦŖşśşŝŝŚřŖŞŖŖŖŚŚşȱȱȱȱȱ›’—Žȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—’Žȱ
’—˜–ǯ
ŚŖŗ
™Šœȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱŒž•ž›Žȱ•ŽĞȱœ˜–Žȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ–˜›Žȱ‹Šœ’ŒȱŠ—ȱ
direct links between cognition and material culture
ž—Ž¡™•˜›Žǯȱ
ȱŒ˜ž›œŽǰȱž—’•ȱšž’Žȱ›ŽŒŽ—•¢ǰȱ˜—ŽȱŒ˜ž•ȱ‘Š›•¢ȱ
ꗍȱŠ—¢ȱ’›ŽŒȱŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ˜›ȱŒ‘Š—Žœȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›Š—’£Š-
tional anatomy of the human brain resulting from a
ŽŒ’Ž•¢ȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱŒŠžœŽǯȱ˜—œ’Ž›ǰȱ˜›ȱ’—œŠ—ŒŽǰȱ‘Žȱ
property of neuroplasticity (for a good review see
ŠœŒžŠ•ȬŽ˜—Žȱet alǯȱŘŖŖřǼȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘ŠœȱŠȱŒŽ—›Š•ȱ›˜•Žȱ’—ȱ
understanding human embodiment and the possible
notions like that of experience-dependent plasticity
˜ȱ‹ŠŒ”ȱŠȱ•ŽŠœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’–Žȱ ‘Ž—ȱǯȱ
ŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱȁŽ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—Š•ȱŽ—›’Œ‘–Ž—Ȃ1
ǻ’‘’Š—Š—‘Š›Š“Š‘ȱ ǭȱ
ȯȱ œ’–™•¢ȱ ‹¢ȱ Œ˜–™Š›’—ȱ ›Šœȱ ‘Šȱ  Ž›Žȱ Š••˜ Žȱ ˜ȱ
›˜Š–ȱ›ŽŽ•¢ȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱ‘˜–Žȱ ’‘ȱ‘˜œŽȱ‘Šȱ‘Šȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ•ŽĞȱ
’—ȱ•Š‹˜›Š˜›¢ȱŒŠŽœȱȯȱ•’Ĵ•Žȱ Šœȱ‘Ž—ȱ”—˜ —ȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘Žȱ
ž—Ž›•¢’—ȱŒŠžœŠ•ȱ–ŽŒ‘Š—’œ–œǯȱ
Yet over the last two decades, our knowledge
about neuroplasticity and the ability of the developing
‹›Š’—ȱ˜ȱ–˜’¢ȱ’œȱ˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ȱŽœŒŠ™’—ȱ‘Žȱ›Žœ›’Œ-
’˜—œȱ˜ȱ’œȱ˜ —ȱŽ—˜–Žȱ‘ŠœȱœŽŽ—ȱ›Šœ’ŒȱŠŸŠ—ŒŽœǯȱ˜ȱ
only is neuroscience now able to provide new insights
into the mechanisms of experience-dependent plastic-
’¢ȱŽ–˜—œ›ŠŽȱ‹¢ȱ
 Special Section

possible even to delay, through manipulating envi- ŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ–žœ’ŒŠ•ȱ›Š’—’—ȱŠ—ȱ—ŠŸ’Š’˜—ȱŽ¡™Ž›’œŽǯȱ—ȱ

ronmental enrichment, the onset and progression of ‘ŽȱꛜȱŒŠœŽǰȱŒ˜–™Š›’œ˜—ȱ˜ȱ‹›Š’—ȱŠ—Š˜–¢ȱ˜ȱœ”’••Žȱ
‹›Š’—ȱ’œ˜›Ž›œȱǻŽǯǯȱ
ž—’—˜—Ȃœȱ’œŽŠœŽǰȱŠ›”’—œ˜—Ȃœȱ musicians with that of non-musicians indicates that
’œŽŠœŽȱǻǼǰȱ˜ —Ȃœȱœ¢—›˜–ŽǼȱŠ—ȱŸŠ›’˜žœȱ˜›–œȱ˜ȱ prolonged instrumental practice leads to an enlarge-
‹›Š’—ȱ’—“ž›¢ȱ’—ȱ›Š—œŽ—’Œȱ–’ŒŽǯȱ˜›Ž˜ŸŽ›ǰȱ’ȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ ment of the hand area in the motor cortex (Amunts
demonstrated that enrichment enhances learning and et al.ȱŗşşŝǼǯȱ’–’•Š›ȱ™•Šœ’ŒȱŽěŽŒœȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ˜‹œŽ›ŸŽȱ
memory, reduces memory decline in aged animals, in professional pianists and violinists with respect to
decreases anxiety and increases exploratory activity ‘Žȱœ’£Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜›™žœȱŒŠ••˜œž–ȱǻŒ‘•Šžȱet al.ȱŗşşśǼǯȱ
ǻ’‘’Š—Š—‘Š›Š“Š‘ȱǭȱ
Š——Š—ȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ˜–’—ȱŒ•˜œŽ›ȱ˜ȱ —ȱ‘ŽȱœŽŒ˜—ȱŒŠœŽȱ‘Žȱœž¢ȱ˜ȱŠž’›Žȱet al. (2000)
˜ž›ȱ˜ —ȱœ™ŽŒ’ŽœǰȱŽŸŽ—ȱ–˜›Žȱ’–™›Žœœ’ŸŽȱŠ›Žȱꗍ’—œȱ concerning the navigation-related changes observed
’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŒŠœŽȱ ˜ȱ ™›’–ŠŽœǯȱȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žȱ ˜ȱ in the hippocampi of London taxi drivers is reveal-
current progress in this area can be found in the study ’—ǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜–™Š›’œ˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ›žŒž›Š•ȱȱǻ–Š—Ž’Œȱ
˜ȱ ŠŒ”œ˜—ȱ et al.ȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǰȱ œŽŽȱ Š•œ˜ȱ ŠŸ˜˜›’ȱ et al. 2005)
 ‘Ž›Žȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ ꛜȱ ’–Žȱ Š—ȱ ’–™•Š—Š‹•Žȱ —Žž›˜Œ‘’™ȱ
was designed and used for long-term recording and
œ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱŽ¡™Ž›’–Ž—œȱ’—ȱ›ŽŽ•¢ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’—ȱ™›’–ŠŽœǯȱ
‘’œȱ Ž—Š‹•Žȱ ‘Ž–ȱ ˜ȱ œ‘˜ ȱ ‘Šȱ —Šž›Š•ȱ ™ŠĴŽ›—œȱ ˜ȱ
cortical spiking in vivo during normal behaviour can
•ŽŠȱ˜ȱ’—™žȬœ™ŽŒ’ęŒȱ
Ž‹‹’Š—ȱ™•Šœ’Œ’¢ǯ2ȱŽȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi
also mention here the recent neuroanatomical study
‹¢ȱ
’‘Š›ŠȱŠ—ȱŒ˜••ŽŠžŽœȱŽœŒ›’‹’—ȱ‘˜ ȱ ˜ȱ ŽŽ”œȱ
of tool-use training forges a novel cortico–cortical
connection linking the intraparietal area and tempo-
resonance imaging) scans obtained from the taxi
›’ŸŽ›œȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—›˜•ȱ œž‹“ŽŒœȱ œ‘˜ Žȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜—Žȱ
hand, that the posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers
 Ž›Žȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—•¢ȱ•Š›Ž›ǰȱžŽȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŽ¡Ž—œ’ŸŽȱ›Š’—-
ing and experience in navigating inside the city of
London, and, on the other, that hippocampal volume
driver (positively in the posterior and negatively in
‘ŽȱŠ—Ž›’˜›ȱ‘’™™˜ŒŠ–™žœǼǯȱ
‘ŽȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—œȱŠ—ȱꗍ’—œȱ’œŒžœœŽȱŠ‹˜ŸŽȱ
bear some important implications for the archaeo-
›˜™Š›’ŽŠ•ȱ“ž—Œ’˜—ȱǻǼǯȱ‘’œȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žœȱ‘ŽȱꛜȱŽŸ’-
dence for induction of novel connections in the adult
monkey cerebral cortex by demanding behavioural
•ŽŠ›—’—ȱǻ
’‘Š›Šȱet al.ȱŘŖŖŜDzȱœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ›’”’ȱŘŖŖśDzȱŘŖŖŜDzȱ œ’£Žǰȱ ˜›ȱ –˜›Žȱ ›ŽŒŽ—•¢ȱ –’››˜›ȱ —Žž›˜—œǼǰȱ –Š¢ȱ —˜ȱ ‹Žȱ
›’”’ȱǭȱŠ”ž›ŠȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ
šžŠ••¢ȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ Š›Žȱ ‘Žȱ ꗍ’—œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŒŠœŽȱ
of humans where cognitive and social neuroscience
‹Ž’—ȱ ˜ȱ ˜ěŽ›ȱ Šȱ  ‘˜•Žȱ —Ž ȱ –ŽŠ—œȱ ˜›ȱ Ž¡™•˜›’—ȱ
‘Žȱ ŽěŽŒœȱ ˜ȱ Œž•ž›Žȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ ‹›Š’—ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ
mechanisms of activity-dependent plasticity which
ž—Ž›•’Žȱ‘Žȱ›Ž˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŒ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—œȱ
ž›’—ȱ •ŽŠ›—’—ȱ ǻ˜•›ŠŒ”ȱ ŘŖŖŖDzȱ
Ž••¢ȱ ǭȱ Š›ŠŸŠ—ȱ related with the time spent taxi driving (Maguire et
ŘŖŖśDzȱžŠ›£ȱǭȱŽ“—˜ œ”’ȱŗşşŝǼǯȱŽȱ—˜ ȱ”—˜ ȱ‘Šȱ
plasticity is not an occasional but the normal ongoing
state of the nervous system throughout the lifespan
ǻŠœŒžŠ•ȬŽ˜—Žȱet alǯȱŘŖŖřǰȱřŝşǼǯȱ˜ȱ˜—•¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ
cortical maps exhibit strong plasticity during the early
developmental period, during which synaptic densi-
ties (the number of synapses per unit volume of brain
tissue) in most brain regions are at their maximum,
‹žȱ‘Ž¢ȱŠ•œ˜ȱŠ™™ŽŠ›ȱ˜ȱ›ŽŠ’—ȱŠȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱŽ›ŽŽȱ˜ȱ
™•Šœ’Œ’¢ȱ’—˜ȱŠž•‘˜˜ȱǻž˜—˜–Š—˜ȱǭȱŽ›£Ž—’Œ‘ȱ
ŗşşŞDzȱ•Š”Ž–˜›Žȱǭȱ‘˜ž‘ž›¢ȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ
Furthermore new evidence for learning-induced
alterations in the brain’s macroscopic structure,
which among other things contradict the tradition-
ally held view that cortical plasticity is associated
with functional rather than anatomical changes,
‹ŽŒ˜–ŽœȱŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žǯȱ ˜ȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’ŒȱŽ¡Š–™•Žœȱ‘Šȱ
can help us illustrate the above can be found in the
ŚŖŘ
logy of mind and our conventional understanding
˜ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–’—ǯȱ ȱ Œ˜ž›œŽǰȱ™•Šœ’Œ’¢ǰȱ
œ’–’•Š›•¢ȱ ’‘ȱ–Š—¢ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱŠ›ŽŠœȱ˜ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱǻŽǯǯȱ‹›Š’—ȱ
‘Žȱ‹Žœȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ˜ȱ•˜˜”ȱ˜›ȱœ’—œȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱž—’šžŽ—Žœœǯȱ
Nevertheless, although plasticity is not the whole
story it certainly points in the right direction, encour-
Š’—ȱ—Ž ȱ‘¢™˜‘ŽœŽœȱŠ—ȱ˜ěŽ›’—ȱŠȱžœŽž•ȱŠ—Š•¢’Œȱ
‹›’Žȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ‹›Š’—ǰȱ‹˜¢ȱŠ—ȱŒž•ž›Žǯȱ˜›ȱ’—ŽŽǰȱ
if the volume of the hippocampus of a taxi driver and
the corpus callosum of a pianist can be positively cor-
al. 2000) or practising the piano (Schlaug et al.ȱŗşşśǼǰȱ
‘Ž—ȱ‘ŽȱŽŸ˜•ž’˜—Š›¢ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ–Š—¢ȱ•˜—ȬŽ›–ȱ
practices in human brain anatomy, structure and
ž—Œ’˜—ȱ—ŽŽœȱŽ¡Ž—œ’ŸŽȱ›Ž‘’—”’—ǯȱ˜—Žȱ”—Š™™’—ȱ
is the obvious example here with Stout et al. (2008;
˜žȱǭȱ‘Š–’—ŠŽȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ˜žȱŘŖŖśǼȱŠ•›ŽŠ¢ȱ˜ěŽ›’—ȱ
some concrete imaging evidence about the neural
correlates of the changing lithic technologies and their
possible implications for long-standing evolutionary
questions such as the relationship between tool use
Š—ȱ •Š—žŠŽǯȱ •ŽŠ›•¢ȱ ‘Žȱ šžŽœ’˜—œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ Š‹˜ŸŽȱ
ꗍ’—œȱ ›Š’œŽȱ Ž¡Ž—ȱ ‹Ž¢˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜–Š’—ȱ ˜ȱ œ˜—Žȱ
˜˜•œǯȱ‘Ž¢ȱŠ•œ˜ȱ›Ž•ŠŽȱ˜ȱ–˜›Žȱ›ŽŒŽ—ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœŽœȱŠ—ȱ
™›ŠŒ’ŒŽœȱ ‘Šȱ Š™™ŽŠ›ȱ  Ž••ȱ ŠĞŽ›ȱ ‘Žȱ Š™™ŽŠ›Š—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ
Homo sapiensǰȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŘŖŖǰŖŖŖȱŠ—ȱŝŖǰŖŖŖȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱŠ˜ǰȱ
Š›žŠ‹•¢ȱ ’‘ȱ–Š“˜›ȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜›ȱ˜ž›ȱŒ˜—ŸŽ—’˜—Š•ȱ
archaeological understanding of the origin of human
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ–˜Ž›—’¢ǯȱ˜—ȬœŠ—’—ȱŠ—‘›˜™˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ
 Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind, part 1
and archaeological debates, such as those over the
nature of symbolism, the mechanisms of social
–Ž–˜›¢ȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱ•’Ž›ŠŒ¢ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’-
’ŸŽȱœ¢œŽ–ȱȯȱ‘Žȱ•ŠĴŽ›ȱ–˜›ŽȱŠ–’•’Š›ȱŠœȱ‘Žȱȁ•’Ž›ŠŒ¢ȱ
‘Žœ’œȂȱǻ
Š•ŸŽ—œ˜—ȱŗşşŘǼȱŠ—ȱ–˜›Žȱ›ŽŒŽ—•¢ȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ
‘Žȱ ˜›”ȱ˜ȱǯȱ˜—Š•ȱǻŗşşŗǰȱřŖŞȮŗşǼȱȯȱŒŠ—ȱ—˜ ȱ‹Žȱ
œŽŽ—ȱ’—ȱŠȱ—Ž ȱ•’‘ǯȱ˜›ȱŽ¡Š–™•ŽǰȱŒ˜–™Š›’—ǰȱžœ’—ȱ
™˜œ’›˜—ȱ Ž–’œœ’˜—ȱ ˜–˜›Š™‘¢ȱ ǻǼȱ œŒŠ—ǰȱ Šȱ ›˜ž™ȱ
of literate and illiterate people from a small town
’—ȱ œ˜ž‘Ž›—ȱ ˜›žŠ•ǰȱ Šœ›˜ȬŠ•Šœȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜••ŽŠžŽœȱ
ǻŗşşŞǼȱ˜ěŽ›Žȱ‘Žȱꛜȱ’›ŽŒȱŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ‘Šȱ•’Ž›ŠŒ¢ȱ™Ž›-
–Š—Ž—•¢ȱŒ‘Š—Žœȱ‹›Š’—ȱ˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ǯȱ ˜ȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱ•ŠŽ›ȱ
Š—˜‘Ž›ȱȱœž¢ȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽȱŠ’’˜—Š•ȱŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ‘Šȱ
Œž•ž›Š•ȱŠŒ˜›œǰȱŠœȱ›ŽĚŽŒŽȱ’—ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ˜›‘˜›Š™‘’Œȱ
œ¢œŽ–œȱ ǻŠ•’Š—ȱ vsȱ —•’œ‘Ǽǰȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ™˜ Ž›ž••¢ȱ œ‘Š™Žȱ
—Žž›˜™‘¢œ’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱœ¢œŽ–œȱǻŠž•Žœžȱet al.ȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ˜›Žȱ
›ŽŒŽ—•¢ȱŠ—ȱŠ—ȱŒ˜••ŽŠžŽœȱǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ˜ž—ȱ‘Šȱ
žŒ‘’—œȱ
divergent linguistic and cultural experiences (native
—Š™™ŽĴȱŘŖŖśDzȱ‘ŽŽ•Ž›ȱŘŖŖśDzȱ
Chinese vsȱ—Š’ŸŽȱ—•’œ‘ȱœ™ŽŠ”Ž›œǼȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ
 ’‘ȱ’œ’—Œȱ™ŠĴŽ›—œȱ˜ȱ‹›Š’—ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱž›’—ȱ–Š‘-
Ž–Š’ŒŠ•ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ǯ
Šž›Š••¢ȱŽ¡™•˜›’—ȱ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱŒž•ž›Žȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ
brain (and vice versa) over the long-term is a far more
’ĜŒž•ȱŠœ”ǯȱ‘Žȱ•’—”ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ˜—˜Ž—¢ȱŠ—ȱ™‘¢•˜-
eny is not as straightforward as our previous parallel
‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŠ¡’ȱ›’Ÿ’—ȱŠ—ȱ˜˜•ȱ–Š”’—ȱ–’‘ȱ’–™•¢ǯȱȱ
present, learning and practice-related developmental
plasticity appear as the most promising areas of
research in helping us to build some analytic bridges
between the short-term and long-term aspects of
human cognitive becoming in ways that could become
˜™Ž›Š’˜—Š•’£Žȱ›˜–ȱŠ—ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽǯȱ
˜ȱ ‘’œȱ Ž—ǰȱ  ˜ȱ ›ŽŒŽ—•¢ȱ ™›˜™˜œŽǰȱ Š—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ •Š›Žȱ
Ž¡Ž—ȱ Œ˜–™•Ž–Ž—Š›¢ǰȱ ‘¢™˜‘ŽœŽœȱ –Š¢ȱ ˜ěŽ›ȱ œ˜–Žȱ
Š’’˜—Š•ȱž’Ž•’—Žœȱ’—ȱ˜ž›ȱŠĴŽ–™ȱ˜ȱž—Ž›œŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ
nature of long-term developmental cognitive mecha-
nisms between the poles of nativist, selectionist and
Œ˜—œ›žŒ’Ÿ’œȱ–˜Ž•œȱǻžŠ›£ȱŗşşşǼǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱ˜—Žȱ‘Š—ǰȱ
the neural exploitation hypothesisȱ Œ•Š’–œǰȱ ŸŽ›¢ȱ ‹›’ŽĚ¢ǰȱ
that key aspects of human social cognition are under-
pinned by the adaptation of sensory-motor-integrating
brain mechanisms to serve new roles in thought and
language, while retaining their original functions as
 Ž••ȱǻœŽŽȱ Š••ŽœŽȱŘŖŖśDzȱ Š••ŽœŽȱǭȱŠ”˜ěȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱ
other hand, the hypothesis of cultural reconversion or
‘neuronal recycling’ȱǻŽ‘ŠŽ—ŽȱŘŖŖśǰȱŗŚŝǼȱ›ŽŽ›œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
capacity of human cerebral architecture to transform
what was initially a useful function in our evolution-
ary past into another function which is currently more
žœŽž•ȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱŒ˜—Ž¡ǯ
••ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ ™›˜œ™ŽŒœǰȱ ȱ œžŽœǰȱ Œ˜–Žȱ  ’‘ȱ Šȱ
clear requirement: working towards developing a
neuroarchaeology of mind we need to constantly
ŚŖř
’ž›ŽȱŗǯȱMind is more than a brain.
›Ž–’—ȱ˜ž›œŽ•ŸŽœȱ‘Šȱ‘˜ ŽŸŽ›ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›”-
’—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹›Š’—ȱ–’‘ȱ‹Žǰȱ‘Ž¢ȱ˜ěŽ›ȱžœȱ˜—•¢ȱŠȱ™Š›ȱ
˜ȱ‘Žȱ™’Œž›Žǯȱ‘ŽȱŽ–™Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱžœŽȱŠ••ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ›Š™’•¢ȱ
ŠŒŒž–ž•Š’—ȱ —Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—’ęŒȱ ›Žœ˜ž›ŒŽœȱ ˜›ȱ ꛖ•¢ȱ
situating the human mind inside the head should be
›Žœ’œŽǰȱȱ‹Ž•’ŽŸŽǰȱ˜›ȱ˜‹Ÿ’˜žœȱ›ŽŠœ˜—œDZȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’-
’˜—ǰȱŠœȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȱ˜ž‘ȱ˜ȱ”—˜ ȱ‹ŽĴŽ›ȱ‘Š—ȱŠ—¢ȱ
˜‘Ž›ȱ’œŒ’™•’—Žǰȱ—ŽŽœȱ–˜›Žȱ‘Š—ȱŠȱ‹›Š’—ȱǻ
ŗşşśDzȱ•Š›”ȱŗşşŝDzȱŘŖŖŗDzȱ
Ž—›Ž ȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŠ•ȱŒ‘Š••Ž—ŽȱŠŒ’—ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ǰȱ
then, lies in reconciling and integrating our new
knowledge about the functional networks of the devel-
˜™’—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹›Š’—ȱŠ—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ™˜œœ’‹•ŽȱŒž•ž›ŽȬœ™ŽŒ’ęŒȱ
™ŠĴŽ›—œȱ˜ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ ’‘ȱ‘ŽȱŠŒŒž–ž•Š’—ȱŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ
for the extended, distributed, embodied and mediated
Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›ȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ȱǻŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱŘŖŖŚǼȱǻ’ǯȱ
ŗǼǯȱ‘Žȱ˜‹“ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ’œȱ—˜ȱ˜ȱ›Š—œ•ŠŽȱ˜›ȱ›ŽžŒŽȱŠȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱ
story into a biological one but instead to integrate the
 ˜ȱœ˜›’Žœǯȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠœ”ǰȱŠœȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘Ž›ȱ
Andy Clark has proposed, is how do we put brain,
‹˜¢ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ  ˜›•ȱ ‹ŠŒ”ȱ ˜Ž‘Ž›ȱ ŠŠ’—ȱ ǻŗşşŝǼǵȱ ˜ȱ
‘’œȱŽ—ȱȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱœž¢ȱ˜ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱŒž•ž›Žȱ
ŒŠ—ȱ–Š”Žȱœ˜–ŽȱŸŽ›¢ȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—œǯ
˜ȱ ’••žœ›ŠŽȱ ‘Žȱ Š‹˜ŸŽȱ ž›‘Ž›ȱ Š—ȱ Šœȱ Šȱ ˜˜ȱ
means to put forward the main argument of this paper
ȱ ’••ȱŽ–™•˜¢ȱ‘ŽȱŒ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽ¡Š–™•Žȱ
˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹•’—ȱ–Š—Ȃœȱœ’Œ”ȱǻ›˜–ȱ—˜ ȱ˜—ȱǼȱǻŽ›•ŽŠžȬ
˜—¢ȱŗşŜŘǰȱŗŚřDzȱ˜•Š—¢’ȱŗşŜŜǼǯ
‘Žȱ•’—ȱŠ—Ȃœȱ’Œ”ȱǻǼȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱ
‘’—”ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ‹•’—ȱ –Š—ȱ  ’‘ȱ Šȱ œ’Œ”ǯȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ ˜Žœȱ ‘Žȱ
‹•’—ȱ–Š—ȂœȱœŽ•ȱŽ—ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ›Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›•ȱ‹Ž’—ǵȱ
‘Ž›Žȱ˜ȱ Žȱ›Š ǰȱŠ—ȱ˜—ȱ ‘Šȱ‹Šœ’œȱŒŠ—ȱ Žȱ›Š ǰȱ
Šœȱ ›Ž˜›¢ȱŠŽœ˜—ȱŠœ”œǰȱŠȱŽ•’–’’—ȱ•’—ŽȱŠŒ›˜œœȱ‘Žȱ
extended cognitive system which determines the
‹•’—ȱ –Š—Ȃœȱ •˜Œ˜–˜’˜—ǵȱȱ ‘Žȱ ’™ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œ’Œ”ǵȱȱ
‘Žȱ‘Š—•Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ’Œ”ǵȱ›ȱŠȱœ˜–Žȱ™˜’—ȱ‘Š• Š¢ȱž™ȱ
‘Žȱœ’Œ”ǵȱǻŠŽœ˜—ȱŗşŝřǰȱřŗŞǼǯȱ˜›Žȱ‘Š—ȱ˜ž›ȱŽŒŠŽœȱ
ŠĞŽ›ȱŽ›•ŽŠžȬ˜—¢ȱǻŗşŜŘǼǰȱ˜•Š¢—’ȱǻŗşŜŘǼȱŠ—ȱŠŽœ˜—ȱ
ǻŗşŝřǼȱꛜȱ›Š’œŽȱ‘ŽœŽȱšžŽœ’˜—œȱ‘Ž¢ȱŠ›Žȱœ’••ȱ ’‘ȱ
us, maybe more timely than ever if one considers the
radical innovations that are taking place in the area
˜ȱ —Žž›˜™›˜œ‘Ž’Œœǯȱ ˜›ȱ ’—œŠ—ŒŽǰȱ ›Š’—ȬŠŒ‘’—Žȱ
 Special Section
—Ž›ŠŒŽœȱǻœǼȱ—˜ ȱ–Š”Žȱ’ȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ˜›ȱŠȱ–˜—”Ž¢ȱ
or human to operate remote devices directly via neural
ŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱǻœŽŽȱ’Œ˜•Ž•’œȱŘŖŖŗDzȱŘŖŖřDzȱ˜—˜‘žŽȱŘŖŖŘǼǯ3ȱȱ
course, impressive as the ability to control a robotic
hand by ‘thought’ alone might seem, it is, nonetheless,
simply the most recent chapter of an old story, which
Š›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȱ”—˜ œȱ Ž••ǰȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘ŽȱꛜȱŒ‘Š™Ž›ȱ
 Šœȱ™›˜‹Š‹•¢ȱŠ•›ŽŠ¢ȱ ›’ĴŽ—ȱœ˜–ŽȱŘǯŜȱ–¢Šȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ
–Š—žŠŒž›Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱꛜȱœ˜—Žȱ˜˜•œǯȱ—ŽŽǰȱ›˜–ȱŠ—ȱ
Š›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š••Ž—Žȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱȱ
šžŽœ’˜—ǰȱ˜›ȱ’—ȱŠŒȱŠ—¢ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ›Š’—Ȭ›ŽŠŒȱ—Ž›ŠŒŽǰȱ
™˜œŽœȱ’œȱŽŸŽ—ȱ›ŽŠŽ›ǯȱ—Žȱ—ŽŽœȱœ’–™•¢ȱ˜ȱ›Ž™•ŠŒŽȱ‘Žȱ
stick with any of the numerous artefacts that constitute
the diverse archaeological inventory of prehistoric
–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱŒž•ž›Žǰȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ˜˜•œȱŠ—ȱ–Š›”Žȱ˜‹“ŽŒœȱ
of the Stone Age to the more recent symbolic or
ȁŽ¡˜›Š™‘’ŒȂȱǻ˜—Š•ȱŗşşŗǼȱŽŒ‘—˜•˜’Žœǰȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱ
›ŽŠ•’£Žȱ‘Šȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’œȱ–˜›Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ‘Š—ȱ
Šȱ–Ž›Žȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘’ŒŠ•ȱ™ž££•Žǯȱ‘Žȱ™›˜‹•Ž–ȱ’œȱž›‘Ž›ȱ
complicated if one considers that for archaeology the
œ’Œ”ȱ’œȱ—˜ȱœ’–™•¢ȱŠȱȁ™Š‘ Š¢ȱŠ•˜—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ
Š›Žȱ›Š—œ–’ĴŽȱž—Ž›ȱ›Š—œ˜›–Š’˜—ȂȱǻŠŽœ˜—ȱŗşŝřǰȱ
318), but instead a ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ’œŽ•ǯȱ‘Žȱœ’Œ”ǰȱ˜ȱžœŽȱ
Œž‘Š—Ȃœȱ˜›–ž•Š’˜—ǰȱ’œȱŸŽ›¢ȱ˜ĞŽ—ȱ—˜ȱ‘Žȱ–Ž’ž–ȱ
‹žȱ‘Žȱ–ŽœœŠŽȱǻŗşŜŚǼǯȱ
ȱ–Š¢ȱ—˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠœȱ˜‹Ÿ’˜žœȱŠœȱ’ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹Žǰȱ‹žȱœ˜–Žȱ
of the most challenging questions about the emergence
of human intelligence and our understanding of
cultural transmission and the cognitive life of things
depend on where precisely one decides, implicitly or
explicitly, to draw the line between the mind and the
material world and infer the direction of causality
‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ‹’˜•˜¢ȱ Š—ȱ Œž•ž›Žǯȱ ŸŽ—ȱ ˜›ȱ ‘˜œŽȱ ˜ȱ žœȱ
willing to subscribe to some of the presently available
›Ž•Š’˜—Š•ȱ –˜Ž•œȱ ˜ȱ Ž–‹˜’–Ž—ȱ ›ŽŒ˜—’£’—ȱ ‘Šȱ
’쎛Ž—’Š’˜—œȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ȁ’—œ’ŽȂȱ Š—ȱ ȁ˜žœ’ŽȂȱ ˜ĞŽ—ȱ
do not apply in the context of mediated activity and
material engagement, the question of the ontologi-
ŒŠ•ȱœŠžœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ’Œ”ȱ›Ž–Š’—œȱŸŠžŽǯȱ—ȱŠœȱ•˜—ȱŠœȱ
‘Žȱ ˜—˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ œŠžœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ȱ ›Ž–Š’—œȱ ŸŠžŽȱ ’ȱ
‘›ŽŠŽ—œȱ —˜ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ˜ȱ ˜‹œŒž›Žȱ ‘Žȱ  ‘˜•Žȱ Ž’ęŒŽȱ ˜ȱ
cognitive archaeology and material culture studies,
but also to undermine the value and contribution of
‘ŽœŽȱ ›˜ ’—ȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ꎕœȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—Ž–™˜›Š›¢ȱ
œŒ’Ž—ŒŽœȱ˜ȱ–’—ǯȱ
Consequently, and in order to make more clear
–¢ȱŒŠœŽȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱ™Š™Ž›ǰȱ•Žȱ–ŽȱŒ•Š›’¢ȱ‘Šȱȱ ’••ȱžœŽȱ‘Žȱ
ȱ’—ȱ ˜ȱ–Š“˜›ȱœŽ—œŽœDZȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ˜—Žȱ‘Š—ȱȱ ’••ȱžœŽȱ
‘ŽȱȱŠœȱŠ—ȱŽ¡Ž–™•Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Š’—Ȯ›ŽŠŒȱ—Ž›ŠŒŽȱ
ǻǼȱȯȱžœŽȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ‹›˜ŠŽ›ȱœŽ—œŽȱ˜ȱ•˜—ȬŽ›–ȱ
material engagement to signify the point of intersec-
’˜—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱŒž•ž›ŽǯȱŽŒ˜—•¢ǰȱ
ȱ ’••ȱžœŽȱ‘ŽȱȱŠ•œ˜ȱŠœȱŠȱ ˜›”’—ȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱœŠ’—ȱ
ŚŖŚ
that the functional structure and anatomy of the human
brain is a dynamic construct remodelled in detail by behav-
iourally important experiences which are mediated, and
˜ĞŽ—ȱŒ˜—œ’žŽǰȱ‹¢ȱ‘ŽȱžœŽȱ˜ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ˜‹“ŽŒœȱŠ—ȱŠ›ŽŠŒœȱ
which for that reason should be seen as continuous integral
parts of the human cognitive architecture. ›˜ž—Žȱž™˜—ȱ
‘Žȱ Ž—Ž›Š•ȱ ›Š–Ž ˜›”ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ —ŠŽ–Ž—ȱ
Š™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱǻŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱŘŖŖŚDzȱŘŖŖŝ‹DzȱŽ—›Ž ȱŘŖŖŚDzȱŘŖŖŜDzȱ
ŘŖŖŝDzȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱǭȱŽ—›Ž ȱ˜›‘Œ˜–’—DzȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱ
’—ȱ ™›ŽœœǼȱ ‘Žȱ Š’–ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ȱ ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱ ’œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Ž•™ȱ
us redraw the line that separates brains, bodies and
things by bringing the archaeology of mind face to
face with two crucial and to a large extent neglected
šžŽœ’˜—œDZȱǻŗǼȱ‘ŽȱꛜȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ›—œȱ‘ŽȱŒŠžœŠ•ȱ
ŽĜŒŠŒ¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ ˜›•ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ
œ¢œŽ–ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱŠ—Š˜–¢ȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱ‹›Š’—ǯȱǻŘǼȱ
‘ŽȱœŽŒ˜—ȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ™Ž›Š’—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜ž—Š›’Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
human cognitive system and what became known
recently as the hypothesis of extended mind (Clark
ǭȱ‘Š•–Ž›œȱŗşşŞǼDZȱŠ—ȱ‘’—œǰȱ–ŠŽȱ˜ȱ ˜˜ǰȱœ˜—Žȱ
and clay, really be parts of the machinery of human
‘˜ž‘ǵ
ȱȱœŠ›ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ˜›–Ž›ȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽȱ
˜ȱ˜ž›ȱȱŽ¡Š–™•ŽȱŒŠ—ȱ‹Žȱ™žȱŠœȱ˜••˜ œDZȱ‘Šȱ˜Žœȱ
the stick do for the blind?
ž›ȱ Œ˜––˜—ȱ œŽ—œŽȱ  ˜ž•ȱ œŽŽ–ȱ ˜ȱ ŠŸ˜ž›ȱ ‘Žȱ
idea of a cognitive agent who simply exploits a tool
’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱ˜ŸŽ›Œ˜–ŽȱŠȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱŽęŒ’Ž—Œ¢ȱ‹¢ȱœž‹-
œ’ž’—ȱŸ’œ’˜—ȱ ’‘ȱ˜žŒ‘ǯȱ˜ȱŠȱŒŽ›Š’—ȱŽ¡Ž—ȱ‘’œȱ’œȱ
precisely what happens as imaging studies indicate
’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŒŠœŽȱ ˜ȱ –Š—¢ȱ ‹•’—ȱ œž‹“ŽŒœǯȱ ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ Š›ŽŠœȱ
normally underlying vision are recruited for other sen-
œ˜›¢ȱ–˜Š•’’Žœǯȱ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽœŽȱŒ›˜œœȬ–˜Š•ȱ
™•Šœ’ŒȱŽěŽŒœȱ’œȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ™›˜ęŒ’Ž—ȱ›Š’••Žȱ›ŽŠŽ›œȱ
where not only do the sensorimotor representation of
‘Žȱ›ŽŠ’—ȱꗐŽ›ȱ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ›ŽŠ•¢ȱŽŸŽ•˜™Žȱ’—ȱŒ˜–-
™Š›’œ˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱꗐŽ›œȱǻŠœŒžŠ•Ȭ
Leone et al.ȱŗşşřDzȱŽ››ȱet al.ȱŗşşŞǼȱ‹žȱŠŒ’•Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ’—ȱ
is also ‘rerouted’ to occipital visual cortex (Sadato et
al.ȱŗşşŜDzȱŗşşŞDzȱ˜‘Ž—ȱet al.ȱŗşşşǼǯȱ—ȱŠŒǰȱžœ’—ȱ›Š—œȬ
Œ›Š—’Š•ȱ–Š—Ž’Œȱœ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱǻǼȱŠœŒžŠ•ȬŽ˜—Žȱet
al. ǻŗşşřǼȱ Ž›ŽȱŠ‹•Žȱ˜ȱœ‘˜ ȱ‘Šȱ–˜’ęŒŠ’˜—œȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ
motor cortical map associated with the reading hand
’—ȱ ›Š’••Žȱ ›ŽŠŽ›œȱ  Šœȱ Š•›ŽŠ¢ȱ –Š—’Žœȱ ŠĞŽ›ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ Šȱ
Ž ȱ ‘˜ž›œȱ ˜ȱ ›Š’—’—ǯȱ ŽŒŽ—ȱ œž’Žœȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ž›‘Ž›ȱ
›Žę—ŽȱŠ—ȱŽ¡Ž—Žȱ‘ŽœŽȱꗍ’—œȱŠ›Žœœ’—ȱ‘Žȱ
’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŽŠ›•¢ȱŠ—ȱ•ŠŽȱ‹•’—ǰȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ›˜•Žȱ
of tactile versus verbal/linguistic aspects of the task
(for review see Merabet et al.ȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ
Žȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ Š•›ŽŠ¢ȱ ˜žŒ‘Žȱ ž™˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’œœžŽȱ ˜ȱ
sensory substitution and neural recycling, but now,
Š—ȱ›Žž›—’—ȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱȱŽ¡Š–™•Žǰȱ‘ŽȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ
Šœ”ȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ˜••˜ ’—DZȱ‘ŠȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘Žȱœ’Œ”ǵȱ˜Žœȱ‘Žȱ
 Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind, part 1
stick play some causal role in the above processes of
Œ›˜œœȬ–˜Š•ȱ ™•Šœ’Œ’¢ǰȱ Š—ȱ ’ȱ ’ȱ ˜Žœȱ “žœȱ  ‘Šȱ ›˜•Žȱ
–’‘ȱ‘Šȱ‹Žǵȱ‘Žȱœ›’”’—ȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱœŽ—œ˜›¢ȱŽ™›’ŸŠ-
tion or lesion in one modality in the development of
‘Žȱ ›Ž–Š’—’—ȱ –˜Š•’’Žœȱ ǻŠŸŽ•’Ž›ȱ ǭȱ ŽŸ’••Žȱ ŘŖŖŘǰȱ
ŚŚřǼȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŽ¡™•˜›Žȱ’—ȱŽŠ’•ȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱ›ŽŒŽ—ȱŽŒŠŽœǰȱ
‹žȱ‘Žȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ›˜•Žȱ˜ȱŽ¡Ž›—Š•ȱ–Ž’Š’˜—œȱȯȱŠȱ‘Žȱ
‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›Š•ȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱȯȱ’—ȱ‹›’—’—ȱŠ‹˜žȱŠ—ȱœ‘Š™’—ȱ
‘Žȱ—Šž›Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽœŽȱŒ‘Š—Žœȱ‘Šœȱ›ŽŒŽ’ŸŽȱŠ›ȱ•ŽœœȱŠĴŽ—-
’˜—ǯȱŽ¢˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹•’—ǰȱŠȱ–žŒ‘ȱ’œŒžœœŽȱ
œž¢ȱ ‹¢ȱ Ž›’ȱ ǭȱ ›Šœœ’—ŽĴ’ȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼȱ –Š¢ȱ ˜ěŽ›ȱ œ˜–Žȱ
additional insights that can prove extremely useful
‘Ž›Žǯȱœȱ‘Ž¢ȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’ŒŠ••¢ȱ›Ž–Š›”ǰȱœ’–™•¢ȱ‘˜•-
ing a stick causes a remapping of far space (the space
beyond reaching distance) to near space (the space
 ’‘’—ȱ ›ŽŠŒ‘’—ȱ ’œŠ—ŒŽǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ
Š‹˜ŸŽȱꗍ’—œȱ‹ŽŒ˜–ŽœȱŒ•ŽŠ›Ž›ȱ’ȱ Žȱ‹ŽŠ›ȱ’—ȱ–’—ȱ‘Žȱ
unique role which tactile perception plays in combin-
’—ȱ‘ŽȱȁŽěŽ›Ž—ȂȱŠ—ȱȁŠěŽ›Ž—Ȃȱœ’—Š•œȱ›Žœ™˜—œ’‹•Žȱ˜›ȱ
˜ž›ȱ œŽ—œŽȱ ˜ȱ œŽ•ǯȱ ‘’œȱ ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ ‘Šœȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ Ž¡Ž—œ’ŸŽ•¢ȱ
’—ŸŽœ’ŠŽȱ’—ȱŠĴ›’‹ž’˜—ȱ›ž‹‹Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱŽ¡™Ž›’–Ž—œȱ
œ‘˜ ’—ȱ ‘Šȱ ȁŠŒ’•Žȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ ™•Š¢œȱ Šȱ –Š“˜›ȱ ›˜•Žȱ
’—ȱ Žę—’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹˜ž—Š›¢ȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ‘Žȱ œŽ•ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ
Ž¡Ž›—Š•ȱ ˜›•Ȃȱǻ
ŠŠ›ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖřǰȱŗŝřǼǯȱ in the head, we would have no hesitation in accepting
‘’œȱ‹›’—œȱžœȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱœŽŒ˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽŸ’˜žœ•¢ȱ
posed questions: Does the biological boundary of the skin
apply in the case of the blind?
ĴŽ–™’—ȱ ˜ȱ Š—œ Ž›ȱ ‘Šȱ šžŽœ’˜—ȱ ’ȱ –’‘ȱ
be useful receding into the phenomenological back-
›˜ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’œœžŽǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ–Š¢ȱ’ŸŽȱžœȱŠȱ‹ŽĴŽ›ȱ›Šœ™ȱ
˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž•Š’˜—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ‘Žȱ‹•’—ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱœ’Œ”ǯȱŽŽ—ȱ
from such a phenomenological angle it can be argued
that the blind person using a stick does not sense the
œ’Œ”ǰȱ‹žȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŠ‹œŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ˜‹“ŽŒœȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ
˜žœ’Žȱ Ž—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ǯȱ •‘˜ž‘ȱ ‘Žȱ œ’Œ”ȱ ˜ěŽ›œȱ ‘Žȱ
ŠŒžŠ•ȱ–ŽŠ—œȱ˜›ȱ‘’œȱŽ¡™•˜›Š’˜—ȱ’ȱ’œȱ’œŽ•ȱ˜›˜ĴŽ—ǯȱ
œȱŽ›•ŽŠžȬ˜—¢ȱŽœŒ›’‹ŽœDZ
‘Žȱ‹•’—ȱ–Š—Ȃœȱœ’Œ”ȱ‘ŠœȱŒŽŠœŽȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ—ȱ˜‹“ŽŒȱ˜›ȱ
him, and is no longer perceived for itself; its point
has become an area of sensitivity, extending the scope
Ž••¢ȱǭȱ Š›ŠŸŠ—ȱŘŖŖśDzȱ
and active radius of touch, and providing a parallel
˜ȱœ’‘ǯȱ—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡™•˜›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘’—œǰȱ‘Žȱ•Ž—‘ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
stick does not enter expressly as a middle term: the
blind man is rather aware of it through the position
˜ȱ˜‹“ŽŒœȱ‘Š—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™˜œ’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ˜‹“ŽŒœȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ’ǯȱ
‘Žȱ™˜œ’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘’—œȱ’œȱ’––Ž’ŠŽ•¢ȱ’ŸŽ—ȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ
the extent of the reach that carries him to it, which
comprises, besides the arm’s reach, the stick’s range
˜ȱŠŒ’˜—ȱǻŽ›•ŽŠžȬ˜—¢ȱŗşŜŘǰȱŗŚřǼǯ
‘Žȱœ’Œ”ǰȱŠœȱ ’‘ȱ–Š—¢ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱŽ¡Š–™•Žœȱ˜ȱ™›˜œ‘Ž’Œȱ
ȁ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ˜œ–˜œ’œȂȱ ǻŽŽ›ȱ ŗşşŖǼǰȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–Žœȱ
through time and practice incorporated and thus
›Š—œ™Š›Ž—ǯȱŠŒ’•ŽȱœŽ—œŠ’˜—ȱ’œȱœ˜–Ž‘˜ ȱ™›˜“ŽŒŽȱ
onto the point of contact between the tip of the stick
ŚŖś
Š—ȱ‘Žȱ˜žœ’ŽȱŽ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ǯȱ˜••˜ ’—ȱ ‘Šȱ Žȱ’œ-
cussed above relevant to the unique role which tactile
perception plays in integrating our sense of self, this
extension in the body schema could also mean that
‘Žȱ‹›Š’—ȱ›ŽŠœȱ‘Žȱœ’Œ”ȱŠœȱ’ȱ Ž›ŽȱŠȱ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜¢ǯȱ
žȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ Žȱ˜ȱœ˜ȱŠ›ȱŠœȱ˜ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ’Œ”ȱŠœȱ
a structural part of the blind man’s living body and
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱœ¢œŽ–ǵȱ
Š›ȱ ˜ȱ ˜ž›ȱ ’—‘Ž›Ž—ȱ ’ĜŒž•¢ȱ ’—ȱ ŽŠ•’—ȱ  ’‘ȱ
šžŽœ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ‹˜ŸŽȱ¢™ŽȱœŽ–œǰȱȱ‹Ž•’ŽŸŽǰȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ
dominant representational or computational thinking
‘ŠȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’£ŽœȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœŒ’Ž—ŒŽœǰȱ’—ȱŽ—Ž›Š•ǰȱŠ—ȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ Š›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ǰȱ ’—ȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ –Š“˜›ȱ
œ‘˜›Œ˜–’—œȱ˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱȱ’œŒžœœȱŽ¡Ž—œ’ŸŽ•¢ȱŽ•œŽ ‘Ž›Žȱ
ǻŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱŘŖŖŚDzȱŘŖŖŝ‹Ǽǯȱ
An easy way to overcome this conceptual prob-
•Ž–ȱ–’‘ȱ‹Žȱ‹¢ȱŠĴŽ–™’—ȱ˜ȱ›Ž™‘›ŠœŽȱ˜ž›ȱ™›ŽŸ’˜žœȱ
question, about how to conceive of the stick as being
relevant to the blind man’s living body and cognitive
system, using the philosophical perspective of ‘active
Ž¡Ž›—Š•’œ–ȂȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱœ˜ȬŒŠ••Žȱȁ™Š›’¢ȱ™›’—Œ’™•ŽȂDZȱ‘Ž—ȱ
Šȱ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›•ȱȯȱ•’”Žȱ‘Žȱ‹•’—ȱ–Š—Ȃœȱœ’Œ”ȱ’—ȱ˜ž›ȱ
ŒŠœŽȱȯȱȁž—Œ’˜—œȱŠœȱŠȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ ‘’Œ‘ǰȱ Ž›Žȱ’ȱ˜ȱ˜ȱ˜—ȱ
as part of the cognitive process, then that part of the
world is (for that time) part of the cognitive process’
ǻ•Š›”ȱǭȱ‘Š•–Ž›œȱŗşşŞǼǯȱ‘Žȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ›Ž–˜Ÿ-
ing or damaging that part of the world, equals that
˜ȱ ›Ž–˜Ÿ’—ȱ ˜›ȱ Š–Š’—ȱ Šȱ ™Š›ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹›Š’—ǯȱ ‘Žȱ
question thus can be put as follows: Are we not, by
removing the blind man’s stick, preventing him from
œŽŽ’—ǵȱ ›ȱ –˜›Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’ęŒŠ••¢ǰȱ Š›Žȱ  Žȱ —˜ȱ ™›ŽŸŽ—’—ȱ
‘Žȱ ˜›•ȱ›˜–ȱ˜žŒ‘’—ȱ‘’œȱŸ’œžŠ•ȱŒ˜›Ž¡ǵȱ‘’œȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ
point where neuroplasticity meets the extended mind
Š—ȱ  ‘Ž›Žȱ ˜—Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ –Š“˜›ȱ Œ‘Š••Ž—Žœȱ ˜›ȱ ȁ—Žž›˜Ȭ
Š›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȂȱŠ›’œŽœǯȱ
˜›Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’’ŒŠ••¢ǰȱ ‘’œȱ Œ‘Š••Ž—Žǰȱ ȱ œžŽœǰȱ
•’Žœȱ ’—ȱ ꐞ›’—ȱ ˜žȱ ‘˜ ȱ ˜ž›ȱ ™•Šœ’Œȱ ‹›Š’—œȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ
Šœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ ™ŠĴŽ›—œȱ ˜ȱ reorgan’£Š’˜—, redistribution
and œŒŠě˜•’—ȱǻ˜•›ŠŒ”ȱŘŖŖŖDzȱ
žŠ›£ȱǭȱŽ“—˜ œ”’ȱŗşşŝǼȱŒŠ—ȱ‹Žȱž—Ž›œ˜˜ȱ ’‘’—ȱ
the wider extended networks of non-biological props
Š—ȱœŒŠě˜•œȱ‘ŠȱŽ•’—ŽŠŽȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŠ•ȱœ™Š’Š•ȱŠ—ȱŽ–-
™˜›Š•ȱ‹˜ž—Š›’Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ–Š™ǯȱœȱ Žȱ
saw, there are many parameters that can be argued
to be strongly associated with neuroplasticity and
–Š—¢ȱ ’쎛Ž—ȱ •ŽŸŽ•œȱ ˜—ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ ™•Šœ’Œȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ ŒŠ—ȱ
‹Žȱž—Ž›œ˜˜ǯȱŸŽ—ȱœ’–™•ŽȱŠ’•¢ȱ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽȱ˜ȱŒ˜–™•’-
ŒŠŽȱ‹’–Š—žŠ•ȱꗐŽ›ȱœŽšžŽ—ŒŽœȱŒŠ—ȱ•ŽŠȱ˜ȱŽŽŒ-
able gross-anatomical changes in the motor cortex
˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ǯȱžȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱšžŽœ’˜—ǰȱŠȱ•ŽŠœȱ›˜–ȱŠ—ȱ
archaeological long-term perspective, should concern
the mechanisms that might mediate plastic changes,
 Special Section
—˜ȱŠȱ‘Žȱ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•ǰȱ‹žȱŠȱ‘Žȱœ¢œŽ–ȱ•ŽŸŽ•ǯȱȱ‘’œȱ
broader systemic level material culture competes,
ŽšžŠ••¢ȱ ’‘ȱŠ—¢ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ‹›Š’—ȱ›Ž’˜—ǰȱ˜›ȱŒ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱœ™ŠŒŽǯȱ
ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ—˜Žȱ‘Šȱ‘Ž›ŽȱŠ›ŽǰȱŠȱ™›ŽœŽ—ǰȱ—˜ȱa priori
reasons to believe that the mechanisms at play dur-
’—ȱŒ›˜œœȬ–˜Š•ȱ™•Šœ’Œ’¢ȱ’쎛ȱ›˜–ȱ‘˜œŽȱ’—Ÿ˜•ŸŽȱ
’—ȱ ’—›ŠȬ–˜Š•ȱ ™•Šœ’Œ’¢ǯȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ ˜ȱ
archaeology and material culture studies it makes
good sense to extend this point further, exploring cul-
tural change as a form of extra-neural or extra-modal
™•Šœ’Œ’¢ǯȱ’‘ȱœ˜–Žȱ›Žę—Ž–Ž—œȱ‘’œȱ’œȱ ‘Šȱȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ
‹ŽŽ—ȱŠĴŽ–™’—ȱ˜ȱ˜ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱ
™Š™Ž›ǯȱŽŽ—ȱ›˜–ȱœžŒ‘ȱŠ—ȱŠ—•Žǰȱœ’–™•¢ȱ˜ȱŠœ”ȱŠ‹˜žȱ
‘˜ ȱ Š—ȱ  ‘¢ȱ Šȱ Š¡’ȱ ›’ŸŽ›Ȃœȱ ȁ›Ž¢ȱ –ŠĴŽ›Ȃȱ Ž—•Š›Žœȱ
in order to enable the storage of a mental map of the
city of London (Maguire et al.ȱ ŘŖŖŖǼȱ ’œȱ —˜ȱ Ž—˜ž‘ǯȱ
˜›ȱ—Žž›˜Š›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŠŽ›’Š•ȱ—ŠŽ–Ž—ȱ
Š™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱ ‘Žȱ šžŽœ’˜—ȱ ‘Šȱ –Š”Žœȱ ‘Žȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œȱ
—Ž’‘Ž›ȱœ’–™•¢ȱŠ‹˜žȱ‹›Š’—ȱœ’£Žȱ—˜›ȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š—Žœȱ
’—ȱŒŽ›Ž‹›Š•ȱ‹•˜˜ȱ̘ Dzȱ‘ŽȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ’œȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘Žȱȁ•ŽŠ”œȂǰȱ
’ȱȱ–Š¢ȱžœŽȱ‘ŽȱŽ›–ȱ˜ȱ—¢ȱ•Š›”ȱǻŗşşŝDzȱŘŖŖřǼǰȱŠ—ȱ
‘Žȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ›Š—œž‹œŠ—’Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ̘ ȱ’—˜ȱ‘Žȱ
Ž¡Ž›—Š•ȱ ˜›•ǯȱ
‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱœŽ•:ȱ‹ŽŠœȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜¢ȱ
‘Ž›ŽȱŠ›Žȱ–Š—¢ȱŽ¡Š–™•Žœȱ‘Šȱ˜—ŽȱŒ˜ž•ȱžœŽȱ˜ȱ’••žœ-
trate the implications of the above premises in the
Œ˜—Ž¡ȱ˜ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ‘’—”’—ǯȱœȱ–¢ȱŒŠœŽȱœž¢ȱ
’—ȱ ‘’œȱ ™Š™Ž›ȱ ȱ  ’••ȱ žœŽȱ ‘Žȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žȱ ˜ȱ œŽ•ȬŽŒ˜›Š-
tion focusing upon one of the earliest well-preserved
sample of personal-ornaments in the archaeological
›ŽŒ˜›ǰȱ’ǯŽǯȱ‘Žȱ˜›¢Ȭ˜—ŽȱNassarius kraussianus shells
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱŠȱ ŽŠ•‘ȱ˜ȱŽŸ˜•ž’˜—Š›¢ǰȱ
›ŽŒ˜ŸŽ›Žȱ Šȱ ‘Žȱ •˜–‹˜œȱ ŠŸŽȱ ’—ȱ ˜ž‘ȱ ›’ŒŠȱ
ǻȂ››’Œ˜ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖśDzȱŠ—‘ŠŽ›Ž—ȱǭȱȂ››’Œ˜ȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ‘’œȱ
example will also bring our discussion in contact with
the question about the making of modern humans (for
Šȱ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ‹ŠŽȱœŽŽȱŒ›ŽŠ›¢ȱǭȱ›˜˜”œǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱ
Ȃ››’Œ˜ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖřDzȱŽ••Š›œȱŘŖŖŜŠǰ‹Ǽǯȱ
‘Ž›ŽȱŠ›Žȱ‘›ŽŽȱ–Š“˜›ȱšžŽœ’˜—œȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ ’‘ȱ
‘Žȱ•˜–‹˜œȱœ‘Ž••œȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱŒ˜—Ž¡ǯȱ’›œȱ Žȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‘Žȱ
question of their date, secondly we have the question
˜ȱ ’—Ž—’˜—Š•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ Š›ŽŠŒžŠ•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ꗊ••¢ǰȱ
the question of their representational or symbolic
œŠžœǯȱ˜—ŒŽ›—’—ȱ‘Žȱꛜȱ ˜ȱšžŽœ’˜—œȱ‘Ž›ŽȱœŽŽ–œȱ
˜ȱ‹Žȱ•’Ĵ•Žȱ˜ž‹ȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱN. kraussianus shells come
from around c.ȱ ŝśȱ ”¢Šȱ Š—ȱ ‘Šȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ ŠŽ—Œ¢ȱ ’œȱ
responsible for their collection and transformation into
‹ŽŠœǯȱŠ™‘˜—˜–’Œǰȱ–˜›™‘˜–Ž›’ŒȱŠ—ȱ–’Œ›˜œŒ˜™’Œȱ
analysis of MSA, LSA, modern and experimentally
–˜’ꮍȱœ‘Ž••œȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽœȱŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŠŽ—Œ¢ȱ
and involvement in the shells’ collection, perforation
Š—ȱžœŽȱŠœȱ‹ŽŠœȱǻȂ››’Œ˜ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ‘Žȱ autonoeticȱŠ Š›Ž—Žœœǯȱ‘ŽȱŽ›–œȱnoetic and autonoetic
ŚŖŜ
third question, concerning their possible symbolic
ž—Œ’˜—ǰȱȱ‹Ž•’ŽŸŽȱ•ŠŒ”œȱ‘Žȱœ¢œŽ–Š’Œȱ›ŽŠ–Ž—ȱ‘Šȱ
’ȱ ŽœŽ›ŸŽœǯȱ •‘˜ž‘ȱ Š—ȱ Ž–Ž›’—ȱ Š›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ
consensus seems to have accepted these artefacts as
’—Ž¡Žœȱ ˜ȱ œ¢–‹˜•’Œȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ǰȱ ȱ ‘’—”ȱ ‘Šȱ œ’–™•¢ȱ
˜ȱ ™›˜ŸŽȱ ‘Žȱ Š›’ęŒ’Š•’¢ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ™Ž›˜›ŠŽȱ œ‘Ž••ǰȱ Š—ȱ
maybe also its function as a personal ornament, does
—˜ȱ—ŽŒŽœœŠ›’•¢ȱ–Š”Žȱ’ȱŠȱœ¢–‹˜•ȱȯȱŠȱ•ŽŠœȱ—˜ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ
Š›‹’›Š›¢ǰȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—Š•ȱœŽ—œŽȱ‘Šȱ’œȱ˜ĞŽ—ȱŠœœ˜Œ’-
ated with them and which could substantiate a claim
˜›ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱž••¢ȱŽŸŽ•˜™Žȱœ¢–‹˜•’Œȱ•Š—žŠŽǯȱ
ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ’œŒžœœŽȱœ˜–Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜‹•Ž–œȱ˜ȱŽŠ›•¢ȱœ¢–-
bolism and its linguistic grounding elsewhere with
œ™ŽŒ’Š•ȱ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱŠ•ŠŽ˜•’‘’ŒȱŽ™’Œ’˜—œȱǻŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱ
ŘŖŖŝ‹Ǽǯȱ—ȱ‘’œȱ™Š™Ž›ǰȱ’—œŽŠȱ˜ȱŠŒ”•’—ȱ’›ŽŒ•¢ȱ‘Žȱ
šžŽœ’˜—ȱŠ‹˜žȱ ‘Ž‘Ž›ȱ‘Žȱȱ’—‘Š‹’Š—œȱ˜ȱ•˜–-
‹˜œȱŠŸŽȱ™˜œœŽœœŽȱ‘ŽȱŠ–˜žœȱȁœ¢–‹˜•’ŒȱŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢Ȃǰȱȱ
 Š—ȱ˜ȱžœŽȱ‘Žȱ•˜–‹˜œȱ‹ŽŠœȱ˜ȱ•˜˜”ȱŠȱŠȱ–˜›Žȱ‹Šœ’Œȱ
Š—ȱ•Š›Ž•¢ȱž—Ž¡™•˜›Žȱ’–Ž—œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽœŽȱŠ›ŽŠŒœǯȱ
—ȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ ȱ  Š—ȱ ˜ȱ Ž¡™•˜›Žȱ ‘Žȱ ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ ›˜•Žȱ ˜ȱ
these artefacts in the emergence of self-awareness,
that is, the question when and how human sense of
œŽ•ȱŽŸŽ•˜™Žǯȱ
Ž•ȮŠ Š›Ž—Žœœȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ œŽ•Ģ˜˜ȱ
is one of those special features of humanity that
 Žȱ ˜ĞŽ—ȱ Š”Žȱ ˜›ȱ ›Š—Žǯȱ •‘˜ž‘ǰȱ Šœȱ  Žȱ œŠ ǰȱ
archaeology may constantly question the nature of
the human cognitive, and in particular symbolic or
linguistic, capabilities that can be inferred from the
early archaeological record, it rarely ever questions
the existence of a fully developed self behind the
Š›ŽŠŒǯȱ ‘Žȱ Ž¡’œŽ—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ Š—ȱ ’——Ž›ȱ Œ˜—œŒ’˜žœȱ œŽ•ȱ ’œȱ
Š”Ž—ȱŠœȱŠȱ’ŸŽ—ǯȱ
developmental and anthropological studies can easily
Ž–˜—œ›ŠŽȱ‘Šȱ‘’œȱ’œȱŠ›ȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽǯȱ
˜ȱ’••žœ›ŠŽȱ‘’œȱ’ȱœžĜŒŽœȱ˜ȱ•˜˜”ȱŠȱ‘Žȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ
levels of self awareness and types of self knowledge
‘Šȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ’Ž—’ꮍȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱœŠ—™˜’—ȱ˜ȱŒ˜—’-
tive neuroscience and developmental psychology in
˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ ‘Šȱ–Š”Žœȱž™ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜‹•Ž–ȱ˜ȱœŽ•ǯȱ
‘Žȱ›ŽŠȱŸŠ›’Ž¢ȱ˜ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱŠ—ȱŽ–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ’œ’—Œ-
tions proposed, ranging from that of a ‘minimal’,
ȁ™›ŽȬ›ŽĚŽ¡’ŸŽȂǰȱȁ‹˜’•¢Ȃȱ˜›ȱȁŽŒ˜•˜’ŒŠ•Ȃȱ™›˜˜ȬœŽ•ȱ˜ȱ‘Šȱ
˜ȱŠȱȁ—Š››Š’ŸŽȂǰȱȁ›ŽĚŽ¡’ŸŽȂǰȱȁŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•Ȃȱ˜›ȱȁ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š-
’˜—Š•Ȃȱ–ŽŠȬœŽ•ȱǻ Š••Š‘Ž›ȱŘŖŖŖDzȱŽ’œœŽ›ȱŗşŞŞDzȱ›’‘ȱ
ŘŖŖśDzȱŽ›Š—ȱŘŖŖŜDzȱŽ ’œȱŘŖŖřDzȱ˜Œ‘ŠȱŘŖŖřǼȱŒ•ŽŠ›•¢ȱ
points out that the development of human self aware-
ness is a topic far more complicated than is usually
Šœœž–Žȱ’—ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ǯȱ˜›ȱ˜ž›ȱ™ž›™˜œŽœȱ‘Ž›ŽǰȱŠ—ȱ
in order to avoid unnecessary terminological confu-
sion, we shall approach the problem of self employing
a simple distinction between noetic awareness and
 Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind, part 1
Š Š›Ž—Žœœȱ Ž›Žȱ’—’’Š••¢ȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ‹¢ȱž•Ÿ’—ȱǻŗşŞřDzȱ
ŘŖŖŘǼȱ‹žȱ ’••ȱ‹ŽȱžœŽȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’—ȱŠȱœ•’‘•¢ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱœŽ—œŽǯȱ
—ȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱnoetic awareness will refer to the basic
sense of oneself as acting in and on the environment
ŠȱŠȱ’–ŽȱŠŒŒ˜›’—ȱ˜ȱ˜—ŽȂœȱꛜȱ™Ž›œ˜—ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ
ǻŗǼǯȱAutonoetic awareness will refer to sense of one-
self as a unique individual persisting over time able
—˜ȱ˜—•¢ȱ˜ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒȱ ’‘ȱ˜‹“ŽŒœȱŠ—ȱ˜‘Ž›œȱŠŒŒ˜›’—ȱ
˜ȱ˜—ŽȂœȱꛜȱ™Ž›œ˜—ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱǻŗǼȱ‹žȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜ȱ›ŽĚŽŒȱ
˜—ȱ˜—ŽȂœȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽǯȱ
Accepting the above basic distinction, the ques-
tion that naturally follows is how do we proceed to
explore the developmental passage from noetic to
autonoetic awareness from a long-term archaeologi-
ŒŠ•ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽǵȱ˜—›Š›¢ȱ˜ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱŒ˜–™Š›Š’ŸŽȱŠ—ȱ
developmental approaches to the question of self, we
can only speculate about some of the possible answers
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ
˜—ȱ‘Žȱ‹Šœ’œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ›ŽŒ˜›ǯȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȱ
lacks, for obvious reasons, the ability to conduct any of
‘ŽȱžœžŠ•ȱȁ–’››˜›ȱœŽ•Ȭ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱŠœ”œȂȱǻ Š••ž™ȱŗşŝŖDzȱ
ŗşşŘDzȱŗşşŚǼȱŠ—ȱ‘žœȱ Žȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ—˜ȱ’›ŽŒȱŽ–™’›’ŒŠ•ȱ Š¢ȱ
˜ȱ”—˜ ȱ’ȱŠ—ȱ‘˜ ǰȱ‘Žȱ’—‘Š‹’Š—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•˜–‹˜œȱ
Cave would have reacted to the view of their face and
‹˜¢ȱŠœȱœŽŽ—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱœž›ŠŒŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–’››˜›ǯȱ
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ Žœ™’Žȱ ‘Žȱ –Š—¢ȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ
problems, the archaeological record can prove particu-
larly useful in constraining some aspects of hypothesis
‹ž’•’—ȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱœŽ•ȬŠ Š›Ž—Žœœǯȱ˜ȱ
’••žœ›ŠŽȱ ‘’œǰȱ ’—ȱ  ‘Šȱ ›Ž–Š’—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ™Š™Ž›ǰȱ ȱ  ’••ȱ
ŠĴŽ–™ȱ ŸŽ›¢ȱ ‹›’ŽĚ¢ȱ ˜ȱ Ž•žŒ’ŠŽȱ ‘˜ ȱ ‘Žȱ ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ
for early body-adornment can be seen as indicative
˜ȱ Ž¡™•’Œ’ȱ œŽ•ȱ ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ˜‹“ŽŒ’ęŒŠ’˜—ǰȱ ‘žœȱ
˜ěŽ›’—ȱ œ˜–Žȱ ŸŠ•žŠ‹•Žȱ ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ›—’—ȱ ‘Žȱ
emergence of human autonoeticȱŠ Š›Ž—Žœœǯȱ˜ȱ›Š ȱ
out this dimension of early body-decoration we need
to disentangle the referential logic that dominates
archaeological thinking and the interpretation of
‘ŽœŽȱŠ›ŽŠŒœȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱœ¢–‹˜•’Œǯȱȱ’œȱ™›ŽŒ’œŽ•¢ȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱ
Œ˜——ŽŒ’˜—ȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱŒŠ—ȱ˜ěŽ›ȱŠȱ—Ž ȱ
–ŽŠ—œȱ˜›ȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘’—ȱ‘Žȱ•˜–‹˜œȱŠŠȱœŽȱ’—ȱŠȱ Š¢ȱ
that could serve a similar function to that of the mirror
œŽ•Ȭ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱŠœ”ǯȱ••ȱ’ȱŠ”Žœȱ’œȱŠȱœ–Š••ȱœ‘’Ğȱ’—ȱ
™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽDZȱ ’—œŽŠȱ ˜ȱ œŽŽ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ •˜–‹˜œȱ ‹ŽŠȱ Šœȱ
a ‘symbol’ and thus ‘a reliable proxy for the acquisi-
’˜—ȱ˜ȱ•Š—žŠŽȂȱǻȂ››’Œ˜ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖśǰȱŘŖǼǰȱȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ
‘Šȱ’ȱ–Š”Žœȱ‹ŽĴŽ›ȱœŽ—œŽȱ’ȱ Žȱœ’–™•¢ȱœŽŽȱ‘Žȱœ‘Ž••ȱ
‹ŽŠȱŠœȱ‘ŽȱŽšž’ŸŠ•Ž—ȱ˜ȱŠȱȁ˜œȬȂȱœ’Œ”Ž›ȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ˜—ȱ
a child’s forehead prior to its exposure ‘in a mirror-
’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ Ž¡™Ž›’–Ž—Ȃȱ ǻ˜Œ‘Šȱ ŘŖŖřǰȱ ŝŘŗǰȱ ęǯȱ ŘǼǯȱ
—ȱŽ¡™Ž›’–Ž—œȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ”’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘’•ǰȱŽ™Ž—’—ȱ˜—ȱ
age, discovers the sticker in the mirror and reaches to
˜žŒ‘ȱ˜›ȱ›Ž–˜ŸŽȱ’ǯȱ‘’œȱ¢™Žȱ˜ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ’œȱŠ”Ž—ȱ‹¢ȱ
many developmental and evolutionary psychologists
ŠœȱŠȱ–Š“˜›ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ•Š—–Š›”ȱ’—Ž¡’—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ
˜ȱŠȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱœŽ•ȱǻ˜Œ‘ŠȱŘŖŖřDzȱ Š••ž™ȱŗşŝŖDzȱŗşşŘDzȱ
ŗşşŚǼǯȱȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ™Ž›˜›ŠŽȱŠ•ŠŽ˜•’‘’Œȱœ‘Ž••ȱ
bead indexes a similar landmark, only with one impor-
Š—ȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽDZȱ ’ȱ ˜Žœȱ —˜ȱ œ’–™•¢ȱ ›ŽĚŽŒȱ Šȱ ™ŠœœŠŽȱ
to self-awareness, it brings forth or at least actively
Œ˜—›’‹žŽœȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ™ŠœœŠŽǯȱ
A good way to illustrate this can be found in
what became known in the case of numerical thinking
Šœȱȁ‹Šœ’Œȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱœŽ—œŽȂǰȱ’ǯŽǯȱ˜ž›ȱŠ‹’•’¢ȱ˜ȱŠ™™›˜¡’–ŠŽȱ
large numerical magnitudes, and to identify small
—ž–‹Ž›œȱ ˜ȱ ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•ȱ ˜‹“ŽŒœȱ ǻ˜—Ž—Žœœǰȱ  ˜—Žœœȱ
Š—ȱ‘›ŽŽ—ŽœœǼȱǻŽ‘ŠŽ—ŽȱŗşşŝDzȱŽ’Ž—œ˜—ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ
Several lines of evidence clearly support the view
that this ‘basic number sense’ can be considered to
be an evolved, innate biological competence shared
‹¢ȱ ™›ŽȬŸŽ›‹Š•ȱ ’—Š—œȱ Š—ȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ Š—’–Š•œǯȱ
although we share a common numerical basis with
many other animals, none of them seems to be capable
of making the mental leap from this basic number
œŽ—œŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™˜œœŽœœ’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ˜ȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱȯȱ‘Šȱ
is, the ability to manipulate large exact numerocities
‹Ž¢˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ‹˜ŸŽȬ–Ž—’˜—Žȱœž‹’’£’—ȱ›Š—Žȱ˜ȱ‘›ŽŽȱ
˜›ȱ˜ž›ȱȯȱŽŸŽ—ȱŠĞŽ›ȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱ˜ȱ›Š’—’—ȱ’—ȱŠȱŒ˜—›˜••Žȱ
Ž—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ȱǻŽǯǯȱ’›˜ȱǭȱŠœž£Š ŠȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ—ȱŠŒȱ‘’œȱ
mental leap, from approximate to exact numerocity,
is of the type that distinguishes the capabilities of the
‘ž–Š—ȱ–’—ȱ›˜–ȱ‘˜œŽȱ˜ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱœ™ŽŒ’ŽœǯŚȱ‘ŽȱŒ›žŒ’Š•ȱ
question then, from a long-term perspective, is what
drives humans beyond the limits of this core system
˜ȱŠ™™›˜¡’–ŠŽȱ—ž–Ž›’ŒŠ•ȱ‘’—”’—ǵȱǻŽ’Ž—œ˜—ȱet al.
ŘŖŖŚǰȱřŗřǼǯ
ȱœžŽœȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ˜ȱœŽ•ȬŠ Š›Ž—Žœœȱ
ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ ˜ȱ Š•˜—ȱ œ’–’•Š›ȱ •’—Žœǯȱ ‘Žȱ ‹Šœ’Œȱ
noetic sense of bodily awareness can be demonstrated
’––Ž’ŠŽ•¢ȱ ŠĞŽ›ȱ ‹’›‘ȱ ’—ȱ ’—Š—œȱ ǻ˜Œ‘Šȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ
Moreover, our nearest primate relatives present a
number of features indicative of such a proto-self
œ¢œŽ–ȱ ǻ Š••ž™ȱ ŗşşŚDzȱ Š–Šœ’˜ȱ ŗşşşǼǯȱ žǰȱ œ’–’•Š›ȱ
to what we discussed in relation to the capacity for
‘exact’ numerical thinking, other primates never make
‘Žȱ™ŠœœŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽĚŽŒ’ŸŽǰȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱ˜›ȱȁautonoetic’
œŠŽœȱ˜ȱœŽ•Ģ˜˜ǯȱ‘ŽȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ‘ŠȱŒ˜—›˜—œȱžœȱ‘Ž—ȱ
is how did humans move beyond this basic level of
ȁŒ˜›ŽȂȱǻ˜›‘˜ěȱǭȱŠ—”œŽ™™ȱŘŖŖŞǼȱ™›˜˜ȬœŽ•ǵȱ—ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ
words, how did humans reach this point of autonoetic
œŽ•ȬŠŒžŠ•’£Š’˜—ȱ  ‘Ž›Žȱ ‘Žȱ œŽ•ȱ ’œȱ ›ŽŒ˜—’£Žȱ Š—ȱ
Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ—˜ȱ˜—•¢ȱ›˜–ȱ ’‘’—ǰȱ‘Šȱ’œǰȱ›˜–ȱŠȱꛜȱ
™Ž›œ˜—ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱǻŗǼȱǻ˜Ž•Ž¢ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖŚDzȱŠ‘ŠŸ’ȱ
ŘŖŖśǼǰȱ‹žȱŠ•œ˜ȱ›˜–ȱŠȱ‘’›ȱ™Ž›œ˜—Ȃœȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽǵ
Most researchers dealing with developmental
šžŽœ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱœ‘˜›ȱȯȱŽ’‘Ž›ȱ›˜–ȱŠ—ȱ˜—˜Ž—Ž’Œȱ
˜›ȱ™‘¢•˜Ž—Ž’Œȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱȯȱ ˜ž•ȱœŽŽȱ•Š—žŠŽȱŠœȱ
ŚŖŝ
 Special Section
™•Š¢’—ȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱ›˜•Žǯȱ˜›ȱ’—œŠ—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ—ž–Ž›-
ical thinking there seems to be common agreement
that it is language (the presence or absence of number
words) that provided the necessary link that enabled
humans to move beyond the threshold of approxima-
’˜—ȱǻ Ž•–Š—ȱǭȱžĴŽ› ˜›‘ȱŘŖŖśDzȱ Ž•–Š—ȱǭȱ Š••’œŽ•ȱ
ŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ’‘˜žȱ ž—Ž›Žœ’–Š’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™˜›Š—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ
language, especially in ontogeny, it can be argued that
from a long-term archaeological perspective the above
premise cannot easily account for the development of
numerical thinking in those early contexts where such
ŸŽ›‹Š•ȱ—ž–Ž›’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜–™ŽŽ—ŒŽȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ¢ŽȱŽ¡’œǯȱ—ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ’—ȱ’œȱŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ˜ȱ›Žœ‘Š™Žȱ‘Žȱ
words, the question for archaeology is not about how
you learn to associate the word ten with the quantity
10, but rather about how you conceive the quantity
˜ȱ ŗŖȱ  ‘Ž—ȱ ¢˜žȱ •ŠŒ”ȱ Šȱ —ž–‹Ž›ȱ  ˜›ȱ ˜ȱ Ž¡™›Žœœȱ ’ǯȱ
˜•–Žœȱǭȱ™Ž—ŒŽȱŘŖŖŜDzȱ
˜•–Žœȱet al.ȱŘŖŖŚǰȱ
Despite the evident association between language and
˜•–Žœȱ ǭȱ ™Ž—ŒŽȱ ŘŖŖŚDzȱ Š›ŠŸ’Šȱ ǭȱ ›’”’ȱ ŘŖŖŚDzȱ
exact arithmetic, language lacks in itself the necessary
ȁ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—Š•ȱœŠ‹’•’¢Ȃȱǻ
žŒ‘’—œȱŘŖŖśǼȱ‘Šȱ ˜ž•ȱ ›Šœœ’—ŽĴ’ȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ŽŒŠžœŽȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Žȱ ‹ŽŠȱ Š•œ˜ȱ ™˜œ-
‘ŠŸŽȱ–ŠŽȱ™˜œœ’‹•ŽȱœžŒ‘ȱŠȱ›Š—œ’’˜—ǯȱȱœžŽœȱ‘Šȱ
‘Žȱ ˜›•ȱ˜ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ‘’—œȱ˜ěŽ›œȱ‘Žȱ–’œœ’—ȱ•’—”ȱ’—ȱ
those cases providing an unlimited recourse for enac-
tive œ’—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱǻ˜›ȱ–˜›ŽȱŽ¡Š–™•ŽœȱœŽŽȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱ
ŘŖŖŝŠǰ‹Dzȱ’—ȱ™›ŽœœǼǯ
‘žœǰȱ›Žž›—’—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•˜–‹˜œȱ‹ŽŠœǰȱ
ȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ‘Šȱ‘Ž¢ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘ŽȱŠ—ȱž—Ž›-
stood along the lines of this enactive logic that also
˜ŒŒž™’Žœȱ‘ŽȱŒ›ž¡ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œǯȱ—ȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ
ȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ‘Šȱthe bead is for the early human self-system
—Š™™ŽĴȱ
as the stick is for the blind person’s perceptual system: ‘Žȱ
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱŽ•Ž–Ž—ȱ˜›ȱ™›˜™Ž›¢ȱ‹Ž‘’—ȱ‘’œȱ
‹ŽŠǰȱ •’”Žȱ ‘Žȱ œ’Œ”ǰȱ ˜ěŽ›œȱ ‘Žȱ —ŽŒŽœœŠ›¢ȱ œŒŠě˜•’—ȱ
or ‘surrogate material structure’ (Clark forthcoming)
‘Šȱ ‹¢ȱ ŽěŽŒ’—ȱ Š—ȱ Ž¡Ž—Žȱ ›Ž˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ
cognitive system makes possible the bringing forth
˜ȱŠȱ—Ž ȱ¢™Žȱ˜ȱœŽ•Ȭ”—˜ •ŽŽǰȱ’ǯŽǯȱautonoetic aware-
ness; a hard, or even impossible process, for a naked
‹›Š’—ȱ˜ȱ›ŽŠ•’£Žǯȱ
‘’œȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‹Žȱž—Ž›œ˜˜ȱ˜ȱ’–™•¢ȱ‘Šȱonly
shell beads or body decoration could have played
‘Šȱ ›˜•Žǯȱ ˜˜•ȱ žœŽȱ Š—ȱ –Š—žŠŒž›Žǰȱ ˜›ȱ ’—œŠ—ŒŽǰȱ
had already made important contributions to the
emergence of human intentionality and the sense of
agency and body ownership which are essential for
—Š™™ŽĴȱǭȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱ’—ȱ
the development of human self-awareness (Malafouris
˜›‘Œ˜–’—Ǽǯȱžȱ—˜—Ž‘Ž•Žœœȱ‘Žȱ”’—ȱ˜ȱ‹˜’•¢ȱŠ—ȱ
cognitive prosthesis that we see in the case of early
body-decoration brings some additional ‘epistemic’
šžŠ•’’Žœȱ‘Šȱ Žȱ˜—ȂȱœŽŽȱȯȱ—˜ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱœŠ–ŽȱŽ›ŽŽȱŠȱ
•ŽŠœȱȯȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ˜˜•ȱžœŽȱŠ—ȱ–Š—žŠŒž›Žǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱ
special epistemic qualities emanate primarily from the
Š‹’•’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹ŽŠœǰȱŠœȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ‘’—œȱŠĴŠŒ‘Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
‹˜¢ǰȱ˜ȱ›Š—œ˜›–ȱ‘Žȱ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱœŽ•ȬŠœȬœž‹“ŽŒȱ
˜ȱŠȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱœŽ•ȬŠœȬ˜‹“ŽŒǯȱ‘Šȱ’œǰȱ˜ȱ–Š”ŽȱŸ’œ’‹•ŽȱŠ—ȱ
ŚŖŞ
Š—’‹•Žȱ ‘Šȱ’œȱ’—‘Ž›Ž—•¢ȱœ’•Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ›Š—œ™Š›Ž—ǰȱ’ǯŽǯȱ
the palaeolithic noeticȱ œŽ•ǯȱ ‘’œȱ –Š¢ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ™•Š¢Žȱ Š—ȱ
important role in the emergence of the human ability to
‹Žȱ›ŽĚŽŒ’ŸŽ•¢ȱŒ˜—œŒ’˜žœȱ˜ȱ˜—ŽȂœȱ˜ —ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ
 ˜›•ȱ›Š‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱœ’–™•¢ȱ‹Ž’—ȱŠ Š›Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›•ǯ
—ȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ ŠĴŠŒ‘Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹˜¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹ŽŠȱ
becomes a visible, corporeal extension of the skin
Š—ȱ –˜’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Šȱ ‹˜¢ǯȱ ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ ’–Žǰȱ
seen as a dual entity that both touches the body and
faces outward toward the other, the shell bead can be
ŽœŒ›’‹ŽȱŠœȱŠȱ”’—ȱ˜ȱȁœŽŒ˜—Ȃȱ˜›ȱȁœ˜Œ’Š•Ȃȱœ”’—ȱǻž›—Ž›ȱ
ŗşşřȱǽŗşŞŖǾǼǯȱ
‹˜¢ǰȱ ˜ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ ’ȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–Žœȱ ŠĴŠŒ‘Žǰȱ ‘Žȱ œ‘Ž••ȱ ‹ŽŠȱ
Ž¡Ž—œȱȁ™Ž›’™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱœ™ŠŒŽȂȱȯȱ’ǯŽǯȱ‘Žȱ‹›Š’—Ȃœȱ›Ž™›Ž-
sentation of the body and of the space surrounding
‘Žȱ‹˜¢ȱǻ
ŜŘDzȱ
Maravita et al. 2001; Maravita et al.ȱ ŘŖŖŘDzȱ Ž›’ȱ ǭȱ
sesses the ability to cross-cut the conventional ‘body
’–ŠŽȂȦȁ‹˜¢ȱ œŒ‘Ž–ŠȂȱ ’œ’—Œ’˜—œȱ ǻ Š••Š‘Ž›ȱ ŘŖŖŖǼȱ
thus giving rise to one of the earliest manifestations
of what we may call extended or distributed self (see
Š•œ˜ȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ
More simply, body decoration is capable of liberat-
ing the self from the here and now of ordinary experi-
ence, that is from the temporal simultaneity and spatial
Œ˜’—Œ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œž‹“ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ ‹˜¢ȱ œ˜ȱ ’ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ —˜ ȱ ‹Žȱ
Ž—Œ‘Š’—Žȱ’—˜ȱ’œȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱœž››˜ž—’—ȱǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ
ŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ
social enchainment is not the symbolic communication
of social identity, such as group membership, gender
ŽŒǯǰȱ‘Šȱ–Š—¢ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’œœȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ›Š ’—ȱ
parallels with the function of personal decoration in
›ŽŒŽ—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱœ˜Œ’Ž’Žœǯȱ—ȱ‘ŽȱŽŠ›•¢ȱŒ˜—Ž¡œȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ
™›Ž‘’œ˜›¢ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ›ŽĚŽ¡’ŸŽȱœŽ•ȬŠ Š›Ž—ŽœœȱŠ—ȱ
œŽ•Ȭ˜‘Ž›ȱ’œ’—Œ’˜—ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ”Ž—ȱ˜›ȱ›Š—Žǯȱ
‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱŽ•Ž–Ž—ȱ˜›ȱ™›˜™Ž›¢ȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’œȱ—˜ȱȁœ¢–‹˜•’œ–Ȃȱ
‹žȱȁŽ—ŠŽ–Ž—Ȃǯȱ‘Žȱœ‘Ž••ȱ‹ŽŠȱ’œȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱ˜›ȱ ‘Šȱ
it does and not for what it means. Material engagement
comes before symbol and is the key to understanding
the diverse ways in which agency can emanate from
‘’—œȱǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ Ž••ȱŗşşŞDzȱ
™›ŽœœDzȱ ˜œŽ—ȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ
—ȱœž––Š›¢ǰȱȱœžŽœȱ‘ŠȱŽŠ›•¢ȱ‹˜¢ȱ˜›—Š–Ž—-
Š’˜—ȱ•’”Žȱ ‘Šȱ ŽȱœŽŽȱŠȱ•˜–‹˜œȱŠŸŽȱž›’—ȱ‘Žȱ
ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‹Žȱž—Ž›œ˜˜ȱŠȱꛜȱ’—œŠ—ŒŽȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ
symbolic elaboration of the hominid brain along the
self-other distinction axis, but instead as a possible
technique for the gradual emergence of such a distinc-
’˜—ǯȱ˜›Žȱœ’–™•¢ǰȱ’—œŽŠȱ˜ȱœŽŽ’—ȱŽŠ›•¢ȱ˜›—Š–Ž—œȱ
as existing for the self we should be seeing the self as
emerging through the ornamentǯȱ
 Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind, part 1
Žȱ œ‘˜ž•ȱ —˜Žȱ ‘Šȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ ˜ȱ
—Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ›ŽŒŽ—ȱ ’–Š’—ȱ œž’Žœȱ Š—ȱ ꗍ’—œȱ
from the neuropsychology of self-disorders provide
ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ‘Šȱ˜ž›ȱœŽ—œŽȱ˜ȱœŽ•Ģ˜˜ȱ›Žœž•œȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ
Š›ŽŠŽȱ˜ȱ’œ’—Œȱœ™ŽŒ’Š•’£Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœŽœȱ™Ž›˜›–Žȱ
‹¢ȱŠȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ˜ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱŠ—ȱœž‹ȬŒ˜—œŒ’˜žœȱ—Žž›˜—Š•ȱ
networks situated primarily in the right hemisphere
ǻœŽŽȱ ˜›ȱ ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱ žœ—Š›ȱ ŘŖŖśDzȱ ›’‘ȱ ŘŖŖśDzȱ ŽŒŽ¢ȱ ǭȱ
˜––Ž›Ÿ’••Žȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ œȱ ŽŒŽ¢ȱ ǭȱ ˜––Ž›Ÿ’••Žǰȱ ˜›ȱ
example, proposed recently, the self can be seen as a
multi-dimensional construct that relies on a distrib-
uted neural network (a collection of interconnected
predominantly right-hemisphere based prefrontal,
posterior temporal and inferior parietal regions) that
encompasses shared self–other representations and
’œȱ ŽœœŽ—’Š•ȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ œž‹“ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ȁœŽ•Ȃȱ
ǻŽŒŽ¢ȱǭȱ˜––Ž›Ÿ’••ŽȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ
˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱŠœȱ ŽȱŠ›žŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽŸ’˜žœȱœŽŒ’˜—ǰȱ
any intracranial conception of the human mind and
by extension of self, should be resisted (see also Mala-
˜ž›’œȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ˜ȱ˜ž‹ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—Š•ȱ™›˜™Ž›’Žœȱ
of neural networks, like those that subserve the human
œŽ—œŽȱ˜ȱœŽ•ǰȱ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ›ŽŠ•’£Žȱ’—œ’Žȱ‘Žȱ‘ŽŠǰȱ‹žȱ˜›ȱ
‘Žȱ ȱ ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱ ‘Žȱ œ¢œŽ–’Œȱ ™›˜™Ž›’Žœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ
cognitive structures from which they derive extend
‹Ž¢˜—ȱœ”’—ȱŠ—ȱœ”ž••ǯȱ¢ȱ‘Šȱȱ˜ȱ—˜ȱœ’–™•¢ȱ›ŽŽ›ȱ
to an activity-dependent change in the neural archi-
tecture (whether by adding new processing nodes or
Œ˜——ŽŒ’˜—œȱŠ–˜—ȱ‘Ž–Ǽǯȱ—œŽŠȱȱŠ–ȱ›ŽŽ››’—ȱ˜ȱ
an outward expansion of the cognitive system so as
to include and incorporate extra-neural nodes real-
’£Žȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ‹˜¢ȱŠ—ȱŒž•ž›Žǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱ•ŠĴŽ›ȱŸ’Ž ǰȱ’ȱ
is the ornament itself that has partially driven and
mediated the transformation of the bodily self to a
œŽ•Ȭ’—ȬŒ˜—Ž¡Ȭ˜Ȭ‘ŽȬ˜‘Ž›ȱ‹¢ȱŽěŽŒ’—ȱŠ—ȱŽ¡Ž—Žȱ
›ŽȬ˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ—Žž›Š•ȱ—Ž ˜›”œȱ‘Šȱœž‹œŽ›ŸŽȱ
‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱȁ›’‘ȱ‘Ž–’œ™‘Ž›Žȱ’—Ž›™›ŽŽ›Ȃȱǻ Š££Š—’Šȱ
ŗşşŞǼǯ
˜–ŽȱŒ˜—Œ•ž’—ȱ‘˜ž‘œ
žȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ˜ŽœȱŠ••ȱ‘’œȱ•ŽŠŸŽȱžœȱ ‘Ž—ȱ’ȱŒ˜–Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
šžŽœ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›’’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ –˜Ž›—’¢ǵȱ ‘Šȱ
˜Žœȱ‘Žȱȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱŠȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜—˜’—ȱŽ‹ŠŽȱ
over the making of modern humans and in what way
does it help us to rethink what traits mark the origin
˜ȱ˜ž›ȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœǵȱ¢ȱ Š¢ȱ˜ȱŒ˜—Œ•ž’—ȱ‘’œȱ™Š™Ž›ȱȱ Š—ȱ
‹›’ŽĚ¢ȱ˜ȱœž––Š›’£ŽȱŠȱŽ ȱ–Š“˜›ȱ™˜’—œǯȱ
‘’Œ‘ŽŸŽ›ȱ•’œȱ˜ȱŽŠ›•¢ȱ–˜Ž›—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ-
’˜ž›Š•ȱ ›Š’œȱ ˜—Žȱ Œ‘˜˜œŽœȱ ȯȱ ž›˜ŒŽ—›’Œȱ ˜›ȱ —˜ȱ ǻœŽŽȱ
Ž—œ‘’• ˜˜ȱ ǭȱ Š›ŽŠ—ȱ ŘŖŖřǼȱ ȯȱ Š—ȱ  ‘ŠŽŸŽ›ȱ ‘Žȱ
™›ŽŒ’œŽȱ–˜Ž•ȱ˜ȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ˜—Žȱœž‹œŒ›’‹Žœȱ˜ȱȯȱ›Šž-
Š•’œ’Œȱ˜›ȱœžŽ—ȱȯȱ‘Ž›ŽȱŠ›Žȱ ˜ȱ–Š“˜›ȱŠ—ȱŽŽ™•¢ȱ
entrenched assumptions behind the debate over the
˜›’’—ȱ˜ȱ–˜Ž›—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ’—Ž••’Ž—ŒŽǯȱ‘Žȱꛜȱ’–™•’Œ’ȱ
assumption is that brain anatomy and structure stayed
‘ŽȱœŠ–ŽȱŠĞŽ›ȱ‘Žȱ–Š’—ȱœ™ŽŒ’Š’˜—ȱŽŸŽ—ǰȱ ‘Ž—ŽŸŽ›ȱ
Š—ȱ ‘Ž›ŽŸŽ›ȱ ŽȱŽŒ’Žȱ˜ȱœ’žŠŽȱ‘Šǯȱ‘ŽȱœŽŒ˜—ȱ
implicit assumption is that material culture, although
’ȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱœŽŽ—ȱ˜ȱ›ŽĚŽŒȱ™˜œœ’‹•ŽȱŒ‘Š—ŽœȱǻŽ—Ž’Œȱ˜›ȱ
˜‘Ž›Ǽȱ’—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ǰȱ‘Šœȱ—˜ȱŒŠžœŠ•ȱŽĜŒŠŒ¢ȱ˜›ȱ
other direct relationship with the mechanisms that
underlie these changes and which should be sought
’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜–Š’—ȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹’˜•˜¢ǯȱ
From the perspective advanced in this paper the
˜›–Ž›ȱŠœœž–™’˜—ȱŒŠ—ȱ—˜ȱ•˜—Ž›ȱ‹ŽȱœžœŠ’—Žǯȱȱ•ŽŠœȱ
’ȱŒŠ——˜ȱ‹ŽȱœžœŠ’—Žȱ ’‘˜žȱœ˜–Žȱž›‘Ž›ȱšžŠ•’ęŒŠ-
’˜—œȱ˜›ȱ–˜›Žȱ™›ŽŒ’œŽȱŽę—’’˜—œȱŒ˜—ŒŽ›—’—ȱ ‘Šȱ’ȱ
’œȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹›Š’—ȱ‘Šȱ›Ž–Š’—œȱ‘ŽȱœŠ–Žǯȱ˜›ȱ
instance, although as recent DNA studies point out
ǻŽ••Š›œȱŘŖŖŜŠǰ‹Ǽǰȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŽ—Ž’Œȱœ›žŒž›Žȱ˜Žœȱ
not seem to have changed much (Renfrew 2008), the
‘ž–Š—ȱ‹›Š’—ȱŠ•–˜œȱŒŽ›Š’—•¢ȱ‘Šœǯȱȱ‘Žȱ’—›’—œ’ŒŠ••¢ȱ
plastic human brain undergoes constant change
œž‹“ŽŒȱ˜ȱŸŠ›’˜žœȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—Š•ǰȱŽ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—Š•ȱŠ—ȱ
cultural factors, then it cannot simply be assumed that
anatomically modern human intelligence refers to a
ę¡ŽȱŠ—ȱœŠ‹•Žȱœ™ŽŒ’Š’˜—ȱŽŸŽ—ǯȱȱŠ™™ŽŠ›œȱ’—œŽŠȱ
that a plastic brain is always amenable to drastic deep
›ŽȬ˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ‘žœǰȱ ™˜Ž—’Š••¢ǰȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ Œ˜—œŠ—ǰȱ
‘pre-modern’ state of change and ongoing cognitive
ŽŸ˜•ž’˜—ǯȱ
—Žȱ œ‘˜ž•ȱ ‹ŽŠ›ȱ ’—ȱ –’—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘’œȱ Œ˜—Ž¡ȱ ‘Šȱ
the development in neuroscience of new theoretical
frameworks such as that of ‘neuroconstructivism’
ǻŽœŽ›–Š——ȱ et al.ȱ ŘŖŖŝDzȱ žŠ›£ȱ ǭȱ Ž“—˜ œ”’ȱ ŗşşŝDzȱ
žŠ›£ȱŗşşşǼȱŠ—ȱȁ™›˜‹Š‹’•’œ’ŒȱŽ™’Ž—Žœ’œȂȱǻ ˜Ĵ•’Ž‹ȱ
ŘŖŖřDzȱŘŖŖŝǼȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽœȱžœȱŠȱ—Ž ǰȱ—˜—Ȭ•’—ŽŠ›ȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ-
tive model for understanding the relationship between
Ž—Žœǰȱ ‘Žȱ ‹›Š’—ȱ Š—ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ ‘Šȱ Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’£Žȱ
‘ž–Š—ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–’—ǯȱ —ȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ
development is no longer seen as the progressive
unfolding of information that is laid out in the
Ž—˜–Žǯȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ Ÿ’Ž ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ˜—ŽȬ’›ŽŒ’˜—Š•ȱ
̘ ȱ˜ȱŒŠžœŽȱŠ—ȱŽěŽŒȱ›˜–ȱŽ—ŽœȱǻǼȱ˜ȱȱ
to the structure of proteins which they encode gives
way to a more subtle picture where physical, social,
cultural aspects of environment and behaviour play
fundamental role in triggering the expression of genes
ǻŽœŽ›–Š——ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖŝǰȱŝŜǼǯȱ
‘žœȱ Š•‘˜ž‘ȱ  Žȱ ŒŠ—ȱ Ž‹ŠŽȱ ‘Žȱ žœŽž•—Žœœȱ
of notions like cognitive or behavioural modernity
which dominate archaeological thinking (see for
›ŽŸ’Ž ȱȂ››’Œ˜ȱŘŖŖřDzȱȂ››’Œ˜ȱet al.ȱŘŖŖřDzȱŽ••Š›œȱŗşŞşDzȱ
ŗşşŗǼȱŠ—ȱŠ›Žȱ›Ž•ŽŸŠ—ȱ˜ȱœ˜–Žȱ’–Ž—œ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱŽŸ˜•ž’˜—ȱǻŽǯǯȱœ¢—ŠŒ’ŒŠ•ȱ•Š—žŠŽǼǰȱŠœȱŠ›ȱ
ŚŖş
 Special Section
as the broader issue of human cognitive becoming is
Œ˜—ŒŽ›—ŽǰȱȱœžŽœȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ ˜›œȱ˜ȱ›ž—˜ȱŠ˜ž›ȱ
ǻŗşşřǼȱ ȁ Žȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ —ŽŸŽ›ȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ –˜Ž›—Ȃȱ ŒŠ—ȱ ‹Žȱ œŽŽ—ȱ ˜ȱ
Š™™•¢ȱ Ž••ǯȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱ‘Žȱ‘Š••–Š›”ȱ˜ȱ
ž–Š—’’ŽœȂȱ›Š—ȱǻ˜•”œ ŠŽ—ȱ’Ğž—Ǽǯ
human cognitive evolution may not to be based on
‘Žȱ ŽŸŽ›Ȭ’—Œ›ŽŠœ’—ȱ œ˜™‘’œ’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ ˜›ȱ œ™ŽŒ’Š•’£Š’˜—ȱ
of a modular mind, but upon an ever-increasing
Ž¡›ŠȬ—Žž›Š•ȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—Š•ȱ̎¡’‹’•’¢ȱ‘ŠȱŠ••˜ œȱ˜›ȱ
environmentally and culturally derived changes in the
œ›žŒž›ŽȱŠ—ȱž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱŠ›Œ‘’ŽŒž›Žȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱ‹›Š’—ǯȱ
‘’œȱ ‹›’—œȱ žœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œŽŒ˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›ŽŸ’˜žœ•¢ȱ
stated assumptions concerning the epiphenomenal
›˜•Žȱ˜ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱŒž•ž›Žȱ’—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ǯȱȱ–Š“˜›ȱ
–Ž‘˜˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘Žȱȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱ
carries with it is that the observed changes in the mate-
rial record should also be seen as indicative of possible
™•Šœ’Œȱ ŽěŽŒœǰȱ ‘Šȱ ’œǰȱ ˜ȱ ŽěŽŒŽȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ ’—ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ
Œ˜—’’˜—ǰȱ›Š‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱœ’–™•¢ȱ›ŽĚŽŒ’ŸŽȱ˜ȱ™›ŽȬŽ¡’œ’—ȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ˜›ȱŽ—Ž’ŒȱŒ‘Š—Žœǯȱ‘Žȱ’›ŽŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ’—Ž››Žȱ
ŒŠžœŠ’˜—ȱ–žœȱŒ‘Š—Žǯȱ‘’œȱ˜Žœȱ—˜ȱ—ŽŒŽœœŠ›’•¢ȱ–ŽŠ—ȱ
Š——Š—ȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ
Ž‹‹ȱǻŗşŚşǼȱ™˜œž•ŠŽȱ‘Šȱœ¢—Š™’ŒȱŽĜŒŠŒ¢ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ
that any change in the material record coincided pre-
Œ’œŽ•¢ȱ ’‘ȱž—Š–Ž—Š•ȱŒ‘Š—Žœȱ’—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜—’’˜—ǯȱ
‘Šȱ’ȱ–ŽŠ—œǰȱ’—œŽŠǰȱ’œȱ‘Šȱ Žȱ—ŽŽȱ˜ȱ˜ŸŽ›Œ˜–Žȱ‘Žȱ
ȁ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—Š•ȱŠ••ŠŒ¢Ȃȱ‘ŠȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’£Žœȱ–˜œȱœž-
ies in human cognitive evolution and which continues
to see material culture as an epiphenomenal product
˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ–’—ǯȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱȱ‘¢™˜‘Žœ’œȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ
culture is not simply the product of cognitive change
‹žȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜—Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ›ŽŠœ˜—œȱ‹Ž‘’—ȱ’ǯȱ‘Žȱœ‘Ž••ȱ
‹ŽŠȱ›˜–ȱ•˜–‹˜œȱ’œȱ—˜ȱŠȱœ¢–‹˜•’ŒȱœŠŽ–Ž—ȱŠ‹˜žȱ
the presence of a new human representational capacity
Š—ȱ‘žœȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—œȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ–˜Ž›—’¢ǯȱ—œŽŠȱ’ȱ’œȱŠȱ
statement about how culture shapes the brain and thus
provides a concrete example of how external processes
and artefacts can be seen as constitutive aspects of the
constantly changing and extended anatomy of human
˜›ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ‘Ž•™ž•ȱŒ˜––Ž—œȱŠ—ȱœžŽœ’˜—œǯȱ‘Žȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ
™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ‘Ž›Žȱ Šœȱž—Žȱ‹¢ȱ‘ŽȱŠ•£Š—ȱ˜ž—Š’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ
‹¢ȱŠȱȁž›˜™ŽŠ—ȱ•Š˜›–ȱ˜›ȱ’ŽȱŒ’Ž—ŒŽœǰȱ’—ȱŒ’Ž—ŒŽœǰȱ
Š—ȱ‘Žȱ
Lambros Malafouris
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
Downing Street
Cambridge
CB2 3ER
UK
Email: lm243@cam.ac.uk
˜Žœ
ŗǯȱ ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱŒ•Š›’¢ȱ‘ŠȱŽ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—Š•ȱŽ—›’Œ‘–Ž—ȱ›ŽŽ›œȱ˜ȱ
housing conditions, either home cages or exploratory
chambers, that facilitate enhanced sensory, cognitive
and motor stimulation relative to standard housing
Œ˜—’’˜—œȱǻ˜›ȱŠȱ˜˜ȱ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱœŽŽȱ’‘’Š—Š—‘Š›Š“Š‘ȱǭȱ
Řǯȱ
 ˜ȱ —Žž›˜—œȱ ’œȱ œ›Ž—‘Ž—Žȱ ’ȱ ‘Žȱ ꛜȱ ›Ž™ŽŠŽ•¢ȱ
Œ˜—›’‹žŽœȱ˜ȱꛒ—ȱ‘ŽȱœŽŒ˜—ǯ
řǯȱ Žȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ—˜Žȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱžœŽȱ˜ȱŽ•ŽŒ›’ŒŠ•ȱœ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ
Š•Ž›ȱ‹›Š’—ȱž—Œ’˜—ȱ‹¢ȱ’—“ŽŒ’—ȱŠȱœ’—Š•ȱ˜ȱ–˜—”Ž¢œȱŠ—ȱ
‘ž–Š—œȱ˜Žœȱ‹ŠŒ”ȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŗşŜŖœǰȱŠ—ȱ˜Š¢ȱŽŽ™ȱ›Š’—ȱ
’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ ǻǼȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’–™•Š—Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱ
devices into the brain is increasingly used to treat neu-
›˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ’œ˜›Ž›œȱǻ˜—˜‘žŽȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱžȱ‘Žȱ™˜œœ’‹’•’¢ȱ
‘Šȱ‘ŽœŽȱ—Ž ȱ‘¢‹›’ȱœȱœŽŽ–ȱ˜ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ›ŽŠ•’£Žȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ
ꛜȱ’–Žȱ’œȱ‘Šȱ˜ȱŽœŠ‹•’œ‘’—ȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’ŸŽȱŒ˜––ž—’ŒŠ-
tion link between the functioning human brain and the
˜žœ’Žȱ  ˜›•ǯȱ ˜›ȱ ’—œŠ—ŒŽǰȱ œȱ Š›Žȱ —˜ ȱ ŒŠ™Š‹•Žȱ ˜ȱ
controlling a robotic hand by ‘thought’ alone, thus restor-
ing or enhancing our perceptual, motor and cognitive
ŒŠ™Š‹’•’’ŽœǯȱȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’ŒȱŽ¡Š–™•ŽȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱœŽŽ—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ
ŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ȬŒ˜—›˜••Žȱ Ž‹ȱ‹›˜ œŽ›ȱ‹ŠœŽȱ˜—ȱœŽ•Ȭ
›Žž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱœ•˜ ȱŒ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•œȱǻœǼȱŽŸŽ•˜™Žȱ
’—Ž••’Ž—ŒŽȱǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜›Š—ȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ•‘˜ž‘ȱœŽ™Š›Š’—ȱ
Š›’–ȱet al.ȱǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŽ—Š‹•Žœȱ™Š’Ž—œȱ ’‘ȱœŽŸŽ›Žȱ
biology from culture sometimes makes good analytic
sense for approaching some archaeological problems,
it should not obscure the most interesting issue of how
they are combined (Renfrew et al.ȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ’‹œ˜—ȱŗşşŜDzȱ
—Š™™ŽĴȱŘŖŖśDzȱ Š–‹•ŽȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱŠ¢‹Žȱ’—œŽŠȱ˜ȱ•˜˜”’—ȱ
for clean lines and clear-cut stages in human cognitive
evolution we should be seeking a more discontinuous
Š—ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—’œȱŸ’Ž DzȱŠȱŸ’Ž ȱŒŠ™Š‹•Žȱ˜ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’£’—ȱ
that ‘the mental characteristics of the system are imma-
nent, not in some part, but in the system as a whole’
ǻŠŽœ˜—ȱŗşŝřǰȱřŗŜǼǯ
Œ”—˜ •ŽŽ–Ž—œ
‹¢ȱ
˜›ȱ˜Š•ȱ–˜˜›ȱ™Š›Š•¢œ’œȱȯȱ˜ĞŽ—ȱ›ŽŽ››Žȱ˜ȱŠœȱȁ•˜Œ”ŽȬ’—ȱ
œ¢—›˜–ŽȂȱȯȱ˜ȱ‹›˜ œŽȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›—Žȱ’—Ž™Ž—Ž—•¢ȱ˜ȱ
Š—¢ȱŸ˜•ž—Š›¢ȱ–žœŒ•ŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ǯȱ
Śǯȱ •‘˜ž‘ȱ–˜œȱ™Ž˜™•Žȱ˜Š¢ȱŠ”Žȱ‘Žȱ—˜’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠ‹œ›ŠŒȱ
number for granted, we should not forget the mental
•ŽŠ™ȱ ›Žšž’›Žȱ ˜ȱ ˜ȱ ›˜–ȱ Œ˜ž—’—ȱ œ™ŽŒ’ęŒȱ ‘’—œȱ
(concrete counting) to the abstract concept of number
Šœȱ Šȱ ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ šžŠ—’¢ǯȱ ‘Žȱ –Š”’—ȱ œŽ—œŽȱ ˜ȱ
an exact, large cardinal value, presupposes cognitive
processes that children take many years to learn and
‘Šȱ™Ž˜™•Žȱ–Š¢ȱ™Ž›˜›–ȱ’—ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ Š¢œȱ’—ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ
Œž•ž›Žœȱ˜›ȱŽŸŽ—ȱ•ŠŒ”ȱŠ•˜Ž‘Ž›ǯȱ
ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽœ
–ž—œǰȱ
ǯǰȱ ǯȱŒ‘•Šžǰȱǯȱ§—Œ”Žǰȱet al.ǰȱŗşşŝǯȱ˜˜›ȱŒ˜›Ž¡ȱ
‘ŽȱŠž‘˜›ȱ ˜ž•ȱ•’”Žȱ˜ȱ‘Š—”ȱ ˜ȱŠ—˜—¢–˜žœȱ›ŽŸ’Ž Ž›œǰȱ and hand motor skills: structural compliance in the
Šœȱ  Ž••ȱ Šœȱ ˜•’—ȱ Ž—›Ž ǰȱ Š›•ȱ
—Š™™ŽĴȱ Š—ȱ ˜‘—ȱ ˜‹‹ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹›Š’—ǯȱHuman Brain MappingȱśǰȱŘŖŜȮŗśǯ

ŚŗŖ
 Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind, part 1

ŠŽœ˜—ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşŝřǯȱ Steps to an Ecology of Mindǯȱ ˜—˜—DZȱ Ž‘ŠŽ—ŽǰȱǯǰȱŗşşŝǯȱThe Number SensŽǯȱŽ ȱ˜›”ȱǻǼDZȱ¡˜›ȱ
›Š—ŠŠǯ —’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ
ŠŸŽ•’Ž›ǰȱ ǯȱ ǭȱ
ǯǯȱ ŽŸ’••Žǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǯȱ ›˜œœȬ–˜Š•ȱ ™•Šœ’Œ’¢DZȱ Ž‘ŠŽ—Žǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖśǯȱ Ÿ˜•ž’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ Œ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ Œ’›Œž’œȱ
‘Ž›Žȱ Š—ȱ
˜ ǵȱ Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, for reading and arithmetic: the neuronal recycling
ŚŚřȮśŘǯ hypothesis, in From Monkey Brain to Human Brain: a
Ž›•žŒŒ‘’ǰȱ ǯȱ ǭȱ ǯǯȱ•’˜’ǰȱ ŗşşŝǯȱ ‘Žȱ ‹˜¢ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹›Š’—DZȱ
—Žž›Š•ȱ‹ŠœŽœȱ˜ȱŒ˜›™˜›ŽŠ•ȱŠ Š›Ž—ŽœœǯȱTrends in Neuro-
ŠžœŽ›ȱǭȱ ǯȱ’££˜•ŠĴ’ǯȱŠ–‹›’Žȱ
sciencesȱŘŖǰȱśŜŖȮŜŚǯȱ
Ž›’ǰȱ ǯȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ ›Šœœ’—ŽĴ’ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǯȱ ‘Ž—ȱ Š›ȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–Žœȱ —ŽŠ›DZȱ
›Ž–Š™™’—ȱ˜ȱœ™ŠŒŽȱ‹¢ȱ˜˜•ȬžœŽǯȱJournal of Cognitive
NeuroscienceȱŗŘǰȱŚŗśȮŘŖǯ
’›˜ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱŠœž£Š ŠǰȱŘŖŖŗǯȱ‘’–™Š—£ŽŽȱ—ž–Ž›’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜–-
Ž—œ‘’• ˜˜ǰȱ ǯȱ Š œ˜—ǰȱ et alǯǰȱ ŘŖŖřǯȱ ‘Žȱ
petence: cardinal and ordinal skills, in Primate Origins
Fyssen Foundation Symposiumǰȱ Žœǯȱ ǯȱ Ž‘ŠŽ—Žǰȱ ǯȬǯȱ
ž‘Š–Ž•ǰȱǯǯȱ
ǻǼDZȱȱ›ŽœœǰȱŗřřȮśŝǯ
Ȃ››’Œ˜ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖřǯȱ‘Žȱ’—Ÿ’œ’‹•Žȱ›˜—’Ž›DZȱŠȱ–ž•’™•Žȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ
–˜Ž•ȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—ȱ˜ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜›Š•ȱ–˜Ž›—’¢ǯȱEvolu-
tionary AnthropologyȱŗŘǰȱŗŞŞȮŘŖŘǯ
Ȃ››’Œ˜ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǯȱ
search for the origin of symbolism, music and lan-
of Human Cognition and Behavior, ed.ȱ ǯȱ Šœž£Š Š. žŠŽDZȱŠȱ–ž•’’œŒ’™•’—Š›¢ȱŽ—ŽŠŸ˜ž›ǯȱ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱ˜›•ȱ
˜”¢˜ȱǭȱŽ›•’—DZȱ™›’—Ž›ǰȱŗşşȮŘŘśǯ Prehist˜›¢ȱŗŝǰȱŗȮŝŖǯ
•Š”Ž–˜›Žǰȱǯǯȱǭȱǯȱ‘˜ž‘ž›¢ǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
Ž—œ‘’• ˜˜ǰȱ ǯȱ Š—‘ŠŽ›Ž—ȱ ǭȱ
ǯȱ ŸŠ—ȱ
adolescent brain: implications for executive function
Š—ȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ Œ˜—’’˜—ǯȱ Journal of Child Psychology and
PsychiatryȱŚŝǻřȦŚǼǰȱŘşŜȮřŗŘǯ
ž˜—˜–Š—˜ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱŽ›£Ž—’Œ‘ǰȱŗşşŞǯȱ›˜–ȱœ¢—Š™œŽœȱ˜ȱ
–Š™œǯȱAnnual Review of Neuroscience ŘŗǰȱŗŚşȮŞŜǯ
Ȃ››’Œ˜ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǯȱ
’Ž”Ž›”ǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱNassarius kraussianus shell beads from
•˜–‹˜œȱ ŠŸŽDZȱ ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜›ȱ œ¢–‹˜•’Œȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ȱ ’—ȱ
‘Žȱ ’•Žȱ ˜—Žȱ Žǯȱ Journal of Human Evolution
ŚŞǰȱřȮŘŚǯȱ
˜—Š•ǰȱǯǰȱŗşşŗǯȱOrigins of the Modern MindǯȱŠ–‹›’Žȱ
Š—•˜—ǰȱǯǯȱǭȱǯǯȱ›Š——˜—ǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱ’—ȱž™ȱ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ ǻǼDZȱ
Š›ŸŠ›ȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ
˜ȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ‹›Š’—ǯȱTrends in Cognitive ˜—˜‘žŽǰȱǯǯǰȱŘŖŖŘǯȱ˜——ŽŒ’—ȱŒ˜›Ž¡ȱ˜ȱ–ŠŒ‘’—ŽœDZȱ›ŽŒŽ—ȱ
SciencesȱŗŗǻŗǼǰȱŗȮŚǯ ŠŸŠ—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ‹›Š’—ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒŽœǯȱNature Neuroscience sup-
Šœ›˜ȬŠ•Šœǰȱǯǰȱ
ǯǯȱŽŽ›œœ˜—ǰȱǯȱŽ’œǰȱǯȱ˜—ŽȬ•Š—Ž›ȱ plementȱśǰȱŗŖŞśȮŞŞǯ
ǭȱ ǯȱ —ŸŠ›ǰȱ ŗşşŞǯȱ ‘Žȱ ’••’Ž›ŠŽȱ ‹›Š’—DZȱ •ŽŠ›—’—ȱ ˜ȱ ›ŠŠ—œ”’ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ ŠœŽ›ǰȱǯȱžœŒ‘ǰȱ ǯȱŒ‘ž’Ž›Ž›ǰȱǯȱ˜Š‘—ȱ
›ŽŠȱ Š—ȱ  ›’Žȱ ž›’—ȱ Œ‘’•‘˜˜ȱ ’—ĚžŽ—ŒŽœȱ ‘Žȱ ǭȱǯȱŠ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ‘Š—Žœȱ’—ȱ›Ž¢ȱ–ŠĴŽ›ȱ’—žŒŽȱ‹¢ȱ
ž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱ ˜›Š—’£Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Šž•ȱ ‹›Š’—ǯ Brain ›Š’—’—ǯȱNatureȱŚŘŝǰȱřŗŗȮŘǯ
ŗŘŗǻŜǼǰȱŗŖśřȮŜřǯ Ž’Ž—œ˜—ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱŽ‘ŠŽ—Žȱǭȱǯȱ™Ž•”ŽǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ˜›Žȱœ¢œŽ–œȱ˜ȱ
•Š›”ǰȱǯǰȱŗşşŝǯȱŽ’—ȱ‘Ž›ŽDZȱžĴ’—ȱ›Š’—ǰȱ˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜›•ȱ —ž–‹Ž›ǯȱTrends in Cognitive Sciences ŞǰȱřŖŝȮŗŚǯ
Together AgainǯȱŠ–‹›’ŽȱǻǼDZȱȱ›Žœœǯ
ŽŽ—Š—ǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ‹›Š’—ȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ
•Š›”ǰȱǯǰȱŗşşşǯȱ—ȱŽ–‹˜’ŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœŒ’Ž—ŒŽǵȱTrends in
Cognitive SciencesȱřǻşǼǰȱřŚśȮśŗǯ
•Š›”ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǯȱ ŽŠœ˜—œǰȱ ›˜‹˜œȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž¡Ž—Žȱ –’—ǯȱ
’—ȱǭȱŠ—žŠŽȱŗŜǻŘǼǰȱŗŘŗȮŚśǯ
•Š›”ǰȱǯǰȱ ŘŖŖřǯȱ Natural Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies,
and the Future of Human Intelligence.ȱ¡˜›DZȱ¡˜›ȱ
—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ
•Š›”ǰȱǯǰȱ˜›‘Œ˜–’—ǯȱŠŽ›’Š•ȱœž››˜ŠŒ¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱœž™Ž›-
—Šž›Š•DZȱ›ŽĚŽŒ’˜—œȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›˜•Žȱ˜ȱŠ›’ŠŒœȱ’—ȱȁ˜ěȬ•’—ŽȂȱ
cognition, in The Cognitive Life of Things: Recasting the
Boundaries of the MindǰȱŽœǯȱǯȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱǭȱǯȱŽ—-
›Ž ǯȱǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱŠ–‹›’ŽDZȱ
Œ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜›ȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǯ
•Š›”ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱ‘Š•–Ž›œǰȱŗşşŞǯȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡Ž—Žȱ–’—ǯȱAnalysis
śŞǻŗǼǰȱŗŖȮŘřǯ
˜‘Ž—ǰȱǯ ǯǰȱǯȱŽ•—’”ǰȱǯȱŠœŒžŠ•ȬŽ˜—Žǰȱet al.ǰȱŗşşŝǯȱž—Œ-
tional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in blind
‘ž–Š—œǯȱNatureȱřŞşǰȱŗŞŖȮŞřǯ
˜‘Ž—ǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱ ǯǯȱ ŽŽ”œǰȱ ǯȱ ŠŠ˜ǰȱ ǯȱ Ž•—’”ǰȱ
ǯȱ œ‘’’ȱ ǭȱ and Brain SciencesǰȱŗŝǻřǼǰȱśŝŘȮřǯȱ
ǯȱ
Š••ŽĴǰȱ ŗşşşǯȱ Ž›’˜ȱ ˜ȱ œžœŒŽ™’‹’•’¢ȱ ˜›ȱ Œ›˜œœȬ
–˜Š•ȱ ™•Šœ’Œ’¢ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹•’—ǯȱ Annals of Neurology
ŚśǻŚǼǰȱŚśŗȮŜŖǯ
Š–Šœ’˜ǰȱǯǯǰȱŗşşşǯȱ‘ŽȱŽŽ•’—ȱ˜ȱ‘Šȱ
Š™™Ž—œDZȱ˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ Š££Š—’Šǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ŗşşŞǯȱ The Mind’s Past.ȱ Ž›”Ž•Ž¢ȱ ǻǼDZȱ
Emotion in the Making of Consciousnessǯȱ Ž ȱ ˜›”ȱ
ǻǼDZȱ
Š›Œ˜ž›ǯ Ž••ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşŞǯȱ Art and Agency: an Anthropological Theoryǯȱ
Ž’—‹Ž›ǰȱǯǯȱǭȱǯǯȱ
œŽ•ǵȱConsciousness and Cognition ŗŚǰȱŜŜŗȮŝŞǯ
›’‘ǰȱǯǯǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ‘ŽȱœŽ•ȱ’—ȱŠŒ’˜—DZȱ•Žœœ˜—œȱ›˜–ȱŽ•žœ’˜—œȱ
˜ȱŒ˜—›˜•ǯȱConsciousness and CognitionȱŗŚǰȱŝśŘȮŝŖǯ
Š••Š‘Ž›ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǯȱ ‘’•˜œ˜™‘’ŒŠ•ȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œŽ•DZȱ
’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜›ȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱœŒ’Ž—ŒŽǯȱTrends in Cognitive
Sciences ŚǰȱŗŚȮŘŗǯ
Š••ŽœŽǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖśǯȱ –‹˜’Žȱ œ’–ž•Š’˜—DZȱ ›˜–ȱ —Žž›˜—œȱ ˜ȱ
™‘Ž—˜–Ž—Š•ȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽǯȱPhenomenology and the Cogni-
tive SciencesȱŚǰȱŘřȮŚŞǯȱ
Š••ŽœŽǰȱǯȱǭȱ ǯȱŠ”˜ěǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ‘Žȱ‹›Š’—ȂœȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™œDZȱ‘Žȱ›˜•Žȱ
˜ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—œ˜›¢Ȭ–˜˜›ȱœ¢œŽ–ȱ’—ȱ›ŽŠœ˜—ȱŠ—ȱ•Š—žŠŽǯȱ
Cognitive Neuropsychol˜¢ȱŘŘǰȱŚśśȮŝşǯ
Š••ž™ǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱŗşŝŖǯȱ‘’–™Š—£ŽŽœDZȱœŽ•Ȭ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ǯȱScience
ŗŜŝǰȱŞŜȮŝǯ
Š••ž™ǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱ ŗşşŘǯȱ ŽŸŽ•œǰȱ •’–’œǰȱ Š—ȱ ™›ŽŒž›œ˜›œȱ ˜ȱ œŽ•Ȭ
›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—DZȱ˜Žœȱ˜—˜Ž—¢ȱ›ŽŒŠ™’ž•ŠŽȱ™‘¢•˜Ž—¢ǵȱ
Psychological InquiryȱřǻŘǼǰȱŗŗŝȮŗŞǯȱ
Š••ž™ǰȱ ǯ ǯǰȱŗşşŚǯȱ˜—”Ž¢œǰȱ–’››˜›œǰȱŠ—ȱ–’—œǯȱBehavioral
Š–‹•ŽǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǯȱOrigins and Revolutions: Human Identity in
Earliest PrehistoryǯȱŠ–‹›’ŽDZȱŠ–‹›’Žȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ
›Žœœǯ
—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ˜ȱŠ•’˜›—’Šȱ›Žœœǯ
ŽŒŽ¢ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯǯȱ˜––Ž›Ÿ’••ŽǰȱŘŖŖřǯȱ‘Š›Žȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—œȱ ¡˜›DZȱ¡˜›ȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ
between self and others: a social cognitive neuro- Ž•–Š—ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱžĴŽ› ˜›‘ǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱž–‹Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ•Š—žŠŽDZȱ
œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱŸ’Ž ǯȱTrends in Cognitive ScienceȱŝǰȱśŘŝȮřřǯ ‘˜ ȱŠ›Žȱ‘Ž¢ȱ›Ž•ŠŽǵȱTrends in Cognitive SciencesȱşǰȱŜȮŗŖǯ

Śŗŗ
 Special Section

Ž•–Š—ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯǯȱ Š••’œŽ•ǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱŠ—žŠŽȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—ȱ
žŒ‘’—œǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱŠŽ›’Š•ȱŠ—Œ‘˜›œȱ˜›ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱ‹•Ž—œǯȱ
˜ȱ—ž–Ž›’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™œǯȱScienceȱřŖŜǰȱŚŚŗȮřǯ Journal of PragmaticsȱřŝǰȱŗśśśȮŝŝǯȱ
’‹œ˜—ǰȱ
ǯǯǰȱŗşşŜǯȱ‘Žȱ‹’˜Œž•ž›Š•ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‹›Š’—ǰȱœŽŠœ˜—Š•ȱ ›’”’ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱȱ™›˜˜¢™Žȱ˜ȱHomo faber: a silent precursor
–’›Š’˜—œǰȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™™Ž›ȱŠ•ŠŽ˜Ȭ of human intelligence in the tool-using monkey brain,
lithic, in Modelling the Early Human MindǰȱŽœǯȱǯȱŽ•- in From Monkey Brain to Human Brain, Žœǯ ǯȱŽ‘ŠŽ—Žǰȱ
•Š›œȱǭȱ
ǯȱ ’‹œ˜—ǯȱǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱ 
ŠžœŽ›ǯȱŠ–‹›’Žȱ
Š–‹›’ŽDZȱ Œ˜—Š•ȱ —œ’žŽȱ ˜›ȱ ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ
ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǰȱřřȮŚŜǯ
˜•Ž—‹Ž›ǰȱ ǯȱǭȱǯȱ›’”’ǰȱŘŖŖŝǯȱ›˜–ȱœ’Œ”œȱ˜ȱŒ˜ěŽŽȬ–Š”Ž›DZȱ
mastery of tools and technology by human and non-
‘ž–Š—ȱ™›’–ŠŽœǯȱCortexȱŚřǰȱŘŞśȮŞǯ
˜œŽ—ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ‘Šȱ˜ȱ˜‹“ŽŒœȱ Š—ǵȱJournal of Archaeo-
logical Method and TheoryȱŗŘǰȱŗşřȮŘŗŗǯ
˜Ĵ•’Ž‹ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖřǯȱ —ȱ –Š”’—ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜›Š•ȱ Ž—Ž’Œœȱ ›ž•¢ȱ
ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—Š•ǯȱHuman DevelopmentȱŚŜǰȱřřŝȮśśǯ
˜Ĵ•’Ž‹ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǯȱ ›˜‹Š‹’•’œ’Œȱ Ž™’Ž—Žœ’œǯȱ Developmental
ScienceȱŗŖǻŗǼǰȱŗȮŗŗǯȱ
ǯȬǯž‘Š–Ž•ǰȱ ǯȱ’££˜•ŠĴ’ȱǭȱǯȱ
ǻǼDZȱȱ›ŽœœǰȱŘśřȮŝŗǯȱ
›’”’ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱ‘Žȱ—Žž›Š•ȱ˜›’’—œȱŠ—ȱ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ’–’Š-
’˜—ǰȱ–’››˜›ȱ—Žž›˜—œȱŠ—ȱ˜˜•ȱžœŽǯȱCurrent Opinion in
Neurobiology ŗŜǰȱŗȮŞǯ
›’”’ǰȱ ǯȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ Š”ž›Šǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǯȱ ‘Žȱ —Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ ™›’–ŠŽȱ
intellectual evolution: natural selection and passive
Š—ȱ’—Ž—’˜—Š•ȱ—’Œ‘ŽȱŒ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ǯȱPhilosophical Trans-
actions of the Royal SocietyȱŽ›’ŽœȱȱřŜřǰȱŘŘŘşȮŚŗǯȱ
›’”’ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱŠ—Š”Šȱǭȱǯȱ Š–ž›ŠǰȱŗşşŜǯȱ˜’—ȱ˜ȱ–˜’ꮍȱ
body schema during tool use by macaque postcentral
—Žž›˜—ŽœǯȱNeuroReport 7ǰȱŘřŘśȮřŖǯ
žœ—Š›ǰȱǯǯǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱŽ’—ȱŠȱœŽ•DZȱŒ˜—œ’Ž›Š’˜—œȱ›˜–ȱž—Œ- ŠŒ”œ˜—ǰȱǯǰȱ ǯȱ ŠŸ˜˜›’ȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ Ž£ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǯȱ ˜—ȬŽ›–ȱ –˜˜›ȱ
’˜—Š•ȱ’–Š’—ǯȱConsciousness and Cognition ŗŚǰȱŜŝşȱȮşŝǯ cortex plasticity induced by an electronic neural

ŠŠ›ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǯȱ Š¢•˜›Ȭ•Š›”ȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ Ž——Žǰȱ ŘŖŖřǯȱ ŠŒ’•Žȱ ’–™•Š—ǯȱNatureȱŚŚŚǻŘǼǰȱśŜȮŜŖǯ

™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ǰȱŒ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜’•¢ȱœŽ•ǯȱ ˜›Š—ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǯȱ ’•ȱ ŠŽ—Œ¢DZȱ —ŽœŽȱ ’—Ž—’˜—Š•’’Žœȱ ’—ȱ
Current BiologyȱŗřǰȱŗŝŖȮŝřǯ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ—Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱŠ—ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ǯȱPhilosophical

Š•ŸŽ—œ˜—ǰȱǯǰȱŗşşŘǯȱ ˜˜¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ’–™•˜œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•’Ž›ŠŒ¢ȱ Transactions of the Royal Society of London Ž›’ŽœȱȱřŜřǰȱ

‘Žœ’œǯȱManȱŘŝǰȱřŖŗȮŝǯ ŗşŞŗȮşŗǯ

Ž‹‹ǰȱǯǯǰȱŗşŚşǯȱThe Organization of Behaviour: a Neuropsy- Š›’–ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ

’—Ž›‹Ž›Ž›ȱǭȱǯȱ’Œ‘Ž›ǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱŽž›Š•ȱ’—Ž›—ŽDZȱ
chological TheoryǯȱŽ ȱ˜›”ȱǻǼDZȱ’•Ž¢ǯ  Ž‹ȱœž›ę—ȱ ’‘ȱ‹›Š’—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•œȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜–™•ŽŽ•¢ȱ

Ž—œ‘’• ˜˜ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǭȱ ǯǯȱ Š›ŽŠ—ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǯȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›’’—ȱ ˜ȱ ™Š›Š•¢£ŽǯȱNeurorehabilitation and Neural Repair ŘŖǻŚǼǰȱ
modern human behaviour: a review and critique of śŖŞȮŗśǯ
–˜Ž•œȱ Š—ȱ Žœȱ ’–™•’ŒŠ’˜—œǯȱ Current Anthropology Ž••¢ǰȱǯǯǯȱǭȱ
ǯȱ Š›ŠŸŠ—ǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ
ž–Š—ȱž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱ—Žž›˜Ȭ
ŚŚǰȱŜŘŝȮśŗǯȱ ’–Š’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‹›Š’—ȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ Šœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ  ’‘ȱ ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽǯȱ

Ž—œ‘’• ˜˜ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǯȱ Ȃ››’Œ˜ǰȱ ǯȱ Š—‘ŠŽ›Ž—ǰȱ ǯȱ Š—ȱ Cerebral Cortex ŗśǰȱŗŖŞşȮŗŖŘǯ
’Ž”Ž›”ȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ ŠŒ˜‹œǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǯȱ ’•Žȱ ˜—ŽȱŽȱ œ‘Ž••ȱ —Š™™ŽĴǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖśǯȱ Thinking Through Material Culture: an
‹ŽŠœȱ›˜–ȱ˜ž‘ȱ›’ŒŠǯȱScienceȱřŖŚǰȱŚŖŚǯȱ Interdisciplinary Perspective.ȱŽ——œ¢•ŸŠ—’ŠȱǻǼDZȱ—’-

’‘Š›Šǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǯȱ ˜˜¢Šǰȱ ǯȱ Š—Š”Šǰȱ et alǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǯȱ ¡Ž—œ’˜—ȱ ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ˜ȱŽ——œ¢•ŸŠ—’Šȱ›Žœœǯ
˜ȱ Œ˜›’Œ˜Œ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ ŠěŽ›Ž—œȱ ’—˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Š—Ž›’˜›ȱ ‹Š—”ȱ ˜ȱ —Š™™ŽĴǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱŽ¢˜—ȱœ”’—DZȱ•Š¢Ž›’—ȱŠ—ȱ—Ž ˜›”’—ȱ’—ȱ
the intraparietal sulcus by tool-use training in adult Š›ȱŠ—ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ǯȱCambridge Archaeological Journal
–˜—”Ž¢œǯȱNeuropsychologiaȱŚŚǰȱŘŜřŜȮŚŜǯ ŗŜǻŘǼǰȱŘřşȮśŗǯ

˜Ž›ǰȱǯǰȱŗşŞŘǯȱSymbols in Action: Ethnoarchaeological Stud- —Š™™ŽĴǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱǻŽœǯǼǰȱ’—ȱ™›ŽœœǯȱMaterial Agency:

ies of Material Culture.ȱǻŽ ȱž’Žœȱ’—ȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ǯǼȱ Towards a Non-Anthropocentric PerspectiveǯȱŽ ȱ˜›”ȱ
Š–‹›’ŽDZȱŠ–‹›’Žȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ ǻǼDZȱ™›’—Ž›ǯ

˜Ž›ǰȱǯǰȱŗşŞŝǯȱReading the PastǯȱŠ–‹›’ŽDZȱŠ–‹›’Žȱ Š˜ž›ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşřǯȱ Žȱ

ŠŸŽȱ ŽŸŽ›ȱ ŽŽ—ȱ ˜Ž›—ǯȱ Š–‹›’Žȱ
—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ ǻǼDZȱ
Š›ŸŠ›ȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ

˜•Ž—ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǯȱ •Žœȱ ‹ŽŠœȱ œžŽœȱ ŽŠ›•¢ȱ œ¢–‹˜•’Œȱ ŽŽ›ǰȱǯǰȱŗşşŖǯȱThe Absent Bodyǯȱ‘’ŒŠ˜ȱǻǼDZȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ
‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜ž›ǯȱScienceȱřŖŚǰȱřŜşǯ ˜ȱ‘’ŒŠ˜ȱ›Žœœǯ

˜•–Žœǰȱǯǯȱǭȱǯȱ™Ž—ŒŽǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ‘Žȱ‹˜¢ȱœŒ‘Ž–ŠȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ Ž›Š—ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱ‘Žȱ‹˜’•¢ȱœŽ•DZȱ‘ŽȱœŽ—œ˜›’Ȭ–˜˜›ȱ›˜˜œȱ
–ž•’œŽ—œ˜›¢ȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—ǻœǼȱ˜ȱ™Ž›’™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱœ™ŠŒŽǯȱ ˜ȱ™›ŽȬ›ŽĚŽ¡’ŸŽȱœŽ•ȬŒ˜—œŒ’˜žœ—ŽœœǯȱPhenomenology and
Cognitive ProcessingȱśǰȱşŚȮŗŖśǯ the Cognitive Sciences 5, ŞşȮŗŗŞǯ

˜•–Žœǰȱǯǯȱǭȱǯȱ™Ž—ŒŽǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱŽ¢˜—ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜¢ȱœŒ‘Ž–ŠDZȱ Ž ’œǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖřǯȱ‘ŽȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ˜ȱœŽ•ȬŒ˜—œŒ’˜žœ—Žœœǰȱ’—ȱ
visual, prosthetic, and technological contributions Agency and Self-awarenessǰȱŽœǯȱǯȱ˜Žœœ•Ž›ȱǭȱǯȱ’•Š—ǯȱ
to bodily perception and awareness, in Human Body ¡˜›DZȱ¡˜›ȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›ŽœœǰȱŘŝśȮşśǯ
Perception from the Inside Out, Žœǯ ǯȱ —˜‹•’Œ‘ǰȱǯǯȱ Šž’›Žǰȱǯǯǰȱǯ ǯȱ Š’Š—ǰȱǯǯȱ˜‘—œ›žŽǰȱet alǯǰȱŘŖŖŖǯȱŠŸ’-
‘˜›—˜—ǰȱǯȱ ›˜œ“ŽŠ—ȱǭȱǯȱ‘’웊›ǯȱ¡˜›DZȱ¡˜›ȱ gation-related structural change in the hippocampi
—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›ŽœœǰȱŗśȮŜŚǯ ˜ȱŠ¡’ȱ›’ŸŽ›œǯȱProceedings of the National Academy of

˜•–Žœǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǯǯȱŠ•ŸŽ›ȱǭȱǯȱ™Ž—ŒŽǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ¡Ž—’—ȱ˜›ȱ Sciences of the USAȱşŝǻŞǼǰȱŚřşŞȮŚŖřǯ

™›˜“ŽŒ’—ȱ™Ž›’™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱœ™ŠŒŽȱ ’‘ȱ˜˜•œDZȱ–ž•’œŽ—œ˜›¢ȱ Š•Š˜ž›’œǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱ‹Šœ’œȱ˜ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱŽ—ŠŽ-
interactions highlight only the distal and proximal –Ž—DZȱ  ‘Ž›Žȱ ‹›Š’—ǰȱ ‹˜¢ȱ Š—ȱ Œž•ž›Žȱ Œ˜—ĚŠŽǰȱ ’—ȱ
Ž—œȱ˜ȱ˜˜•œǯȱŽž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱŽĴŽ›œȱřŝŘǻŗȮŘǼǰȱŜŘȮŝǯ Rethinking Materiality: the Engagement of Mind with

žŒ‘’—œǰȱǯǰȱŗşşśǯȱ˜—’’˜—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ’•ǯȱŠ–‹›’ŽȱǻǼDZȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ ˜›•ǰȱ Žœǯȱ ǯȱ ŽŠ››Š’œǰȱ ǯȱ ˜œŽ—ȱ

ȱ›Žœœǯ ǭȱ ǯȱ Ž—›Ž ǯȱ ǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ —œ’žŽȱ ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱ

ŚŗŘ
 Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind, part 1
Š–‹›’ŽDZȱ Œ˜—Š•ȱ —œ’žŽȱ ˜›ȱ ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ
ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǰȱśřȮŜŘǯ
Š•Š˜ž›’œǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŝŠǯȱ ‘Žȱ œŠŒ›Žȱ Ž—ŠŽ–Ž—DZȱ ˜ž•’—Žȱ ˜ȱ
a hypothesis about the origin of human ‘religious
intelligence’, in Cult in Context, Reconsidering Ritual
in Archaeology, eds. ǯǯȱŠ››˜ Œ•˜ž‘ȱǭȱǯȱŠ•˜—Žǯȱ
¡˜›DZȱ¡‹˜ ȱ˜˜”œǰȱŗşŞȮŘŖśǯ
Š•Š˜ž›’œǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŝ‹ǯȱ Ž˜›Žȱ Š—ȱ ‹Ž¢˜—ȱ ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—DZȱ
˜ Š›œȱ Š—ȱ Ž—ŠŒ’ŸŽȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Š•ŠŽ˜•’‘’Œȱ
image, in Image and Imagination: a Global History of
Figurative Representation, Žœǯ ǯȱ Ž—›Ž ȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ ˜›-
ley.ȱǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱŠ–‹›’ŽDZȱ
Œ˜—Š•ȱ —œ’žŽȱ ˜›ȱ ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǰȱ
ŘŞşȮřŖŘǯ
Š•Š˜ž›’œǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǯȱŽ ŽŽ—ȱ‹›Š’—œǰȱ‹˜’ŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘’—œDZȱŽŒ-
˜—˜Ž’ŒȱŠ Š›Ž—ŽœœȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡Ž—ŽȱœŽ•ǯȱPhilosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London Ž›’Žœȱ řŜřǰȱ
ŗşşřȮŘŖŖŘǯȱ
Š•Š˜ž›’œǰȱǯǰȱ’—ȱ™›Žœœǯȱ ›Šœ™’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ˜ȱ—ž–‹Ž›DZȱ
˜ ȱ’ȱ‘ŽȱœŠ™’Ž—ȱ–’—ȱ–˜ŸŽȱ‹Ž¢˜—ȱŠ™™›˜¡’–Š-
’—ǯȱ Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855,
śśŜȮŝŗǯ
Œž‘Š—ǰȱǯǰȱŗşŜŚǯȱUnderstanding Media: the Extensions of
ManǯȱŠ–‹›’ŽȱǻǼDZȱȱ›Žœœǯ
Ž••Š›œǰȱǯǰȱŗşŞşǯȱŠ“˜›ȱ’œœžŽœȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ–˜Ž›—ȱ
‘ž–Š—œǯȱCurrent AnthropologyȱřŖǰȱřŚşȮŞśǯȱ
Ž••Š›œǰȱǯǰȱŗşşŗǯȱ˜—’’ŸŽȱŒ‘Š—ŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ
–˜Ž›—ȱ‘ž–Š—œȱ’—ȱž›˜™ŽǯȱCambridge Archaeological
JournalȱŗǻŗǼǰȱŜřȮŝŜǯ
Ž••Š›œǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŜŠǯȱ ‘¢ȱ ’ȱ –˜Ž›—ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ ™˜™ž•Š’˜—œȱ
disperse form Africa caǯȱ ŜŖǰŖŖŖȱ ¢ŽŠ›œȱ Š˜ǵȱ ȱ —Ž ȱ
–˜Ž•ǯȱProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the USAȱŗŖřǰȱşřŞŗȮŜǯ
Ž••Š›œǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜ‹ǯȱ ˜’—ȱŽŠœDZȱ—Ž ȱŽ—Ž’ŒȱŠ—ȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’-
ŒŠ•ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽœȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ–˜Ž›—ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱŒ˜•˜—’£Š’˜—ȱ
˜ȱž›Šœ’ŠǯȱScienceȱřŗřǰȱŝşŜȮŞŖŖǯ
Ž••Š›œǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱ›’—Ž›ȱǻŽœǯǼǰȱŗşŞşǯȱThe Human Revolution,
Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of
Modern Humansǯȱ ’—‹ž›‘DZȱ ’—‹ž›‘ȱ —’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ
›Žœœǯȱ
’˜—ǵȱ’—ȱŽŠœž›’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›•ȱŠ—ȱŽ¢˜—DZȱ‘Žȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȱ
˜ȱŠ›•¢ȱžŠ—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ˜œ–˜•˜¢ǰȱŽœǯȱǯȱŽ—›Ž ȱ
ǭȱ ǯȱ ˜›•Ž¢ǯȱ Š–‹›’ŽDZȱ Š–‹›’Žȱ —’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ
›Žœœǯ
Š•Š˜ž›’œǰȱǯǰȱ˜›‘Œ˜–’—ǯȱ—Š’—ȱ‘Žȱȁ–’œœ’—ȱ–ŠœœȂȱ’—ȱ
The Cognitive Life of Things: Recasting the Boundaries of
the MindǰȱŽœǯȱǯȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œȱǭȱǯȱŽ—›Ž ǯȱǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ
—œ’žŽȱ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱŠ–‹›’ŽDZȱŒ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’-
žŽȱ˜›ȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǯ
Š•Š˜ž›’œǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱŽ—›Ž ȱǻŽœǯǼǰȱ˜›‘Œ˜–’—ǯȱThe Cogni-
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ǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ —œ’žŽȱ ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱ Š–‹›’ŽDZȱ
Œ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜›ȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǯ
Š›ŠŸ’Šǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱ›’”’ǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ˜˜•œȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜¢ȱǻœŒ‘Ž–ŠǼǯȱ
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Š›ŠŸ’Šǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ
žœŠ’—ǰȱ
Ž›Š‹Žǰȱǯǯǰȱǯǯȱ’££˜ǰȱǯȱ–Žǰȱǯǯȱ˜–Ž›œȱǭȱǯȱŠœŒžŠ•Ȭ
Ž˜—ŽǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ‘Šȱ‹•’——ŽœœȱŒŠ—ȱŽ••ȱžœȱŠ‹˜žȱœŽŽ’—ȱ
ŠŠ’—DZȱ–Ž›’—ȱ—Žž›˜™•Šœ’Œ’¢ȱŠ—ȱ—Žž›˜™›˜œ‘ŽœŽœǯȱ
Nature Reviews NeuroscienceȱŜǰȱŝŗȮŝǯ
Ž›•ŽŠžȬ˜—¢ǰȱǯǰȱŗşŜŘǯȱPhenomenology of Perceptionǯȱ˜—-
˜—DZȱ˜ž•ŽŽǯ
’••Ž›ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşŞŝǯȱ Material Culture and Mass Consumptionǯȱ
¡˜›DZȱ•ŠŒ” Ž••ǯ
Ž’œœŽ›ǰȱǯǰȱŗşŞŞǯȱ’ŸŽȱ”’—œȱ˜ȱœŽ•Ȭ”—˜ •ŽŽǯȱPhilosophical
PsychologyȱŗǰȱřśȮśşǯ
’Œ˜•Ž•’œǰȱ ǯǯǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǯȱ Œ’˜—œȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘˜ž‘œǯȱ Nature
ŚŖşǻŗŞǼǰȱŚŖřȮŝǯ
’Œ˜•Ž•’œǰȱǯǯǯǰȱŘŖŖřǯȱ›Š’—Ȭ–ŠŒ‘’—Žȱ’—Ž›ŠŒŽœȱ˜ȱ›Žœ˜›Žȱ
–˜˜›ȱ ž—Œ’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ™›˜‹Žȱ —Žž›Š•ȱ Œ’›Œž’œǯȱ Nature
reviews NeuroscienceȱŚǰȱŚŗŝȮŘŘǯ
ǯȱ•Š›”Žȱǭȱǯȱ›’ŸŽ›ǰȱŘŖŖŗǯȱŽŠŒ‘- ’‘’Š—Š—‘Š›Š“Š‘ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯǯȱ
Š——Š—ǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱ—›’Œ‘ŽȱŽ—Ÿ’›˜—-
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’—˜ȱŠ›ȱœ™ŠŒŽDZȱŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ›˜–ȱŒ›˜œœ–˜Š•ȱŽ¡’—Œ’˜—ǯȱ ˜ȱ‘Žȱ—Ž›Ÿ˜žœȱœ¢œŽ–ǯȱNature Reviews Neuroscienceȱŝǰȱ
NeuropsychologiaȱřşǰȱśŞŖȮŞśǯ ŜşŝȮŝŖşǯ
Š›ŠŸ’Šǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ™Ž—ŒŽǰȱǯȱ
Ž——ŽĴȱǭȱǯȱ›’ŸŽ›ǰȱŘŖŖŘǯȱ˜˜•Ȭ ˜›‘˜ěǰȱ ǯȱǭȱǯȱŠ—”œŽ™™ǰȱŘŖŖŞǯȱ‘Žȱ›Š—œȬœ™ŽŒ’ŽœȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ
use changes multimodal spatial interactions between ˜ȱ œŽ•ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ œž‹Œ˜›’ŒŠ•ȮŒ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ –’•’—Žȱ œ¢œŽ–ǯȱ
Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ˜žŒ‘ȱ ’—ȱ —˜›–Š•ȱ ‘ž–Š—œǯȱ Cognition 83, Trends in Cognitive ScienceȱŗŘǻŝǼǰȱŘśşȮŜŚǯ
ŘśȮřŚǯ ŠœŒžŠ•ȬŽ˜—Žǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ Š––Š›˜Šǰȱ ǯǯȱ ŠœœŽ›–Š——ǰȱ ǯǯȱ
Š›ŽœŒ‘Š•ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǯ
ǯȱ ˜‘—œ˜—ǰȱ ǯȱ ’›˜’œǰȱ ǯǯȱ ™›Š•’—ǰȱ ›Šœ’•ȬŽ˜ǰȱǯ ǯȱ˜‘Ž—ȱǭȱǯȱ
Š••ŽĴǰȱŗşşřǯȱ˜ž•Š-
ǯǯǯȱ‘˜–Šœȱǭȱ ǯȱŽœŽ›–Š——ǰȱŘŖŖŝŠǯȱNeurocon- tion of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand of
structivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognitionǯȱ¡˜›DZȱ ‹›Š’••Žȱ›ŽŠŽ›œǯȱAnnals of NeurologyȱřŚǻŗǼǰȱřřȮŝǯ
¡˜›ȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ Šž•ŽœžǰȱǯǰȱǯȱŒ›˜›¢ǰȱǯȱŠ£’˜ǰȱet alǯǰȱŘŖŖŖǯȱȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱŽěŽŒȱ
Š›ŽœŒ‘Š•ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ’›˜’œǰȱ ǯȱŽœŽ›–Š——ȱǭȱǯȱ˜‘—œ˜—ȱǻŽœǯǼǰȱ ˜—ȱ‹›Š’—ȱž—Œ’˜—ǯȱNature NeuroscienceȱřǰȱşŗȮŜǯ
ŘŖŖŝ‹ǯȱ Neuroconstructivismǰȱ Ÿ˜•ȱ DZ Perspectives and ŽŽ›œŽ—ǰȱǯǯǰȱ
ǯȱŸŠ—ȱ’Ž›ǰȱǯǯȱ’Ž£ȱǭȱǯǯȱŠ’Œ‘•ŽǰȱŗşşŞǯȱ
Prospectsǯȱ¡˜›DZȱ¡˜›ȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱž—Œ’˜—Š•ȱŠ—Š˜–¢ȱ˜ȱ
ŠŸ˜˜›’ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱŠŒ”œ˜—ǰȱǯȱ’˜›’˜ȱǭȱǯȱŽ£ǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ—ȱŠž˜—˜-
mous implantable computer for neural recording
Š—ȱœ’–ž•Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱž—›Žœ›Š’—Žȱ™›’–ŠŽœǯȱJournal of
Neuroscience MethodsȱŗŚŞǰȱŝŗȮŝǯ
Œ›ŽŠ›¢ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱ›˜˜”œǰȱŘŖŖŖǯȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŸ˜•ž’˜—ȱ‘Šȱ Šœ—ȂDZȱ
a new interpretation of the origin of modern human
‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜›ǯȱJournal of Human EvolutionȱřşǰȱŚśřȮśŜřǯ
Œ—˜œ‘ǰȱǯǯǰȱŗşşŞǯȱ—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ—Žž›Š•ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ’—ȱ
learning and memory using functional neuroimag-
Śŗř
Šœ”ȱ™Ž›˜›–Š—ŒŽǯȱProceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the USAȱşśǰȱŞśřȮŜŖǯ
˜•Š—¢’ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşŜŜǯȱ The Tacit Dimensionǯȱ Ž ȱ ˜›”ȱ ǻǼDZȱ
˜ž•ŽŽǯ
˜•›ŠŒ”ǰȱǯǯǰȱŘŖŖŖǯȱ–Š’—ȱ‹›Š’—ȱ™•Šœ’Œ’¢DZȱŒ˜—ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱ
Š—ȱ –Ž‘˜˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ’œœžŽœȱ ȯȱ Šȱ ‘Ž˜›Ž’ŒŠ•ȱ ›ŽŸ’Ž ǯȱ
NeuroimageȱŗŘǰȱŗȮŗřǯȱ
žŠ›£ǰȱǯǯǰȱŗşşşǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—œ›žŒ’Ÿ’œȱ‹›Š’—ǯȱTrends in Cogni-
tive SciencesȱřǻŘǼǰȱŚŞȮśŝǯ
 Special Section

žŠ›£ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǭȱ ǯǯȱ Ž“—˜ œ”’ǰȱ ŗşşŝǯȱ ‘Žȱ —Žž›Š•ȱ ‹Šœ’œȱ ˜ȱ
Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—DZȱ Šȱ Œ˜—œ›žŒ’Ÿ’œȱ –Š—’Žœ˜ǯȱ
Behavioral and Brain SciencesȱŘŖǻŚǼǰȱśřŝȮşŜǯ
Ž—›Ž ǰȱǯǰȱŗşŞŘǯȱTowards an Archaeology of Mind (inaugural
•ŽŒž›ŽǼǯȱŠ–‹›’ŽDZȱŠ–‹›’Žȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ›Žœœǯ
Ž—›Ž ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ˜ Š›œȱŠȱ‘Ž˜›¢ȱ˜ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱŽ—ŠŽ–Ž—ǰȱ
ǯǯȱŒ‘’Œ”ȱǭȱǯȱ‘Š–’—ŠŽǰȱŘŖŖŞǯȱŽž›Š•ȱ
in Rethinking Materiality: the Engagement of Mind with the
ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ˜›•ǰȱŽœǯȱǯȱŽŠ››Š’œǰȱǯȱ ˜œŽ—ȱǭȱǯȱŽ—-
›Ž ǯȱǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱŠ–‹›’ŽDZȱ
Œ˜—Š•ȱ—œ’žŽȱ˜›ȱ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǰȱŘřȮřŘǯ
Ž—›Ž ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱŽŒ˜–’—ȱ‘ž–Š—DZȱ‘ŽȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŒ‘Š•-
ǯȱ‘Ž—ǰȱet al.ǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱ›’‘–Ž’Œȱ™›˜ŒŽœœ-
•Ž—ŽǯȱProceedings of the British AcademyȱŗřşǰȱŘŗŝȮřŞǯ
Ž—›Ž ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǯȱPrehistory, the Making of the Human Mindǯȱ
˜—˜—DZȱŽ’Ž—Ž•ȱǭȱ’Œ˜•œ˜—ǯ
Š–‹›’ŽDZȱ Œ˜—Š•ȱ —œ’žŽȱ ˜›ȱ ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ
ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǰȱŘŝřȮŞŜǯ
˜žǰȱ ǯȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ ‘Š–’—ŠŽǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǯȱ ‘Žȱ ŽŸ˜•ž’˜—Š›¢ȱ —Žž-
›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ ˜˜•ȱ –Š”’—ǯȱ Neuropsychologiaȱ Śśǰȱ
ŗŖşŗȮŗŖŖǯ
˜žǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ˜‘ǰȱ
Œ˜››Ž•ŠŽœȱ ˜ȱ Š›•¢ȱ ˜—ŽȱŽȱ ˜˜•Ȭ–Š”’—DZȱ ŽŒ‘—˜•-
˜¢ǰȱ •Š—žŠŽȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—’’˜—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ ŽŸ˜•ž’˜—ǯȱ
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Ž›’ŽœȱȱřŜřǰȱŗşřşȮŚşǯ
Š—ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ‘Š—ǰȱ
’—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹›Š’—ȱ œ‘Š™Žȱ ‹¢ȱ Œž•ž›Žœǯȱ Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103,
ŗŖǰŝŝśȮŞŖǯ
Ž—›Ž ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǯȱŽž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽǰȱŽŸ˜•ž’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱœŠ™’Ž—ȱ
™Š›Š˜¡DZȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŒžŠ•’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ŸŠ•žŽȱ Š—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠŒ›Žǯȱ
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Ž›’Žœȱ řŜřǰȱŘŖŚŗȮŚŝǯ
Ž—›Ž ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱ›’‘ȱǭȱǯȱŠ•Š˜ž›’œǰȱŘŖŖŞǯȱ—›˜žŒ’˜—ǯ
ŠŠ›ǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱ¡™Ž›’–Ž—’—ȱ ’‘ȱ‘ŽȱŠŒ-
‘ŽȱœŠ™’Ž—ȱ–’—DZȱŠ›Œ‘ŠŽ˜•˜¢ȱ–ŽŽœȱ—Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽǯȱ
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Ž›’ŽœȱȱřŜřǰȱŗşřśȮŞǯ
˜Œ‘ŠǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖřǯȱ’ŸŽȱ•ŽŸŽ•œȱ˜ȱœŽ•ȬŠ Š›Ž—ŽœœȱŠœȱ‘Ž¢ȱž—˜•ȱ
ŽŠ›•¢ȱ’—ȱ•’ŽǯȱConsciousness and Cognition ŗŘǰȱŝŗŝȮřŗǯ
‘˜–Šœǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşşŜǯȱ Time, Culture and Identityǯȱ ˜—˜—DZȱ
˜ž•ŽŽǯ
’••Ž¢ǰȱǯǰȱŗşşŗǯȱMaterial Culture and Text: the Art of Ambiguity.
˜—˜—DZȱ˜ž•ŽŽǯ
œŠ”’›’œǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱ
’—ȱœŽ•ǯȱCognitive NeuropsychologyȱŘŘǻřȦŚǼǰȱřŞŝȮŚŖŝǯȱ
ž•Ÿ’—ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŗşŞřǯȱ Elements of Episodic Memoryǯȱ ¡˜›DZȱ
•Š›Ž—˜—ȱ›Žœœǯ
ž•Ÿ’—ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǯȱ ™’œ˜’Œȱ –Ž–˜›¢DZȱ ›˜–ȱ –’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‹›Š’—ǯȱ
Annual Review of Psychology śřǰȱŗȮŘśǯ
ŠŠ˜ǰȱǯǰȱǯȱŠœŒžŠ•ȬŽ˜—Žǰȱǯȱ ›Š–Š—ǰȱet alǯǰȱŗşşŜǯȱŒ’ŸŠ- ž›—Ž›ǰȱǯǰȱŗşşřȱǽŗşŞŖǾǯȱ‘Žȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ”’—ǰȱ’—ȱReading the Social
tion of the primary visual cortex by braille reading in Body, Žœǯȱǯǯȱž››˜ž‘œȱǭȱǯȱ‘›Ž—›Ž’Œ‘ǯȱ˜ Šȱ’¢ȱ
‹•’—ȱœž‹“ŽŒœǯȱNatureȱřŞŖǰȱśŘŜȮŞǯ ǻǼDZȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ˜ȱ˜ Šȱ›ŽœœǰȱŗśȮřşǯ
ŠŠ˜ǰȱ ǯǰȱǯȱ ŠœŒžŠ•ȬŽ˜—Žǰȱ ǯȱ ›Š–Š—ǰȱ ǯǯȱ Ž’‹Ž›ǰȱ ǯȱ Š—‘ŠŽ›Ž—ǰȱǯȱǭȱǯȱȂ››’Œ˜ǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱž›’—ŠŒ’Š—ȱŽ‘—˜Ȭ•’—-
‹Š—Ž£ȱǭȱǯȱ
Š••ŽĴǰȱŗşşŞǯȱŽž›Š•ȱ—Ž ˜›”œȱ˜›ȱ‹›Š’••Žȱ ž’œ’Œȱ Ž˜›Š™‘¢ȱ ˜ȱ ž›˜™Žȱ ›ŽŸŽŠ•Žȱ ‹¢ȱ ™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱ
›ŽŠ’—ȱ‹¢ȱ‘Žȱ‹•’—ǯȱBrain ŗŘŗǻŝǼǰȱŗŘŗřȮŘşǯȱ ˜›—Š–Ž—œȱž›’—ŠŒ’Š—ǯȱ Journal of Human Evolution
Œ‘ŠŽŽ›ǰȱǯǯǯǰȱǯȱ˜‘Ž–ž—ǰȱ
ǯǯȱ
Ž’—£Žȱǭȱǯȱ˜ĴŽǰȱ śŗǻřǼǰȱŘśśȮŝřǯ
ŘŖŖŚǯȱ ‘˜›ȬŽ›–ȱ ™•Šœ’Œ’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›’–Š›¢ȱ œ˜–Š˜- ˜Ž•Ž¢ǰȱ
ǯǰȱǯȱŠ¢ǰȱǯȱ’£•ǰȱǯȱŠ•”Š’ǰȱ
ǯȱ’••Žœȱǭȱ ǯǯȱ’—”ǰȱ
œŽ—œ˜›¢ȱ Œ˜›Ž¡ȱ ž›’—ȱ ˜˜•ȱ žœŽǯȱ Neuroreport 15(8), ŘŖŖŚǯȱŽž›Š•ȱŒ˜››Ž•ŠŽœȱ˜ȱꛜȬ™Ž›œ˜—ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱŠœȱ
ŗŘşřȮŝǯ ˜—ŽȱŒ˜—œ’žŽ—ȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱœŽ•ȬŒ˜—œŒ’˜žœ—ŽœœǯȱJournal
Œ‘•Šžǰȱ ǯǰȱǯȱ§—Œ”Žǰȱǯȱ
žŠ—ǰȱǯǯȱŠ’Ž›ȱǭȱ
ǯȱŽ’—–Ž£ǰȱ of Cognitive Neuroscience ŗŜ,ȱŞŗŝȮŘŝǯȱ
ŗşşśǯȱ —Œ›ŽŠœŽȱ Œ˜›™žœȱ ŒŠ••˜œž–ȱ œ’£Žȱ ’—ȱ –žœ’Œ’Š—œǯȱ
NeuropsychologiaȱřřǻŞǼǰȱŗŖŚŝȮśśǯ
Ž››ǰȱǯǰȱǯǯȱž••Ž›ǰȱǯȱ•‹Ž›ǰȱǯȱ˜Œ”œ›˜‘ǰȱǯȱŠ—ŽŸȱǭȱǯȱ
Šž‹ǰȱŗşşŞǯȱŽ›ŒŽ™žŠ•ȱŒ˜››Ž•ŠŽœȱ˜ȱŒ‘Š—Žœȱ’—ȱŒ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱ
ŽœŽ›–Š——ǰȱ ǯǰȱǯȱ’›˜’œǰȱǯǯȱ‘ž•£ȱǭȱǯȱŠ›ŽœŒ‘Š•ǰȱŘŖŖŜǯȱ
˜Ž•’—ȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—Š•ȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ —Žž›˜œŒ’Ž—ŒŽǯȱ
Trends in Cognitive SciencesȱŗŖǻśǼǰȱŘŘŝȮřřǯ
ŽœŽ›–Š——ǰȱ ǯǰȱǯȱŠ›ŽœŒ‘Š•ǰȱǯ
ǯȱ˜‘—œ˜—ǰȱǯȱ’›˜’œǰȱǯǯȱ
›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱꗐŽ›œȱ’—ȱ‹•’—ȱ–ž•’ꗐŽ›ȱ‹›Š’••Žȱ
›ŽŠŽ›œǯȱJournal of NeuroscienceȱŗŞǻŗŗǼǰȱŚŚŗŝȮŘřǯ
˜žǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖśǯȱŽž›Š•ȱ˜ž—Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱŠ—ȱŠŒ’˜—ȱ
in stone knapping, in Stone Knapping: the Necessary
Conditions for a Uniquely Hominin Behaviour, Žœǯȱ ǯȱ
˜ž¡ȱ ǭȱ ǯȱ ›’•ǯȱ ǻŒ˜—Š•ȱ —œ’žŽȱ ˜—˜›Š™‘œǯǼȱ
ŚŗŚ
™›Š•’—ȱǭȱǯǯǯȱ‘˜–ŠœǰȱŘŖŖŝǯȱŽž›˜Œ˜—œ›žŒ’Ÿ-
’œ–ǯȱDevelopmental ScienceȱŗŖǻŗǼǰȱŝśȮŞřǯ
‘ŽŽ•Ž›ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖśǯȱ ŽŒ˜—œ›žŒ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜—’’ŸŽȱ ˜›•: the
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