Register number: _________________________

This is to certify that the project report titled “PELTON

WHEEL TURBINE” submitted by the following students for
the award of the degree of bachelor of engineering is
record of bonafide work carried out by them.
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

CERTIFICATE

Done by

Mr. /Ms._______________________________

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

degree in
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully

completed our project, we wish to convey our
sincere thanks and gratitude to the management
of our college and our beloved chairman …………………
………………………………, who provided all the facilities
to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to
our principal ………………………………………, for forwarding
us to do our project and offering adequate duration
in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of
Department Prof. …………………………………….., for her
constructive suggestions & encouragement during
our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our

earnest & sincere thanks to our guide ……………………
……………………………….., Department of EEE for her kind
guidance & encouragement during this project.

We also express our indebt thanks to our

TEACHING and NON TEACHING staffs of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
DEPARTMENT,……………………….(COLLEGE NAME).

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PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTENTS
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CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULAR PAGE No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. SYNOPSIS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE
 5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6. APPLICATIONS

7. LIST OF MATERIALS

8. COST ESTIMATION

9. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PHOTOGRAPHY

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Chapter-1
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SYNOPSIS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CHAPTER-1

SYNOPSIS

Water turbines convert Mechanical rotary energy into Electrical energy. A

mechanical interface, consisting of a step-up gear, water Pump and a suitable coupling

transmits the energy to an electrical generator. The output of this generator is connected

to the Battery or system grid. The battery is connected to the inverter. The inverter is used

to convert DC voltages to AC voltages. The load is drawn current from the inverter.

Generator

Mains haft with Leafs

Gear Wheel Arrangement

Water power ratings can be divided into three convenient grouping, small to 1kW,

medium to 50 kW and large 200 kW to megawatt frame size.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-2
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INTRODUCTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-2

INTRODUCTION

MAN AND ENERGY:

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for its sustenance and well

being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required

energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which
he hunted. Subsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he started

to make use of wood and other bio mass to supply the energy needs for cooking as well

as agriculture. He added a mew dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and

training animals to work for him.

With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and

for driving windmills, and the force of failing water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it

would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either

directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy.

The industrial revolution, which began with the discovery of the steam engine

(AD 1700), brought about great many changes. For the first time, man began to use a

new source of energy, viz. coal, in large quantities.

A little later, the internal combustion engine was invented (AD1870) and the other

fossil fuels, oil and natural combustion engine extensively. The fossil fuel era of using

non-renewable sources had begun and energy was now available in a concentrated form.

The invention of heat engines and then use of fossil fuels made energy portable and

introduced the much needed flexibility in mans movement.

For the first time, man could get the power of a machine where he required it and

was not restricted to a specific site like a fast-running stream for running a water wheel or

a windy hill for operating a windmill. This flexibility was enhanced with the discovery
of electricity the development of central power generating stations using either fossil

fuels or waterpower.

A new source of energy-nuclear energy-came on the scene after the Second World

War The first large nuclear power station was commissioned about 40 years ago, and

already, nuclear energy is providing a small but significant amount of the energy

requirements of many countries. Thus today, every country draws its energy needs from a

variety of sources. We can broadly categorize these sources as commercial and

noncommercial. The commercial sources include the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural

gas), hydroelectric power and nuclear power, while the non-commercial sources include

wood, animal wastes, geothermal energy and agricultural wastes.

In an industrialized country like USA, most of the energy requirements are meant

from commercial sources, while in an industrially less developed country like India, the

use of commercial and noncommercial sources is about equal. In the past few years, it

has become obvious that fossil fuel resources are fast depleting and that the fossil fuel era

is gradually coming to an end. This is particularly true for oil and natural gas. It will be

use full there fore to first examine the rates of consumption of the different sources of

energy and to give some indication of the reserves available this study will be done for

the world as a whole and then for India in particular with the help of these figures it will

be possible to form estimates of the time periods for which the existing source will be
available. The need for alternative energy options will thus be established and these

options will then be briefly described.

Before passing on to these topics, it is worth noting that while man ’s large-scale

use of commercial energy has led to a better quality of life it has also created many

problems. Perhaps the most serious of these is the harmful effect on the environment.

The combustion of the fossil fuel has caused serious air pollution problems in many areas

because of the localized release of large amounts of harmful gases into the atmosphere. It

has also resulted in the phenomenon of global warning, which is now a matter of great

concern. Similarly the releases of large amounts of waste heat from power plants have

caused thermal pollution in lakes and rivers leading to the destruction of many forms of

plants and animals life.

In the case of nuclear power plants there is also concern over the possibility of

radio activity being released into the atmosphere in the event of an accident and over the

long term problems of disposal of radioactive wastes from these plants. The gravity of

most of these environmental problems had not really been foreseen. Now however, as

man embarks on the search for alternative sources of energy, it is clear that the would do

well to keep the environmental in mind. So her we take geothermal energy as a project

and discussed below.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-3
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 COMPONENTS AND
DESCRIPTION
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-3

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

The physical setup of this project are given below and it is been explained as follows

1. Water Pump

2. Battery

3. Inverter

4. D.C Generator

5. Lighting Load

1. WATER PUMP:-

The single phase induction motor is coupled with the vacuum pump impeller with

suitable arrangement.
Single-Phase Theory

It is found to drive the roller shaft which fixed on the end of the frame structure.

The free end of the shaft in the motor a large pulley is found around which the belt runs.

The other specification about the motor is discussed in design part of the machine.

Because it has but a single alternating current source, a single-phase motor can

only produce an alternating field: one that pulls first in one direction, then in the opposite

as the polarity of the field switches. A squirrel-cage rotor placed in this field would

merely twitch, since there would be no moment upon it. If pushed in one direction,

however, it would spin.

The major distinction between the different types of single-phase AC motors is

how they go about starting the rotor in a particular direction such that the alternating field

will produce rotary motion in the desired direction. This is usually done by some device

that introduces a phase-shifted magnetic field on one side of the rotor.

The figure the performance curves of the four major types of single-phase AC

motors. They are described below.

 1. Split-Phase Motors:

The split phase motor achieves its starting capability by having two separate

windings wound in the stator. The two windings are separated from each other. One
winding is used only for starting and it is wound with a smaller wire size having higher

electrical resistance than the main windings. From the rotor's point of view, this time

delay coupled with the physical location of the starting winding produces a field that

appears to rotate. The apparent rotation causes the motor to start.

A centrifugal switch is used to disconnect the starting winding when the motor

reaches approximately 75% of rated speed. The motor then continues to run on the basis

of normal induction motor principles.

 2. Capacitor-Start Motors

Capacitor start motors form the largest single grouping of general purpose single

phase motors. These motors are available in a range of sizes from fractional through 3HP.

The winding and centrifugal switch arrangement is very similar to that used in a

split phase motor. The main difference being that the starting winding does not have to

have high resistance. In the case of a capacitor start motor, a specialized capacitor is

utilized in a series with the starting winding.

The addition of this capacitor produces a slight time delay between the

magnetization of starting poles and the running poles. Thus the appearance of a rotating

field exists. When the motor approaches running speed, the starting switch opens and the

motor continues to run in the normal induction motor mode.

This moderately priced motor produces relatively high starting torque, 225 to

400% of full load torque. The capacitor start motor is ideally suited for hard to start loads

such as conveyors, air compressors and refrigeration compressors. Due to its general

overall desirable characteristics, it also is used for many applications where high starting

torque may not be required.

 The capacitor start motor can usually be recognized by the bulbous protrusion on

the frame where the starting capacitor is located.

Permanent-Split Capacitor Motors

The capacitor of this motor is left in series with the starting winding during normal

operation. The starting torque is quite low, roughly 40% of full-load, so low-inertia loads

such as fans and blowers make common applications.

 Running

performance

and speed

regulation can

be tailored by

selecting an

appropriate

capacitor value. No centrifugal switch is required.

2. BATTERIES:-

INTRODUCTION:

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess

solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine

load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage.

In fact for small units with output less than one kilowatt. Batteries seem to be the

only technically and economically available storage means. Since both the photo-voltaic

system and batteries are high in capital costs. It is necessary that the overall system be

optimized with respect to available energy and local demand pattern. To be economically
attractive the storage of solar electricity requires a battery with a particular combination

of properties:

(1) Low cost

(2) Long life

(3) High reliability

(4) High overall efficiency

(5) Low discharge

(6) Minimum maintenance

(A) Ampere hour efficiency

(B) Watt hour efficiency

We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar panel for

lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.

LEAD-ACID WET CELL:

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most

commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the

application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load

current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of
2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery

and six for a 12-V battery.

The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged.

The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage,

as long as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge

and discharge currents shortends the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile

battery. Of the different types of secondary cells, the lead-acid type has the highest

output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a specified battery voltage.

CONSTRUCTION:

Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group

of plates welded to a connecting strap.

The plates are immersed in the electrolyte, consisting of 8 parts of water to 3 parts

of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid or framework, made of a lead-

antimony alloy. This construction enables the active material, which is lead oxide, to be

pasted into the grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the positive

and negative electrodes. In the forming process, the active material in the positive plate

is changed to lead peroxide (pbo₂). The negative electrode is spongy lead (pb).
 Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The

electrolyte is put in at the time of installation, and then the battery is charged to from the

plates. With maintenance-free batteries, little or no water need be added in normal

service. Some types are sealed, except for a pressure vent, without provision for adding

water.

The construction parts of battery are shown in figure.

CHEMICAL ACTION:

Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell

discharges, lead peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions to

form water and with sulfate ions to form lead sulfate. Combining lead on the negative

plate with sulfate ions also produces he sulfate. There fore, the net result of discharge is

to produce more water, which dilutes the electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the

plates.

As the discharge continues, the sulfate fills the pores of the grids, retarding

circulation of acid in the active material. Lead sulfate is the powder often seen on the

outside terminals of old batteries. When the combination of weak electrolyte and

sulfating on the plate lowers the output of the battery, charging is necessary.
 On charge, the external D.C. source reverses the current in the battery. The

reversed direction of ions flows in the electrolyte result in a reversal of the chemical

reactions. Now the lead sulfates on the positive plate reactive with the water and sulfate

ions to produce lead peroxide and sulfuric acid. This action re-forms the positive plates

and makes the electrolyte stronger by adding sulfuric acid.

At the same time, charging enables the lead sulfate on the negative plate to react

with hydrogen ions; this also forms sulfuric acid while reforming lead on the negative

plate to react with hydrogen ions; this also forms currents can restore the cell to full

output, with lead peroxide on the positive plates, spongy lead on the negative plate, and

the required concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.

 The chemical equation for the lead-acid cell is

Charge

Pb + pbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ 2pbSO₄ + 2H₂O

Discharge

On discharge, the pb and pbo₂ combine with the SO₄ ions at the left side of the

equation to form lead sulfate (pbSO₄) and water (H₂O) at the right side of the equation.

One battery consists of 6 cells, each have an output voltage of 2.1V, which are connected

in series to get an voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in series, to get

an 24 V battery. They are placed in the water proof iron casing box.

CARING FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERIES:

Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear gloves,

goggles and old clothes. “Battery acid” will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton and

wool clothing.

The quickest way of ruin lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave

them stand “dead” for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a

chemical change in the positive plates of the battery.

 They change from lead oxide when charge out lead sulfate when discharged. If

they remain in the lead Sulfate State for a few days, some part of the plate dose not

returns to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. If the battery remains discharge

longer, a greater amount of the positive plate will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the

plates that become “sulfate” no longer store energy. Batteries that are deeply discharged,

and then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less then one year.

Check your batteries on a regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a

hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead acid batteries. If batteries are

cycled very deeply and then recharged quickly, the specific gravity reading will be lower

than it should because the electrolyte at the top of the battery may not have mixed with

the “charged” electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in the wet-cell batteries at the least

four times a year and top each cell of with distilled water. Do not add water to

discharged batteries. Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are very discharged. If you

add water at this time, and then recharge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and make a

mess.

Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten

or remove cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can cause a

hydrogen explosion inside, and ruin one of the cells, and you.
 On charge, with reverse current through the electrolyte, the chemical action is

reversed. Then the pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right side of the equation re-form

the lead and lead peroxide electrodes. Also the SO₄ ions combine with H₂ ions from the

water to produce more sulfuric acid at the left side of the equation.

CURRENT RATINGS:

Lead-acid batteries are generally rated in terms of how much discharge currents

they can supply for a specified period of time; the output voltage must be maintained

above a minimum level, which is 1.5 to 1.8V per cell. A common rating is ampere-hours

(A.h.) based on a specific discharge time, which is often 8h. Typical values for

automobile batteries are 100 to 300 A.h.

As an example, a 200 A.h battery can supply a load current of 200/8 or 25A, used

on 8h discharge. The battery can supply less current for a longer time or more current for

a shorter time. Automobile batteries may be rated for “cold cranking power ”, which is

related to the job of starting the engine. A typical rating is 450A for 30s at a temperature

of 0 degree F. Note that the ampere-hour unit specifies coulombs of charge. For instance,

200 A.h. corresponds to 200A*3600s (1h=3600s). the equals 720,000 A.S, or coulombs.

One ampere-second is equal to one coulomb.

 Then the charge equals 720,000 or 7.2*10^5ºC. To put this much charge back into

the battery would require 20 hours with a charging current of 10A.The ratings for lead-

acid batteries are given for a temperature range of 77 to 80ºF. Higher temperature

increase the chemical reaction, but operation above 110ºF shortens the battery life.

Low temperatures reduce the current capacity and voltage output. The ampere-

hour capacity is reduced approximately 0.75% for each decreases of 1º F below normal

temperature rating. At 0ºF the available output is only 60 % of the ampere-hour battery

rating. In cold weather, therefore, it is very important to have an automobile battery unto

full charge. In addition, the electrolyte freezes more easily when diluted by water in the

discharged condition.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte generally checks the state of

discharge for a lead-acid cell. Specific gravity is a ratio comparing the weight of a

substance with the weight of a substance with the weight of water. For instance,

concentrated sulfuric acid is 1.835 times as heavy as water for the same volume.

Therefore, its specific gravity equals 1.835. The specific gravity of water is 1, since it is

the reference.
 In a fully charged automotive cell, mixture of sulfuric acid and water results in a

specific gravity of 1.280 at room temperatures of 70 to 80ºF. as the cell discharges, more

water is formed, lowering the specific gravity. When it is down to about 1.150, the cell is

completely discharged.

Specific-gravity readings are taken with a battery hydrometer, such as one in

figure (7). Note that the calibrated float with the specific gravity marks will rest higher in

an electrolyte of higher specific gravity. The decimal point is often omitted for

convenience. For example, the value of 1.220 in figure (7) is simply read “twelve

twenty”. A hydrometer reading of 1260 to 1280 indicates full charge, approximately

12.50 are half charge, and 1150 to 1200 indicates complete discharge.

The importance of the specific gravity can be seen from the fact that the open-

circuit voltage of the lead-acid cell is approximately equal to

V = Specific gravity + 0.84

For the specific gravity of 1.280, the voltage is 1.280 = 0.84 = 2.12V, as an

example. These values are for a fully charged battery.

CHARGING THE LEAD-ACID BATERY:

The requirements are illustrated in figure. An external D.C. voltage source is

necessary to produce current in one direction. Also, the charging voltage must be more

than the battery e.m.f. Approximately 2.5 per cell are enough to over the cell e.m.f. so

that the charging voltage can produce current opposite to the direction of discharge

current.

Note that the reversal of current is obtained just by connecting the battery VB and

charging source VG with + to + and –to-, as shown in figure. The charging current is

reversed because the battery effectively becomes a load resistance for VG when it higher

than VB. In this example, the net voltage available to produce charging currents is 15-

12=3V.

A commercial charger for automobile batteries is essentially a D.C. power supply,

rectifying input from the AC power line to provide D.C. output for charging batteries.

Float charging refers to a method in which the charger and the battery are always

connected to each other for supplying current to the load. In figure the charger provides

current for the load and the current necessary to keep the battery fully charged. The

battery here is an auxiliary source for D.C. power.

 It may be of interest to note that an automobile battery is in a floating-charge

circuit. The battery charger is an AC generator or alternator with rectifier diodes, driver

by a belt from the engine. When you start the car, the battery supplies the cranking

power. Once the engine is running, the alternator charges he battery. It is not necessary

for the car to be moving. A voltage regulator is used in this system to maintain the output

at approximately 13 to 15 V.

The constant voltage of 24V comes from the solar panel controlled by the charge

controller so for storing this energy we need a 24V battery so two 12V battery are

connected in series.

It is a good idea to do an equalizing charge when some cells show a variation of

0.05 specific gravity from each other. This is a long steady overcharge, bringing the

battery to a gassing or bubbling state. Do not equalize sealed or gel type batteries.

With proper care, lead-acid batteries will have a long service life and work very

well in almost any power system. Unfortunately, with poor treatment lead-acid battery

life will be very short.

INVERTER

INTRODUCTION:

The process of converting D.C. into A.C. is known as INVERSION. In other

words, we may define it as the reverse process of rectification. The device, which

performs this process, is known as an INVERTOR. Inversion is, by no means, a recent

process. In olden days gas-filled tubes and vacuum tubes were used to develop inverters.

Thyratron inverter is popularly used as a large power device. Vacuum tube inverters

were generally used for high-frequency applications. Some of the main disadvantages of

the tube as well as the mercury pool type inverters are:

1. They are very costly

2. They are very big in size and heavy in weight

3. They have very poor efficiency

4. The voltage drop across these devices is very high

5. They are less accurate

6. They are very slow in response, etc.

The basic principle of an inverter can be explained with the help of a simple circuit, as

shown in figure. If switch S is connected alternately to position 1 and 2 at a rapid speed

and if S is not kept closed to any of the two positions (1 and 2) for too long, and then an

alternating voltage will appear across the primary winding. This can be explained by the

direction of the current flow in the primary winding.

 Although the voltage applied is D.C. in nature, the direction of current flow in the

primary winding when S is connected to position 1 is from top to bottom whereas when S

is connected at position 2, the current flows from bottom to top. This change in the

direction of current flow in the primary winding gives rise to an alternating voltage in it.

The frequencies of this alternating voltage will depend on how rapidly the switch (S)

positions are interchanged. This alternating voltage in the primary winding will induce

an alternating emf in the secondary winding, which will act as the A.C. output.

With the development of semi-conductor devices, a lot of improvements to took

place in the design of inverter circuits. Transistor being a fast-switching device was used

as a switch for developing low and medium power inverters.

LAMP

STEAM P.M.D.C.
GENERATOR BATTERY INVERTOR
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
IN 4007 IN 4007
9V-0-9V
CHARGER POLARITY PROTECTOR + -
100μF CHARGING ON/OFF

50V INDICATOR LED SWITCH 12 V / 7.5 A.H

BATTERY
220Ω

IN 4007

A.C MAINS 100µF/50V

RF 220Ω

CHOKE 100µF/25V 0.1µF 120Ω DISCHARGE

INDICATOR
INVERTER
BC 547 10k

TRANSFORMER 2N3055 POWER O/P 4.7µF 560Ω

100µF/25V CUM OSCILATOR

40 W
TUBE LIGHT
Working principle:-

CHARGING CIRCUIT:-

The step down transformer is used to reduce the supply voltages in

to 9-0-9V. This signal is rectified by the rectifier unit with the help of

diodes. The Capacitor is used to filter the rectified signal and this signal is

given to the battery input supply.

INVERTING CIRCUIT:-

The inverter circuit is activated when the switch is in on condition.

The discharge indication is given with the help of discharge LED. The

variable resister is used to varying the intensity of the tube light. The

capacitors and transistors are used to amplifier cum oscillator circuit. This

will produce the a.c signal and this signal is given to the inverter

transformer. The inverter output is given to the load.

PERMANENT MAGNET D.C. GENERATOR:

Voltage Production

DC Circuits, that there are three conditions necessary to induce a voltage into a

conductor.

1. A magnetic field

2. A conductor

3. Relative motion between the two.

 A DC generator provides these three conditions to produce a DC voltage output.

Theory of Operation

A basic DC generator has four basic parts:

(1) A magnetic field;

(2) A single conductor, or loop;

(3) A commutator; and

(4) Brushes

The magnetic field may be supplied by either a permanent magnet or an

electromagnet. For now, we will use a permanent magnet to describe a basic DC

generator.
 Basic Operation of a DC Generator A single conductor, shaped in the form of a

loop, is positioned between the magnetic poles. As long as the loop is stationary, the

magnetic field has no effect (no relative motion). If we rotate the loop, the loop cuts

through the magnetic field, and an EMF (voltage) is induced into the loop.

When we have relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor in that

magnetic field, and the direction of rotation is such that the conductor cuts the lines of

flux, an EMF is induced into the conductor. The magnitude of the induced EMF

depends on the field strength and the rate at which the flux lines are cut.

The stronger the field or the more flux lines cut for a given period of time, the

larger the induced EMF.

Eg = KFN

where Eg = generated voltage

K = fixed constant

F = magnetic flux strength

N = speed in RPM
 The direction of the induced current flow can be determined using the

"left-hand rule" for generators. This rule states that if you point the index finger of

your left hand in the direction of the magnetic field (from North to South) and point the

thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor, the middle finger will point in the

direction of current flow.

For example, the conductor closest to the N pole is traveling upward across the

field; therefore, the current flow is to the right, lower corner. Applying the left-hand rule

to both sides of the loop will show that current flows in a counter-clockwise direction in

the loop.

DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

Output Voltage-vs-Load Current for Shunt-Wound DC Generator the shunt-wound

generator, running at a constant speed under varying load conditions, has a much more

stable voltage output than does a series-wound generator. Some change in output voltage

does take place. This change is caused by the fact that, as the load current increases, the

voltage drop (I R) across the armature coil increases, causing output voltage to decrease.
 As a result, the current through the field decreases, reducing the magnetic field

and causing voltage to decrease even more. If load current is much higher than the

design of the generator, the drop in output voltage is severe. For load current within the

design range of the generator, the drop in output voltage is minimal.

LIGHTING LOAD:

FLUORESCENT TUBES:

INTRODUCTION:

This type of lamps is a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp. Fluorescent

lighting has a great advantage over other light source in many applications. It is possible

to achieve quite high lighting intensities without excessive temperature rises. The

efficiency of fluorescent lamp is about 40 lumens per watt, about three times the

efficiency of an equivalent tungsten lamp. The average life of a fluorescent lamp is about

4,000 working hours.

CONSTRUCTION:

The fluorescent tube consists of a glass tube and 0.6 meter, 1.2 meters and 1.5

meters in length. The inside surface of the tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent

material in the form of a powder.

 Various fluorescent materials give different color light. By mixing the various

powders light of any desired color including daylight can be obtained.

The glass tube of the fluorescent lamp is provided at both ends with bipin caps and

oxide coated tungsten filaments. The tube contains organ gas with a small quantity of

mercury under low pressure. Even with organ gas the discharge will not start at ordinary

main voltage. A choke and a starter switch are therefore incorporated in the circuit of the

tube lamp to give a momentary high voltage across the tube to start the discharge. The

choke is connected in series with the tube the starter is connected across tube.

The circuit is suddenly opened at the starter, the flux around the choke collapse

causing a kick of about 1000V. This voltage is applied across the two electrodes and

sufficient to start the discharge of the tube. During the steady operation of this lamp the

voltage across the tube drops to about 150 volts. This voltage is sufficient to maintain the

discharge of the tube. During the steady operation of this lamp, the voltage across the

tube drops to about 150 volts. This voltage is sufficient to maintain the discharge. The

choke in series with the tube now acts as a stabilizer. A capacitor is connected across the

circuit it improve the power factor.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WORKING PRINCIPLE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CHAPTER-4

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The block diagram of pelton wheel turbine is consisting of a boiler unit, 12 voltage

batteries, an inverter and a florescent lamp. As we studied from the generator gives a

D.C. output of 12V this D.C. output is not always constant there is some variation in this

D.C. output this cannot be given to the battery storage it may weaken the life of the

battery. So in order to get constant D.C. output and also to avoid the reverse flow of

current to the panel in the case of no load a charge controller have been used this help us

to allow only the constant voltage of 12V D.C. to the battery and also it act as an

blocking diode and protect the motor principle.

By this way the battery gets charged then this D.C. storage is given to an inverter

this inverter inverts 12V D.C. to input in to AC output, step upped in to 230V.The 230V

AC supply is given to the supply to the lamp. The lamp used for street lighting is 230V,

50 Hz, single-phase supply.

 LAMP

Water D.C BATTERY

pumping GENERAT INVERTOR
system OR
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
IN 4007 IN 4007
9V-0-9V
CHARGER POLARITY PROTECTOR + -
100μF CHARGING ON/OFF

25V INDICATOR LED SWITCH 12 V / 7.5 A.H

BATTERY
220Ω

IN 4007

A.C MAINS
RF 4K7 220Ω

CHOKE 220Ω 1K 4K7 DISCHARGE

1K INDICATOR
INVERTER D882 BC 547
BC 547 2K BC 547
AUTO OFF VR 1K2

3K3 pF TRANSFORMER D 882 POWER O/P 220Ω 330Ω

2KV CUM OSCILATOR

11 W
/11S CFL TUBE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

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 ADVANTAGES
CHAPTER-5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 Steam is produced by the simply the water pumping system

 This is a Non-conventional system

 Battery is used to store the generated power

 Low cost power generation system

DISADVANTAGES

Only applicable for the particular place.

Initial cost of this arrangement is high.

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 Chapter-6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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APPLICATIONS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER-6

APPLICATIONS

Direct heat applications

Mechanical motion derived from water power can be used to drive heat pumps or

to produce heat from the friction of solid materials, or by the churning of water or other

fluids, or in other cases, by the use of centrifugal or other types of pumps in combination

with restrictive orifices that produces heat from friction and turbulence when the working

fluid flows through them. This heat may then be stored in materials having a high heat

capacity, such as water, stones, eutectic salts, etc.,

A home heating system that uses a water powered pump and a restrictive orifice to

derive direct heat for a building, without first generating electricity also has been

developed.

Electric Generation Applications:

Water power can be used in centralized utility applications to drive synchronous

A.C. electrical generators. In such applications the energy is fed directly into power

networks through voltage step-up transformers.

 This unit can be integrated with existing hydro electrical networks and used in a

“water-saver” mode of operation. When the water is blowing, electrical an amount equal

to the being can reduce generation at the hydroelectric plants in the network produced by

this unit. Thus, the water turbines supply part of the network load that is ordinarily

produced by the hydroelectric generators. Under these conditions some of the water that

would have been used by the hydroelectric plant to supply the load is saved in the

reservoir and made available for later use when the water is not blowing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter-7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 LIST OF MATERIALS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-7

LIST OF MATERIALS

SL. NO. NAME OF THE PARTS MATERIAL QUANTITY

1 Water Pump Aluminium 1
2 Tube Plastic 1
3 Generator (D.C 12 V) Aluminium 1
4 Battery (12 V) Lead-acid 1
5 Inverter Electronic PCB 5 meter
6 Frame Stand Mild Steel 1
7 Hose Collar Brass 2
8 Turbine blade Mild Steel 1
9 Connecting Wire Cu 2 meter

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 Chapter-8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COST ESTIMATION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-8
 COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST:

SL. NAME OF THE PARTS MATERIAL QUANTITY AMOUNT

NO. (RS)
1 Water Pump Aluminium 1
2 Tube Plastic 1
3 Generator (D.C 12 V) Aluminium 1
4 Battery (12 V) Lead-acid 1
5 Inverter Electronic PCB 5 meter
6 Frame Stand Mild Steel 1
7 Hose Collar Brass 2
8 Turbine blade Mild Steel 1
9 Connecting Wire Cu 2 meter
TOTAL =

2. LABOUR COST

LATHE, DRILLING, WELDING, GRINDING, POWER HACKSAW, GAS CUTTING:

Cost =

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour cost

=
=
 Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost
=

TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead Charges

=
=

Total cost for this project =

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Chapter-9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONCLUSION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION
 A strong multidiscipline team with a good engineering base is necessary for the

Development and refinement of advanced computer programming, editing techniques,

diagnostic Software, algorithms for the dynamic exchange of informational different

levels of hierarchy. Simulation techniques are suitable for solving some of the problems.

But a good quantitative model and a test set-up will help to understand the systems. This

project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our limited

knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing,

assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is

a good solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully.

The PELTON WHEEL TURBINE is working with satisfactory conditions. We are able

to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality. We have

done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available facilities. In conclusion

remarks of our project work, let us add a few more lines about our impression project

work. Thus we have developed a “PELTON WHEEL TURBINE” which helps to know

how to achieve low cost steam power plant model. By using more techniques, they can be

modified and developed according to the applications.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BIBLIOGRAPHY
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 RAI. G.D. “NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES”, KHANNA

PUBLISHERS, DELHI.

 RAMESH. R, UDAYA KUMAR, K.ANANDAKRISHNAN “RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES”, NAROSA PUBLISHING HOUSE, MADRAS.

 A.K.SAWHNEY. “A TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS,

INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS”

 B.L.THERJA, A.K. THERAJA. “A TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL

TECHNOLOGY”

 G.R.NAGPAL. “ POWER PLANT ENGINEERING” KHANNA PUBLISHERS,

DELHI.
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PHOTOGRAPHY
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